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D
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B
ec
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m
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n
in
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tl
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tied
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w
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m
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1
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.
2.
T
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[
2
]
.
M
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On
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L
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th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
28
3
3
–
2
8
3
7
2834
tak
es
ad
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o
k
s
a
n
d
n
o
te
s
w
it
h
s
m
all
R
A
Ms,
f
i
lled
w
it
h
tailo
r
ed
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
i
s
k
in
d
o
f
lear
n
in
g
is
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
an
d
f
u
n
.
W
ith
th
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
,
it
is
m
u
ch
ea
s
ier
to
co
m
b
in
e
g
a
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
en
ter
t
ain
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
[
3
]
.
A
cc
ess
:
Ho
w
w
id
el
y
a
v
ailab
le
is
th
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
will d
is
tr
ib
u
te
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
co
n
te
n
t?
R
ich
n
ess
:
Do
p
ag
es
lo
ad
q
u
i
ck
l
y
?
Do
a
n
i
m
atio
n
s
p
la
y
i
n
a
s
m
o
o
th
an
d
s
ea
m
les
s
m
an
n
er
?
Do
es
th
e
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
g
m
ed
ia
(
m
ed
ia
t
h
at
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
—
r
ea
d
,
h
ea
r
d
,
v
i
e
w
ed
—
w
h
ile
it
is
b
ei
n
g
d
eliv
er
ed
)
f
lo
w
at
a
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
r
ap
id
r
ate?
E
fficien
cy
:
Ho
w
lar
g
e
is
t
h
e
c
lien
t
th
a
t
w
il
l
b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
m
ed
i
a
p
la
y
er
?
Ho
w
f
ast
w
i
ll th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
lo
ad
an
d
p
la
y
?
F
lexib
ilit
y:
W
ill
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
b
e
v
ie
w
ab
le
o
n
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
d
ev
ice
s
?
C
an
co
n
ten
t
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
w
i
t
h
o
n
e
k
i
n
d
o
f
d
ev
ice
o
r
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
b
e
p
la
y
ed
o
n
o
th
er
d
ev
ices
w
i
th
s
o
m
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
q
u
alit
y
?
S
ec
u
r
ity:
I
s
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
w
o
r
m
s
an
d
v
ir
u
s
es?
I
s
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
co
n
te
n
t
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
i
n
ter
ce
p
ted
b
y
u
n
i
n
te
n
d
ed
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
?
R
elia
b
ilit
y:
W
ill
co
n
te
n
t
b
e
d
is
p
la
y
ed
i
n
a
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
m
a
n
n
er
,
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
w
s
er
,
d
ev
ice,
an
d
s
cr
ee
n
s
ize?
I
n
tera
ctivity:
Do
es
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
in
ter
ac
t
f
r
ee
l
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
is
p
la
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t
[
4
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
le
ar
n
in
g
,
u
s
er
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
lear
n
i
n
g
co
n
te
n
t
w
i
th
o
u
t
a
n
y
b
o
r
d
er
s
s
o
t
h
at
it
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
an
y
ti
m
e
s
o
t
h
at
it c
an
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
an
y
ti
m
e
w
it
h
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
ill
u
s
tr
ati
o
n
[
5
]
.
3.
M
O
B
I
L
E
H
ARDWA
RE
Var
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tiall
y
,
b
ased
o
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
an
d
s
o
c
ial
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
s
ites
,
an
d
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
tili
zi
n
g
th
e
m
h
a
v
e
also
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
ap
id
l
y
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
clas
s
if
y
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
ze
s
u
c
h
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ar
e
a
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
as
d
ata
g
en
er
atio
n
[
6
]
.
C
au
d
ill
s
aid
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
d
ev
ice
t
h
at
co
m
e
s
to
m
in
d
w
h
e
n
m
o
b
ile
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
s
th
e
P
D
A
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
o
f
f
er
m
a
n
y
o
f
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
a
f
u
ll
-
s
ize
lap
to
p
co
m
p
u
ter
b
u
t
in
a
p
ac
k
ag
e
t
h
at
f
it
s
in
a
p
o
ck
et.
