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o
f
d
i
f
f
ic
u
l
t
lo
ca
l in
s
ta
llatio
n
s
an
d
g
i
v
es b
ac
k
th
e
lib
er
t
y
to
t
h
e
u
s
er
,
d
ev
elo
p
er
,
b
u
s
in
es
s
es e
n
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
r
o
ll o
u
t o
f
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
[
4
]
.
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
er
W
id
e
A
r
ea
Net
w
o
r
k
(
L
P
W
A
N)
is
a
s
o
r
t
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
er
m
it
lo
n
g
r
a
n
g
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
at
a
s
m
all
b
i
t
r
ate
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
co
n
n
ec
te
d
o
b
j
ec
ts
)
,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
o
p
er
ated
o
n
a
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
d
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
a
r
ch
itec
tu
r
e
o
f
L
o
R
a.
Sectio
n
3
i
llu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
r
esear
c
h
.
Sect
io
n
4
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
es
u
lts
an
d
a
n
al
y
ze
s
t
h
e
m
.
Sectio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
e
p
ap
er
an
d
s
u
m
m
ar
izes t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
2.
L
O
RA
T
E
CH
NO
L
O
G
Y
Gen
er
all
y
,
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
L
o
R
a
w
ir
eles
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
an
a
f
f
o
r
d
co
v
er
ag
e
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
in
r
an
g
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
r
esen
t
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
L
o
R
a
i
n
ten
d
s
to
en
ab
le
I
o
T
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
L
P
W
AN
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
b
y
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
L
o
R
a
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
it
s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ar
c
h
i
tectu
r
e
a
n
d
lo
ts
o
f
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
.
Her
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
L
o
R
a
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
o
f
L
o
R
a.
2
.
1
.
Arc
hite
ct
ure
L
o
R
aW
A
N
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tical
l
y
laid
o
u
t
in
a
s
tar
-
of
-
s
tar
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
w
h
ic
h
g
ate
w
a
y
is
a
s
ee
-
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
li
n
k
r
ela
y
in
g
m
es
s
a
g
es
a
m
o
n
g
en
d
-
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
a
ce
n
tr
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
er
v
er
in
th
e
b
ac
k
en
d
.
Gate
w
a
y
s
ar
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
er
v
er
v
ia
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
I
P
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
wh
er
ea
s
e
n
d
-
d
e
v
ices
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
-
h
o
p
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
to
o
n
e
o
r
lo
ad
s
o
f
g
ate
w
a
y
s
.
A
ll
e
n
d
-
p
o
in
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
s
g
en
er
all
y
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al,
h
o
w
e
v
er
th
e
y
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
li
k
e
m
u
lticast
e
n
ab
li
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
u
p
g
r
ad
e
o
v
er
th
e
air
o
r
o
th
er
m
ass
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
m
es
s
a
g
es to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
o
n
air
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ti
m
e
[
4
]
.
L
o
R
a
is
a
s
p
r
ea
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
o
n
ch
ir
p
s
p
r
ea
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
u
tili
ze
s
w
id
eb
an
d
lin
ea
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
m
o
d
u
lated
p
u
ls
e
s
w
h
o
s
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
r
d
ec
r
e
ases
o
v
er
a
d
ef
in
i
te
q
u
an
tit
y
o
f
t
i
m
e
to
i
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
L
o
R
a
ar
e:
e
x
ten
d
ed
r
an
g
e,
ele
v
ated
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
,
m
u
lt
ip
ath
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
,
Do
p
p
ler
r
esis
tan
ce
a
n
d
lo
w
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
L
o
R
a
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
,
w
e
ca
n
f
i
n
d
n
o
w
-
a
-
d
a
y
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
f
u
n
ct
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
1
3
7
MH
z
to
1
0
2
0
MH
z,
s
o
th
e
y
ca
n
a
ls
o
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
lice
n
s
ed
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
in
s
ta
lled
in
I
SM
b
a
n
d
s
(
E
U:
4
3
3
MH
z
an
d
8
6
8
MH
z
,
US
A
:
4
3
3
MH
z
an
d
915
MH
z
).
