Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
5, N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
201
5, p
p
. 1
134
~114
2
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
1
134
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Seasonal and Diurnal Variabilit
y of Rain Heights at an
Equatorial Station
Yuss
uf
f
Ab
ay
omi
Isi
ak
a O
*
,
Nor His
h
am
Haji Kh
amis
**
*
Department of Electronic and
C
o
mputer Engin
e
ering, Lagos
S
t
at
e Univers
i
t
y
, Ni
geria
**
Department of
Communications
Engineering
,
U
n
iversiti
Teknologi Malay
s
ia, M
a
lay
s
ia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Feb 8, 2015
Rev
i
sed
May 14
, 20
15
Accepte
d
J
u
n 1, 2015
Seasonal and d
i
urnal rain heights variat
ion a
t
Universiti
Tekno
lo
gi Mala
ysi
a
,
Johor was studi
ed.Slan
t
path rain
attenuation prediction and modeling is
crucial to
satellite equipm
ent
design;
a
major in
put is the rain height. One
y
e
ar meteoro
l
og
ical ground-bas
e
d, S-
band, 3D
RAPIC precipitation r
a
dar
data at 500m resolution sourced fro
m the Malay
s
ian
Meteorolog
ical
De
pa
rt
me
nt
wa
s c
o
mpl
e
me
nt
e
d
wi
t
h
two-
y
ear TRMM PR data sourced from
JAXA Earth Observation R
e
sear
ch Center
. After
filtering, sorting
,
extr
action
and decod
i
ng of
the data, vertical refl
e
c
tiv
it
y prof
iles were
constr
ucted
;
from
which ra
in h
e
ig
ht par
a
m
e
ters w
e
re
extr
acted. TRMM PR processed monthly
(3A25) and daily
(2A23) rainfall precip
it
ation
data were sim
i
l
a
rl
y used to
obtain
rain
height par
a
meters
to
investig
ate the seasonal
and diurn
a
l
variations. Results from this wor
k
suggest
ed that rain height par
a
meters ar
e
influen
ced b
y
both seasonal
and di
urnal variations
. Higher
seasonal
variab
ility
was
observed during
sout
h-west and pre-southwest monsoons.
Rain h
e
ights w
e
r
ealso observ
e
d
to be h
i
gher
in
th
e nigh
t th
an
in
th
e day
time.
Keyword:
0
o
C
i
s
ot
herm
B
r
i
ght
-ba
n
d
Precip
itatio
n rad
a
r
R
a
i
n
hei
ght
VRP
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Abay
om
i
Isi
a
ka O.
Y
u
ss
uf
f,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
roni
c
an
d
C
o
m
put
er E
ngi
neeri
n
g
,
Lago
s State
Un
iv
ersity,
Epe cam
pus,
L
a
go
s,
Ni
ge
ri
a
Em
a
il: ayu
ssu
ff@yahoo
.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
R
a
i
n
at
t
e
nuat
i
o
n (s
uc
h as si
g
n
a
l
fadi
n
g
,
de
po
l
a
ri
zat
i
on, scat
t
e
ri
n
g
an
d a
b
so
rpt
i
o
n) a
n
d n
o
i
s
e i
n
d
u
ce
d
by at
m
o
spheri
c gases, a
r
e
phe
nom
e
na seriously
debilitating efficient
and
reliable
earth-space
signal
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
ons;
whi
c
h are
ge
neral
l
y
d
one a
b
o
v
e t
h
e
X
-
ba
nd
. A m
a
jo
r f
act
or f
o
un
d t
o
be res
p
on
si
bl
e rai
n
atten
u
a
tion
alon
g th
e slan
t p
a
t
h
(asid
e
rainfall rate, rai
n
fal
l
dr
o
p
si
ze, t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on f
r
eq
ue
ncy
,
el
evat
i
o
n
angl
e
,
si
gnal
p
o
l
a
ri
za
t
i
on a
n
gl
e an
d
rai
n
/
a
nt
en
na t
e
m
p
erat
ur
e)
[
1
] is th
e rai
n
heig
h
t
.Th
e
t
o
tal p
a
th attenu
atio
n is
g
e
n
e
rally fo
und
b
y
assu
m
i
n
g
con
s
tan
t
rain
u
p
to th
e bo
ttom
o
f
th
e m
e
lti
n
g
layer
(i.e.with
in
th
e rai
n
heig
h
t
)
[2]
,
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
s
u
b
j
ect
i
v
e as
su
m
p
ti
on
have
b
een f
o
un
d t
o
b
e
i
n
co
rrect
,
pa
rt
i
c
ul
arl
y
fo
r t
r
opi
cal
a
nd e
q
u
a
t
o
ri
al
st
at
i
ons [
3
]
.
A
l
so, si
nce rai
n
hei
g
ht
i
s
fou
n
d
t
o
be hi
ghl
y
correl
a
t
e
d
wi
t
h
si
gn
al
at
t
e
nu
at
i
on an
d co
-c
han
n
el
interfe
rence due
to
rain drop scatteri
ng,
rain height distribu
tion is t
h
ere
f
ore im
portant
because it can
be us
ed
to
in
v
e
stigate th
e m
ech
an
ism
s
resp
on
si
b
l
e for v
a
riatio
ns in
th
e atten
u
atio
n
d
i
stri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
at an
y statio
n
of
i
n
t
e
rest
. Fu
rt
h
e
rm
ore, rai
n
h
e
i
ght
i
s
l
o
cat
i
on-
de
pen
d
e
n
t
[4
]
.
C
onseq
ue
nt
l
y
, an adeq
uat
e
st
udy
of rai
n
hei
g
h
t
p
a
ram
e
ters, p
a
rticu
l
arly its relatio
n
s
h
i
p
v
i
s-à-v
i
s
d
i
urn
a
l an
d seaso
n
a
l
chan
g
e
s, is
p
e
rtinen
t. Th
is
will propo
se
what
t
i
m
e of t
h
e day
o
r
pe
r
i
od
of t
h
e y
e
a
r
(seas
o
n
al
o
c
cu
rren
ces) rai
n
atten
u
a
tion
i
s
m
o
re lik
ely to
b
e
expe
rience
d.
Vari
at
i
o
ns i
n
s
easo
n
al
and
di
ur
nal
rai
n
d
r
o
p
si
ze di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
ons
of t
h
e A
s
i
a
n
m
ons
oo
n r
e
gi
o
n
fr
om
di
sd
rom
e
t
e
r
m
easurem
ent
s
h
a
ve bee
n
st
udi
ed by
[5]
.
F
u
rt
her as
sessm
ent
s
of t
h
e o
f
t
h
e
rai
n
i
m
pact
s of t
h
e
Asi
a
n m
ons
oo
n o
n
t
h
e sl
a
n
t
pat
h
pr
opa
gat
i
on, al
s
o
f
r
om
di
sd
rom
e
t
e
r m
easurem
ent
s
; sou
r
ce
d f
r
om
Kual
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
113
4
–
11
42
1
135
Lum
pur, M
a
la
y
s
ia was carried o
u
t by
[6]
.
