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I
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8
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8708
I
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,
Vo
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8
,
No
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3
,
J
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n
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201
8
:
1
4
6
7
–
1477
1468
in
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to
r
ted
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
ie
s
ce
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
l
u
ctu
at
io
n
s
u
s
in
g
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
i
n
g
cir
cu
it.
A
n
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ab
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
iesce
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
w
o
u
ld
in
d
ic
ate
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
d
ef
ec
ts
i
n
t
h
e
cir
cu
it.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
a
s
i
m
p
le
b
u
ilt
-
i
n
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
(
B
I
C
S)
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
d
etec
t
s
h
o
r
t
(
B
r
id
g
i
n
g
)
an
d
o
p
en
f
au
l
t
in
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
C
MO
S
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
c
tan
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
ith
f
a
u
lt i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tr
an
s
is
to
r
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
at
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
;
t
w
o
s
tag
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
a
m
p
lif
ier
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
2
.
Sec
tio
n
3
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
f
au
l
t
m
o
d
elin
g
w
h
er
ea
s
Sectio
n
4
d
e
s
cr
ib
es
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
f
o
r
B
I
C
S.
T
est
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
in
Sectio
n
5
an
d
Sectio
n
6
co
n
tain
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
I
D
DQ
t
esti
n
g
2.
T
WO
S
T
A
G
E
O
P
E
R
AT
I
O
NAL T
RANSCO
N
DUC
T
AN
CE
AM
P
L
I
F
I
E
R
I
n
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
alo
g
i
n
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
i
ts
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
a
m
p
l
if
ier
w
it
h
v
er
y
h
ig
h
D
C
g
ain
a
n
d
h
ig
h
u
n
i
t
y
g
ain
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ee
t
b
o
th
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
a
n
d
f
a
s
t
s
ettlin
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
C
MO
S
OT
A
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
id
ea
l
f
o
r
a
b
o
v
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
Op
er
atio
n
al
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
am
p
li
f
ier
is
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
lle
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
o
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t.
An
OT
A
i
s
b
asicall
y
an
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
l
if
ier
(
OP
A
MP
)
w
it
h
o
u
t a
n
o
u
tp
u
t b
u
f
f
er
.
I
t
ca
n
d
r
iv
e
o
n
l
y
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
OT
A
ca
n
also
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as
an
a
m
p
li
f
ier
w
h
er
e
all
n
o
d
es
ar
e
at
lo
w
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
ex
ce
p
t
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
an
id
ea
l
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
a
m
p
li
f
ier
is
t
h
at
it
h
a
s
in
f
i
n
ite
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
u
s
u
a
ll
y
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
a
cu
r
r
en
t
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
.
I
t
r
ep
lace
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
m
p
l
if
ier
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
ts
h
i
g
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
i
n
g
,
h
ig
h
SN
R
,
lo
w
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
ev
e
n
at
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
es
a
n
d
lo
w
p
o
w
er
.
OT
A
co
n
s
tit
u
te
a
s
a
m
aj
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
i
n
t
h
e
an
alo
g
d
esi
g
n
in
g
d
u
e
to
its
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
u
ited
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
g
a
in
co
n
tr
o
l,
m
u
ltip
lex
i
n
g
,
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
an
alo
g
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
,
ac
ti
v
e
-
c
f
ilter
,
o
s
cillato
r
etc.
T
h
e
OT
A
is
a
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
cir
c
u
it
a
n
d
a
v
e
r
s
atile
a
m
p
l
if
ier
w
h
ic
h
co
n
v
e
r
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
to
lin
ea
r
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
o
u
tp
u
t
d
if
f
er
en
tial
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
g
ai
n
(
G
m
)
.
A
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
t
h
e
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
e
to
it
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
.