T
h
e
ch
ip
r
ate
as
w
e
ll
as
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
(
ch
ip
-
p
er
-
s
ec
o
n
d
-
p
er
-
Her
t
z)
ar
e
id
en
tical
an
d
can
ta
k
e
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
1
2
5
,
2
5
0
o
r
5
0
0
k
Hz.
B
esid
es,
th
e
Sp
r
ea
d
in
g
Facto
r
f
o
r
a
L
o
R
a
li
n
k
m
a
y
b
e
w
id
e
-
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
n
-
air
ti
m
e
[
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
T
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n Co
ns
t
ra
ints
L
o
R
a
h
a
s
s
o
m
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
n
h
an
d
f
o
r
its
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Su
c
h
as:
Sp
r
ea
d
in
g
Facto
r
,
C
ar
r
ier
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
,
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
P
o
w
er
,
B
an
d
w
id
th
a
n
d
C
o
d
in
g
R
ate.
T
h
e
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
L
o
R
a
w
il
l
b
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Sp
re
a
din
g
F
a
ct
o
r:
T
h
e
P
r
in
cip
le
o
f
SF
is
e
v
er
y
b
it
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
e
n
co
d
ed
lik
e
s
e
v
er
al
ch
ip
s
.
T
h
e
liais
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
b
it
an
d
ch
ip
r
ate
f
o
r
L
o
R
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
s
th
a
t
ch
ip
r
ate
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
m
u
l
tip
licatio
n
o
f
b
it
r
ate
a
n
d
2
s
f
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
o
f
j
u
s
t
a
s
i
n
g
le
b
it
f
o
r
m
u
lt
ip
le
ch
ip
s
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ep
icts
th
at
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
is
h
av
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
L
o
R
a
p
ac
k
et.
S
F
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
t
ed
f
r
o
m
6
to
1
2
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
6
an
d
1
2
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
SF
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
e
v
er
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
l
ik
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
r
an
g
e,
air
ti
m
e,
SN
R
as
w
ell
as
th
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
p
ac
k
et.
Ca
rr
ier
F
re
qu
ency
:
T
h
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
in
g
o
f
a
p
r
eset
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
t
h
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
al
ter
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
d
ata
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
Her
tz
(
c
y
cle
s
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
)
is
ca
lled
C
ar
r
ier
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
.
Her
e,
8
6
8
MH
z
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
as
C
ar
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n
P
o
w
er
:
P
o
w
e
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
t
h
e
tr
av
elli
n
g
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
it
s
p
lace
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
a
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
m
e
w
h
er
e
it
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
ex
ec
u
te
u
s
e
f
u
l
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
T
P
f
o
r
L
o
R
a
r
ad
io
is
f
r
o
m
(
-
4
d
B
m
)
to
2
0
d
B
m
.
I
t c
an
also
b
e
b
etw
ee
n
2
d
B
m
to
2
0
d
B
m
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
[
6
]
.
B
a
nd
w
idth:
B
W
is
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
g
i
v
e
n
b
an
d
,
in
p
ar
tic
u
lar
t
h
at
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
a
s
ig
n
al.
Selectio
n
o
f
Sp
r
ea
d
in
g
Facto
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
e
d
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
B
W
.
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
a
n
ar
r
o
w
B
W
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
alo
n
g
w
i
th
th
e
ti
m
e
o
n
air
.
I
n
cr
e
ase
o
f
B
W
m
a
k
es
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
a
s
ter
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
7
0
–
2
9
7
6
2972
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
.
L
o
R
a
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
d
r
iv
e
s
t
h
e
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
o
n
a
c
h
ip
r
ate
w
h
ic
h
i
s
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
i
n
c
h
i
p
s
p
er
-
s
ec
o
n
d
-
p
er
-
Her
tz.
So
t
h
e
1
2
5
k
Hz
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
a
ch
ip
r
ate
o
f
1
2
5
k
cp
s
.
SX1
2
7
2
is
h
av
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
s
ett
in
g
s
5
0
0
k
Hz,
2
5
0
k
Hz
an
d
125
k
Hz
an
d
th
e
SX1
2
7
6
h
as b
an
d
w
id
th
s
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
k
Hz
to
as
lo
w
as 7
.