F
o
r e
quat
o
rial
statio
n
lik
e Malaysia, yearly se
ason
al v
a
riation
s
are
classif
i
ed
in
t
o
t
w
o m
o
n
s
oo
n an
d two
p
r
e-
m
o
n
s
oon
season
s. Th
ese ar
e pr
e-Sou
t
hw
est (Apr
il–
May)
,
Sou
t
h
w
est
(June
–
Se
ptember), pre-Nort
heast (Oct
obe
r–Novem
b
e
r) and
Northeast (Decem
ber–Ma
rch) m
onsoon
seasons
[
5
]-[
7
]
.
En
vi
ro
nm
ent
a
l
con
d
i
t
i
ons i
n
So
ut
h
-
west
a
n
d N
o
rt
h-east
m
onsoo
n seas
ons
fr
om
dat
a
sou
r
ce
d f
r
o
m
So
ut
h In
di
a, S
i
nga
po
re
a
n
d West
S
u
m
a
t
r
a
have
bee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
be di
f
f
er
ent
ba
sed o
n
o
b
ser
v
e
d
r
a
i
n
fal
l
and
t
e
m
p
erat
ure
va
ri
at
i
ons;
a
nd t
h
ese seaso
n
al
va
ri
at
i
ons m
a
y
also
ove
rl
ap
wi
t
h
di
ur
nal
vari
at
i
on
of
p
r
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
ons
[1]
.
A
not
her fa
ct
or o
b
ser
v
e
d
t
o
be
af
fect
i
n
g
t
h
e di
u
r
nal
cycl
e is the
differe
n
ce in phases
of
di
urnal cycles for
rain ove
r
ocea
n and ove
r
la
nd [7]-[9]. Di
urnal cycle fo
r oceanic
rain wa
s
observed
by
[5] to peak a
r
ound
mid
n
i
g
h
t
t
o
ear
l
y
m
o
r
n
i
n
g, wh
ile it p
eak
ed
in
th
e af
ter
noon
ov
er
land
; wh
ich
m
a
y lead
to
a less sign
ifican
t
di
u
r
nal
cy
cl
e
or
d
o
ubl
e
-
pea
k
i
n
rai
n
fal
l
fo
r a
st
at
i
o
n
lo
cated
al
o
ng th
e co
ast line, sin
c
e th
e rain
fall
characte
r
istics would be
affec
t
ed bo
th b
y
o
c
ean
i
c and
land
rain
falls.
TRMM (Tropi
cal Rain Mea
s
urem
ent Mission) was
a join
t p
r
o
j
ect b
e
t
w
een
th
e
U.S. Natio
n
a
l
Aeronautics and Space Administrati
on (NASA), a
nd Ja
pan National Space
De
velopment Agency
of Ja
pan
(N
AS
DA
) an
d
C
o
m
m
uni
cation R
e
sea
r
ch L
a
bo
rat
o
ry
(C
R
L
). It
was l
a
un
ched
on
No
ve
m
b
er 27, 1
9
9
7
i
n
t
o
a
near circ
ular orbit of appr
oxi
m
ately 350 Km
altitude with
an inclination angle of 35 degrees and a peri
od of
91
.5 m
i
nut
es
or
15
.7
o
r
bi
t
s
per
day
.
T
h
e p
r
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
on
ra
dar
(PR
)
a
n
d
an H
-
I
I
r
o
c
k
et
l
a
unc
her t
h
at
put
t
h
e
TR
M
M
sat
e
l
l
i
t
e
i
n
t
o
or
bi
t
was
de
vel
o
ped
by
Ja
pa
n,
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e U.
S.
p
r
ovi
ded
t
h
e
o
b
s
ervat
o
ry
,
f
o
u
r
ot
he
r
sens
ors (
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
i
n
fra
red sca
n
ner (
V
IR
S)
, TR
M
M
m
i
crow
ave im
ager (T
M
I), lig
hting i
m
aging se
nso
r
(LIS
),
an
d clou
d
and earth’s rad
i
an
t en
erg
y
syst
e
m
(CERES
)), as well as the satellite o
p
e
ratio
n
syste
m
s. Th
e
satellite altitude was
boosted
in August
2001 to a
p
proxim
a
tely 402.5
Km
with
a period
of 92.5 m
i
nutes (15.6
o
r
b
its p
e
r d
a
y)
to
ex
tend
th
e li
feti
m
e
b
y
red
u
cin
g
atm
o
sp
h
e
ric d
r
ag
.
Ho
wev
e
r, th
is boo
t in
altitu
d
e
in
trod
u
ced
som
e
sa
m
p
ling errors. This
is because sa
m
p
ling errors
and relate
d biases, suc
h
as beam
filling errors are
redu
ced
wh
en
altitu
d
e
is low
[10
]
.
Also
, since th
e TRMM
is a no
n-g
e
o
s
y
n
chro
nou
s rem
o
te sensing
sat
e
llite,
it reco
rd
s m
u
ch
fewer
p
r
eci
p
itatio
n
s
th
a
n
act
ual
beca
use
o
f
i
t
s
po
or
sam
p
l
i
ng
pe
ri
o
d
.
Fo
r
i
n
st
ance,
a s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
lo
catio
n
in
Malaysia h
a
s b
e
en
ob
serv
ed
to
b
e
orb
ited
ju
st
ab
ou
t 70
tim
es
in
a wh
o
l
e cal
enda
r year
[11]. This
resu
lts i
n
i
n
con
s
isten
t
scan
s
an
d seriou
s
u
n
d
e
restim
atio
n
o
f
rai
n
ev
en
ts. TRMM PR
prov
id
es
d
a
ily (2
A23
)
and m
ont
hl
y
(
3
A
2
5) m
ean rai
n
fal
l
preci
pi
t
a
t
i
on dat
a
wi
t
h
a resol
u
t
i
on
of
5
o
x 5
o
l
a
t
i
t
ude–l
o
ngi
t
u
de
ov
er t
h
e
tropical regions, ove
r both land a
nd
ocean. The non-s
u
n-sync
hronous orbit
m
a
kes
it possi
ble to sa
m
p
le
v
i
rtu
a
lly all local ti
m
e
s o
v
e
r
th
e cou
r
se
with
in
a
few
week
s
wh
ile at th
e sam
e
t
i
m
e red
u
c
ing
th
e d
i
u
r
n
a
l b
i
as
drast
i
cal
l
y
[1
2
]
. The
f
r
eq
ue
ncy
o
f
t
h
e T
R
M
M
PR
i
s
13
.8
G
H
z
at
an a
p
p
r
oxi
m
a
te wa
vel
e
n
g
t
h
of
2
.
2
cen
ti
m
e
ters, and
with
a sp
atial reso
lu
tion
of ap
pro
x
i
m
a
te
ly
4.