OT
A
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
l
y
li
n
ea
r
te
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
eir
tr
an
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
(
G
m
)
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
O
T
A
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
lin
ea
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
tia
l
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
I
OUT
=
G
m
V
in
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
G
m
i
s
th
e
tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
ct
an
ce
g
ai
n
,
I
OUT
is
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
V
in
i
s
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
b
asic
cir
cu
it
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
w
o
-
s
ta
g
e
OT
A
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
a
m
p
lif
ier
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
as
f
ir
s
t
s
ta
g
e
wh
ich
co
n
v
er
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
i
n
p
u
t
to
s
in
g
le
–
e
n
d
ed
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
M6
s
er
v
es
as
P
-
ch
an
n
el
co
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
am
p
li
f
ier
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
o
f
o
p
-
a
m
p
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
w
in
g
.
I
B
I
AS
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
g
o
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
s
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
P
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n
n
el
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E
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M8
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M5
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d
M7
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T
h
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s
izes
o
f
t
h
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tr
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n
s
i
s
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w
r
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an
d
g
ain
-
b
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w
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r
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u
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atic
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tag
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3.
F
AULT
M
O
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L
I
N
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3
.
1
.
F
a
ult
t
y
pe
I
n
an
alo
g
o
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m
i
x
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-
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ig
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r
ated
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m
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ailu
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at
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f
a
u
lt
s
an
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g
ate
o
x
id
e
s
h
o
r
ts
(
GOS)
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
:
a.
B
r
id
g
in
g
Fa
u
lt
s
:
B
r
id
g
in
g
Fau
lts
ar
e
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
b
etw
ee
n
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
la
y
er
s
i
n
v
er
y
lar
g
e
s
ca
l
e
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
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its
,
ca
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t,
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
f
o
r
eig
n
p
ar
ticl
e,
m
e
tallizatio
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d
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t,
s
cr
atch
o
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th
e
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as
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ar
e
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p
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ar
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ter
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in
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n
o
d
es:
1
)
d
r
ain
an
d
s
o
u
r
ce
,
2
)
d
r
ain
a
n
d
g
at
e,
3
)
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
g
ate,
a
n
d
4
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b
u
l
k
an
d
g
at
e
.
B
r
id
g
in
g
f
a
u
lts
ca
n
ap
p
ea
r
eith
er
at
th
e
lo
g
ical
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
a
g
ate
o
r
at
th
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
n
o
d
es in
ter
n
al
to
a
g
ate.
b.
Gate
-
O
x
id
e
S
h
o
r
t
Def
ec
ts
:
T
h
e
d
ef
ec
t
ca
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
h
o
r
t
b
et
w
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en
t
h
e
g
a
te
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d
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
r
eg
io
n
s
of
a
MO
S
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
d
r
ain
,
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
r
s
u
b
s
tr
ate)
is
g
ate
-
o
x
id
e
s
h
o
r
t.
A
MO
S
tr
an
s
is
to
r
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
G
OS
m
a
y
s
h
o
w
g
a
te
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
m
e
o
r
d
er
s
o
f
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
v
a
lu
e
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
b
iasi
n
g
.
c.
Op
en
Fa
u
lt:
L
o
g
ic
g
a
te
in
p
u
t
s
th
a
t
ar
e
u
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
r
f
lo
atin
g
i
n
p
u
ts
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
i
n
h
i
g
h
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
r
f
lo
ati
n
g
n
o
d
e
-
s
ta
te
an
d
ca
u
s
e
elev
ated
I
DDQ
No
d
e.
Op
en
d
ef
ec
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
ab
r
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
e
x
tr
e
m
e
cir
c
u
i
t o
p
er
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
e
o
p
en
a
n
d
b
r
id
g
in
g
f
a
u
lts
.
3
.
2
.
F
a
ult
inje
ct
io
n t
ra
ns
is
t
o
r
(
F
I
T
)
Fau
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
FIT
)
b
asicall
y
n
-
MO
S
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
in
d
u
ci
n
g
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
f
a
u
lts
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
au
l
t
to
ler
an
ce
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
in
t
h
e
C
UT
ca
n
b
e
ac
tiv
ated
b
y
th
e
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
FIT
f
o
r
th
e
f
au
l
t
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
p
r
ev
en
ts
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
d
a
m
a
g
e
to
th
e
C
UT
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
p
h
y
s
ical
m
e
tal
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
al
s
o
en
ab
les
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
C
UT
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
in
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e.