As
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
m
o
b
ilit
y
is
a
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
h
ar
d
w
ar
e,
an
d
f
e
w
d
ev
ices
o
f
f
er
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
ati
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
f
ea
tu
r
es t
h
at
th
e
P
D
A
d
o
es.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
tar
t,
t
h
e
P
DA
ex
p
er
ien
ce
le
n
d
s
its
el
f
to
b
ein
g
id
ea
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
W
h
eth
er
a
P
al
m
o
r
P
o
ck
etP
C
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
P
D
A
w
ill
s
tar
t
u
p
al
m
o
s
t
i
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
,
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
b
o
o
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
lar
g
er
co
m
p
u
ter
.
T
h
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
b
y
its
e
lf
i
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
o
n
e;
if
a
lear
n
er
w
an
t
s
to
ch
ec
k
e
-
m
ail
o
r
r
ep
l
y
to
a
m
es
s
ag
e
b
o
ar
d
w
h
ile
in
b
et
wee
n
ap
p
o
in
t
m
e
n
ts
,
th
e
ti
m
e
s
p
en
t
b
o
o
tin
g
u
p
a
n
d
s
h
u
tti
n
g
d
o
w
n
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
c
o
m
p
u
ter
p
lat
f
o
r
m
is
a
v
er
y
r
ea
l
d
eter
r
en
t,
t
h
e
P
D
A
in
ter
f
ac
e
eli
m
in
a
tes
th
a
t
w
a
s
ted
ti
m
e.
On
ce
t
h
e
P
DA
i
s
ac
tiv
e,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
w
id
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ap
p
lic
atio
n
s
t
h
at
i
n
th
e
p
ast
w
er
e
n
o
t
av
ailab
le
o
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
An
d
r
o
n
ico
an
d
co
lleag
u
e
s
2
0
0
3
,
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
r
ee
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
P
DAs
in
t
h
e
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
:
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
P
D
A
as
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
o
r
g
an
izer
,
b
y
u
p
lo
ad
in
g
/
d
o
w
n
lo
ad
in
g
d
ata
w
ith
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
s
y
s
te
m
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
alig
n
p
er
io
d
ically
o
r
o
n
d
e
m
an
d
th
e
a
g
en
d
a
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
(
teac
h
er
,
s
t
u
d
en
t,
o
r
o
th
er
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
)
w
it
h
all
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
i
c
ap
p
o
in
t
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
i
s
w
il
l
i
m
p
ly
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
at
a
s
ch
e
m
a
o
f
t
h
e
ag
en
d
a
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ice
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
ata
co
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
b
r
o
w
s
in
g
o
f
n
e
w
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
m
an
a
g
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
L
ea
r
n
in
g
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
L
M
S)
o
n
t
h
e
P
D
A
s
cr
ee
n
,
i
n
ca
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
er
h
a
s
n
o
k
e
y
b
o
ar
d
attac
h
ed
to
t
h
e
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ice,
o
r
t
h
e
f
u
ll
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
n
e
w
s
g
r
o
u
p
in
t
h
e
o
th
er
ca
s
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Mo
b
ile
Lea
r
n
in
g
Tech
n
o
lo
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(
K
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2835
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L
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web
p
ag
es
w
h
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it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
o
w
n
lo
ad
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
lt
it
w
i
th
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
v
ie
w
er
s
(
at
th
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
th
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r
elate
d
w
it
h
th
e
Of
f
ice
s
u
ite
an
d
w
it
h
A
cr
o
b
at
P
DF
f
o
r
m
at
[
1
]
.
I
n
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
eter
s
g
r
o
u
p
ed
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
an
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
es
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
:
First,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
o
f
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
f
ten
m
i
n
i
m
is
e
co
s
t
s
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
is
e
ef
f
ec
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
Seco
n
d
,
d
em
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
es
i
s
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
e
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
r
eq
u
e
s
t
s
b
ein
g
:
ea
s
ier
to
u
s
e,
s
m
aller
,
f
a
s
ter
,
s
m
ar
ter
,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
r
esu
lted
in
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
la
y
er
s
,
B
lu
eto
o
th
,
ca
r
an
d
b
u
s
in
es
s
k
its
,
h
an
d
s
f
r
ee
an
d
in
f
r
ar
ed
/
d
ata
ca
b
les.
W
h
en
as
k
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
t
h
at
a
r
e
p
lan
n
ed
f
o
r
ex
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
w
a
s
:
‘
s
m
aller
,
f
aster
,
b
etter
,
ch
ea
p
er
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
w
ir
eles
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
en
d
b
ig
g
er
f
ile
s
f
a
s
ter
.
’
W
h
at
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
p
u
r
ch
a
s
ed
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
ess
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
w
h
at
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
i
s
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
u
s
e?