5 km
(foot
pr
i
n
t
)
. The
vert
i
c
al
resol
u
t
i
o
n i
s
25
0
metres, while its nom
inal sensitivity is approxim
a
tely
17 dBZ [13]. It
has a surface
clutter-lim
i
t
ed swath
of
about 220
km [14], [15]. The su
ccess
o
r to TRMM, the Global Preci
pitation Measurem
ent (GPM) wa
s
launc
hed i
n
to
space in Ja
pan on Fe
brua
ry 27, 2014 at
6:
27
UTC. T
h
e
GPM is an int
e
rnational net
w
ork
of
satellites
th
at
p
r
ov
id
e n
e
x
t
-gen
eration
g
l
obal
o
b
s
erv
a
tions
o
f
rain
an
d
sn
ow; and
with th
e ab
ility to
d
e
tect
stratifo
r
m
p
r
ecip
itatio
n
s
with
v
e
ry l
o
w reflectiv
ities.
Rain
h
e
i
g
h
t
is
th
e bou
nd
ar
y
betw
een
t
h
e r
a
i
n
r
e
g
i
on
and
the sno
w
r
e
g
i
on
. I
t
s bou
nd
ar
ies co
rr
esp
ond
to
th
e
0
o
C
;
i
t
s
det
ect
i
on
vi
a t
h
e b
r
i
g
ht
-
b
a
n
d
(B
B
)
occu
rs
d
u
ri
ng st
rat
i
f
o
r
m
rai
n
eve
n
t
s
[
16]
. R
a
i
n
hei
g
ht
(
H
R
)
is lo
catio
n-d
e
pen
d
e
n
t
an
d lin
early related
t
o
t
h
e
0
o
C
i
s
ot
her
m
hei
ght
(
H
0
)
.
A
ccord
ing
to ITU
-
R
P.83
9-
3
[
1
7
]
,
km
H
H
R
36
.
0
0
(1
)
Sou
r
ces
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
erro
rs
in
slan
t p
a
th
atten
u
a
tion
in
clu
d
e
co
m
p
lex
ity o
f
th
e rai
n
fall stru
ctu
r
e
alo
n
g
slan
t-p
a
t
h
, am
b
i
g
u
ity in
prop
erly d
e
tectin
g
th
e BB, an
d
t
h
e d
i
fficu
lties en
coun
tered
i
n
em
p
i
rically
rel
a
t
i
ng
rai
n
an
d i
s
ot
herm
hei
ght
s
i
n
t
h
e t
r
o
p
i
cal
and
eq
uat
o
ri
al
regi
o
n
s
du
e t
o
i
n
su
ffi
ci
en
t
dat
a
base
[
1
8]
-[
22]
.
Vari
ous a
p
pl
i
cat
i
ons o
f
t
h
e r
a
i
n
hei
g
ht
i
n
s
e
ve
ral
IT
U
-
R
ecom
m
e
ndat
i
o
n
s
have
bee
n
w
e
l
l
docum
ent
e
d by
[2
3]
. C
o
rrect
d
e
t
ect
i
on o
f
t
h
e
bri
g
ht
-
b
a
nd a
nd est
i
m
at
i
on
o
f
th
e
bo
und
aries o
f
th
e m
e
lt
in
g
layer is cru
c
ial in
qua
nt
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e rai
n
hei
ght
param
e
t
e
rs.Seaso
n
al
and
l
a
t
i
t
udi
nal
va
ri
at
i
ons ha
ve a
l
so bee
n
re
po
rt
ed t
o
i
n
fl
ue
nce t
h
e
qua
nt
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n o
f
rai
n
hei
ght
param
e
t
e
r
s
[
2
3
]-[
27
].
G
ood
und
er
st
an
d
i
n
g
of
r
a
i
n
h
e
i
g
h
t
charact
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s w
oul
d
pr
ovi
de
val
u
a
b
l
e
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on ab
out
t
h
e m
i
crophy
si
cal
pr
oce
sses i
n
vol
ve
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
eci
p
itatio
n
(su
c
h
as reflectiv
ity an
d
rain
d
r
op
sizes an
d sh
ap
es); with a p
o
ssib
ility
o
f
ev
o
l
v
i
ng
a b
e
tter
ap
pro
ach
in
the esti
m
a
tio
n
of rain
attenu
atio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
m
o
d
e
llin
g. Th
e reflectivity facto
r
o
f
t
y
p
i
cal
rada
r i
s
gi
ve
n a
s
:
dD
D
D
N
Z
D
max
0
6
)
(
(m
m
6
m
-3
)
(2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
e
asona
l and
diu
r
na
l va
riab
ility o
f
ra
in
h
e
ights a
t
a
n
equa
toria
l
sta
tion
(Aba
yomi Isia
ka
O.
Yu
ssu
ff)
1
136
whe
r
e D
is dia
m
eter
of
t
h
e rain drop.
Adop
tin
g th
e
Marsh
a
ll-Palmer Z–
R relation, th
e
reflectiv
it
y facto
r
can
be rewritten
as [28
]
:
b
aR
Z
(m
m
6
m
-3
)
(3
)
whe
r
e t
h
e
values for a a
n
d b a
r
e
200 a
n
d
1.6
respectively.
There
f
ore, rai
n
rate:
6
.
1
/
1
)
10
/
(
200
10
dBZ
R
(4
)
Thi
s
pa
per i
n
vest
i
g
at
es seas
onal
an
d di
ur
nal
vari
a
tion
s
o
f
rai
n
h
e
igh
t
s in
Jo
ho
r, Malaysia fro
m
g
r
ou
nd
-b
ased
meteo
r
o
l
og
ical an
d
satellite (TRMM) p
r
eci
p
itatio
n
rad
a
r
d
a
ta. Th
is ap
pro
ach
takes advan
t
ag
e
of the i
nhe
re
nt accuracy of the ground-bas
e
d S-ba
nd m
e
teorological radar on one
ha
nd and the large foot-
pri
n
t prese
n
ted by the
s
p
ace-borne
Ku
-ba
nd
precipitation radar
(PR
)
, on th
e ot
her ha
nd. Furt
herm
ore, both
gr
o
u
n
d
-
b
ase
d
and
TR
M
M
P
R
2A
2
3
dat
a
were cl
assi
fi
ed
i
n
t
o
day
an
d
ni
g
h
t
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
i
n
vest
i
g
at
e
di
u
r
nal
depe
n
d
ence
o
f
rai
n
hei
g
ht
.
Section
2
pres
ents the m
e
thod em
ployed to extr
act
t
h
e m
easurem
ent
dat
a
fr
om
bot
h
gr
ou
n
d
-
b
ase
d
and s
p
ace
-b
or
ne p
r
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
o
n ra
dars
. R
e
sul
t
s obt
ai
ne
d fr
o
m
sect
i
on 2 an
d i
t
s
anal
y
s
i
s
there
o
f i
s
es
po
use
d
i
n
sect
i
on
3.
Fi
nal
l
y
,
sect
i
on
4 c
o
ncl
u
des t
h
e fi
n
d
i
n
gs
of
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
.
2.
METHO
D
OL
OGY
2.
1
Grou
nd
-B
ase
d
R
a
d
a
r
D
a
t
a
Fo
r
t
h
e gr
oun
d-
b
a
sed
r
a
d
a
r
,
data so
ur
ced
f
r
om th
e Malays
i
a
n
Meteo
r
o
l
ogical D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
’
s
K
l
u
a
ng
rada
r statio
n (
2
.
