Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
4008
~
40
14
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp
4008
-
40
14
4008
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Review
of
high
-
s
peed phas
e accu
mu
lator fo
r direct di
gital
fre
qu
ency synth
esizer
Ab
d
ulkaree
m
Da
w
ah
Abbas
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
ngine
er
ing
of
Co
m
pute
r
Technol
og
y
,
Alm
aa
r
if
U
nive
rsit
y
Coll
eg
e,
I
raq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
9,
2019
Re
vised Feb
5,
2020
Accepte
d
Fe
b 25,
2020
A
rev
ie
w
of
hig
h
-
spee
d
pip
el
in
e
d
phase
a
cc
um
ul
at
or
(PA
)
is
prop
osed
in
th
is
pape
r.
The
deta
il
exp
la
na
ti
on
o
f
ide
as
,
m
et
hod
s
and
techniques
used
in
pre
vious
rese
ar
c
hes
to
improve
the
PA
throughput
designs
were
surve
y
ed.
The
Bren
t
-
Kung
(BK)
adde
r
wa
s
m
odifi
e
d
in
t
his
pape
r
to
be
appl
i
ed
i
n
pipe
li
n
ed
PA
archit
e
ct
ure
.
A
compari
son
of
diffe
r
ent
adde
r
ci
r
cui
t
s,
inc
lude
s
a
m
odifi
ed
BK,
rippl
e
c
arr
y
adder
(RCA),
Kogge
-
Stone
adde
r
(KS
)
and
othe
r
pre
fix
adde
rs
w
ere
appl
i
ed
to
ar
chi
t
ec
t
the
PA
base
d
on
Pipe
li
ne
te
chn
i
que
.
The
pre
sen
te
d
p
ipe
li
n
ed
PA
design
ci
r
cui
t
wi
th
m
ult
ipl
e
fr
eque
n
c
y
cont
ro
l
word
(FCW
)
and
diffe
r
ent
adders
were
cod
ed
Veri
log
h
ard
war
e
desc
r
ipt
io
n
la
nguag
e
(HD
L)
code
,
compile
d
and
ver
if
ie
d
wi
th
fie
ld
p
rogra
m
m
abl
e
ga
t
e
arr
a
y
(FP
GA
)
kit
platform
.
The
co
m
par
ison
result
show
s
tha
t
th
e
m
odifi
e
d
BK
adde
r
has
fast
per
form
anc
es.
The
shifte
d
cl
o
c
king
te
chni
qu
e
i
s
uti
li
ze
d
in
the
proposed
pi
pel
in
ed
PA
ci
rc
uit
to
red
u
ce
th
e
unwante
d
re
p
et
itive
D
-
fli
p
flop
(DF
F)
reg
is
te
rs
(co
m
ing
from
the
pipe
li
ne
t
ec
hniqu
e),
whil
e
pre
serving
the
h
igh
spe
ed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Adde
r
Ph
ase
accum
ulator
Pipeli
ning tec
hniq
ue
Re
gister
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Abd
ulk
a
rim
D
awah,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
En
gin
eeri
ng
of Com
pu
te
r
Tec
hnology,
Alm
aarif U
nive
rsity
Colle
ge
,
31001 Al Ra
m
adi,
Al An
bar,
Ir
a
q,
Em
a
il
: ker
i
m
.d
awah@y
ah
oo.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ph
ase
acc
um
ulator
ca
n
be
de
fine
d
as
a
dig
i
ta
l
ci
r
cuit
of
a
dd
e
r
a
nd
re
gis
te
r
that
use
d
t
o
gen
e
rate
the
di
gital
va
lues
wit
hin
(
0
-
2π)
ra
ng
e
.
Figure
1
des
c
ribe
t
he
de
ta
il
arch
it
ect
ure
of
the
PA
ci
rcu
it
.
The
c
onstructi
on
of
Fi
gure
1
desc
ribes
t
hat
the
ad
de
r
se
quentia
ll
y
accu
m
ula
te
s
the
da
ta
con
tr
ol
wor
d.
