Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9
, pp.
1694
~
16
99
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
3
.
pp
1694
-
16
99
1694
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Flood di
saster in
dicator o
f water l
evel m
onitor
in
g system
Wan H
as
z
eri
l
a
W
an H
as
s
an,
Aiman Z
akw
an
Jidin,
Siti
A
sm
a Che
A
z
iz
, N
ora
in
Ra
him
Cent
re
for Telec
om
m
unic
at
ion
R
ese
arc
h
and
Inno
vat
ion
,
Fakul
ti T
eknol
ogi
Kejur
ut
era
an
E
le
ktr
ik El
ekt
ronik
(FTKE
E)
,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
(UTe
M)
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
11, 201
8
Re
vised N
ov 20, 2
018
Accepte
d Dec
11, 201
8
The
e
arly
wa
rnin
g
s
y
stems
for
flo
od
m
ana
gement
have
be
en
dev
eloped
rap
i
d
l
y
with
th
e
growth
of
technologies.
The
se
s
y
stem
h
e
lp
to
a
le
rt
peop
le
ea
r
l
y
wi
th
the
used
o
f
Sho
rt
Mess
age
Ser
vic
e
(SM
S)
via
Globa
l
S
y
stem
for
Mobil
e
Com
m
unic
at
ions
(GS
M).
Thi
s
p
ape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
s
imple,
por
ta
bl
e
a
nd
low
cost
of
ea
rl
y
warn
in
g
s
y
stem
using
Arduino
bo
ard
,
which
is
used
to
con
trol
th
e
whole
s
y
stem
a
nd
GS
M
shiel
ds
to
send
th
e
data.
S
y
st
em
has
b
ee
n
design
ed
and
implement
e
d
base
d
on
two
components
which
is
har
dw
are
a
nd
software
.
The
m
odel
dete
rm
ine
s
the
wa
ter
le
v
el
using
fl
oat
sw
itch
sens
ors,
the
n
it
ana
l
y
z
es
th
e
collecte
d
d
at
a
and
det
ermine
the
t
ype
of
d
ange
r
pr
ese
nt.
The
det
e
ct
ed
le
v
el
i
s
tra
nslated
in
t
o
an
a
le
r
t
m
essage
and
sen
t
t
o
the
user
.
The
GS
M ne
two
rk
is use
d
to con
nec
t
the ove
r
al
l
s
y
ste
m
un
it
s vi
a S
MS
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ardu
i
no
bo
a
rd
Float s
witc
h
se
ns
ors
Flood
GS
M
netw
ork
Syst
e
m
u
nits
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Wan Ha
szeril
a
W
a
n Hassa
n,
Ce
ntre fo
r
Tel
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Resea
rch an
d I
nnovat
ion
,
Fakult
i Tek
no
l
og
i
Ke
j
ur
utera
an
Ele
ktrik El
ektr
on
i
k
(
FT
KE
E),
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka (UTe
M),
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a, 76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: haszeril
a@u
te
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Flood
is
com
m
on
ly
occure
d
na
tural
disaste
r
arou
nd
the
w
orl
d.
It
will
cause
unsafely
m
anner
to
hum
an
by causi
ng d
ea
th,
in
jury,
dam
ages a
nd great
pro
per
ty
losses
. In
Ma
la
ysi
a, fl
ood
is
c
onside
red
a
s
norm
d
isa
ste
r
that
happe
n
es
cpecia
ll
y
du
ri
ng
m
on
soon
sea
so
n
at
t
he
en
d
of
t
he
ye
ar.
As
Ma
la
ysi
a
loca
te
d
nea
r
the
e
quat
or,
the
m
os
t
wo
rst
cl
i
m
atic
relat
e
d
nat
ur
al
disas
te
rs
are
m
on
s
oonal
flo
od.
Co
m
m
un
it
ie
s
li
vi
ng
a
r
ound
the
low
-
la
yi
ng
area
a
re
facin
g
hi
gh
ris
k
of
l
os
ses
ca
use
d
by
flo
odin
g.
This
natu
ral
di
saste
r
is
ine
vitable
but
with
a
dvanc
e
warnin
g
syst
e
m
and
early
res
pons
e
,
the
dest
ru
ct
io
n
ca
n
be
m
ini
m
iz
ed.
