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co
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1.
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D
UCT
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Glo
b
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elate
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m
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it
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to
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[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
E
le
ctr
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v
eh
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s
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tech
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lo
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ce
[
3
]
,
[
4
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.
B
atter
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[
5
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6
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atter
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t p
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[
6
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.
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[
7
-
9
]
.
C
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C
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Ge
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m
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Ko
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1
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T
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Tit
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f m
a
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crip
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t a
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d
clea
r
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imp
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r
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(
F
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t A
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)
221
R
eg
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[
1
1
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.
Stan
d
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b
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m
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Natio
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Sta
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B
SN)
[
1
2
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.
Giv
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t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
les
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
an
d
u
n
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
o
f
li
th
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
i
s
r
esea
r
ch
tr
ied
to
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
f
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
in
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
F
AC
T
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Stan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
f
o
r
lit
h
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
is
d
o
n
e
g
r
ad
u
all
y
,
th
at
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
is
m
ad
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
m
alles
t
p
ar
t
to
th
e
w
h
o
le
b
atter
y
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
b
atter
y
s
y
s
te
m
in
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icl
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
b
atter
y
ce
ll,
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le,
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
,
an
d
b
atter
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
etail
o
f
b
atter
y
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icle.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
atter
y
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
[
1
0
]
C
ase
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
i
s
h
o
w
to
m
ak
e
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
f
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
esp
ec
iall
y
in
m
o
d
u
le
lev
e
l.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
C
6
2
6
2
0
,
m
o
d
u
le
b
atter
y
is
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
et
h
er
eit
h
er
i
n
a
s
er
ies an
d
/o
r
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
it
h
o
r
w
it
h
o
u
t p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ev
ices (
e.
g
.
f
u
s
e
o
r
PT
C
)
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
cir
c
u
itr
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
E
v
er
y
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
in
a
s
s
e
m
b
l
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
b
atter
y
ce
lls
,
th
e
ce
ll
to
ce
ll
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
i
n
s
u
latio
n
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
e
co
o
lin
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
th
e
B
atter
y
Mo
d
u
le
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
B
MC)
an
d
th
e
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
[
1
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
f
lit
h
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
F
A
C
T
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
A
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
An
al
y
s
i
s
,
C
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
T
esti
n
g
o
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Sta
n
d
ar
d
)
.
FAC
T
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
al
y
ze
s
,
co
m
p
ar
e
s
,
an
d
test
s
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
ar
tiall
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Z
ac
h
m
an
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
d
o
m
ai
n
ex
p
er
t a
n
d
t
h
o
s
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
as u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
u
le
b
atter
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
1
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
2
2
0
–
2
2
6
222
F
A
C
T
S
co
n
ce
p
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
w
h
en
d
esig
n
i
n
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
it
is
in
lin
e
w
it
h
B
SN
’
s
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
p
r
in
cip
le
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
id
er
s
r
elev
a
n
t
s
ta
k
e
h
o
ld
er
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
id
e
w
i
th
a
ce
r
tain
p
ar
t
y
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
to
g
et
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese,
o
n
e
o
f
s
tag
es
i
n
F
AC
T
S
n
a
m
e
l
y
,
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
test
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
FGD
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
t
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
as p
ar
ticip
an
t
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
t
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
l
ith
i
u
m
-
io
n
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atte
r
y
w
h
ich
is
u
s
ed
i
n
elec
tr
ic
al
v
e
h
icle
esp
ec
iall
y
in
m
o
d
u
le
le
v
el.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
3
s
tag
es
in
F
AC
T
S
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
y
ar
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
an
d
test
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
d
etail
s
ta
g
es
i
n
F
A
C
T
S
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
an
d
tech
n
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
an
al
y
s
is
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
g
et
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
’
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
E
ac
h
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
m
a
y
also
h
a
v
e
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
les
a
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
an
y
ca
n
b
e
eith
er
a
b
u
y
er
o
r
a
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
[
1
6
]
.