0
2
o
N
,
10
3.38
o
E) was u
tilized
.
UTM
(1.56
o
N
,
10
3.64
o
E)
i
s
6
2
km
from
Kl
ua
ng
ra
dar
s
t
at
i
o
n
with an e
s
tim
a
ted azim
u
thal
angle
of
169
o
[29]. One year
m
easurem
ent data
t
a
ke
n bet
w
een
N
ovem
b
er 1
,
2
006
an
d Nove
m
b
er
,
30
2007
w
a
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is an
alysis. Th
e classif
i
cation
o
f
t
h
e
r
a
in
ev
en
ts
w
e
r
e
ev
alu
a
ted
by
rada
r o
p
e
r
a
t
ors at
t
h
e M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n M
e
t
e
or
ol
o
g
i
cal
Depa
r
t
m
e
nt
wi
t
h
t
h
e
m
i
nim
u
m
amou
nt
o
f
t
h
e rai
n
rat
e
that the rada
r
can detect usi
n
g the wi
dely accepted th
e M
a
rshall-Palm
er
e
m
pirical
relations
hip of the
rada
r
reflectiv
ity facto
r
as
g
i
v
e
n
in
Equ
a
tio
n (3
).
Th
e
Klu
a
ng
rad
a
r is a three-di
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
l RAPIC syst
em
th
at u
tilizes two
scan
m
o
d
e
s. These are t
h
e
pl
an
po
si
t
i
on i
ndi
cat
o
r
(PP
I)
and
rai
n
hei
g
h
t
i
ndi
cat
or
(R
HI
). T
h
e m
i
nim
u
m
and m
a
xim
u
m
search
wi
n
d
o
w
s
were set
t
o
1 and
15
km
respect
i
v
el
y
;
hence t
h
e vol
um
et
ri
c
elevations a
n
gles used in
t
h
i
s
wo
rk a
r
e 1.
1°
,
1.
9
°
,
3
.
3
°
,
5
.
8
°
,
7
.
7°, 10
.3
°,
1
3
.6°, an
d
1
8
.1°. Th
e GR (g
ro
und
-b
ased
rad
a
r) d
a
ta is filtere
d
ou
t fro
m
th
e o
t
h
e
r
st
at
i
ons c
ont
ai
ned i
n
t
h
e
raw
dat
a
usi
ng
so
m
e
pro
g
ram
code
s i
n
M
A
TL
AB
. T
h
erea
ft
er
, t
h
e ei
g
h
t
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
elev
atio
n ang
l
es u
s
ed
were ex
tracted fro
m
th
e filte
red
Klu
a
ng
d
a
ta,
also
u
s
ing
M
A
TLAB p
r
og
ram
co
d
i
n
g
.
Ho
we
ver
,
onl
y
dat
a
scanne
d at
a hi
gher res
o
l
u
t
i
o
n o
f
50
0
m
e
t
e
rs were ex
t
r
act
ed fr
om
t
h
e dat
a
. Si
nce t
h
e ra
w
d
a
ta is en
cod
e
d
in ASC
I
I, the ex
tracted
d
a
ta is d
e
co
d
e
d
an
d fin
a
lly th
e
v
e
rtical reflectiv
ity p
r
o
f
ile (VRP) i
s
pl
ot
t
e
d f
r
om
the ei
ght
sel
ect
ed el
evat
i
on a
ngl
es rec
o
rde
d
t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e 1
6
9
o
RHI azimuthal scan ra
nge. T
h
e
VR
P was s
u
b
s
eque
nt
l
y
used
t
o
obt
ai
n
vari
o
u
s rai
n
hei
g
ht
param
e
t
e
rs, su
ch as rai
n
an
d
0
o
C
i
s
ot
herm
hei
ght
s
and
b
r
i
g
ht
-
b
an
d t
h
i
c
kne
ss.
To ens
u
re rel
i
able rada
r ra
in inf
o
rm
ation, n
on-rain ec
hoe
s are eliminat
ed since t
h
ey possess
in
h
e
ren
tly larger sp
atial v
a
riab
ility wh
en com
p
ared
to
rai
ny ev
en
ts. Hen
c
e, 48
,32
4
rain
ev
en
ts
ou
t of a
to
tal of
5
2
,560
an
nu
al
scan
s
were
u
tilized
; tran
slating
to 91
.9
% yearly rain
av
ailabilit
y [29
]
.
2
.
2 TR
MM
PR
da
ta
The TR
M
M
P
R
3A
25
dat
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
com
put
es t
h
e m
ont
hl
y
st
at
i
s
t
i
c
s of t
h
e PR
m
easure
m
ent
s
at
bot
h
a
lo
w ho
rizo
ntal
reso
lu
tion
o
f
5
o
x 5
o
l
a
t
i
t
ude
-l
o
ngi
t
u
de
an
d a
hi
g
h
h
o
ri
z
ont
al
res
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
0.
5
o
x 0.
5
o
l
a
t
i
t
ude-l
o
ngi
t
ude
. The l
o
w resol
u
t
i
on
gri
d
s are i
n
t
h
e Planetary Grid
1 struct
ure and include m
e
a
n
and
stan
d
a
rd
d
e
v
i
atio
n
o
f
th
e rain
rate,
reflectiv
ity,
p
a
th
-i
nt
eg
rat
e
d at
t
e
nuat
i
on
(PI
A
)
,
st
o
r
m
hei
ght
,
Xi
, B
B
h
e
i
ght
an
d
th
e NUBF (No
n
-Un
i
form
Bea
m
Fillin
g
)
co
rrectio
n, rain
fraction
s
and
h
i
stog
ram
s
o
f
t
h
e storm
h
e
ig
ht, etc.
The
hi
g
h
res
o
l
u
t
i
on
gri
d
s i
n
t
h
e Pl
anet
a
r
y
Gri
d
2
st
ruct
ure a
r
e for com
puting m
ean rain
rate, sta
nda
rd
deviation and
rain fractions [30].
The low resoluti
on
gri
d
s we
re use
d
in this work b
ecause the Grid
2
stru
cture is
replete with
larg
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
i
s
s
in
g d
a
ta; thu
s
i
m
p
i
n
g
i
ng
o
n
data reliab
ility an
d in
tegrity.
Data sp
ann
i
ng two
years
(M
ay 2
0
1
1
t
o
May 2
0
1
3
) so
urced
fro
m
[31
]
was u
tilized
to
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
t
h
e GR
dat
a
. T
w
ent
y
-t
wo m
ont
hs
(Jan
ua
ry
20
1
1
t
o
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
)
3
A
2
5
a
n
d
sevent
ee
n m
ont
hs
(Jan
ua
ry
20
1
2
t
o
M
a
y
20
13
)
2
A
23
ra
dar
dat
a
were
use
d
[2
9]
. A
p
o
rt
i
o
n
o
f
Joh
o
r
ar
ea (
1
.