F
oreca
sti
ng
an
d
warnin
g
syst
e
m
s
is
on
e
of
the
m
et
ho
ds
that
c
ou
l
d
si
gnific
antly
m
iti
gate
the
im
pac
t
of
losses
.
Ale
rting
or
warnin
g
to
noti
fy
th
e
public
about
t
h
e
upco
m
ing
disaste
r
i
n
t
he
ea
rly
sta
ges
is
ve
ry
im
portant
a
s
sa
fe
ty
m
easur
es
ca
n
be
ta
ken
to
preve
nt
unwa
nted
m
ishaps.
The
ea
rly
wa
rni
ng
syst
em
m
us
t
be
a
ble
to
pr
ov
i
de
ti
m
ely
war
ni
ng
of
im
m
i
nen
t
da
ng
e
rs,
wh
ic
h
giv
es
the
local
a
utho
riti
es
tim
e
to
prepa
re
f
or
e
ff
e
ct
ive
res
pons
e
.
The
re
is
a
la
c
k
of
co
nce
rn
in
the
s
ubsta
ntial
of
a
n
early
warnin
g
syst
e
m
even
th
ough
the
te
ch
nolo
gies
are w
id
el
y
avail
able.
Warnin
g
m
igh
t
fail
to
reach
t
he
local
auth
or
it
ie
s
a
nd
s
om
et
i
m
es
it
m
ay
no
t
be
unde
rstoo
d
du
e
to
i
neffe
ct
ive
or
un
s
ui
ta
ble
al
ert
to
ols
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
hannels.
H
oweve
r,
with
th
e
ad
van
ce
of
te
chnolo
gies
pro
du
ce
sim
ple
and
lo
w
c
os
t
to
ol
s
that
can
be use
d
to
so
lve
su
c
h p
roblem
s.
This
paper
f
oc
us
es
on
flo
od
disaste
r
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
t
o
help
local
a
uthority
to
pro
vi
de
m
or
e
syst
e
m
atic
so
l
ution.
The
des
ign
e
d
syst
em
can
detect
the
fl
oods
a
nd
gi
ve
c
onti
nuous
al
ert
or
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
The
inf
orm
ation
of
water
le
vel
can
be
detect
e
d
by
t
he
sen
sor
s.
T
he
go
al
of
the
syst
e
m
is
to
al
ert
the
c
ommun
it
y,
so
t
hat
safety
preca
utio
ns
c
an
be t
ake
n t
o
pro
te
ct
their
li
fe
a
nd
pr
op
e
rtie
s.
The
de
velo
ped
syst
e
m
util
iz
e
s
GS
M
and
SMS
to
tr
ansm
it
data
from
sensors
t
o
the
re
sp
ect
ive
us
ers
th
r
ough
t
heir
m
ob
il
e
phon
e
.
By
us
in
g
GS
M
m
od
ule,
GS
M netw
ork
ca
n
be
us
ed
since
it
is
m
uch
m
or
e
accounta
ble d
ur
in
g
fl
ood
seas
on. A
n
Ard
uino U
N
O
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Flood
disast
er
ind
ic
at
or
of wa
te
r leve
l monit
or
in
g
syste
m
(
Wa
n
H
as
ze
ril
a Wa
n Hassa
n
)
1695
bo
a
r
d
has
bee
n
us
e
d
as
t
he
co
ntr
olli
ng
de
vice.
This
bo
ard
is
a
lo
w
cost
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
needs
s
i
m
ple
pro
gr
am
m
ing
a
nd can
b
e
inte
grat
ed wit
h othe
r devices
via t
he
input
-
outp
ut
interfaces
.
2.
BASI
C
ST
RUCTU
RE
AND
WO
RKING
PRI
NC
I
P
LE
Ba
sic
structu
re
of
fl
ood
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
i
s
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
The
blo
c
k
diag
ra
m
sh
ow
s
t
he
syst
e
m
co
ns
ist
of f
loat
switc
h
sens
or
s
, a
n Ardu
i
no Un
o
c
ontrolle
r,
GS
M
m
odule a
nd m
ob
il
e p
hone
.