A
f
te
r
d
o
in
g
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
t
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
w
h
ic
h
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
s
tag
e
o
f
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
is
tech
n
ical
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
is
i
n
te
n
d
ed
to
c
o
n
v
er
t
s
ta
k
e
h
o
ld
er
’
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
i
n
to
tech
n
ical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
b
y
u
s
in
g
Z
ac
h
m
an
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
i
s
u
s
ed
6
b
ased
q
u
es
tio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
ar
e
W
h
at,
Ho
w
,
W
h
e
n
,
W
h
er
e,
W
h
o
an
d
W
h
y
(
5
W
1
H)
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stag
es o
f
F
AC
T
S Ap
p
r
o
ac
h
T
h
e
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
in
te
n
d
ed
to
d
o
id
en
tif
icatio
n
o
f
g
ap
s
an
d
o
v
er
lap
s
b
etw
ee
n
t
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
r
esu
lt
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
last
s
tag
e
o
f
F
AC
T
S
is
test
in
g
.
T
esti
n
g
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
d
o
in
g
v
er
if
icat
io
n
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
.
Ver
if
icatio
n
is
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
Fo
cu
s
Gr
o
u
p
Di
s
c
u
s
s
io
n
(
FGD)
an
d
i
n
ter
v
ie
w
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
q
u
es
ti
o
n
n
air
e.
Valid
atio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
te
s
ti
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
L
ith
iu
m
-
io
n
r
e
ch
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
y
)
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
te
s
t
s
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ec
id
ed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
Stak
e
h
o
ld
er
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
d
ef
i
n
e
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
e
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
,
th
e
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
w
h
ic
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
ar
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t,
b
atter
y
te
s
t
er
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
b
atter
y
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
e,
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
ex
p
er
ts
,
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
ea
ch
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
an
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
i
n
t
e
n
d
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
ea
c
h
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
to
tech
n
ical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
I
t
h
elp
to
d
ef
in
e
test
s
w
h
ic
h
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
y
in
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
Z
ac
h
m
a
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
ich
u
s
ed
6
b
asics
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
w
h
at,
h
o
w
,
w
h
e
n
,
w
h
o
,
w
h
er
e,
an
d
w
h
y
)
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
tec
h
n
ical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
ea
c
h
s
ta
k
eh
o
l
d
er
.
F
A
C
T
S
(
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
,
a
n
d
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
)
S
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
1
.
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
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icles
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ai
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t [
1
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le
in
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
s
a
f
ter
v
er
i
f
icati
o
n
test
is
v
a
lid
atio
n
tes
t.
Vali
d
atio
n
test
is
g
o
i
n
g
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
tes
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
b
atter
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ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
w
h
ich
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
a
g
r
ee
d
b
y
all
o
f
t
h
e
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Tit
le
o
f m
a
n
u
s
crip
t is sh
o
r
t a
n
d
clea
r
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imp
lies
r
esea
r
ch
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esu
l
ts
(
F
i
r
s
t A
u
th
o
r
)
225
T
ab
le
3
.
R
ec
ap
itu
latio
n
o
f
q
u
e
s
tio
n
ar
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lt
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r
a
mew
o
r
k
o
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M
o
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u
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a
t
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y
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
S
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
h
e
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
s t
h
e
c
u
r
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e
n
t
v
a
l
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o
f
e
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e
r
g
y
d
e
n
si
t
y
(
W
h
/
k
g
)
*
Y
e
s
No
Y
e
s
*
*
T
h
e
st
a
n
d
a
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g
u
l
a
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s t
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(
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a
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*
V
i
b
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e
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h
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sh
o
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k
t
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s
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s
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*
T
h
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mal
sh
o
c
k
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l
i
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g
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s
No
No
*
*
S
h
o
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t
c
i
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u
i
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st
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s
*
*
N
o
t
e
:
1
.
G
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
2
.
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
st
i
n
g
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
3
.