W
h
e
n
FIT
i
s
in
ac
ti
v
e,
C
UT
o
p
er
ates
in
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
w
h
ile
C
UT
w
o
r
k
in
te
s
t
m
o
d
e,
w
h
en
FIT
is
ac
tiv
ated
w
it
h
o
u
t a
f
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
o
v
er
al
l o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it.
4.
DE
S
I
G
N
CO
NSI
DE
R
AT
I
O
N
O
F
B
I
CS
I
n
I
DDQ
test
in
g
,
th
e
B
I
C
S
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
in
s
er
ies
w
i
th
VDD
o
r
GND
lin
es
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
ch
ec
k
s
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
q
u
ie
s
ce
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
b
elo
w
o
r
ab
o
v
e
a
th
r
es
h
o
ld
lev
e
l.
T
h
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
f
au
l
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
C
UT
is
in
d
ic
ated
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S.
Fo
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
n
al
te
s
ti
n
g
,
t
h
e
B
I
C
S
m
u
s
t
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e
C
UT
[
1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
,
a
s
i
m
p
le
d
esig
n
o
f
a
B
I
C
S
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
d
etec
t
s
h
o
r
t
f
au
lts
an
d
o
p
en
f
a
u
lts
o
n
C
MO
S
OT
A
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
cir
cu
it
i
s
a
n
es
s
e
n
tial
e
le
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S
i
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
o
n
e
b
r
an
ch
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it
is
ac
cu
r
atel
y
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
o
th
er
b
r
an
ch
,
in
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ta
g
e.
B
I
C
S‟s
ab
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t
ab
n
o
r
m
al
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
e
to
p
h
y
s
ical
d
ef
ec
ts
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
cu
r
r
en
t
d
if
f
er
en
tial
a
m
p
li
f
ier
(
M1
2
,
M1
3
)
,
t
w
o
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
p
air
s
(
M1
1
,
M1
2
an
d
M1
3
,
M1
4
)
an
d
an
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
n
-
MO
S
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
(
M1
1
,
M
1
2
)
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ir
r
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ic
h
i
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
I
R
E
F
f
o
r
th
e
B
I
C
S.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
(
M1
3
,
M1
4
)
i
s
u
s
ed
to
m
ir
r
o
r
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
DE
F
-
I
R
E
F)
to
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
n
v
er
ter
,
w
h
ic
h
ac
ts
a
s
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ial
p
air
(
M1
2
,
M1
3
)
ca
lcu
lates
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
I
R
E
F
an
d
t
h
e
d
ef
ec
ti
v
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
I
DE
F
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
UT
.
T
h
e
W
/L
s
ize
o
f
th
e
n
-
MO
S
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ir
r
o
r
s
(
M1
1
,
M1
2
)
is
s
et
to
3
.
0
3
/.1
8
an
d
(
M1
3
,
M1
4
)
is
s
et
to
8
.
1
/.
1
8
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
r
e
f
er
en
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
6
7
–
1477
1470
cu
r
r
en
t
is
s
et
to
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
v
al
u
e
as
t
h
e
q
u
ies
ce
n
t
s
tate
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
h
en
t
h
e
B
I
C
S
i
n
T
est
Mo
d
e.
An
y
e
x
ter
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
is
n
o
t r
eq
u
i
r
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S [
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
MO
S B
u
il
t
-
i
n
C
u
r
r
en
t Se
n
s
o
r
(
B
I
C
S)
w
it
h
t
h
e
C
UT
T
h
e
C
UT
w
o
r
k
s
in
t
w
o
m
o
d
es
:
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
test
m
o
d
e.
I
n
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e,
th
e
B
I
C
S
is
to
tall
y
i
s
o
lated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
UT
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
C
UT
is
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
B
I
C
S.
I
n
th
e
test
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
C
UT
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
B
I
C
S.