Figure
1. Syst
em
stru
ct
ur
e
of
flo
od m
on
it
or
i
ng syst
em
Thr
ee
float
s
witc
h
sens
ors
are
us
ed
t
o
di
ff
e
re
ntiat
e
the
escal
at
ion
le
vel.
T
he
data
sen
d
by
the
sens
ors
are
handled
by
the
Ard
uino
U
no
c
on
tr
oller.
The
A
rduin
o
Uno
c
ontr
oller
has
be
en
pr
ogram
fo
r
dif
fer
e
nt
in
put
and
se
nd
dif
fe
ren
t
outp
ut
th
r
ough
tran
sm
is
sion
pin
.
C
omm
and
s
are
se
nd
us
i
ng
C
c
om
pi
le
r
progra
m
with
releva
nt (Att
en
ti
on
)
A
T
co
m
m
and
s.
The
tran
sm
i
tt
e
d
outp
ut
from
the
A
r
du
i
no
Uno
co
ntr
oller
is
c
onveye
d
t
hro
ugh
to
G
S
M
m
od
ule.
The
n,
SMS
al
a
rm
send
t
o
t
he
resp
ect
ive
us
er
.
User
recei
ves
dif
fer
e
nt
SMS
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
le
vel
of
se
ns
or
s
detect
ion. GSM
net
work
is
bei
ng
e
xp
l
oited
to
c
onvey
data
to
t
he
us
e
r
via
SMS
al
arm
.
S
MS via G
SM
ne
twork
has
bee
n
pr
ov
e
n
t
o
be
reli
able
due
to
it
s
w
orks
on
a
diff
e
r
ent
ba
nd
a
nd
c
an
be
se
nt
or
r
ecei
ved
al
th
ough
th
e
phone li
n
es
are
cong
e
ste
d. It a
lso
has
the
adv
antage
of se
nd
i
ng d
at
a t
o
m
ulti
ple u
se
rs (S
I
MO) [1].
The
work
i
ng
pri
nciple
of
the
syst
e
m
is
based
on
se
nsor
detect
ion
s
how
n i
n Ta
ble
1.
T
he
m
od
el
of
th
e
syst
e
m
con
ta
ins
of
th
ree
se
ns
ors
but
with
five
co
ndit
ion
s.
It
sta
r
t
wit
h
“S
AFE
CO
NDITIO
N
(No
flo
od
detect
ion)”
if
t
he
th
ree
sen
sor
s
at
the
lowest
po
sit
io
n
of
al
l
f
loat
switc
h
se
nsors
.
T
hu
s
,
the
m
essage
sen
d
t
hro
ugh
GS
M
an
d
disp
l
ay
on
the
LCD
.
W
he
n
th
e
le
ve
l
on
e
se
nsor
rec
ei
ves
a
sig
nal
wh
ic
h
m
eans
the
wate
r
has
in
creased
m
or
e
than
the
thres
ho
l
d,
a
m
essage
“AL
ERT
(Ear
ly
de
te
ct
ion
an
d
a
le
rt)”
sen
d
to
the
m
ob
il
e
victim
s
or
auth
or
it
ie
s
a
nd
dis
play
as
“
Al
ert!
(Le
vel
1)
”
on
t
he
LCD.
Level
t
wo
se
nsor
w
ould
be
posit
ion
e
d
hi
gher
tha
n
le
vel
one
sens
or.
T
he
le
vel
t
w
o
se
nsor
detect
s
the
m
edium
l
evel
of
water
with
a
m
essage
“M
O
DERAT
E
RIS
K
LEVEL
(
Re
s
pond t
o
al
ert)
” a
nd d
is
play
as “
Mod
e
rate ris
k!!
(
Level
2)
”
on
the LC
D.
The
highest
posit
ion
ed
sens
or
wh
ic
h
is
le
vel
t
hr
ee
detect
the
high
le
vel
of
w
at
er
with
a
m
es
sage
“
H
I
G
H
RISK
LE
VE
L
(Res
cue
act
ivit
ie
s)”
wh
ic
h
in
f
or
m
the
pe
ople
the
dange
rs
sit
uation
of
fl
ood
a
nd
dis
play
“Hig
h
risk!!