8
k
Hz
[
5
]
.
Co
din
g
Ra
t
e:
C
R
i
s
t
h
e
Fo
r
war
d
E
r
r
o
r
C
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
r
ate
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ac
t
u
all
y
n
ee
d
ed
w
h
i
le
b
u
r
s
ts
o
f
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
t
h
e
r
ad
io
li
n
k
.
An
elev
a
ted
C
R
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
ti
m
e
o
n
air
.
C
R
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
te
d
b
et
w
ee
n
4
/5
,
4
/6
,
4
/7
to
4
/
8
[
5
]
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n P
la
t
f
o
r
m
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lato
r
p
latf
o
r
m
u
s
ed
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
i
n
[
6
]
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
L
o
R
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t’
s
a
s
tr
ai
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
air
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
o
f
L
o
R
aW
AN
an
d
w
as
w
r
itte
n
i
n
P
y
t
h
o
n
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e
to
s
u
i
t
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
at
e
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
o
f
L
o
R
aW
A
N
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
air
in
ter
f
ac
e
a
n
d
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
ef
in
ed
s
et
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
.
T
h
is
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
b
est
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
L
o
R
a
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
d
u
e
to
its
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
co
r
r
elatin
g
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
la
y
er
s
in
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
ag
a
in
s
t
th
e
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
in
[
6
]
,
w
e
r
ep
ea
ted
th
e
s
a
m
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
d
o
n
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
h
ad
o
w
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
t
h L
o
s
s
M
o
del
I
t
is
th
e
d
r
o
p
in
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
an
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
w
av
e
a
s
it
cir
cu
late
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ac
e.
P
ath
lo
s
s
i
s
a
m
aj
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t in
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
d
esi
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
li
n
k
b
u
d
g
et
o
f
a
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
n
a
m
e
i
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
u
s
ed
in
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
a
n
d
also
in
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
.
P
ath
lo
s
s
ca
n
h
ap
p
en
d
u
e
to
m
a
n
y
ef
f
ec
ts
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
l
o
s
s
,
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
,
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
r
ef
lectio
n
,
ap
er
tu
r
e
-
m
ed
i
u
m
c
o
u
p
lin
g
lo
s
s
,
a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
Her
e,
th
e
ex
p
e
cted
p
ath
lo
s
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as:
E
P
L =
B
+
10n
10
(
d
/
0
)
+
σ
SF
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
B
is
p
ath
lo
s
s
,
n
is
p
at
h
lo
s
s
ex
p
o
n
e
n
t,
d
is
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
tatio
n
,
d
0
is
th
e
1
k
m
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
σ
SF
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
s
h
ad
o
w
f
ad
i
n
g
(
SF
)
.
T
ab
le
1
lis
ts
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ath
lo
s
s
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t,
in
ter
ce
p
t
a
n
d
s
h
ad
o
w
f
ad
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
W
e
h
av
e
r
eso
r
ted
to
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
7
]
r
ath
er
th
an
t
h
o
s
e
in
[
6
]
d
u
e
to
th
eir
r
ea
li
s
ti
c
v
al
u
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
etr
s
u
s
ed
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
f
o
r
a
cit
y
-
s
i
d
e
co
v
er
ag
e
r
an
g
e
a
n
d
r
ese
m
b
les a
t
y
p
ical
m
o
d
er
n
u
r
b
an
cit
y
p
lan
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
an
n
e
l C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
M
e
t
r
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
s
P
a
t
h
l
o
ss e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
(
n
)
2
.
3
2
P
a
t
h
l
o
ss i
n
t
e
r
c
e
p
t
(
B
)
1
2
8
.
9
5
S
h
a
d
o
w
f
a
d
i
n
g
(
σ
SF
)
7
.
8
d
B
3
.
3
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n M
e
t
rics
T
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
L
o
R
a
L
P
W
A
N
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
r
ee
m
etr
ics
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
d
ef
i
n
ed
:
Data
E
x
tr
ac
tio
n
R
ate
(
DE
R
)
,
Net
w
o
r
k
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
NE
C
)
an
d
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
L
o
s
t
P
ac
k
ets.