DF
F
reg
ist
er
is
de
fi
ned
as
a
sto
ra
ge
el
e
m
ent
of
the
PA
ci
r
cuit
and
us
e
d
to
f
re
qu
e
ntly
rep
eat
the
f
eed
bac
k
da
ta
to
the adde
r
in
or
der to
pro
vid
e t
he desire
d digi
ta
l values as
a
ph
a
se
ou
t
pu
t
(s
aw
to
oth s
hap
e
).
I
n
p
u
t
T
u
n
n
i
n
g
W
o
r
d
R
E
G
I
S
T
E
R
N
P
h
a
s
e
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
A
D
D
E
R
0
2
N
-
1
0
2
N
-
1
F
c
k
S
a
w
t
o
o
t
h
s
h
a
p
e
Figure
1.
A
rch
i
te
ct
ur
e
of
t
he P
A
ci
rc
uit
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Revi
ew
o
f
high
-
sp
ee
d p
hase
ac
cumulat
or
f
or dire
ct
dig
it
al f
req
uen
cy…
(
A
bdulka
reem
Dawa
h
A
bbas
)
4009
The
phase
out
pu
t
val
ues
ste
adily
increm
ent
al
l
y
gr
ow
th
in
the
ph
ase
of
(
0:
2
N
-
1
)
with
e
ver
y
tim
ing
pu
lse
.
The
ph
ase
accum
ulato
r
outp
ut
can
be
cl
arified
as
a
ph
ase
w
heel
in
the
direct
dig
it
al
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
synthesiz
er
(
D
DF
S
).
It
is
us
e
d
to
re
pr
ese
nt
the
phase
t
o
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
co
nv
erter
(
PA
C
)
of
the
D
DFS.
T
he
P
AC
dig
it
al
values
(
al
so
cal
le
d
rea
d
only
m
e
m
or
y
(ROM))
a
re
addresse
d
re
ga
rd
i
ng
t
o
the
de
sired
inc
rem
ent
ph
ase
ang
le
.
T
he
digi
ta
l
ph
ase
w
he
el
is
sh
own
in
Figure
2.
The
ph
a
se
an
gle
in
crem
ental
l
y
j
um
pin
g
with
co
ns
ta
nt
sp
ee
d
ar
ound the wheel
of (0
-
360). One c
o
m
plete
p
ha
se wh
eel
cyc
le
p
roduces a dig
it
al
sine w
a
ve
in t
he ran
ge
of
(0
-
2
π)
.
This
resea
rch
a
ddresse
d
se
ve
ral
appr
oach
es
and
te
ch
ni
ques
that
able
to
ge
ner
at
e
f
a
st
PA
thr
oughput as
well
h
ig
h
-
f
requen
cy
res
olu
ti
on
.
M
J
u
m
p
s
i
z
e
0
0
0
0
-
-
-
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
1
Figure
2.
Di
gital
p
ha
se
wh
eel
2.
PIPELI
NIE
D PHASE
A
CC
UM
ULA
TOR
D
ESI
G
N
PA
ci
rc
uit
is
the
com
pone
nt
that
us
e
d
to
pro
vid
e
t
he
dig
it
al
outp
ut
value
s.
T
he
PA
s
pee
d
perform
ance
con
t
rib
utes
the
DDFS
syst
em
.
Pipeli
ne
te
c
hniq
ue
is
a
bas
ic
te
chn
iq
ue
t
hat
us
e
d
t
o
en
han
c
e
the
a
ccum
ulator
s
pee
d,
t
his
com
ing
by
sp
li
tt
ing
the
m
ai
n
un
it
int
o
a
nu
m
ber
of
se
qu
e
ntial
ly
su
bs
-
un
it
s
[
1
]
.