T
h
e
Ven
ab
le
s
i
g
n
al
w
h
ic
h
is
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
g
ate
o
f
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
M9
d
ec
id
es
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
C
UT
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e,
th
e
„
VE
NA
B
L
E
‟
s
i
g
n
al
i
s
at
lo
g
ic
„
1
‟
a
n
d
all
t
h
e
I
DD
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
M9
(
en
ab
le
tr
an
s
is
to
r
)
w
h
e
r
ea
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
te
s
t
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
„
VE
N
A
B
L
E
‟
s
i
g
n
al
is
at
lo
g
ic
„
0
‟
,
th
e
q
u
ie
s
ce
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
UT
is
d
iv
er
ted
in
to
th
e
B
I
C
S
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
ed
w
i
th
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
to
d
etec
t
t
h
e
p
r
esen
c
e
o
f
th
e
f
a
u
lt.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
q
u
i
escen
t
s
tate
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
P
ASS/
F
A
I
L
is
s
et
to
1
,
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
f
a
u
lt
i
n
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it.
W
h
e
n
th
e
q
u
iesce
n
t
s
tate
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
l
ess
th
a
n
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
P
ASS/
F
A
I
L
is
s
e
t
to
0
,
w
h
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
n
o
n
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
f
au
lt [
2
1
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
ilt
-
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
r
eq
u
ir
es
l
ess
ar
ea
an
d
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
th
an
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t se
n
s
o
r
s
.
I
t is s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
w
i
th
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
o
v
el
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
a
b
u
ilt
-
in
c
u
r
r
en
t se
n
s
o
r
d
esi
g
n
,
h
as
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
test
i
n
g
o
f
m
ix
ed
s
ig
n
al
i
n
te
g
r
ated
cir
cu
its
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
co
v
er
a
g
e
i
s
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
th
e
I
DDQ
tes
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
es
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
P
SP
I
C
E
(
C
ad
en
ce
P
SP
I
C
E
A
/
D
Si
m
u
la
to
r
)
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
.
SP
I
C
E
lev
el
7
MO
S
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
.
T
h
e
C
UT
is
s
i
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
0
.
1
8
µ
m
n
-
w
ell
C
MO
S
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
C
UT
w
it
h
o
u
t
B
I
C
S.
W
h
en
C
U
T
is
g
iv
e
n
a
p
u
ls
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
1
.
5
V
an
d
1
V
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
b
tain
ed
is
a
p
u
l
s
e
w
a
v
e
o
f
1
.
8
V
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
C
UT
w
i
th
B
I
SC
w
h
en
f
a
u
l
t
ar
e
n
o
t
ac
tiv
ated
i.e
.
w
h
en
f
a
u
lt
f
r
ee
cir
cu
it
w
it
h
B
I
C
S
is
i
n
n
o
r
m
a
l
m
o
d
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sin
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
C
UT
is
1
.
5
V
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
,
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
w
it
h
B
I
C
S.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
w
o
r
k
,
s
e
v
en
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
f
au
l
ts
v
iz.
,
s
h
o
r
t
b
et
w
ee
n
g
a
te
an
d
d
r
ai
n
o
f
M3
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
(
XFI
T
1
1
-
M3
GD
S),
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
M4
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
XFI
T
2
-
M4
DSS),
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
M6
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
XFI
T
3
-
M6
DSS),
g
ate
-
d
r
ain
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
M2
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
(
XFI
T
4
-
M4
GDS)
,
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
M7
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
XFI
T
5
-
M7
DSS),
d
r
ain
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
M5
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
XF
I
T
6
-
M5
DSS),
g
ate
d
r
ain
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
M5
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
XFI
T
7
-
M5
GDSS)
an
d
o
n
e
o
p
en
f
au
lt
o
f
M7
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
XFI
T
8
-
M7
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
C
UT
w
it
h
B
I
C
S
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
te
s
t
m
o
d
e,
th
e
„
Ven
ab
le‟
s
ig
n
al
i
s
at
lo
g
ic
„
0
‟
an
d
f
a
u
lt
i
n
j
ec
ted
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
u
s
i
n
g
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
Ve1
,
Ve2
,
Ve3
,
Ve4
,
Ve5
,
Ve6
,
Ve7
an
d
Ve8
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
W
/L
o
f
FIT
is
tak
en
a
s
3
.