!
(Lev
el
3)
”
.
Last
ly
,
t
he
“TEC
H
N
ICA
L
PR
OBLEM”
sen
d
thr
ough
GS
M
a
nd
disp
l
ay
on
the
LC
D
if
t
he
sens
or
s
ha
ve
a
ny
pro
blem
su
ch
as
m
al
fu
nction
or
stu
ck
to
wastage
.
T
w
o
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
are
us
e
d
to
sen
d
th
e
data
via
SMS
to
the
aut
horiti
es
an
d
th
e
public
fl
ood
victi
m
s.
The
first
te
c
hn
i
que
us
e
GS
M
to
sen
d
t
he
i
nform
at
ion
to
publics.
Wh
il
e,
the
seco
nd
te
chn
iq
ue
us
e
GS
M
se
nd
t
he
inf
or
m
at
ion
to
the
auth
ori
ti
es
or
m
ob
il
e
com
pan
y,
wh
ic
h has a
bili
ty
to
spread
the
infor
m
at
ion
to
all
p
eo
ple
w
ho li
ve
in t
he flo
odin
g
a
rea.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1694
-
1699
1696
Table
1.
SMS
Con
te
nts Base
d On Co
ndit
ion
s
Flo
o
d
Switch Sen
so
r
Co
n
d
itio
n
s
SMS Co
n
ten
ts
Sen
so
r
(1)
Sen
so
r
(2)
Sen
so
r
(3)
0
0
0
SAFE
C
OND
IT
I
O
N
(RIS
K
-
FR
EE
)
SAFE
C
OND
IT
I
O
N
(No f
lo
o
d
detection)
0
0
1
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
(Ch
eck th
e sen
so
rs)
0
1
0
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
(Ch
eck th
e sen
so
rs)
0
1
1
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
(Ch
eck th
e sen
so
rs)
1
0
0
ALE
R
T!
(L
EVE
L
1
)
ALE
R
T
L
EVE
L
(E
arl
y
det
ectio
n
and
aler
t)
1
0
1
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
TE
CHN
ICAL
PR
OBLE
M
(Ch
eck th
e sen
so
rs)
1
1
0
MOD
ERAT
E
RIS
K!!
(L
EVE
L
2
)
MOD
ERAT
E
RIS
K L
EVE
L
(Resp
o
n
d
to alert)
1
1
1
HIGH
RISK
!!
!
(
L
EVE
L
3
)
HIGH
RISK
L
EV
EL
(Rescu
e ac
tiv
ities)
3.
HARD
WA
RE
IM
PLE
MEN
TATION
In
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
t
he
flo
od
m
on
it
or
ing
de
vice,
the
f
ollo
wing
c
om
pone
nts
a
re
us
e
d:
Ardu
i
no
U
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
bo
a
r
d
base
d
on
t
he
ATm
ega328,
GS
M
m
od
em
,
float
switc
h
sens
or
s
(R
SF50
Series)
a
nd
L
iqu
i
d
cryst
al
d
isplay
(M1
632 LC
D
) screen
. T
he har
dw
a
re
desig
n
c
i
rcu
it
is s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
2.
Figure
2.
Ha
rdwar
e
d
esi
gn cir
cuit
The
th
ree
fl
oa
t
switc
h
sen
sors
are
l
ocated
at
the
sel
ect
ed
areas
deter
m
ined
by
the
us
er
.
As
t
he
requirem
ents,
t
hese
sens
ors
a
re
us
e
d
t
o
m
e
asur
e
water
le
vel
ei
the
r
in
s
afe
c
onditi
on
or
in
hi
gh
ris
k
zo
ne
.
The
de
sig
ned
s
yst
e
m
able
to
i
den
ti
fy
fi
ve
dif
fer
e
nt
c
onditi
ons.
An
el
ect
ric
pulse
is
ge
nerat
ed
w
hen
detect
in
g
the
presence
of
water.
T
he
operati
on
sta
rts
with
data
c
ollec
ti
on
f
ro
m
floa
t
switc
h
sens
or
s
and
t
hen
pass
to
the
Ardu
i
no
U
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r.