E
ac
h
a
n
d
ev
er
y
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
m
ess
a
g
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
ac
k
en
d
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ile
tal
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
a
n
e
ff
c
tiv
e
L
o
R
a
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
t
h
i
s
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
e
v
er
y
tr
an
s
m
itte
d
m
es
s
ag
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
co
lle
cted
p
r
o
p
er
ly
b
y
a
t
least o
n
e
L
o
R
a
s
i
n
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
s
h
all
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
m
etr
ic
o
f
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
lo
s
t p
ac
k
ets.
P
er
ce
nta
g
e
o
f
L
o
s
t
P
a
ck
e
t
s
:
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
tak
e
s
p
lace
w
h
il
e
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
ac
k
ets
o
f
d
ata
m
o
v
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
a
co
m
p
u
ter
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
b
e
co
m
e
s
u
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
to
ar
r
iv
e
th
eir
ta
r
g
et.
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
is
g
e
n
er
all
y
ca
u
s
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
est
io
n
.
A
s
s
o
o
n
as
co
n
ten
t
ap
p
ea
r
f
o
r
a
s
u
s
tain
ed
p
er
io
d
at
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
r
o
u
ter
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
eg
m
e
n
t
at
a
r
ate
lar
g
er
t
h
a
n
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
s
e
n
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
,
t
h
en
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
o
th
er
c
h
o
i
ce
lef
t
th
a
n
to
d
r
o
p
p
ac
k
ets.
P
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
ac
k
e
t
s
lo
s
t
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
p
ac
k
et
s
s
en
t.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
L
o
s
t P
ac
k
ets ar
e
esti
m
a
ted
as
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
ffects o
f S
h
a
d
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w
in
g
o
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Lo
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a
LP
W
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N
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2973
.
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∗
(
2
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4.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
ANA
L
YS
I
S
I
n
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
er
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
w
e
as
s
ess
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
L
o
R
a
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
u
n
co
m
p
li
ca
ted
s
etu
p
w
h
er
e
N
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
ein
g
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
to
s
i
m
p
l
y
o
n
e
s
i
n
k
.
I
n
th
e
s
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
co
n
fi
g
u
r
atio
n
s
e
t
SN
=
{SF,
C
F,
T
P,
B
W
,
C
R
}
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
.
No
d
es
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
atel
y
in
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
i
n
k
i
n
a
w
a
y
th
at
all
n
o
d
es
ca
n
g
et
to
th
e
s
in
k
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
ea
r
r
an
g
ed
SN
s
etti
n
g
.
T
h
r
ee
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
n
fig
u
r
atio
n
s
SN
1
,
SN2
an
d
SN3
ar
e
g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
all
s
ettin
g
s
,
it
is
b
ein
g
i
m
a
g
in
ed
th
a
t
a
p
ac
k
et
o
f
20
b
y
te
i
s
b
ein
g
s
en
t
b
y
all
n
o
d
e
s
o
n
ev
er
y
1
6
.
7
m
i
n
r
ep
r
esen
ti
n
g
a
r
ea
lis
t
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
s
etti
n
g
f
o
r
SN1
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
tr
o
n
g
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
s
etti
n
g
s
L
o
R
a
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
h
av
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
r
ea
te
s
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
air
ti
m
e
o
f
1
7
1
2
.
1
3
m
s
,
f
o
r
SN2
;
th
e
s
etti
n
g
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lead
s
to
t
h
e
sm
alle
s
t
air
ti
m
e
o
f
7
.
0
7
m
s
an
d
f
o
r
SN3
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
s
etti
n
g
is
t
h
e
o
n
e
w
h
ich
i
s
u
s
ed
b
y
co
m
m
o
n
L
o
R
aW
AN
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
.
[
6
]
T
ab
le
2
.