Pipeli
ned
PA
c
an
be
cl
assifi
e
d
into
tw
o
ty
pe
s,
nam
el
y;
pip
el
ined
PA
ci
r
cuit
with
a
sin
gle
bit
-
la
ye
r,
a
nd
with
gro
up
of
bit
-
la
ye
r
of
reg
ist
e
rs
-
a
dders
.
The
blo
c
k
ci
rc
uit
diag
ram
in
Fi
gure
3
sho
ws
the
pip
el
ine
d
ph
a
se
accum
ulator
w
it
h
sin
gle
-
bit
la
ye
r.
T
he
m
ono
-
bit
pi
peline
d
phase
ac
cum
ulator
is
us
ed
in
the
D
DFS
ci
rcu
it
with
sm
al
l
PA
input
bits
(
<
11
-
bit).
As
a
n
e
xam
ple,
in
[2
-
4],
this
te
ch
niq
ue
is
a
ppli
ed
to
pro
duce
9
-
,
12
-
,
and 8
-
bit pipeli
ned P
A
r
espect
ively
.
M
M
-
1
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
M
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
D
F
F
-
R
e
g
Figure
3. Bl
oc
h
ci
rc
uit dia
gr
a
m
o
f
pip
el
ine
d ph
a
se acc
um
ul
at
or
with
si
ng
l
e
-
bit l
ay
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4008
-
4014
4010
Anothe
r
pip
el
i
ned
te
ch
nique
without
pr
e
-
s
ke
wing
re
gister
s
in
the
pi
pelin
ing
le
vels
is
use
d
in
[
5
]
to
const
ru
ct
12
-
bit
PA
.
In
ad
dit
ion
t
o
the
X
O
R
gates,
a
di
fferent
ty
pes
of
sp
ee
d
re
gisters
are
t
o
c
om
ple
m
ent
the
m
os
t
-
sign
i
f
ic
ant
bits
(MS
B)
val
ues.
A
ne
w
pip
el
ine
d
P
A
is
a
ppli
ed
i
n
[
6
]
with
9
-
bit
input.
In
this
de
sign,
the
8
-
bit
ph
as
e
ou
tp
ut
can
be
obta
ined
by
co
m
ple
m
enting
the
hi
gh
(
9
-
t
h)
m
os
t
sign
ific
ant
bit
(
MSB
)
to
pro
vid
e
the
outpu
t
val
ues.
T
he
be
nef
it
of
the
pro
pose
d
pi
pelinin
g
te
ch
niq
ue
with
sin
gl
e
-
bit
ad
der
is
cl
early
i
ncr
easi
ng
the
sp
ee
d
perform
ance.
H
oweve
r
,
this
ben
e
fit
accom
pan
ie
d
by
increasin
g
the
D
FF
re
gisters
wh
ic
h
le
ad
to
inc
reas
es
the
power
consum
ption
.
The
DDFS
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
re
so
l
ution
is
de
pende
d
on
t
he
f
re
quenc
y
op
e
rati
ng s
pee
d
a
nd the i
npu
t
b
it
s’ n
um
ber
(N) o
f
the
P
A
.
=
2
(1)
As
show
n
in
(
1)
s
hows
that
the
D
DF
S
res
ol
ution
is
cal
cula
te
d
by
the
op
e
r
at
ing
sp
ee
d
an
d
the
bin
a
ry
input
bits
N.
As
s
how
n
in
(
1
)
desc
ribes
t
ha
t
the
fr
e
quen
c
y
reso
l
ution
m
uch
bette
r
as
m
uch
as
the
in
pu
t
bits
la
rg
er
. Due
to
t
hat, the
d
esi
gn
ers
c
hoos
e acc
um
ulators
with
a larg
e
bits i
nput
(24
-
32)
b
it
s to ob
ta
in
the
desire
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
resol
ution
f
or
t
he DD
FS
syst
em
.
As
we
m
entio
ne
d
ea
rl
ie
r,
pip
el
inin
g
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
a
s
uitable
te
ch
niq
ue
f
or
desi
gnin
g
the
fast
accum
ulator.