T
he
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
naly
zes
the
real
ti
m
e
data
and
com
par
e
to
th
e
pr
e
-
determ
ined
value.
Th
e
ou
t
pu
t
s
are
pr
ese
nted
in
SMS
an
d
al
so
dis
play
ed
on
t
he
LC
D
scre
en.
Th
e
pro
gr
a
m
m
ing
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Flood
disast
er
ind
ic
at
or
of wa
te
r leve
l monit
or
in
g
syste
m
(
Wa
n
H
as
ze
ril
a Wa
n Hassa
n
)
1697
par
t
f
or
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
usi
ng
t
he
I
nteg
r
at
ed
De
velo
pm
ent
Env
i
r
on
m
ent
(I
D
E),
w
hich
wr
it
te
n
in
Java,
is
base
d on the
w
iring p
roject,
a
n op
e
n so
ur
ce
pro
gr
am
m
ing
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
prototype
of
flo
od
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
.
The
pr
oto
ty
pe
of
flo
od
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
consi
sts
of
tw
o
par
t
w
hich
a
re
receiver
a
nd
trans
m
it
te
r.
The
transm
itter
par
t
functi
on
to
transm
it
and
disp
la
y
data
f
ro
m
the
sens
or
s
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
t
he
rece
iver
par
t
receives
data
f
ro
m
the
tran
sm
i
tt
er
par
t
a
nd
se
nd
to
th
e
dev
ic
e
that
s
up
ports
t
he
local
Tel
co
Sim
.
All
the
m
on
it
ori
ng
process
is
c
onduct
ed
by
p
la
ci
ng
the
prot
otype
in
the
wate
r
ta
nk.
The
heig
ht
of
water
i
n
th
e
wa
te
r
ta
nk
with
t
he
sens
ors
m
us
t
be
cal
ib
rated
in
orde
r
t
o
ob
ta
in
m
or
e
accurate
resu
lt
s.
The
m
on
it
or
in
g
proc
ess
is
cond
ucted
at
diff
e
re
nt
tim
e
and
weath
er
t
o
te
st
the
pr
oto
ty
pe
eff
ic
ie
ncy i
n
al
l condit
ion.
Figure
3.
Proto
ty
pe
of f
l
ood m
on
it
or
ing sy
s
tem
4.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
T
The
data
colle
ct
ion
is
c
ollec
te
d
th
rou
gh
SM
S
in
pu
t.
The
da
ta
is
m
anu
al
ly
interp
reted
by
the
us
e
r
or
local
auth
ori
ty
to
decla
re
the
s
it
uation
acc
ord
ing
with
float
s
witc
h
se
nsor
outp
ut.
Fi
gure
5
is
exam
ple
of
data
ob
ta
ine
d
th
rou
gh
SMS
.
T
he
s
equ
e
nce
ha
s
be
en
pro
gr
am
m
e
d
t
o
be
i
n
t
he
sta
te
as
descr
i
be
d
i
n
blo
c
k
dia
gram
as
in Figu
re
4.
Fig
ure
4. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
S
MS to
u
se
r
s
Figure
5. SMS
con
te
nts to
u
se
rs
In
ste
a
d
of
ou
t
put
is
presente
d
in
SMS
f
orm
,
the
data
c
ollec
te
d
al
s
o
dis
play
ed
on
LC
D
scr
een
i
n
fro
nt
pan
el
of
fl
oat
s
witc
h
sen
sor
to
c
onduct
e
rror
check
i
ng
a
nd
c
al
ibrati
on.
Fig
ur
e
6
sho
ws
th
e
ou
t
pu
ts
disp
l
ay
on
LCD
sc
ree
n.
Figure
7
sho
ws
t
he
data
c
ollec
ti
o
n
th
rou
gh
se
rial
m
on
it
or
in
I
DE
s
oft
wa
re.
All
data
are
int
erprete
d
directl
y i
f
the
s
ens
or
detect
in
g t
he wat
er le
vel. T
he data
of al
l condit
ion are
colle
ct
ed
int
o on
e
p
a
ge dis
play
ed.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1694
-
1699
1698
Figure
6. Data
colle
ct
ion
disp
l
ay
ed
on
LCD
screen
Figure
7.