4
8
o
, 103
o
),
(
1
.
7
2
o
, 104
o
) was
se
lected
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
113
4
–
11
42
1
137
on t
h
e m
a
p and
dat
a
d
o
w
n
l
o
ade
d
f
r
om
[31]
. T
h
e d
o
w
nl
oa
ded
dat
a
are i
n
H
D
F
f
o
rm
at
and are
al
so
co
m
p
ressed. A to
tal o
f
1
.
865
GB o
f
3A2
5
M
o
n
t
h
l
y TRMM
was sto
r
ed
after ex
traction
,
wh
ile th
at o
f
th
e d
a
ily
TRMM 2A23 data am
ount to 7.16 GB of di
sk space afte
r decom
p
ressi
on. There are a
total of 460 file
s in 2
fo
l
d
ers for th
e 2
A
23
d
a
ta, while th
at o
f
th
e 3
A
25
co
m
p
rise a to
tal o
f
3
6
files. Th
e selected
3
A
25
and 2
A
23
dat
a
co
nt
ai
ns
7
2
,
3
8
2
a
n
d
61
,3
69
rai
n
sca
n
s
r
e
spect
i
v
el
y
[
2
9
]
.
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ONS
The TR
M
M
ra
i
n
hei
ght
seaso
n
al
va
ri
at
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
N
o
rt
h-Ea
st
(
N
E)
,
pre
-
N
E
,
So
ut
h
-
W
e
st
(S
W)
an
d
pre
-
S
W
m
ons
o
ons
fo
r J
o
h
o
r
, M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
are di
s
p
l
a
y
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
re
s 1
an
d
2;
whi
l
e t
h
at
f
r
om
t
h
e
m
e
t
e
orol
o
g
i
cal
ra
dar
are
gi
ve
n i
n
Fi
gu
res
3 a
n
d
4.
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
1.
TR
M
M
(a)
N
o
rt
h-E
a
st
an
d (
b
) P
r
e-
No
rt
h
-
East
M
o
nso
o
n
rai
n
hei
ght
va
ri
at
i
ons
f
o
r
Jo
h
o
r,
Malaysia f
o
r
May 2
011
to
May 2
013
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
2.
TR
M
M
(a)
So
ut
h-
W
e
st
M
ons
o
o
n
r
a
i
n
hei
ght
va
ri
at
i
ons
fo
r
2
0
1
1
an
d
20
1
2
a
n
d
(b
) P
r
e-
So
ut
h
-
West
Mo
n
s
oo
n r
a
i
n
h
e
igh
t
v
a
r
i
ation
s
f
o
r
Joh
o
r
,
Malaysia f
o
r
20
11
and
2
013
De
c
'
1
1
Jan
'
12
F
eb'
12
Ma
r
'
1
2
De
c
'
1
2
J
a
n'
13
F
eb'
13
Ma
r
'
1
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
M
ont
h
of
t
h
e
y
ear
He
i
g
ht
(
k
m
)
N
-
E
M
ons
oon S
e
a
s
ona
l
P
l
ot
f
o
r
T
R
M
M
P
R
(
3
A
25 )
0
0
C
He
i
ght
R
a
in
H
e
ig
h
t
BB H
e
i
g
h
t
BB T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
No
v
'
1
1
Oc
t
'
12
1
1.
5
2
2.
5
3
3.
5
4
4.
5
5
5.
5
6
M
ont
h
of
t
he y
e
a
r
He
i
g
h
t
(
k
m
)
P
r
e-
N
E
M
ons
oon P
l
ot
f
o
r
T
R
M
M
P
R
(
3
A
25 )
0
0
C
H
e
i
ght
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
B
B
H
e
i
ght
B
B
T
h
i
c
k
nes
s
S
ep'
11
J
un'
12
Jul
'
12
A
ug'
12
Se
p
'
1
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
M
o
n
t
h of
t
h
e y
e
a
r
He
i
ght
(
k
m
)
S
-
W
M
o
n
s
oon
S
e
as
ona
l
P
l
ot
f
o
r
T
R
M
M
P
R
(
3
A
2
5 )
0
0
C
Hei
ght
R
a
i
n
Hei
ght
BB H
e
i
g
h
t
BB T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Ma
y
'
1
1
Ap
r
'
1
3
Ma
y
'
1
3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
M
o
nt
h o
f
t
h
e y
e
ar
H
e
i
ght
(
k
m
)
P
r
e-
S
W
M
ons
oo
n S
eas
on
al
P
l
o
t
f
o
r
T
R
M
M
P
R
(
3
A
2
5
)
0
0
C H
e
i
g
ht
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
BB
H
e
i
g
h
t
BB
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
e
asona
l and
diu
r
na
l va
riab
ility o
f
ra
in
h
e
ights a
t
a
n
equa
toria
l
sta
tion
(Aba
yomi Isia
ka
O.
Yu
ssu
ff)
1
138
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re 3.
GR
No
rt
h
-
East
a
n
d
(
b
) Pre
-
N
o
rt
h-
East
M
o
nso
o
n
rai
n
hei
g
ht
vari
at
i
ons fo
r
J
o
ho
r,
Malaysia
f
o
r
No
v
e
m
b
er
20
06
to
Nov
e
m
b
er
20
07
From
Fi
gu
res
1(a
)
a
n
d
2
(
a)
,
H
0
, B
B
t
h
i
c
kne
ss an
d
H
R
ar
e 3.44
,
1
.
63
an
d 1.43
k
m
; an
d
3.8
8
,
3
.
8
7
and
1.
61
km
for
N
E
an
d S
W
m
onso
o
n
s
respect
i
v
el
y
fo
r TR
M
M
.
Fo
r TR
M
M
pre
-
NE
an
d
pre
-
S
W
m
onso
ons
(se
e
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
(
b)
an
d 2(
b)
),
H
0
, BB
th
ick
n
e
ss an
d
H
R
a
r
e
0.
52
,
02
9 a
n
d 0
.
19
km
;
and
4.
87
,
4.
10
an
d
2
.
4
0
km
respectively.
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
4.
GR
S
out
h-
West
a
n
d
(b
) P
r
e-
So
ut
h
-
West
M
o
ns
o
o
n
rai
n
hei
ght
va
r
i
at
i
ons f
o
r J
o
h
o
r
,
Malaysia f
o
r
20
07
Sim
ilarly
,
for
GR (
F
ig
ures
3
(
a) a
nd
4
(
a)
),
H
0
, BB th
ickn
ess and
H
R
are
6
.
45
,
2.
90
an
d
1.
75
km
;
and
7.
10
,
4.
2
5
a
n
d
1.
8
5
km
fo
r
NE a
n
d
S
W
m
onsoo
ns
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
,
w
h
i
l
e
p
r
e-
NE
an
d
p
r
e-S
W
m
ons
o
o
n
s
rai
n
hei
g
ht
param
e
t
e
rs (Fi
g
ures
3(
b) a
nd 4
(
b)
) are 7.
13
, 2.
87 a
nd 1
.
8
0
km
; and 5.
1
0
,
1.0
0
an
d 1.