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
man
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
e
x
p
e
r
t
s (R&
D
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
)
5
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
l
c
e
man
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
s
u
me
r
*
st
i
l
l
u
n
d
e
r
d
i
sc
u
ssi
o
n
E
v
e
r
y
c
e
l
l
s
i
n
m
o
d
u
l
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
h
o
u
l
d
p
a
s
s
e
d
e
v
e
r
y
t
e
s
t
s
i
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
e
l
l
l
e
v
e
l
H
a
s
p
a
s
s
e
d
e
v
e
r
y
t
e
s
t
s
i
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
e
l
l
l
e
v
e
l
Y
E
S
N
O
f
a
i
l
e
d
M
o
d
u
l
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
1
.
F
u
l
f
i
l
l
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
v
a
l
u
e
(
W
h
/
k
g
)
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
1
&
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
2
)
2
.
F
u
l
f
i
l
l
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
(
W
a
t
t
)
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
1
&
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
2
)
3
.
P
a
s
s
t
h
e
v
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
s
t
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
1
&
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
2
)
4
.
P
a
s
s
t
h
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
t
e
s
t
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
1
&
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
2
)
5
.
P
a
s
s
t
h
e
w
a
t
e
r
i
m
m
e
r
s
i
o
n
t
e
s
t
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
3
)
6
.
P
a
s
s
t
h
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
/
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
t
e
s
t
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
3
)
7
.
P
a
s
s
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
t
e
s
t
(
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
1
&
I
S
O
1
2
4
0
5
-
2
)
H
a
s
p
a
s
s
e
d
e
v
e
r
y
t
e
s
t
s
i
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
o
d
u
l
e
l
e
v
e
l
Y
E
S
N
O
f
a
i
l
e
d
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
ap
p
licatio
n
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
F
AC
T
S
m
o
d
el
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
m
ak
e
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
n
at
io
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
h
all
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
ta
k
e
h
o
ld
er
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
6
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
izatio
n
.
Na
m
el
y
ar
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t,
b
atter
y
te
s
ti
n
g
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
b
atter
y
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e,
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
ex
p
er
t
s
,
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
last
FGD
th
er
e
ar
e
8
p
a
r
am
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
u
lf
i
lled
b
y
lith
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
m
o
d
u
le
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
izatio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
w
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
u
n
d
er
Min
is
ter
o
f
Hi
g
h
er
E
d
u
c
atio
n
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ia
th
r
o
u
g
h
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
Seb
elas M
ar
et
R
esear
c
h
Gr
an
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
2
2
0
–
2
2
6
226
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Q.
W
a
n
g
,
P
.
P
in
g
,
X
.
Zh
a
o
,
G
.
C
h
u
,
J.
S
u
n
,
a
n
d
C.
Ch
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
ru
n
a
w
a
y
c
a
u
se
d
f
ire
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
sio
n
o
f
li
th
i
u
m
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
0
8
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
-
2
2
4
,
F
e
b
r
u
a
ry
2
0
1
2
.
,
in
p
re
ss
.
[
2
]
J.
Ch
e
n
,
“
Re
c
e
n
t
p
ro
g
re
ss
in
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
a
teria
ls
f
o
r
li
th
iu
m
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ries
,
”
M
a
teria
ls,
IS
S
N
1
9
9
6
-
1
9
4
4
,
2
0
1
3
,
i
n
p
re
ss
.
[
3
]
I.
A
.
M
a
ji
d
,
R.
F
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
N.A
.
S
e
ti
a
w
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
I.
Ca
h
y
a
d
i,
“
El
e
c
tric
v
e
h
icle
b
a
tt
e
ry
d
y
n
a
mic
s
mo
d
e
ll
i
n
g
u
sin
g
su
p
p
o
rt
v
e
c
to
r
ma
c
h
in
e
,
”
Jo
i
n
t
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Ru
ra
l
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
&
Co
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
–
V
e
h
icle
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
[
4
]
X
.
Hu
,
F
.
S
u
n
,
a
n
d
Y.