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
q
u
o
te
tells
t
h
e
s
to
r
y
:
T
h
er
e
is
s
u
ch
a
cr
o
s
s
-
o
v
er
b
et
w
ee
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
u
s
e
w
e
’
r
e
u
n
ab
le
to
tell
t
h
e
m
ap
ar
t.
Hig
h
er
en
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
(
i.e
.
,
B
l
u
eto
o
th
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
cts
w
ith
e
x
tr
a
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
co
n
tain
in
g
en
ter
p
r
is
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
)
ar
e
m
ar
k
eted
o
n
l
y
t
o
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
clie
n
t
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
lest
p
h
o
n
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
as
w
e
ll
as p
er
s
o
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
Mu
ch
i
s
m
ad
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
b
u
t
w
h
a
t
i
s
ac
tu
all
y
h
ap
p
en
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
d
ev
elo
p
er
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e?
T
h
e
t
w
o
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
q
u
o
tes ill
u
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
'
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
:
A
f
las
h
-
b
ased
m
o
b
ile
in
ter
f
ac
e
is
n
o
w
b
ei
n
g
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
s
o
t
h
at
an
i
m
ated
m
ater
ial
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
o
n
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
s
;
th
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
is
n
o
w
m
o
v
in
g
q
u
ic
k
l
y
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
u
p
ta
k
e
As
an
ad
d
-
o
n
to
o
th
er
m
o
d
es
o
f
d
eliv
er
,
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
w
i
ll
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
B
u
t
it
w
o
n
’
t
r
ep
lace
o
t
h
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
e
-
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
s
cr
ee
n
s
ar
e
to
o
s
m
all
an
d
h
ar
d
to
r
ea
d
,
a
n
d
if
y
o
u
m
ak
e
t
h
e
m
b
ig
g
er
,
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
i
s
n
’
t
as
m
o
b
ile.
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
is
m
o
s
t
u
s
e
f
u
l
w
h
e
n
it
’
s
i
n
a
m
o
b
ile,
f
ield
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
7
]
.
T
r
ax
ler
tu
r
n
ed
o
u
r
at
ten
t
io
n
t
o
s
o
m
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
o
f
m
o
b
ile
l
ea
r
n
in
g
t
h
at
ar
e
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
,
h
e
lis
ted
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
:
Te
chno
lo
g
y
-
driv
en
m
o
bil
e
lea
rning
–
So
m
e
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
i
s
d
ep
lo
y
ed
i
n
an
ac
ad
em
ic
s
etti
n
g
to
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
Mi
nia
t
ure
bu
t
po
rt
a
ble
e
-
L
ea
rning
–
Mo
b
ile,
w
ir
ele
s
s
,
an
d
h
an
d
h
eld
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
e
-
en
ac
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
alr
e
ad
y
u
s
ed
in
'
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
'
e
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
p
er
h
ap
s
p
o
r
tin
g
s
o
m
e
e
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
Vir
t
u
al
L
ea
r
n
in
g
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t (
V
L
E
)
t
o
th
ese
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies o
r
p
er
h
ap
s
m
er
el
y
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
b
ile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
as f
lex
ib
l
e
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
s
tatic
d
es
k
t
o
p
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
Co
nn
ec
t
ed
cla
s
s
ro
o
m
lea
rn
ing
–
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
clas
s
r
o
o
m
s
etti
n
g
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
er
h
ap
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
th
er
class
r
o
o
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
s
u
c
h
as
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
w
h
iteb
o
ar
d
s
I
nfo
r
m
a
l,
per
s
o
na
lis
ed,
s
it
ua
t
ed
m
o
bil
e
lea
rni
ng
–
T
h
e
s
am
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
w
it
h
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
lo
ca
tio
n
-
a
w
ar
en
es
s
o
r
v
id
eo
-
ca
p
tu
r
e,
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
d
eliv
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
t
h
at
w
o
u
ld
o
th
er
wis
e
b
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt o
r
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
M
o
bil
e
t
ra
ini
ng
/perf
o
r
m
a
nc
e
s
up
po
rt
–
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
w
o
r
k
er
s
b
y
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
j
u
s
t
-
in
-
ti
m
e
a
n
d
i
n
c
o
n
tex
t
f
o
r
t
h
eir
i
m
m
ed
iate
p
r
io
r
ities
(
f
o
r
an
ea
r
l
y
ac
co
u
n
t,
s
ee
Ga
y
e
s
k
i,
2
0
0
2
)
Re
m
o
t
e/
r
ur
a
l/d
ev
elo
p
m
ent
m
o
b
ile
lea
rni
ng
–
T
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
n
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
al
ch
al
len
g
es
to
d
eliv
er
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
w
h
er
e
'
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al'
e
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
w
o
u
ld
f
ail,
o
f
ten
tr
o
u
b
lin
g
ac
ce
p
ted
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
o
r
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
ar
y
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
Mo
b
ile
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
co
u
l
d
f
all
in
to
an
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
(
w
it
h
t
h
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
'co
n
n
ec
te
d
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
'
)
;
h
o
w
it
d
ev
elo
p
s
w
ill
d
ep
en
d
in
p
ar
t
o
n
th
e
a
f
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
o
f
a
n
y
g
i
v
en
s
it
u
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
m
i
g
h
t i
n
clu
d
e:
I
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
m
ea
n
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
p
o
s
tal
s
er
v
ices,
I
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
etc.