0
0
km
respectively
fo
r
H
0
, BB th
ickn
ess and
H
R
.
The m
ont
h-t
o
-
m
ont
h vari
at
i
o
n pl
ot
s f
o
r
bot
h TR
M
M
and
GR
dat
a
are sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es 5 an
d 6
respect
i
v
el
y
.
F
r
om
Fi
gu
re
9,
it is observe
d
t
h
at, t
h
e m
ean
H
0
, BB t
h
ickness and
H
R
are
at their pea
k
in t
h
e
m
ont
hs of M
a
y
,
June
, an
d O
c
t
obe
r. H
o
wev
e
r, t
h
ese
para
m
e
t
e
rs are l
o
w
e
st
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
hs of
Feb
r
ua
r
y
, Jul
y
and Se
ptem
ber.
De
c
'
0
6
J
an'
07
F
eb'
07
Ma
r
'
0
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M
ont
h
of
t
he y
e
a
r
H
e
i
ght
(
k
m
)
N
-
E
M
o
n
s
oon P
l
ot
f
o
r
Gr
ound R
adar
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
0
0
C
H
e
i
ght
B
B
T
h
i
c
k
nes
s
BB
H
e
i
g
h
t
Nov
'
06
Oc
t
'
0
7
No
v
'
0
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
M
ont
h of
t
he y
e
a
r
Hei
ght
(
k
m
)
P
r
e-N
E
M
o
n
s
oon P
l
ot
f
o
r Ground
Radar
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
0
0
C He
i
g
h
t
B
B
T
h
i
c
k
nes
s
B
B
Hei
ght
J
un'
07
Ju
l
'
0
7
A
ug'
07
S
ep'
07
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
S
-
W
M
o
ns
oon P
l
ot
f
o
r
G
r
oun
d
R
adar
M
ont
h
o
f
t
h
e y
ear
H
e
i
ght
(
k
m
)
0
0
C
H
e
i
ght
R
a
i
n
H
e
i
ght
B
B
H
e
i
ght
B
B
T
h
i
ckn
e
s
s
Ap
r
'
0
7
Ma
y
'
0
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
P
r
e
-
S
W
M
o
n
s
oo
n P
l
ot
f
o
r
G
r
ou
nd
R
a
d
a
r
M
o
n
t
h o
f
t
h
e y
e
ar
He
i
g
h
t
(
k
m
)
0
0
C H
e
i
g
h
t
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
BB H
e
ig
h
t
BB T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
113
4
–
11
42
1
139
Fi
gu
re 5.
TR
M
M
M
ont
h-t
o
-m
ont
h rai
n
hei
g
h
t
vari
at
i
o
ns fo
r M
a
y
20
1
1
t
o
M
a
y
20
1
3
Fi
gu
re 6.
GR
M
ont
h-t
o
-m
on
t
h
rai
n
hei
g
ht
v
a
ri
at
i
ons f
o
r N
ovem
b
er 2
0
0
6
t
o
N
o
vem
b
er
2
0
0
7
Fu
rt
h
e
rm
o
r
e,
diu
r
n
a
l m
easu
r
emen
ts o
b
t
ain
e
d
fro
m
b
o
t
h
satellite
an
d
m
e
t
e
o
r
o
l
og
ical radars d
i
u
r
n
a
l
bri
ght
-
b
a
n
d
pa
ram
e
t
e
rs for
t
h
e m
ont
h o
f
M
a
y
,
2
0
1
3
a
r
e st
udi
e
d
. B
o
t
h
G
R
an
d TR
M
M
PR
2
A
23
dat
a
wer
e
cl
assi
fi
ed i
n
t
o
day
(0
6:
0
0
t
o
18:
00
) an
d
ni
g
h
t
(1
8:
0
1
t
o
5:
59
) l
o
cal
t
i
m
e
. Di
ur
nal
va
ri
at
i
on
pl
ot
s f
o
r T
R
M
M
are di
s
p
l
a
y
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
re
s 7
(
a)
and
(b
);
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
at
fo
r GR
are
gi
ve
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
es 8(a
)
an
d (
b
).
From
Fi
gure
s
7an
d
8,
H
0
, B
B
t
h
i
c
kne
ss a
nd
H
R
f
o
r
d
a
y-
tim
e a
n
d n
i
g
h
t
-
tim
e
ar
e 4.30
, 0.024
an
d
3.55
k
m
; an
d 4.26
,
0
.
01
5 and
3.
68
km
respe
c
t
i
v
el
y
for TR
M
M
.
Sim
i
l
a
rl
y,
H
0
, B
B
t
h
i
c
kness an
d
H
R
ar
e 6.7
8
, 6
.
2
0
an
d 1.
9
5
km
; and 7.
0
5
,
3.
13
an
d
2.
0
3
km
for
day
-
t
i
m
e an
d
ni
g
h
t
-
t
i
m
e res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
f
o
r
GR
.
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
7.
TR
M
M
PR
2
A
23
(a
) D
a
y
-
t
i
m
e
and
(
b
)
Ni
g
h
t
-
t
i
m
e rai
n
hei
ght
va
r
i
at
i
ons f
o
r M
a
y
20
1
3
fo
r
Jo
hor
, Malaysia
0
Ma
y
'
1
1
S
e
p'
11
No
v
'
1
1
De
c
'
1
1
J
an'
12
Fe
b'
1
2
Ma
r
'
1
2
Ju
n
'
1
2
Ju
l
'
1
2
A
u
g'
12
S
e
p'
12
Oc
t
'
1
2
De
c
'
1
2
J
an'
13
Fe
b'
1
3
Ma
r
'
1
3
Ap
r
'
1
3
Ma
y
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
T
R
M
M
M
o
nt
h-t
o
-M
on
t
h
Dat
a
P
l
ot
M
ont
h/
Y
ear
Hei
ght
( k
m
)
F
r
ee
z
i
n
g
H
e
i
g
ht
BB
H
e
i
g
h
t
B
B
T
h
i
c
k
nes
s
R
a
in
H
e
ig
h
t
Nov
'
0
6
De
c
'
0
6
J
a
n'07
Feb
0
7
Ma
r
'
0
7
Ap
r
'
0
7
Ma
y
'
0
7
J
u
n'
07
Ju
l
'
0
7
A
u
g'
07
S
e
p'
07
Oc
t
'
07
Nov
'
07
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
M
o
n
t
h/
Y
e
ar
Hei
g
h
t
(
k
m
)
G
r
ou
nd
Rad
a
r M
o
n
t
h-t
o
-
M
on
t
h
Da
t
a
P
l
o
t
:
No
v
.
20
06
-Nov
.