5
/0
.
1
8
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
3
p
F.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
I
DDQ
Tes
tin
g
o
f Lo
w
V
o
lta
g
e
C
MOS
Op
era
tio
n
a
l Tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
A
mp
lifi
er (
Ma
n
in
d
er K
a
u
r
)
1471
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Si
m
u
lated
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
T
w
o
s
tag
e
C
MO
S OT
A
w
i
th
o
u
t B
I
C
S
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Si
m
u
lated
in
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
C
UT
w
i
th
B
I
C
S (
W
ith
o
u
t Fa
u
lt)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
C
MO
S
OT
A
w
it
h
B
I
C
S a
n
d
Sev
en
FIT
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
6
7
–
1477
1472
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S o
u
tp
u
t
wh
en
t
h
e
f
au
lt XFI
T
1
is
ac
tiv
ate
d
w
it
h
Ven
ab
le
s
ig
n
al
lo
w
a
n
d
Ve1
h
ig
h
i.e
.
w
h
en
C
UT
is
in
tes
t
m
o
d
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
W
e
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
B
I
C
S
o
u
tp
u
t
P
A
SS
/
F
A
I
L
is
at
lo
g
ic
„
1
‟
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
io
d
w
h
e
n
f
a
u
lt
XFI
T
1
is
ac
tiv
ated
an
d
th
u
s
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
X
FIT
1
is
d
etec
te
d
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
to
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
late
d
B
I
C
S
o
u
tp
u
ts
w
h
e
n
f
au
l
ts
X
FIT
2
,
XFI
T
3
,
XFI
T
4
,
XFI
T
5
,
XFI
T
6
,
XFI
T
7
an
d
XFI
T
8
ar
e
ac
tiv
ated
w
it
h
Ve
n
ab
le
s
i
g
n
al
lo
w
a
n
d
Ve2
,
Ve
3
,
Ve4
,
Ve5
,
Ve6
,
Ve7
an
d
Ve8
h
ig
h
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
W
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
t
h
at
e
x
ce
p
t
f
a
u
lts
XFI
T
2
,
XFI
T
3
an
d
XFI
T
8
,
all
th
e
o
t
h
er
f
a
u
lts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
test
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
f
a
u
lt
co
v
er
ag
e.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
ed
r
esu
lt,
s
in
ce
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
i
g
n
al
P
A
S
S/F
A
I
L
is
1
o
n
l
y
w
h
en
f
a
u
lt
s
ar
e
ac
ti
v
ate
d
w
it
h
Ven
ab
le
s
i
g
n
al
at
lo
g
ic
0
,
w
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S
d
etec
ts
t
h
e
f
a
u
lts
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
w
e
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S
d
etec
ts
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
a
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
ti
m
e
an
d
tr
an
s
itio
n
t
i
m
e
ar
e
also
a
n
al
y
ze
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
w
it
h
o
u
t
B
I
C
S
an
d
t
h
e
C
UT
w
it
h
B
I
C
S.
T
ab
le
1
lis
ts
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
ti
m
e
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
it
io
n
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
C
UT
w
ith
o
u
t
B
I
C
S
an
d
w
i
th
B
I
C
S
is
1
.
1
m
W
an
d
1
.
3
m
W
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
is
ab
o
u
t
1
5
.
3
8
%
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S.
T
h
e
lo
w
-
to
h
i
g
h
-
lev
el
tr
a
n
s
i
tio
n
ti
m
e
o
f
C
UT
w
it
h
o
u
t
B
I
C
S
an
d
C
UT
w
ith
B
I
C
S
ar
e
0
.
5
n
s
a
n
d
0
.
9
n
s
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
to
-
lo
w
-
le
v
el
tr
an
s
itio
n
ti
m
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
B
I
C
S
an
d
w
it
h
B
I
C
S
ar
e
1
.
5
n
s
an
d
1
.
6
n
s
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
w
h
er
ea
s
3
n
s
an
d
3
.