Set o
f
P
ar
am
eter
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
N
1
S
N
2
S
N
3
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
F
a
c
t
o
r
12
6
12
C
a
r
r
i
e
r
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
8
6
8
8
6
8
8
6
8
T
r
a
n
smit
P
o
w
e
r
14
14
14
B
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
1
2
5
5
0
0
1
2
5
C
o
d
i
n
g
R
a
t
e
4
/
8
4
/
5
4
/
5
SN1
is
u
s
ed
w
i
th
s
i
m
p
le
c
h
an
n
el
m
o
d
els
a
n
d
L
o
R
a
ch
a
n
n
e
l
m
o
d
els
to
ex
a
m
in
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
es
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
r
ac
tical
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
A
ll
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
ar
e
u
s
i
n
g
L
o
R
a
c
h
a
n
n
el
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
atio
n
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
s
et
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
ar
e
b
ein
g
s
h
o
w
n
.
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
r
ep
r
es
en
t
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
u
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
to
1
6
0
0
,
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
et
s
s
tay
s
to
tall
y
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
all
th
e
ca
s
es
w
h
ile
s
h
ad
o
w
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
.
W
h
ile
s
h
ad
o
w
in
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
t
h
e
i
n
itial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e
is
1
k
m
f
o
r
all
s
et
o
f
e
x
p
er
im
en
ts
.
B
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
h
ad
o
w
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
i
s
b
ein
g
ad
d
ed
(
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
f
o
r
s
im
u
lat
io
n
an
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
w
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
r
is
e
an
d
d
r
o
p
.
M
o
s
t o
f
th
e
r
es
u
lts
a
r
e
n
ea
r
l
y
s
a
m
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
s
t P
ac
k
ets
% (
w
it
h
o
u
t s
h
ad
o
w
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
L
o
s
t P
ac
k
ets
% (
w
it
h
s
h
ad
o
w
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t)
T
h
e
n
ex
t se
t o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t is
ev
alu
a
ted
to
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
elec
tio
n
o
n
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
L
o
s
t
P
ac
k
et
s
.
T
h
r
ee
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
co
n
fi
g
u
r
atio
n
s
:
SN3
,
S
N
4
an
d
SN5
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
SN3
w
ill
b
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
i
n
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
Set
1
an
d
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
Fo
r
th
is
,
th
e
d
ata
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
r
ate
h
a
s
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
a
p
ac
k
et
o
f
2
0
b
y
te
ea
ch
1
6
.
7
m
i
n
to
ea
ch
2
2
m
in
.
I
n
d
icati
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
etti
n
g
s
,
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
w
ill
b
e
ag
ain
a
p
ac
k
et
o
f
2
0
b
y
te
s
en
t
v
ia
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
ea
ch
1
6
.
7
m
i
n
an
d
th
e
C
ar
r
ier
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
i
s
8
6
8
MH
z.
N
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
e
n
d
to
o
n
e
s
in
k
.
No
d
es
w
ill
b
e
lo
ca
te
d
at
r
an
d
o
m
i
n
t
h
e
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
200
400
600
800
100
0
120
0
140
0
160
0
L
os
t
P
ack
e
t
s
%
Num
be
r
of
N
ode
s
P
u
r
e
Al
o
ha
S
n1
(
S
i
m
pl
e
)
S
n1
(
F
ul
l
)
S
n2
S
n3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
200
400
600
800
100
0
120
0
140
0
160
0
L
os
t
P
ack
e
t
s
%
Num
be
r
of
N
ode
s
Pur
e
ALOH
A
SN
1
(
Si
mp
l
e)
SN
1
(
Fu
l
l
)
SN
2
SN
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
2
9
7
0
–
2
9
7
6
2974
r
eg
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
a
r
ad
iu
s
t
h
at
m
ak
e
s
s
u
r
e
th
at
ev
er
y
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
ca
n
g
et
to
th
e
s
i
n
k
b
u
t
f
o
r
th
is
;
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
tr
o
n
g
s
etti
n
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
f
o
r
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
th
e
SF
,
B
W
,
an
d
C
R
ar
e
p
lace
d
as
i
f
t
h
e
air
ti
m
e
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
(
SN4
h
a
v
i
n
g
i
n
v
ar
iab
le
T
P
=
1
4
d
B
m
)
an
d
a
f
ter
t
h
at
t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
air
ti
m
e
a
n
d
af
ter
w
ar
d
T
P
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
(
SN5
)
.