Seria
l
m
on
it
or in
IDE softwa
re
5.
FUTU
RE W
O
RKS
Fo
r
f
uture
im
pr
ovem
ent,
the
syst
e
m
can
be
upgrade
d
with
ad
diti
on
of
th
e
com
po
ne
nt
i
n
GUI
with
m
or
e
bu
tt
on
f
unct
ions.
T
he
G
SM
m
od
e
m
for
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ing
the
da
ta
to
the
con
t
ro
l
ce
nter
can
be
use
d
as
it
is
easi
ly
con
necte
d
to
t
he
com
pu
t
er.
Additi
on
al
l
y,
the
float
s
witc
h
se
ns
ors
ca
n
be
re
placed
wit
h
the
wireless
s
ens
or
as
sens
ors
are
e
ssentia
l
com
ponen
ts
i
n
this
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k.
Exact
an
d
preci
se
discov
e
ry
of
water
le
vel
will
enhanc
e
the
in
f
or
m
at
ion
gathe
rin
g
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
f
or
th
e
ob
se
rv
i
ng
sta
ti
on
.
T
he
c
ollec
te
d
data
of
fl
ood
al
ert
i
nform
at
ion
can als
o be
disp
la
ye
d on LE
D
for
r
oad street
cl
ie
nts and fo
r sec
ur
it
y reas
on
s.
A
c
oncei
va
ble
m
et
ho
d
f
or
power
s
upply
f
or
the
sen
sors
an
d
bro
ught
t
og
e
ther
t
he
co
ntr
ol
unit
is
by
m
eans
of
s
olar
cel
ls.
The
flo
od
disaste
r
in
dicat
or
t
hroug
h
GSM
us
in
g
SMS
will
be
easy
t
o
i
ns
ta
ll
an
d
m
ai
ntained
if
it
is
po
wer
e
d
by
so
la
r
cel
l
s.
T
he
util
iz
at
i
on
of
s
unli
gh
t
ba
sed
vital
it
y
will
li
ke
wise
giv
e
le
ss
ex
pe
ns
ive
well
sp
ri
ng
of
e
nergy
to
t
he
w
ho
le
fr
am
ewor
k
to
w
o
r
k
pa
rtic
ularly
if
the
f
ram
ewo
rk
is
se
t
at
the
rem
ote
area.
Fo
r
su
sta
in
abi
li
ty
the
ci
rcu
it
s
and
c
ontr
ol
un
it
s
hould
be
desig
ne
d
to
consum
e
m
ini
m
u
m
po
we
r
duri
ng
op
e
rati
on.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Eff
ect
ive
ea
rly
floods
warnin
g
syst
em
can
be
ben
e
fici
al
to
the
com
m
un
it
y
and
act
as
a
preca
utionar
y
act
ion
f
or
the
victim
s
in
pr
e
ve
nting
loss
of
li
ves,
tra
um
a
fr
om
disaste
r
an
d
pr
op
e
rty
fro
m
da
m
age.
SMS
is
a
n
eff
ect
ive
al
ert
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
to
ols
that
can
dissem
inate
t
he
inf
orm
ation
to
flo
ods
victi
m
in
a
par
ti
cular
area
.
It
is
b
est
for
thi
s
syst
e
m
to
add
el
e
m
ent
of
dat
a
m
ining
a
nd
a
rtific
ia
l
intel
li
gen
t,
wh
ic
h
c
ou
l
d
assist
in
a
nal
yz
ing
water
le
vel
da
ta
, t
hus
pro
duce
exten
sive
grap
hs
for
bette
r a
na
ly
sis.
This
outc
om
e
will
help
in
fu
t
ur
e
predi
ct
ion
of
water level
beh
a
vior. Fr
om
the
find
i
ng
m
ade,
the ob
j
e
ct
ives o
f
t
he
pr
oj
ect
a
re s
ucce
ssfu
ll
y ac
hie
ve
d,
wh
e
re
the
ci
rc
uit
c
omplet
el
y
functi
oned
.