2
n
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
ar
e
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
ti
m
e
o
f
C
UT
w
i
th
o
u
t
B
I
C
S
an
d
w
ith
B
I
C
S.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
ca
n
co
n
cl
u
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
r
es
u
lt
s
th
a
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
i
s
n
e
g
li
g
ib
le.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
R
e
s
u
l
t o
f
ea
ch
P
ar
am
e
ter
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
C
U
T
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
B
I
C
S
C
U
T
w
i
t
h
B
I
C
S
P
D
1
.
1
mW
1
.
3
mW
t
P
D
3ns
3
.
2
n
s
t
T
L
H
0
.
5
n
s
0
.
9
n
s
t
T
H
L
1
.
5
n
s
1
.
6
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Si
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S O/P
o
f
C
UT
w
h
e
n
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
1
(
Ve1
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt X
FIT
1
(
M3
GDS)
is
ac
tiv
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
I
DDQ
Tes
tin
g
o
f Lo
w
V
o
lta
g
e
C
MOS
Op
era
tio
n
a
l Tr
a
n
s
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
A
mp
lifi
er (
Ma
n
in
d
er K
a
u
r
)
1473
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Si
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S O/P
o
f
C
UT
w
h
e
n
E
r
r
o
r
s
ig
n
al
2
(
Ve
2
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt X
FIT
2
(
M4
DS
S)
is
ac
tiv
ated
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S O/P
o
f
C
UT
w
h
e
n
E
r
r
o
r
Sig
n
a
l 3
(
Ve3
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt X
FIT
3
(
M6
DSS)
is
ac
tiv
ated
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Si
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S O/
P
o
f
C
UT
w
h
en
E
r
r
o
r
Sig
n
al
4
(
Ve4
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt XFI
T
4
(
M2
D
GS)
is
ac
ti
v
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
4
6
7
–
1477
1474
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Si
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S O/
P
o
f
C
UT
w
h
en
E
r
r
o
r
Sig
n
al
5
(
Ve5
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt XFI
T
5
(
M7
D
SS
)
is
ac
ti
v
ated
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Si
m
u
lated
B
I
C
S O/
P
o
f
C
UT
w
h
en
E
r
r
o
r
Sig
n
al
6
(
Ve6
)
f
o
r
f
au
lt XFI
T
6
(
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I
SS
N
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2
0
8
8
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I
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t J
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g
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8
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3
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J
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201
8
:
1
4
6
7
–
1477
1476
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
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,
I
DDQ
test
i
n
g
tec
h
n
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e
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a
s
b
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n
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p
lo
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lo
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t
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MO
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o
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s
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d
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m
p
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s
in
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P
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I
C
E
.
T
h
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p
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s
ed
B
I
C
S
d
esig
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co
n
v
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t
s
t
h
e
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r
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r
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if
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b
et
w
e
en
f
a
u
lt
y
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UT
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d
f
au
lt
f
r
ee
cir
c
u
it.
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u
r
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
r
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al
m
o
d
e,
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
C
UT
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
o
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n
d
b
y
p
as
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
B
I
C
S.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
lev
el
s
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i
f
t
o
r
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
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t
d
u
r
in
g
n
o
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m
al
m
o
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
UT
is
av
o
id
ed
.
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h
e
s
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m
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lat
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n
an
d
te
s
t
r
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lts
s
h
o
w
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at
t
h
e
p
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s
ed
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I
C
S
f
u
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s
co
r
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tl
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e
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li
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f
o
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m
a
n
ce
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eg
r
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o
f
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,
r
eq
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ea
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o
e
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ter
n
a
l r
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en
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e
s
o
u
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ce
an
d
p
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v
id
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h
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g
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f
a
u
lt c
o
v
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ag
e.
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n
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
B
I
C
S
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
to
o
th
er
B
I
C
S‟s
.
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u
t
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f
ei
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f
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f
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u
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s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
b
y
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i
s
test
m
et
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o
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y
.
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h
u
s
,
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in
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m
et
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o
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g
y
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to
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co
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m
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d
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ix
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n
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M
OS
in
te
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ated
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its
w
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t
in
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r
r
in
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s
i
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t
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ev
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m
e
n
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co
s
t.