A
us
i
ng
of
la
r
ge
f
reque
ncy
con
t
ro
l
in
put
bit
for
the
pipe
li
ned
P
A
re
quire
d
a
gro
up
-
bit
sta
ge
reg
ist
er
-
ad
de
r
to
accom
plish
the
su
it
able
ph
a
se
accum
ulator.
T
he
ci
rc
uit
diag
ram
of
pip
el
ine
d
PA
with
m
ul
ti
-
bit l
ay
er
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
4.
M
M
M
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
M
-
b
i
t
R
e
g
Figure
4
.
P
ipel
ined
PA ci
rc
uit diag
ram
w
it
h
the m
ulti
-
bit l
ay
ers
An
e
xam
ple
of
a
la
rg
e
bit
in
pu
t
is
ap
plied
in
[
7
]
by
Y
ong
S.
Kim
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
the
pip
el
ine
d
P
A
with
32
-
bit.
T
he
pr
ese
nted
de
sign
is
us
e
d
to
achieve
high
-
s
peed,
as
well
hi
gh
acc
ur
acy
r
esolutio
n.
T
he
cl
ock
par
ti
ti
on
ap
pro
ach
is
a
ppli
ed
t
o
reduce
t
he
D
FF
r
egiste
rs
.
T
his
te
ch
nique
i
s
us
e
d
i
n
[
8
]
t
o
arc
hitec
t
pip
el
ining
PA
w
it
h
une
qual
pip
el
ini
ng
st
ages (12
-
7
-
7
-
6
bits).
The
lo
we
r
sta
ge
has
bee
n
c
hosen
wit
h
t
he
high b
it
(
12
-
bit),
in or
der
t
o
a
vo
i
d
the
gr
ow
t
h of re
petit
ive r
e
gisters in
t
he hig
her pi
pelined
P
A
la
ye
rs.
The
phase
j
it
te
r
te
ch
nique
was
a
ppli
ed
i
n
the
cl
assic
al
pip
el
in
ed
PA
ci
rcu
it
with
32
-
bit
in
[
9
]
.
Be
cause
it
is
the
la
r
ge
bits
in
pu
t
is
us
e
d
to
e
nh
a
nce
t
he
D
D
FS
res
olu
ti
on,
therefo
re,
P
A
ou
t
pu
t
is
tr
unc
at
ed
to
the
ap
pro
pr
ia
t
e
bit
nu
m
ber
s
that
require
d
to
ad
dr
es
s
th
e
ROM
phase
ang
le
.
The
s
uggeste
d
phas
e
j
it
te
r
inj
ect
io
n
is
us
e
d
to
r
e
duce the
truncat
io
n
e
rror o
f DD
FS o
ut
pu
t.
A
new
te
c
hn
i
que
is
us
ed
to
desig
n
the
24
-
an
d
32
-
bit
of
pip
el
ine
d
P
A
i
n
[
10,
11]
res
pecti
vely
,
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
DF
F r
e
gisters. Th
e
c
om
par
at
or
bl
ock
co
ns
ist
s
of
OR
a
nd XOR
gates d
et
ec
ts
the
cha
nge
i
n
FC
W
and
e
nab
le
the o
ut
pu
t
sig
nal
to
the
loadi
ng
generat
or
.
T
he
c
ircuit
diagram
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
te
chn
i
q
ue
is show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
The
fig
ur
e
de
scribes
how
is
the
fi
rst
co
lum
n
LD0
be
act
ivate
d
by
the
loa
ding
sign
al
,
the
ot
her
(
L
D
1
-
LD
6)
loa
ding
sign
al
s
were
be
ing
act
ivate
d
seq
uen
ti
al
ly
.