Zo
u
,
“
Ezti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
rg
e
o
f
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
f
o
r
e
le
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
u
sin
g
a
n
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
lu
e
n
b
e
rg
e
r
o
b
se
rv
e
r,
”
En
e
rg
ies
,
V
o
l.
3
,
IS
S
N.
1
9
9
6
-
1
0
7
3
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
0
,
in
p
re
ss
.
[
5
]
W
.
D.
In
d
ra
,
I
.
A
.
M
a
ji
d
,
F
.
S
y
a
’b
a
n
i,
R
.
F
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
I.
Ca
h
y
a
d
i,
“
Ba
t
ter
y
mo
d
e
li
n
g
fo
r
li
t
h
iu
m
p
o
lym
e
r
b
a
tt
e
ry
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
sy
ste
m,”
Jo
i
n
t
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Ru
ra
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
&
Co
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
–
V
e
h
icle
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[
6
]
A
.
M
o
sh
irv
a
z
iri
,
“
L
it
h
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
c
e
ll
te
stin
g
p
latf
o
rm
,
”
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
o
ro
n
to
,
T
h
e
sis,
2
0
1
3
.
[
7
]
C.
H.
Kim
,
M
.
Y.
Ki
m
,
H.S
.
P
a
rk
a
n
d
G
.
W
.
M
o
o
n
,
“
A
m
o
d
u
lariz
e
d
tw
o
-
sta
g
e
c
h
a
rg
e
e
q
u
il
ize
r
w
i
th
c
e
ll
se
lec
ti
o
n
sw
it
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
se
ries
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
li
th
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
strin
g
in
a
n
HE
V
,
”
IEE
E
,
V
o
l.
2
7
,
No
.
8
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
1
2
,
in
p
re
ss
.
[
8
]
L
.
L
u
,
X
.
Ha
n
,
J.
L
i,
J.
Hu
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ou
y
a
n
g
,
“
A
r
e
v
ie
w
o
n
th
e
k
e
y
issu
e
s
f
o
r
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
-
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
,
i
n
p
re
ss
.
[
9
]
F
.
Isk
a
n
d
a
r,
A
.
S
.
Nisa
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
M
u
n
ir
,
“
S
o
lvo
th
e
rm
a
l
sy
n
th
e
sis
o
f
li
t
h
iu
m
iro
n
p
h
o
sp
a
t
e
fro
m
a
h
ig
h
c
o
n
c
e
n
tra
ti
o
n
p
re
c
u
rs
o
r,”
Jo
i
n
t
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Ru
ra
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
&
Co
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
–
Ve
h
icle
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
,
i
n
p
re
ss
.
[
1
0
]
H.J.
G
a
rc
h
e
,
B.
Rieg
e
l,
a
n
d
C
.
Xia
o
,
“
V
e
h
icle
b
a
t
terie
s
in
c
h
in
a
a
n
d
g
e
rm
a
n
y
,
”
G
e
r
m
a
n
Ch
in
e
se
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
F
u
e
l
P
a
rt
n
e
rsh
ip
(G
CS
F
P
)
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
0
9
[
1
1
]
BS
N,
“
P
e
n
g
a
n
tar stan
d
a
r
d
isa
si ed
isi
k
e
d
u
a
.
J
a
k
a
rta:
b
a
d
a
n
sta
n
d
a
rd
isa
si n
a
sio
n
a
l”,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
2
]
BS
N,
“
T
e
n
tan
g
BS
N,” re
tri
e
v
e
d
o
n
li
n
e
:
h
tt
p
:/
/
b
sn
.
g
o
.
id
/m
a
in
/b
sn
/i
si_
b
sn
/4
3
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
3
]
IEC
6
2
6
2
0
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
c
e
ll
s
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ries
c
o
n
tain
i
n
g
a
lak
a
li
n
e
o
r
o
th
e
r
n
o
n
-
a
c
id
e
lec
tro
ly
tes
–
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
li
ti
u
m
c
e
ll
s an
d
b
a
tt
e
ries
f
o
r
u
se
i
n
i
n
d
u
strial
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
T
o
rn
o
w
,
M
.