2
0
0
7
F
r
ee
z
i
n
g
He
i
g
ht
BB H
e
i
g
h
t
BB T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Ra
i
n
Hei
g
h
t
1
4
5
7
8
9
12
13
16
17
20
21
23
24
27
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Da
y
of
t
h
e M
o
n
t
h
Hei
g
ht
(
k
m
)
T
R
MM D
a
y
-
T
i
me
:
Ma
y
2
0
1
3
F
r
e
e
z
i
ng
Hei
g
ht
BB
H
e
ig
h
t
BB
T
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
R
a
in
H
e
ig
h
t
1
2
5
10
11
14
15
18
19
22
23
25
26
29
30
31
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
R
M
M
N
i
ght
-T
i
m
e
:
M
a
y
201
3
D
a
y
of
t
h
e M
o
n
t
h
He
i
g
h
t
(
k
m
)
F
r
ee
z
i
ng H
e
i
ght
B
B
T
h
i
c
k
nes
s
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
BB
H
e
i
g
h
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
e
asona
l and
diu
r
na
l va
riab
ility o
f
ra
in
h
e
ights a
t
a
n
equa
toria
l
sta
tion
(Aba
yomi Isia
ka
O.
Yu
ssu
ff)
1
140
(a)
(b
)
Figu
re 8.
GR (
a
) Day
-
tim
e
an
d (b
) Nig
h
t-tim
e
rain
he
i
g
h
t
var
i
atio
n
s
i
n
May 2
013
f
o
r
Joho
r, Malaysia
These o
b
se
rva
t
i
ons su
g
g
est
di
u
r
nal
de
pe
nd
ence o
f
t
h
ese rai
n
hei
ght
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs. The m
ean val
u
e
s
showe
d
t
h
at the BB is thicke
r in t
h
e day while
the freezi
ng
and rain
he
i
ghts a
r
e
highe
r
in the
night-t
i
m
e
.
Furt
herm
ore, t
h
e rai
n
hei
ght
s
are hi
ghe
r d
u
r
i
ng t
h
e rai
n
y
s
easo
n
s (i
.e. N
E
and S
W
m
o
n
s
oo
ns
), b
u
t
l
o
west
at
t
h
e en
d
of
t
h
e
m
onsoo
ns
. It
i
s
al
so sl
i
g
ht
l
y
hi
g
h
e
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
NE m
ons
oo
n t
h
an
d
u
ri
n
g
t
h
e
S
W
m
o
n
s
oo
n,
sug
g
est
i
n
g sea
s
on
al
de
pe
nde
nce.
Tabl
e
1. C
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
m
easure
d
rai
n
hei
g
h
t
param
e
t
e
rs w
i
t
h
res
u
l
t
s
f
r
om
ot
he
r t
r
o
p
i
cal
st
at
i
ons
Sour
ce
Freezing Height (
H
0
)
(k
m
)
BB Height
(k
m
)
BB Thickness
(k
m
)
Rain Height
(H
R
) (k
m
)
I
T
U-
R P. 839-
3 [1
7]
4.
50
NA
NA
4.
86
T
R
M
M
-
P
R, UAE
[24]
5.
00
4.
4
1.
25
3.
75
T
R
M
M
-
P
R, Singapor
e [32]
4.
14
4.
2
<1.
0
4.
5
Pontes et al.
,
Br
azil [33]
3.
35
NA
NA
3.
71
Ojo et al.,
Niger
i
a
[34]
4.
69
NA
NA
5.
05
Kham
is et al.,
Malay
s
ia [35]
2.
95
3.
96
1.
83
1.
98
Cur
r
e
nt wor
k
,
GR, M
a
lay
s
ia [29]
6.
60
4.
71
3.
03
1.
68
Cur
r
e
nt wor
k
,
T
R
M
M
-
PR 3A25,
Malay
s
ia [29]
4.
12
3.
83
2.
02
1.
71
Cur
r
e
nt wor
k
,
T
R
M
M
-
PR 2A23,
Malay
s
ia [29]
4.
28
3.
73
0.
02
3.
55
NA: Not avail
a
ble.
Table
1 c
o
m
p
ares the re
sult
s of m
easure
m
ents ob
tain
ed
in th
is
wo
rk with tho
s
e
ob
tain
ed fro
m
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
and
ot
he
r t
r
opi
cal
st
at
i
ons;
an
d a
l
so wi
t
h
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
ITU
-
R
ec.
P.
83
9-
3
[1
7]
.
The
vari
at
i
o
n
s
were
foun
d
t
o
d
e
p
e
n
d
on
th
e latitu
d
e
of th
e statio
n
[3
2
]
an
d
ti
me th
e d
a
ta was tak
e
n
[3
6
]
,
[37
]
. Add
itio
nally, th
e
di
sag
r
eem
ent
bet
w
ee
n res
u
l
t
s
fr
om
[35]
an
d t
h
i
s
w
o
rk m
a
y
be d
u
e t
o
h
i
ghe
r res
o
l
u
t
i
o
n o
f
5
0
0
m
em
pl
oy
ed
th
is wo
rk
, ag
ai
n
s
t 100
0
m
e
tres for
[35
]
. Fu
rt
h
e
rm
o
r
e,
d
a
ta
u
tilized
b
y
[35] sp
an
on
ly six
m
o
n
t
h
s
(Jan
uary to
June 1998). IT
U-R. P.839-3 [17] did
not directly
take into account seasonal
and diurnal
variations of st
ations
in
its esti
m
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
rain
heig
h
t
.
It assumed
con
s
tan
t
rain
h
e
igh
t
s (see Equ
a
tion
(1)), wh
ich is p
a
rtly
resp
o
n
si
bl
e f
o
r
t
h
e va
ri
at
i
ons
obs
er
ved i
n
re
sul
t
s
fr
om
[34]
.Al
t
h
ou
g
h
[
1
7]
al
so rec
o
m
m
ende
d t
h
at
l
o
cal
dat
a
sh
ou
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed if av
ailab
l
e (as u
tilized
in
this work).
Th
e
resu
lts
p
r
esen
t
e
d
b
y
[24
]
are
g
l
ob
al in
n
a
ture an
d
the estim
a
tions thereof are
for bot
h ov
er land
and
o
cean
s
, wh
ile th
e resu
l
t
s fro
m
th
is wo
rk
is sp
ecifically fo
r
Jo
hor, Malaysia an
d
th
e
d
a
ta u
tilized
are ov
er land
.
Differen
ces i
n
th
e resu
lts fro
m
Thu
r
ai
et al.
[32
]
an
d
TR
M
M
3A2
5
fr
om
t
h
i
s
work
m
a
y
be due t
o
t
h
e ado
p
t
i
o
n o
f
IT
U-R
.
P
.
8
3
9
-
3
m
odel
by
[32]
. Fi
nal
l
y
, resul
t
s
fr
om
[33]
we
re base
d
on
effect
i
v
e
rai
n
hei
g
ht
s an
d
ado
p
t
i
o
n o
f
I
T
U-R
.
P.
83
9
-
3 m
odel
;
hen
ce t
h
e
di
scre
pancy
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
NS
Go
o
d
u
n
d
erst
andi
ng
o
f
rai
n
hei
ght
c
h
ar
act
eri
s
t
i
c
s pre
s
ent
s
val
u
abl
e
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on abo
u
t
t
h
e
m
i
crop
hy
si
cal
pr
ocesses i
n
v
o
l
ved i
n
rai
n
p
r
eci
pi
t
a
t
i
on, an
d t
h
usp
r
ovi
di
n
g
a bet
t
e
r a
p
p
r
oach i
n
t
h
e est
i
m
a
ti
on
o
f
rain
attenu
atio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n and
m
o
d
e
llin
g
.