A
pp
ly
in
g
the
pr
opos
e
d
te
c
hn
i
que
in
the P
A
ci
rc
uit
can im
pr
ove s
pe
ed,
a
nd
r
esol
ut
ion
a
with m
ini
m
u
m
D
FF reg
ist
ers.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Revi
ew
o
f
high
-
sp
ee
d p
hase
ac
cumulat
or
f
or dire
ct
dig
it
al f
req
uen
cy…
(
A
bdulka
reem
Dawa
h
A
bbas
)
4011
D
F
F
D
F
F
D
F
F
D
F
F
D
F
F
D
F
F
S
R
L
U
C
H
D
i
n
p
u
t
D
-
1
2
4
E
N
A
L
D
0
L
D
1
L
D
2
L
D
3
L
D
4
L
D
5
L
D
6
L
D
6
L
D
1
S
h
i
f
t
b
i
t
R
e
g
.
D
a
t
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
Figure
5. Bl
oc
k
ci
rc
uit dia
gr
a
m
o
f
Loa
ding s
ign
al
gen
e
rato
r
[
10
]
3.
PHA
SE A
C
C
UMULAT
OR DESI
GN B
A
SED ON
FA
S
T ADDE
RS
A
well
-
know
n
that
ad
der
play
a
m
ajo
r
ro
le
i
n
increasi
ng
the PA
s
pee
d.
Th
e
co
nve
ntion
al
r
i
pp
le
ca
rr
y
add
e
r
(RC
A)
i
s
the
m
os
t
us
ed
ad
der
f
or
the
DDFS
syst
em
.
As
an
e
xam
ple,
A
sin
gle
-
bit
add
e
r
in
[
12
]
,
is
us
e
d
to
i
m
ple
m
ent
t
he
24
-
bit
D
DFS
syst
e
m
with
a
m
ini
m
u
m
DF
F
re
gisters.
Ca
rr
y
lo
ok
-
a
head
ad
de
r
(C
LA
)
de
fin
e
s
as
a
sa
m
ple
of
the
widely
use
d
fast
a
dd
e
r.
This
ad
der
(C
LA)
is
us
ed
i
n
[
13
]
]
with
groups
of
3
-
bit
add
e
r
in
two
le
vels
to
desig
n
9
-
bit
PA
.
T
he
CLA
sm
a
ll
gr
oup
blo
ck
s
are
a
pp
li
ed
to
a
vo
i
d
th
e
ci
rc
uit
com
plexity
.
C
Ekroo
t
a
nd
S
Lo
ng
a
re
us
ed
the
4
-
bit
CLA
ci
rc
uit
adder
in
[
14
]
,
to
desig
n
the
16
-
bit
PA
a
nd
e
nhance
the DDF
S
perf
or
m
ances.
A
kn
own
that
p
re
fix
a
dd
e
rs d
efines as
a
fast add
e
r
a
nd
us
e
d for b
i
nar
y ad
di
ti
on
in
the P
A desig
n
[
15]
for
fast
com
puta
ti
on
s.
T
he
pr
efix
c
oncept
de
fines
a
s
f
ollo
ws:
T
he
a
dd
it
i
on
of
se
ve
ral
bi
t
can
be
ac
hieved
as
a
tim
e.
The
first
le
vel
of
th
e
pr
efi
x
ad
der
ci
rcu
it
con
sis
ts
of
A
ND
an
d
X
OR
gates,
as
a
pr
opagat
e
(p
)
,
and
gen
e
rate
(
g)
f
unct
ions
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Fig
ur
e
6
show
s
th
e
ci
rcu
it
diagra
m
of
the
pr
e
f
ix
add
e
r.
A
nu
m
ber
of
ad
de
rs
ha
ve
bee
n
desi
gned
base
d
on
t
he
p
re
fix
co
n
cept
a
nd
use
d
f
or
bi
nar
y
a
dd
it
io
n
i
n
th
e
phase
accum
ulator
de
sign
s
.