I
t
is
co
n
clu
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ed
th
at
I
DDQ
test
i
n
g
i
s
v
er
y
e
f
f
ec
ti
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g
s
h
o
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t f
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.
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v
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it
m
a
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o
t d
etec
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n
o
p
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f
au
lt.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L
.
S
.
M
il
o
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
T
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to
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In
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to
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lo
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n
d
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ix
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a
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Circu
it
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,
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E
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n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
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n
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it
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n
d
sy
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m
-
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n
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it
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ss
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g
,
v
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l
.
45
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
]
A
.
G
ro
c
h
o
ws
k
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
teg
ra
te
d
c
ircu
it
tes
ti
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g
f
o
r
q
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a
li
t
y
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s
su
ra
n
c
e
in
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
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:
h
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ry
,
c
u
r
re
n
t
sta
tu
s,
a
n
d
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tu
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tren
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s
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
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u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
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a
l
o
g
a
n
d
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g
it
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l
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
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ss
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
44
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
6
1
0
-
6
3
3
,
1
9
9
7
.
[3
]
M
.
L
.
Bu
sh
n
e
ll
a
n
d
V
.
D.
A
g
g
a
rw
a
l,
“
Ess
e
n
ti
a
ls
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
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f
o
r
Dig
it
a
l,
M
e
m
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r
y
a
n
d
M
ix
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d
-
S
ig
n
a
l
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
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s
,
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u
we
r A
c
a
d
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mic
Pu
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li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
[4
]
A
.
L
.
Cro
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h
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e
t
a
l.
,
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sig
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-
f
o
r
-
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e
st
f
o
r
Dig
it
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l
IC‟s
a
n
d
E
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
Co
re
S
y
ste
m
s
,
”
Pr
e
n
ti
c
e
Ha
ll
PT
R,
Ne
w
J
e
rs
e
y
,
1
9
9
9
.
[5
]
R.
K.
G
u
lati
a
n
d
C
.
F
Ha
wk
in
s,
“
I
DDQ
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s
,
”
Kl
u
we
r A
c
a
d
e
mic
,
T
h
e
Ne
th
e
rlan
d
,
1
9
9
3
.
[6
]
S
.
S
a
b
a
d
e
a
n
d
D.
W
a
lk
e
r,
“
I
DDQ
tes
t:
W
il
l
it
su
rv
iv
e
th
e
DSM
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
?
”
IEE
E
De
sig
n
a
n
d
T
e
s
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
,
v
o
l
.
19
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
-
1
2
,
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
T
.
L
.
S
h
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
Ch
i
p
c
u
r
re
n
t
se
n
sin
g
c
ircu
it
f
o
r
CM
OS
VL
S
I
,
”
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
V
L
S
I
T
e
st
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
p
a
p
e
r
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
-
3
1
4
,
1
9
9
2
.
[8
]
R.
Ra
jsu
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
IDD
Q t
e
stin
g
f
o
r
CM
OS
V
L
S
I
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
IEE
E
,
v
o
l
.
88
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
4
4
-
5
6
6
,
2
0
0
0
.
[9
]
S
.
M
a
tak
ias
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
c
u
rre
n
t
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
IDD
Q
te
stin
g
in
Dig
it
a
l
in
teg
ra
ted
c
ircu
it
s
,
”
In
teg
ra
t
io
n
,
th
e
VL
S
I
j
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
p
p
.
48
-
6
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
S
.
M
a
tak
ias
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Bu
il
t
–
In
Id
d
q
T
e
stin
g
c
ircu
it
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
ES
S
CIRC,
G
re
n
o
b
le,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
4
7
1
-
4
7
4
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
1
]
S
.
M
a
tak
ias
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
u
rre
n
t
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
IDD
Q
tes
ts
in
d
ig
it
a
l
i
n
teg
ra
ted
c
ircu
it
,
”
In
teg
a
rt
io
n
,
t
h
e
VL
S
I
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
50
,
pp
.
48
-
6
0
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
2
]
N
.