Add
ition
a
lly, d
i
u
r
n
a
l and
season
al ch
an
ges, as
o
b
s
erv
e
d
co
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict th
e ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
d
a
y or p
e
riod
of
the year seriou
s rain
atten
u
atio
n
is lik
ely to
be
No
v
9
No
v
1
0
No
v
1
1
No
v
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Gr
o
und
R
a
da
r
V
R
P
D
a
y
-
t
o
-
D
a
y
:
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
20
07
D
a
y
of
t
h
e m
o
nt
h
He
i
g
h
t
(
k
m
)
F
r
ee
z
i
ng
H
e
i
g
ht
BB H
e
i
g
h
t
BB T
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
R
a
in
H
e
ig
h
t
No
v
1
0
No
v
1
1
No
v
1
2
No
v
1
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
D
a
y
of
t
h
e m
o
n
t
h
He
i
g
h
t
( k
m
)
G
r
o
u
n
d
R
a
da
r
V
R
P
N
i
gh
t
-
t
o
-
N
i
g
ht
:
N
o
v
e
m
b
er
20
07
F
r
ee
z
i
n
g
H
e
i
g
ht
BB H
e
i
g
h
t
BB T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s
Ra
i
n
He
i
g
h
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
113
4
–
11
42
1
141
ex
p
e
rien
ced
.
Hi
g
h
e
r seaso
n
a
l
v
a
riab
ility was
o
b
s
erv
e
d
du
ri
n
g
so
u
t
h
-
west an
d
p
r
e-so
u
t
hwest m
o
n
s
o
ons. Th
e
o
n
l
y ex
cep
ti
o
n
to
th
is is pr
e-so
u
t
h
w
est m
o
n
s
o
o
n
fo
r
gr
ound
-b
ased
r
a
d
a
r
(
b
ei
n
g
low
e
r
t
h
an th
at
o
f
th
e pr
e-
n
o
rth
east m
o
nso
on). Rad
a
r measu
r
em
en
t
d
a
ta is k
n
o
w
n to
p
r
esen
t hug
e rainfall p
r
ecip
itatio
n
in
fo
rmatio
n
;
with
th
e ab
ility to
cap
t
ure real
ti
m
e
sp
atio
-tem
p
o
r
al v
a
ri
ati
o
n
s
of
p
r
eci
p
itatio
n
s
. Th
e bri
g
h
t
-b
and
is th
i
c
k
e
r in
t
h
e day
.
The
r
a
i
n
hei
ght
s a
r
e
hi
g
h
er
i
n
t
h
e
ni
g
h
t
t
h
a
n
i
n
t
h
e
day
t
i
m
e
. The rai
n
hei
g
ht
s
are
hi
g
h
er
d
u
r
i
ng t
h
e
rai
n
y
seaso
n
s
,
but
l
o
west
at
t
h
e en
d o
f
t
h
e
m
onsoo
ns.
It
i
s
al
so sl
i
ght
l
y
hi
g
h
er
du
ri
n
g
t
h
e NE m
ons
oo
n t
h
a
n
du
ri
n
g
t
h
e S
W
m
onso
o
n
, su
g
g
est
i
n
g seaso
n
a
l
depe
nde
nce.
ITU
-
R
.
P.
8
3
9
-
3m
odel
i
s
not
sui
t
a
bl
e f
o
r u
s
e i
n
m
o
st
tropical
stations beca
use it assum
e
d
consta
nt
rain heights anddi
d nottake int
o
account seas
onal
or
d
i
urn
a
l
v
a
riation
s
o
f
statio
n
s
in
its estim
at
io
ns of rain
h
e
igh
t
s.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The authors acknowledge JAXA Ea
rth
O
b
s
e
rvat
i
o
n R
e
sea
r
ch C
e
nt
er a
n
d
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n M
e
t
e
or
ol
o
g
i
cal
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
for m
a
ki
ng
a
v
ai
l
a
b
l
e
t
h
e
TR
M
M
and
g
r
ou
n
d
-
b
a
s
ed preci
pi
t
a
t
i
on rada
r dat
a
res
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
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osonde Data
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Abay
omi Isiaka O. Yussuff
o
b
tain
ed his bachelor and mast
er’s degrees in Electronic and
Computer Engineering from Lag
o
s State Univer
sity
, Niger
i
a in 1
994 and 2003; and a PhD in
Electri
cal
Engin
eering
from
Universiti
Tekno
log
i
Malay
s
i
a
(UT
M
), Skuda
i, Malay
s
ia
in 2014
.
He is
curren
t
l
y
a res
e
arch
er a
nd lec
t
urer
in
the Depar
t
ment
of Electron
ic
and Computer
Engine
ering,
La
gos
S
t
ate Univ
ers
i
t
y
,
Epe c
a
m
pus
, Nigeria.
His
res
earch a
r
ea of in
teres
t
s
includ
es radio propagation and
rain attenuatio
n
s
t
udies
in the tropics
,
com
puter s
ecuri
t
y
,
electronic
instru
mentation and m
easurements.
He has published a
few pap
e
rs
in int
e
rnat
ional
journals re
lat
e
d
to sate
llit
e ra
in
att
e
nuat
i
on issues in the
tropic
a
l reg
i
ons. He i
s
a m
e
m
b
er of
Nigeria Soci
et
y
of Engineers (NSE) and IEEE;
and licens
e
d b
y
the Council for
Regulation of
Engineering in Nigeria
(COREN).
Nor Hisham H
a
ji Khamis
is
a
s
e
nior le
ctur
er i
n
the Dep
a
rtmen
t
Communicatio
ns Engineer
ing,
Facult
y
of
Electr
ical Engin
eering
Departm
e
nt
,
Universiti
Tekno
lo
gi Malay
s
i
a
, Sku
d
ai, Johor. H
e
received his B.S
c
.E
.E
. from
the
Universit
y
of
E
v
ansville, Indi
an
a, USA in 1988, M.E.Sc.E
.E
.
from the University
of New S
outh Wales, Australia in 1992,
an
d PhD fro
m
UTM in 2005. He
joined UTM in 1989 and currently
is the Head of
Radar Laborator
y
.
He is also the subject
coordinator for the Microwave E
ngineer
ing, RF Microwave Circu
it Design, and
Radar courses at
the f
acul
t
y
. H
e
als
o
le
ads
th
e S
onar and
M
a
rine
Ins
t
rum
e
ntat
ion
Res
ear
ch Grou
p (S
TAR). His
research
interest includ
es antenn
a design
especi
ally
microstrip
an
tenna, microwav
e components,
wireless transmission, and prop
agat
ion s
t
udies
.
Dr. Kham
is
is
a m
e
m
b
er of
Eta Kapp
a Nu
(Electrical Eng
i
n
eering
Honor
So
ciety
,
USA) and
IEEE.
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