A
n
exa
m
ple
of
these
add
e
rs,
as
K
S
[
16
]
,
Sk
la
ns
ki
(S
K
)
[
17
]
,
Bre
nt
-
Kunt
(BK
)
[
18
]
,
and Bea
um
on
t
-
Sm
it
h
(BS) ad
der
[
19
]
.
g
p
g
p
g
p
g
p
X
(
n
-
1
)
y
(
n
-
1
)
x
1
y
1
x
0
y
0
C
i
n
S
n
S
2
S
1
S
0
C
o
u
t
x
n
y
n
Figure
6.
The
pr
e
fix
a
dder
circuit
3.1
.
M
od
i
fied
brent
ku
n
g
(B
K)
ad
d
er
The
arc
hitec
tur
es
of
8
-
,
12
-
,
or
24
-
bit
of
t
he
Brent
-
K
ung
ad
der
is
a
vaila
ble
in
blo
c
ks
.
Th
e
desig
ne
r
s
can
us
e
t
he
B
K
blo
c
k
ci
rc
ui
ts
as
a
fa
st
a
dd
e
r.
Pipeli
ne
d
P
A
re
qu
ir
es
the
a
dder
wi
th
car
ry
in
-
o
ut
that
seq
uen
ti
al
ly
pass
thr
ough
the
accum
ulator
sta
ges.
Du
e
to
th
at
,
a
m
od
ific
at
ion
has
bee
n
ap
plied
on
the
fir
st
bit
add
e
r
i
n order
to b
e c
om
patible
for
pip
el
ini
ng
proc
e
dure
de
sign.
R.
Zi
m
m
er
m
a
nn
in
[
20
]
wa
s
exp
la
ine
d
th
e
pr
efi
x
ad
diti
on
al
go
rithm
.
Ba
sed
on
the
exp
la
natio
n
and
[
21
]
,
the
B
K
a
dder
i
n
t
his
re
view
is
m
odifie
d
to
be
s
uitable
f
or
us
in
g
in
the
pi
peline
d
P
A
ci
rcu
it
i
n
[
22
]
.
Figure
7
show
s
the
m
od
ifie
d
BK
a
dder
ci
r
cuit
dia
gr
am
.
The
f
ig
ur
e
de
s
cribes
t
he
m
od
ific
at
ion
is
done
by
rem
ov
ing
g0
l
og
ic
gate
a
nd
insert
a
2:
1
m
ulti
plexe
r
[
23
]
.
P
O
is
us
e
d
a
s
a
co
ntr
ol
sel
ect
or
of
the
m
ultip
le
xe
r
inputs
X
0
an
d C
in
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4008
-
4014
4012
X
O
R
&
+
&
&
X
O
R
X
O
R
+
&
+
C
o
u
t
S
7
S
6
S
5
S
4
S
3
S
2
S
1
S
0
C
i
n
M
1
C
4
C
2
p
3
g
3
p
2
g
2
p
1
g
1
p
0
X
C
1
X
0
X
O
R
+
C
1
p
.
g
p
.
g
p
.
g
C
3
c
i
n
&
+
+
&
C
p
4
g
4
p
.
g
p
5
g
5
p
.
g
&
+
+
&
&
5
p
6
g
6
p
.
g
M
2
+
&
C
7
C
6
p
7
g
7
p
.
g
&
x
7
y
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
x
6
y
6
x
0
y
0
X
O
R
M
U
X
O
R
X
O
R
X
O
R
X
O
R
Figure
7.
The
m
od
ifie
d
8
-
bit
BK a
dd
e
r
ci
rc
ui
t
4.
ARCHITE
CT
UR
E
OF
PIP
E
LINED P
H
AS
E
ACC
UMULA
TO
R WI
TH DI
FFERE
NT A
D
DER
Pipeli
ned
pha
se
accum
ulator
was
desi
gn
e
d
ba
sed
on
R
CA,
m
od
ifie
d
BK
ad
der,
CLA
ad
de
r,
p
arall
el
-
pr
e
fix
add
e
rs
s
uc
h
as
SK
,
KS
an
d
BS
ad
der
s
.