Sp
ar
s
it
y
,
g
iv
i
n
g
r
is
e
to
in
f
r
eq
u
en
t f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
n
tact,
lack
o
f
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
etc.
T
h
e
w
id
er
p
o
lic
y
a
g
e
n
d
a
in
cl
u
d
in
g
li
f
elo
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
,
in
c
lu
s
io
n
(
o
f
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le)
,
ass
is
ti
v
it
y
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
28
3
3
–
2
8
3
7
2836
Mo
b
ile
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
w
it
h
in
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
b
le
n
d
ed
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
af
f
o
r
d
an
ce
s
o
f
o
th
er
d
eliv
er
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
[
8
]
.
4.
M
O
B
I
L
E
NE
T
WO
RK
I
NG
C
au
d
ill
n
o
ticed
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
,
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
ca
lled
W
i
-
Fi.
W
i
-
Fi
w
o
r
k
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
er
ie
s
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
/r
ec
eiv
er
s
tatio
n
s
t
h
at
w
ir
ele
s
s
d
ev
ice
s
ca
n
co
n
n
ec
t
to
v
ia
th
eir
o
w
n
W
i
-
Fi
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ca
r
d
.
I
n
itiall
y
s
ee
n
as
ex
ter
n
al
ca
r
d
s
th
at
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
a
P
er
s
o
n
al
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Me
m
o
r
y
C
ar
d
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Ass
o
ciatio
n
(
P
C
MCI
A
)
s
lo
t
o
n
lap
to
p
s
,
W
i
-
Fi
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
d
ev
ices
ar
e
n
o
w
b
ei
n
g
i
n
te
g
r
ated
in
to
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
-
s
ize
P
DAs
an
d
e
v
en
s
m
aller
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
m
o
b
ile
g
a
m
i
n
g
d
e
v
ices.
I
f
a
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
b
u
ilt
-
i
n
W
i
-
Fi
ca
r
d
th
er
e
ar
e
a
w
id
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ad
d
-
o
n
ca
r
d
s
av
ai
lab
le,
s
o
m
e
s
m
all
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
f
it
i
n
to
t
h
e
SD
s
lo
ts
o
n
h
a
n
d
h
eld
d
ev
ice
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
m
a
n
y
d
e
v
ices
n
o
t
o
r
ig
in
all
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
ac
ce
s
s
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
d
o
s
o
.
h
e
aso
s
aid
:
at
1
1
Me
g
ab
its
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
(
Mb
p
s
)
,
an
d
8
0
2
.
1
1
g
(
g
)
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[
1
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5.
DIS
CU
SS
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O
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9
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[
1
1
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P
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s
in
alsaad
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ask
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s
th
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p
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tech
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lear
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v
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f
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s
t
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n
o
lo
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g
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m
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cu
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b
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tech
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lo
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h
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v
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p
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ten
tial
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n
o
r
m
al
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
–
an
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
tr
ial
s
[
1
2
]
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Mo
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
b
o
th
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
a
n
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
,
i
s
a
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
.
As
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
a
n
d
d
esi
g
n
er
s
,
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
l
u
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
ese
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
an
d
co
g
n
iza
n
t
o
f
w
h
at
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
e
ir
lear
n
er
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
as
ac
ce
s
s
to
.