The
data
i
s
fi
nally
bee
n
s
ent
via
GS
M
m
ob
il
e,
wh
e
re
it
act
as
a
m
od
e
m
for
the
syst
em
.
All
three
float
s
witc
h
sens
ors
are
detect
ing
al
l
t
he
wate
r
le
vel
that
co
ns
ist
of
al
ert
le
vel,
m
od
erate
risk
le
vel
an
d
high
ris
k
le
vel.
Fin
al
ly
,
data
f
ro
m
input
sen
s
or
a
nd
Ard
uino
U
no
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er
reac
he
d
at
the
con
t
ro
l ce
nter
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
We
wis
h
to
ac
knowle
dge
ou
r
honora
ble
uni
ver
sit
y,
U
niv
e
r
sit
i
Tekn
ikal
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
lak
a
(
UTeM)
.
Sp
eci
al
a
pprec
ia
ti
on
a
nd
gr
at
it
ud
e
t
o
e
sp
eci
al
ly
the
Ma
la
ysi
a
Mi
nistry
of
Hi
gh
e
r
Ed
uca
ti
on
f
or
the
fi
na
ncial
fun
ding
under
Gr
a
nt
No. F
R
GS
/1/
2015/TK
04
/F
TK/
03
/F
0028
5
a
nd pr
ov
i
ding in
strum
en
ta
ti
on
device
s
su
pp
or
t
for
c
om
pleti
ng
th
is
proj
ect
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Flood
disast
er
ind
ic
at
or
of wa
te
r leve
l monit
or
in
g
syste
m
(
Wa
n
H
as
ze
ril
a Wa
n Hassa
n
)
1699
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Z.
Odli,
et
al
.
,
"D
eve
lopment
of
Portable
W
a
te
r
L
e
vel
Sensor
for
Fl
ood
Mana
g
ement
S
y
s
te
m
,
"
Journ
al
of
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Applied
S
cie
nce
s
,
vo
l. 11, no. 9, 2016.
[2]
O.
Intharasom
bat
and
P.
Khoenk
a
w,
“
A
Low
-
cost
Flash
Flood
Monitori
ng
S
y
stem
,
”
7th
Int
ernati
on
al
Conf
ere
nce
o
n
Information
Tec
hnology
and
Ele
ct
rical E
ng
ineering
(
ICITEE)
,
Chia
ng
Ma
i, pp. 47
6
-
479,
2015
.
[3]
M.
He
lmi
and
B.
I
.
N
.
Ali,
“
E
arly
W
arn
ing
S
y
s
tem
Us
ing
Rad
io
Freque
nc
y
,
”
Thes
is,
Uni
ve
rs
iti
Te
knol
ogi
Mala
ysi
a,
2014
.
[4]
N.
M.
Z
.
H
ashi
m
and
N.
B
.
H
amdan,
“
Flood
De
te
c
tor
Emerg
ency
W
a
rning
Sy
stem,
”
In
te
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
and
Computer
Sc
ie
n
ce
(
IJE
CS)
,
vo
l.
2,
no
.
8
,
pp
.
233
2
–
2336,
2013
.
[5]
E.
Ku
ant
ama
,
et
al.
,
“
Ea
r
l
y
f
lood
al
er
ts
using
Shor
t M
essage
Servi
c
e (S
MS
),
”
Proceedi
ngs
of
th
e 20
12
Inte
rnat
ional
Confe
renc
e
on
S
yste
m E
ng
ineeri
ng
and
Techno
lo
gy,
ICS
ET
2012
,
pp.
3
–
7
,
2012
.
[6]
A.
K.
Jha
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Cit
ie
s
and
Flo
oding:
A
Guide
t
o
Inte
g
rated
Urb
an
Flood
Risk
Mana
gement
for
the
21st
Cent
ur
y
,
”
Ur
ban
Dev
el
op
ment
Seri
es
:
Wo
rld B
ank
Public
ati
ons
,
pp
.
50
-
13
0,
2012
.
[7]
D.
Han,
“
Flood
Risk Ass
ess
m
ent
and
Man
age
m
e
nt,
”
Uk:
Be
n
tha
m Sc
ie
n
ce P
ubl
i
shers
,
pp.