T
h
e
L
o
R
a
ch
an
n
el
r
e
p
r
esen
ta
tio
n
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
s
ettin
g
s
w
h
ich
i
s
r
elate
d
to
ai
r
ti
m
e
an
d
air
ti
m
e
p
l
u
s
T
r
an
s
m
it
P
o
w
er
h
av
e
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
i
m
p
ac
t
w
h
e
n
talk
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
r
ea
c
h
ab
le
DE
R
a
n
d
lo
s
t
p
ac
k
e
ts
.
W
ith
r
ed
u
ce
d
air
ti
m
e
(
SN4
)
as
w
ell
a
s
a
mi
n
i
m
ized
air
ti
m
e
p
lu
s
T
r
an
s
m
it P
o
w
er
,
1
0
0
% p
ac
k
ets ar
e
b
ein
g
lo
s
t
w
h
ile
s
h
ad
o
w
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
ar
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
lc
u
latio
n
.
T
h
i
s
is
j
u
s
t
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
w
h
ic
h
i
s
attain
ed
w
i
th
s
tatio
n
ar
y
co
n
s
e
r
v
ativ
e
s
ett
in
g
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
u
s
ed
in
L
o
R
aW
A
N.
B
u
t
w
h
e
n
s
h
ad
o
w
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t
s
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
w
it
h
th
e
m
in
i
m
ized
air
t
i
m
e
(
SN4
)
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
L
o
s
t
P
ac
k
ets
ar
e
s
h
o
w
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
u
p
s
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
s
,
wh
ich
lo
o
k
s
s
a
m
e
li
k
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
ex
ce
p
t f
o
r
SN3
.
No
n
eth
ele
s
s
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
e
asu
r
ed
th
at
t
h
is
ac
co
m
p
l
is
h
m
en
t
is
i
m
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
ett
y
h
o
p
ef
u
l g
u
es
s
.
Firstl
y
,
a
lo
w
e
s
t a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
air
ti
m
e
s
et
h
as a
li
ttle CR
s
et
w
h
ich
d
o
n
o
t g
iv
e
en
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
s
li
g
h
test
s
ett
in
g
w
o
u
ld
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
re
-
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
i
m
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ch
an
g
es.
A
s
et
o
f
r
u
le
m
ig
h
t
b
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
u
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
L
o
R
a
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
to
d
ec
id
e
a
n
d
r
eg
u
la
te
t
h
e
s
etti
n
g
s
.
N
ev
er
th
e
less
,
L
o
R
aW
AN
s
ta
t
es
a
Net
w
o
r
k
Ma
n
a
g
er
ele
m
e
n
t
to
d
ea
l
p
u
r
p
o
s
el
y
w
it
h
t
h
i
s
i
s
s
u
e
.
T
h
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
an
d
its
co
d
e
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
d
ef
in
ed
y
et
.
A
s
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
L
o
R
aW
A
N
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
h
an
d
u
s
e
f
i
x
ed
an
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l c
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
etti
n
g
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ied
b
y
SN3
.
[
6
]
I
n
th
e
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
et,
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
in
k
s
fo
r
ea
ch
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
u
n
w
il
l
b
e
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ettin
g
S
N1
d
escr
ib
ed
ea
r
lier
f
o
r
ea
ch
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
u
n
(
o
n
e
2
0
b
y
te
p
ac
k
et
i
s
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
ea
ch
1
6
.
7
m
i
n
an
d
C
ar
r
ier
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
is
8
6
8
MH
z)
w
il
l
b
e
ap
p
lied
.
Her
e,
n
o
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
i
s
alter
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
m
an
y
s
in
k
s
ar
e
th
er
e
n
o
w
.
A
ll
t
h
e
No
d
es
ar
e
p
o
s
iti
o
n
ed
in
a
r
ec
ta
n
g
le
alo
n
g
w
i
th
a
d
ia
g
o
n
al
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
w
ice
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
r
an
g
e
d
m
a
x
,
s
id
e
le
n
g
th
s
x
m
ax
=
√
3
·
d
m
a
x
a
n
d
y
m
a
x
=
d
m
a
x
.
T
h
is
s
et
u
p
is
n
ee
d
ed
as
it
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
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