M
u
k
a
h
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
H
.
Ru
sta
n
,
“
A
9
3
.
3
6
d
B,
1
6
1
M
Hz
CM
OS
Op
e
rti
o
n
a
l
T
ra
n
sc
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
(O
TA
)
f
o
r
a
1
6
Bit
p
ip
e
li
n
e
A
n
a
lo
g
–
to
–
Dig
it
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(
A
DC)
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
-
1
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
3
]
H.
B
.
S
o
n
i
a
n
d
R.
N.
Dh
a
v
se
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
OTA
u
sin
g
0
.
3
5
µm
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
W
isd
o
m
B
a
se
d
Co
mp
u
t
i
ng
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
M
.
Ya
v
a
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
sle
w
ra
te
f
o
r
t
w
o
sta
g
e
CM
OS
o
p
a
m
p
s
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
-
1
6
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
5
]
P
.
En
g
e
lk
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
latin
g
re
isit
iv
e
b
rid
g
in
g
a
n
d
stu
c
k
-
a
t
f
a
u
lt
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
st
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
1
-
1
0
5
9
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
6
]
I.
M
a
sa
h
iro
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
IDD
T
tes
ti
n
g
:
A
n
Eff
i
c
ien
t
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
De
tec
ti
n
g
De
la
y
F
a
u
lt
s
a
n
d
Op
e
n
De
fe
c
ts
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
De
fec
t
b
a
se
d
T
e
stin
g
,
L
o
s A
n
g
e
les
,
C
A
,
USA
,
p
p
.
23
-
2
8
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
7
]
P
.
Nig
h
a
n
d
W
.
M
a
ly
,
“
A
se
l
f
-
tes
ti
n
g
AL
U
u
sin
g
b
u
il
t
-
in
c
u
rre
n
t
se
n
sin
g
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
.
IEE
E
C
u
st
o
m
In
teg
r
a
ted
Circ
u
it
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
2
2
.
1
.
1
-
2
2
.
1
.
4
,
1
9
8
9
.
[1
8
]
W
.
M
a
l
y
a
n
d
M
.
P
a
ty
ra
,
“
Bu
il
t
-
in
c
u
rre
n
t
tes
ti
n
g
,
”
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
l
id
-
S
t
a
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
p
p
.
4
2
5
-
4
2
8
,
1
9
9
2
.
[1
9
]
T
.
S
h
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
2
-
n
s
De
tec
ti
n
g
T
i
m
e
,
2
-
m
m
CM
OS
Bu
il
t
-
in
C
u
rre
n
t
S
e
n
si
n
g
Circu
it
,
”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te Ci
rc
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
77
,
1
9
9
3
.
[2
0
]
Y.
M
iu
ra
a
n
d
H.
Ya
m
a
z
a
k
i,
“
A
lo
w
-
lo
ss
b
u
il
t
-
in
c
u
rre
n
t
se
n
s
o
r,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
sti
n
g
,
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
48
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
1
]
K
.
J.
L
e
e
a
n
d
J.
J.
T
a
n
g
,
“
A
b
u
il
t
-
in
c
u
rre
n
t
se
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
u
rre
n
t
-
m
o
d
e
d
e
sig
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
i
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
-
II
An
a
lo
g
a
n
d
Dig
it
a
l
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
45
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
3
7
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
2
]
R.
F
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
F
a
st
Bu
il
t
-
In
-
S
e
n
so
r
f
o
r
CM
OS
Dig
iata
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
Ca
n
a
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
ol
.
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
-
2
4
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
J
.
B
.
K
im
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
Bu
il
t
i
n
c
u
rre
n
t
se
n
so
r
f
o
r
I
d
d
q
tes
ti
n
g
,
”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
S
ta
te
Circ
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
6
-
1
2
7
2
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
4
]
M.
L
.
A
li
a
n
d
N.
H.
Kh
a
m
is,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
c
u
rre
n
t
se
n
so
r
f
o
r
I
DDQ
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
CM
OS
IC
,
”
Ame
r
ica
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
a
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
-
6
8
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
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