P
.
W
o
ll
sc
h
lag
e
r,
F
.
Die
tri
c
h
,
a
n
d
K.
Dro
d
e
r
,
“
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
id
e
n
t
if
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
a
s
se
m
b
l
y
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
r
y
m
o
d
u
les
u
sin
g
rg
b
-
d
im
a
g
e
r
y
,
”
EL
S
EV
IER,
P
r
o
c
e
d
ia
CIR
P
4
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
1
-
4
0
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
5
]
S
.
A
l
-
Ha
ll
a
j,
a
n
d
J.R.
S
e
l
m
a
n
,
“
Th
e
rm
a
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
li
t
h
iu
m
b
a
tt
e
ries
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
/h
y
b
ird
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
Vo
l.
1
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
-
3
4
8
,
2
0
0
2
.
[
1
6
]
P
.
W
it
h
e
re
ll
,
S
.
Ra
c
h
u
ri
,
A
.
Na
ra
y
a
n
a
n
,
a
n
d
J.H.
L
e
e
,
“
F
A
C
T
S
:
a
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
c
o
m
p
a
ris
o
n
,
a
n
d
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
sta
n
d
a
rd
s.
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
ti
tu
te o
f
S
tan
d
a
rd
s a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
2
0
1
3
.
[
1
7
]
IS
O,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
ll
y
p
ro
p
e
ll
e
d
ro
a
d
v
e
h
icle
s
-
tes
t
sp
e
c
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
trac
ti
o
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
a
c
k
s
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
-
h
ig
h
–
p
o
w
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,” S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
:
IS
O,
2
0
1
1
,
i
n
p
re
ss
.
[
1
8
]
IS
O,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
ll
y
p
ro
p
e
ll
e
d
ro
a
d
v
e
h
icle
s
-
tes
t
sp
e
c
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
trac
ti
o
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
a
c
k
s
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
-
h
ig
h
–
e
n
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
:
IS
O,
2
0
1
2
,
i
n
p
re
ss
.
[
1
9
]
IS
O,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
ll
y
p
ro
p
e
ll
e
d
r
o
a
d
v
e
h
icle
s
-
tes
t
sp
e
c
i
f
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
li
th
i
u
m
-
io
n
trac
ti
o
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
a
c
k
s
a
n
d
s
y
ste
m
-
sa
fe
t
y
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
re
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts,
”
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
:
IS
O,
2
0
1
4
,
i
n
p
re
ss
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Wa
h
y
u
d
i
S
u
t
o
p
o
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
I
n
d
u
str
ial
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
A
s
so
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
S
e
b
e
las
M
a
re
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
u
ra
k
a
rta.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
is
re
late
d
to
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
a
n
d
sta
n
d
a
rd
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
li
th
i
u
m
b
a
tt
e
ry
a
n
d
g
e
ts
f
u
n
d
e
d
f
ro
m
m
in
istry
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
Be
sid
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
h
is
a
lso
a
c
ti
v
e
in
p
ro
f
e
ss
siii
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
c
lu
tan
c
y
in
v
a
rio
u
s
if
a
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
in
d
u
str
y
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
a
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l.
Ev
iza
l
A
b
d
u
l
K
a
d
ir
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(M
.
En
g
)
a
n
d
P
h
D
i
n
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
lay
si
a
in
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
S
e
n
io
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Isla
m
Riau
(UIR),
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
w
o
rk
e
d
in
se
v
e
ra
l
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
th
a
t
p
ro
v
id
e
s
y
ste
m
so
lu
ti
o
n
in
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
r
a
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
(RF
ID),
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
is
c
o
n
ti
n
u
i
n
g
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
y
re
lat
e
d
to
th
e
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
a
n
d
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
,
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Id
e
n
ti
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
(RF
ID)
a
n
d
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
(
WS
N).
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
is
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
a
n
ten
n
a
d
e
sig
n
,
sm
a
rt
s
y
ste
m
,
RF
ID,
w
ir
e
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
.
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