A
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
t
h
eo
r
ies
i
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
i
n
u
s
e
in
a
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
as
s
u
c
h
,
d
esig
n
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
d
e
m
an
d
s
a
s
y
s
te
m
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
h
er
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ac
co
u
n
t
s
f
o
r
all
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
As
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
tin
u
e
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
ate
t
h
e
o
p
tio
n
s
o
p
en
to
m
-
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
w
ill
e
x
p
an
d
;
th
e
k
e
y
i
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
m
-
L
ea
r
n
in
g
i
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
in
g
,
n
o
m
atter
w
h
a
t
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
m
a
y
ta
k
e
[
1
]
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ca
u
d
il
,
Ja
so
n
g
,
2
0
0
7
.
"
T
h
e
G
ro
wth
o
f
m
Lea
rn
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a
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t
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e
G
ro
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p
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,
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p
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[2
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ll
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g
a
te
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o
rg
.
u
k
[3
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W
ik
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(re
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n
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e
:
h
tt
p
:/
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ww
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rri
m
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h
tm
)
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]
W
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g
n
e
r
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ll
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n
D.2
0
0
5
,
"
En
a
b
li
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r
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Ed
u
c
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se
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iew
,
V
4
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N3
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p
p
4
0
-
5
3
.
[5
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S
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ti
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w
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n
,
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l
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x
s
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d
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r
.
Ha
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n
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.
Ha
d
i,
Re
n
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ra
,
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lt
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re
L
e
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rn
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p
p
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on
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n
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ro
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2
0
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7
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ter
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ti
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o
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rn
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e
c
trica
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a
n
d
Co
m
p
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ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
7
,
No
1
,
2
0
1
7
[6
]
Ju
n
g
S
e
Ho
o
n
.
C
h
a
n
Kim
,
Jo
n
g
.
Bo
S
im
Ch
u
n
,
"
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re
d
ictio
n
Da
ta
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
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S
c
h
e
m
e
U
sin
g
on
A
rti
f
icia
l
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
Da
ta Cl
u
ste
ri
n
g
f
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r
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Da
ta
, "
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ter
n
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ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Vo
l
6
,
No
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
P
e
ters
,
2
0
0
7
.
"
M
lea
rn
in
g
:
P
o
sit
io
n
i
n
g
Ed
u
c
a
to
rs
f
o
r
a
M
o
b
il
e
,
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
F
u
t
u
re
,"
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h
e
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
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a
l
Rev
iew
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
o
p
e
n
a
n
d
Dist
a
n
c
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
v
o
l
8,
no
2.
[8
]
T
ra
x
ler,
2
0
0
7
,
"
De
f
in
in
g
,
Disc
u
ss
in
g
a
n
d
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
M
o
b
il
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
:
th
e
M
o
v
in
g
F
in
g
e
r
W
rit
e
s
,
"
T
h
e
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Rev
iew
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
Op
e
n
a
n
d
Dista
n
c
e
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
.
v
o
l
8,
no
2.
[9
]
S
o
y
k
a
n
,
Em
ra
n
,"
T
h
e
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
P
u
p
li
s
h
e
d
A
rti
c
les
on
M
o
b
il
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
A
re
a
in
Eb
e
sc
o
Da
ta
Ba
se
,
"
Pro
c
e
d
ia
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
io
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
V
o
l
1
8
2
,
2
0
1
5
[1
0
]
S
h
in
,
Ju
L
in
g
.
Ch
u
n
C
h
u
,
H
u
i,
Ha
w
a
n
g
,
Gw
o
Ge
n
.
Kin
sh
u
k
,
"
A
n
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
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tt
it
u
d
e
s
o
f
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tu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
T
e
a
c
h
e
rs
A
b
o
u
t
P
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
n
g
in
a
Co
n
tex
t
Aw
a
re
Ub
iq
u
it
o
u
s
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e
a
rn
in
g
A
c
ti
v
it
y
,
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Brit
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
4
2
,
N
o
3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
A
lsa
a
d
a
t,
Kh
a
li
l
,
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M
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
Co
l
leg
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
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Eu
r
o
p
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a
n
J
o
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rn
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l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
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t
u
d
ies
,
V
o
l
3
,
Iss
u
e
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
A
lsa
a
d
a
t,
Kh
a
li
l
,"
T
h
e
Im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
m
L
e
a
rn
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in
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e
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d
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re
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ro
p
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g
S
tu
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ies
,
V
o
l
2
,
Iss
u
e
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
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