23
-
13
5,
2011
.
[8]
W
.
A.H.W.M
Asmara
and
N.H.A
Aziz
,
“
SM
S
flo
od
al
er
t
s
y
st
em,
”
Proceedi
ngs
-
2011
IEE
E
Con
t
rol
and
Syste
m
Gr
aduate
Re
sea
rch
Coll
oqu
ium,
ICSGRC
,
pp
.
18
–
22,
2011
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[9]
I.
A.
Az
iz,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Coopera
t
ive
f
lood
detec
ti
on
u
sing
GS
MD
via
SM
S,”
Inte
rnati
onal
Symposium
on
Informatio
n
Te
chno
log
y
,
Kuala L
um
pur,
pp
.
1
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2008
.
[10]
M.
Moul
y
and
M.
-
B.
Pau
tet,
“
T
he
GS
M
s
y
st
em
for
m
obil
e
comm
unic
at
ions,
”
The
Uni
ve
rs
it
y
o
f
Mic
higan:
Ce
l
l
&
Sys
,
pp
.
1
-
125
,
1
992.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Wan
Hasz
er
il
a
Wan
Hassan
holds
a
Mast
er
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
,
E
l
ec
tron
ic
&
T
ele
comm
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
UTM
and B
achel
or of
El
e
ct
ri
c
al
&
El
e
ct
ron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
UTM. S
he h
a
s
pre
vious
workin
g
expe
r
ie
nc
e
in
sem
ic
onduct
or
i
ndustr
y
at
Inf
ineon
Te
c
hnologies
Malay
sia
.
She
joi
ns
Univer
sit
i
Te
knik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Mel
aka
(UTe
M)
as
lectur
er
on
2014.
Her
rese
ar
ch
ar
ea
inc
lud
es
Photonic
s,
Opt
ical
Com
m
u
nic
ati
on
and
W
ir
el
ess
Com
m
unic
at
ion.
Aiman
Z
akw
an Jidin
ob
tained
his ME
ng
in
Ele
ct
roni
c and
Micr
oel
e
ct
roni
c
S
y
st
em E
ngin
ee
r
ing
from
ESIEE
Eng
ine
er
ing
Paris
Fr
anc
e
in
2011
.
He
has
2
y
e
ars
of
w
orking
exp
eri
en
c
e
in
d
esigni
ng
digi
tal
IC
and
d
i
git
al
s
y
s
te
m
in
F
PG
A
at
Alt
era
C
orpora
ti
on
Mal
a
y
sia
,
bef
or
e
joi
n
ing
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knik
al
Mal
a
ysia
Me
la
k
a
(UT
eM)
as
l
ecture
r
and
r
ese
ar
che
r
,
in
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
and
Com
puter
Engi
ne
eri
ng.
His
rese
a
rch
intere
st
s inc
lud
e
FP
GA
Design
and
D
igital S
y
st
em Design.
Siti
As
ma
Binti
Ch
e
A
z
i
z
ea
rne
d
her
Master
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l,
El
e
ct
ro
nic
&
S
y
s
te
m
En
gine
er
ing
and
Bac
he
lor
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
,
Elec
tron
i
c
&
S
y
s
te
m
Eng
ine
er
ing
from
U
KM
.
Befor
e
jo
in
ing
Univer
si
ti
Te
knik
al
Mal
a
ysia
Me
la
ka
(UT
eM),
sh
e
h
as
ab
out
4
y
e
ars
wor
king
expe
ri
ence
with
T
elekom
Malay
s
ia
Berh
ad.
Her
r
ese
a
rch
in
te
r
est
i
ncl
ude
Opti
ca
l
Com
m
unic
at
i
on,
W
ireless
Com
m
unic
at
ion.
Norain
Binti
Rah
im
has
Master
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Microe
l
ec
tron
ic
s &
Com
pute
r
S
y
ste
m
Engi
nee
ring
from
UTM
and
Bac
he
lor
of
Co
m
pute
r
Engi
n
eering
from
UniMA
P.
She
condu
c
ts
rese
ar
ch
on
Micropr
oce
ss
or and
Embedde
d
S
y
stems
.
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