T
he
com
par
iso
n
of
t
he
di
ff
e
rent
add
e
r
wa
s
do
ne
f
or
m
ul
ti
ple
inp
ut
con
t
ro
l
w
ords
(12
-
,
18
-
,
an
d
32
-
bit)
to
sel
ect
the
fast
adder.
Th
e
desig
ne
d
PA
ci
rc
uits
were
ceded
Ver
il
og
har
dwa
re
des
cripti
on
la
ngua
ge
(HDL
),
el
aborate,
synth
esi
zed
an
d
veri
fied
with
FP
GA
kit
bo
a
r
d
(Cyc
lone
II
I
).
The
c
om
par
ison
res
ults
in
the
te
r
m
s
of
m
axi
m
u
m
fr
equ
e
ncy
operat
ion
in
Ta
ble
1
sh
ows
the p
e
rf
orm
ance of th
e
KS a
dder
in
l
ow
e
r bit
s and m
od
ifie
d B
K
a
dder
f
or
t
he hig
h nu
m
ber
are
f
ast
e
r
a
dders.
Table
1
.
Fr
e
quency
ope
rati
on sp
ee
d of pi
peline
d P
A wit
h diff
e
ren
t a
dder
a
rch
it
ect
ure
PA op
eration
bas
e
d
on
add
er
(M
Hz
)
PA
RCA
CLA
SK
KS
BS
BK
12
-
b
it/(4
-
b
it add
er)
3
1
9
.4
4
0
7
.2
3
5
4
.3
4
3
0
.11
4
2
0
.1
3
9
2
.4
18
-
b
it
/
(6
-
b
it add
er)
3
4
6
.7
3
7
6
.9
3
7
1
.2
3
9
8
.72
3
6
4
.7
3
2
3
.2
32
-
b
it/
(8
-
b
it add
er)
2
3
4
.6
2
4
2
.3
1
6
0
.5
1
4
7
.84
1
7
9
.3
2
5
4
.9
5.
PIPEL
IN
D
P
A DESIG
N W
ITH THE
G
A
TE
D
CL
OCK
ING
TE
CHNI
QUE
The
pr
e
requisi
te
s
of
t
he
ra
pi
d
P
A
desig
n
ci
rcu
it
with
lo
w
-
powe
r
co
nsum
ption
an
d
sm
all
dim
ension
area,
dem
and
te
chn
iq
ues
th
a
t
i
m
pr
ov
es
the
throu
ghput
yi
el
d
w
hile
decre
asi
ng
the
nu
m
ber
of
log
ic
cel
ls.
This
tra
de
off
ca
n
be
acc
om
plished
by
util
iz
ing
the
pip
e
li
ne
te
chn
i
qu
e
to
e
nhance
the
PA
sp
e
e
d.
The
disa
dv
a
nt
age
of
this
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
to
expo
nen
ti
al
ly
increase
the
gro
wing
of
the
DF
F
re
gister
s
with
exp
a
ndin
g
th
e
pr
e
-
s
kew
i
ng r
e
g
ist
ers of
pi
peline l
ay
ers
as
shown i
n
Fi
gure
8
(
a
)
.
To
ove
rco
m
e
the
unwa
nted
rep
et
it
i
ve
re
gister
wh
il
e
pre
serv
i
ng
t
he
hi
gh
s
pee
d,
an
appr
opriat
e
m
et
ho
d
is
ap
pl
ie
d
to
reduce
the
DF
F
reg
i
ste
rs;
nam
el
y
gated
cl
oc
king
te
chn
iq
ue.
T
he
basic
idea
of
thi
s
m
et
ho
d
is
t
o
ut
il
iz
e
the
DF
F
reg
ist
er
with
Set
feedbac
k
a
nd
hi
gh
D
in
put
[
23
-
25]
,
s
how
n
in
Fi
gur
e
8(b)
,
connect
to
an
oth
e
r
DF
F
re
gister
to
div
i
de
the
cl
ock
pu
lse
in
or
der
to
pr
ep
are
it
fo
r
the
nex
t
la
ye
r.
Fo
r
the
oth
er
pip
el
ine
sta
ge
s,
a
sing
le
DF
F
re
gister
is
su
it
able
fo
r
the
propose
d
desig
n.
Applyi
ng
the
presente
d
ga
te
d
cl
oc
king
te
chn
i
qu
e
can
r
e
m
ov
e
al
l
the
gr
ay
blo
c
ks
of
the
pre
-
s
ke
wing
re
gisters
(48
DF
F
)
in
Fig
ur
e
8(a)
and
re
place
it
with
4
D
FF
re
gisters
in
Fig
ure
8(b).
Com
bini
ng
t
he
ab
ove
-
m
entioned
te
chn
i
que
s
to
gethe
r
in
the
pr
ese
nte
d
de
s
ign
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
9
wi
ll
ov
erc
om
e
the
goal
of
the
desig
ners’
ta
r
ge
t
by
achievin
g
a
hi
gh
-
s
peed
P
A
desig
n
ci
rc
uit
and
relat
ively
decr
ease
the
num
ber
of
re
gis
te
rs
(
44
of
12
1
DF
F
reg
ist
ers
). The
pro
po
se
d
te
c
hniqu
e
has
d
em
on
strat
ed
a
36%
r
e
du
ct
io
n
i
n
th
e term
o
f
the
DFF r
e
gisters
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Revi
ew
o
f
high
-
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In
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.
4
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A
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2020
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4014
6.
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nc
y
s
p
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e
d
o
f
2
8
6
.
2
9
M
H
z
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
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s
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h
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s
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s
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r
a
t
e
d
a
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6
%
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
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n
i
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s
.
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µm
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a
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q
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e
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c
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s
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t
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s
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z
e
r
u
s
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a
n
a
n
a
l
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g
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n
e
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m
a
p
p
i
n
g
te
chn
ique
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n
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3
5
µm
SiGe
BiC
MO
S,"
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urnal
of
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li
d
-
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ircui
ts,
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Sin
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high
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power
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m
ula
tor
for
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re
ct
dig
it
a
l
fr
equenc
y
s
y
n
the
siz
e
r,"
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E
MTT
-
S
Int
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-
le
ss
dire
ct
d
igi
t
al
fr
eque
nc
y
s
y
nth
esiz
er
wi
th
pre
se
t
v
a
l
u
e
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
d
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
o
r
,
"
1
9
t
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I
n
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
o
n
V
L
S
I
D
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e
l
d
j
o
i
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t
l
y
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i
t
h
5
t
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I
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t
.
C
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f
.
o
n
E
m
b
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rnati
onal
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renc
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ula
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hase
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ula
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nti
a
l
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ock
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ai
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-
Bit
5.
0
GH
z
dire
ct
digital
s
y
nthe
siz
er
RF
IC
with
dire
ct
dig
ital
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
0
.
1
3
µ
m
S
i
G
e
B
i
C
M
O
S
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
"
I
E
E
E
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
l
i
d
-
S
t
a
t
e
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
p
p
.
9
4
4
-
9
5
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[13]
X
.
G
e
n
g
,
F
.
F
.
D
a
i
,
J
.
D
.
I
r
w
i
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
C
.
J
a
e
g
e
r
,
"
A
9
-
b
i
t
2
.
9
G
H
z
d
i
r
e
c
t
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
yn
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
r
M
M
I
C
w
i
t
h
d
i
r
e
c
t
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
"
I
E
E
E
M
T
T
-
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
i
c
r
o
w
a
v
e
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
D
i
g
e
s
t
,
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p
.
1
1
2
5
-
1
1
2
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[14]
C.
G.
Ekroot
an
d
S.
I.
Long,
"A
GaAs
4
-
bit
adder
-
ac
cumula
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a
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r
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