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l J
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lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
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ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
5
9
6
5
~
5
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: 1
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.
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In
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r
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k
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o
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ts
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e
d
a
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lu
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h
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d
s
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n
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m
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v
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m
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k
is
ro
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b
y
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th
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u
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C
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.
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it
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elag
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n
ata
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n
d
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ail:
r
ag
h
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v
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r
a
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g
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s
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ed
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.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
d
a
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to
d
a
y
li
f
e
t
h
e
W
SNs
h
av
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c
lu
d
ed
a
w
id
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g
e
o
f
ap
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i
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if
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er
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t
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o
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s
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u
c
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o
n
m
e
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t
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h
ab
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o
n
ito
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g
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ce
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b
o
a
r
d
in
g
alar
m
i
n
g
f
o
r
f
is
h
er
m
an
,
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
h
o
m
e
au
to
m
atio
n
.
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h
e
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
co
llectin
g
t
h
e
d
ata
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
[
1
]
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
ar
e
co
n
tain
ed
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t
y
p
ical
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SN
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
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m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
ar
e
s
en
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
e
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
t
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
s
en
t
to
B
S
f
o
r
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
lo
c.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
en
er
g
ized
b
y
b
atter
ie
s
a
n
d
as
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
s
e
n
s
e,
th
e
y
tr
a
n
s
m
it
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
lt
i
h
o
p
r
elay
s
an
d
h
en
c
e
th
e
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
Af
ter
c
er
tain
p
o
in
t
o
f
ti
m
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s
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n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es f
ail
to
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u
n
ct
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o
w
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g
to
lo
w
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g
y
o
r
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en
b
atter
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d
ea
d
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
es sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
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p
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im
ar
il
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p
o
s
itio
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ed
i
n
u
n
a
tten
d
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
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o
ce
s
s
m
a
y
b
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
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o
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m
a
y
n
o
t
b
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im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
u
d
en
tl
y
in
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
l
if
eti
m
e.
T
h
e
[2
,
3
]
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
t
h
i
s
f
ield
ar
e
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
w
h
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n
cl
u
d
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
ata,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
co
m
p
il
in
g
,
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
ev
al
u
at
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
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is
io
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-
m
ak
i
n
g
.
W
SN
s
tar
ts
its
f
u
n
ct
io
n
b
y
s
en
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
s
en
s
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
s
en
s
ed
b
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
h
u
m
id
it
y
,
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e,
etc.
r
ely
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
ap
p
lica
ti
o
n
lo
g
ic.
T
o
h
an
d
le
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
d
ev
ices,
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
a
r
e
co
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
is
co
n
tai
n
ed
i
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
lies
e
n
er
g
y
to
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
5
9
6
5
-
5
9
7
3
5966
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ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
g
u
id
ed
b
y
r
ela
y
s
co
r
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
en
s
u
r
es
to
f
i
n
d
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
f
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
tin
g
o
f
d
ata
t
o
th
e
s
in
k
.
B
u
t
th
e
r
ela
y
ti
m
e
s
co
u
ld
b
e
e
v
en
m
o
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
it
h
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
w
h
ich
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
ata
r
ela
y
r
ate
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ea
r
lier
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
.
Mo
b
ile
s
in
k
m
o
v
e
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
ar
ea
an
d
co
llect
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
an
ite
r
ativ
e
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
i.e
.
Sto
ch
ast
ic
Hill C
li
m
b
in
g
is
u
s
ed
.
B
u
t in
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
m
o
b
ile
s
i
n
k
,
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
is
f
i
x
ed
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
to
ad
ap
t
th
eir
r
o
u
tin
g
b
ased
o
n
m
o
b
ile
s
i
n
k
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
d
ev
iatio
n
is
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
e
n
s
in
g
r
ate,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
ate
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
s
i
n
k
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
elay
t
i
m
es.
T
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
o
r
d
er
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
r
elev
a
n
t
w
o
r
k
is
d
escr
ib
ed
.
P
r
o
b
le
m
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
alo
n
g
w
it
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
al
y
s
is
i
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Sectio
n
5
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
6
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
p
ap
er
is
d
escr
ib
ed
f
in
all
y
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
I
n
[
4
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
p
r
o
to
co
l
k
n
o
w
n
as
E
q
u
alize
d
C
l
u
s
ter
Hea
d
E
lectio
n
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
E
C
HE
R
P
)
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
Gu
a
s
s
ia
n
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
li
n
ea
r
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
E
C
HE
R
P
.
Fo
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
n
o
d
es’
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
elec
ted
as
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
ar
e
ca
lc
u
late
d
b
y
th
i
s
p
r
o
to
co
l.
I
n
m
u
lti
h
o
p
s
W
S
Ns,
an
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
5
]
f
o
r
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fo
r
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
r
o
u
tes,
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
o
es
n
’
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
as
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
in
t
h
e
s
tatic
co
n
d
itio
n
b
u
t
it
is
le
f
t
o
u
t
f
o
r
s
a
v
i
n
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
b
ased
o
n
ON
-
O
FF
c
y
cles.
Mo
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
s
a
v
ed
b
y
t
h
ese
c
y
cl
es
th
a
t
ar
e
tak
in
g
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
f
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ath
to
th
e
tar
g
et
t
h
an
t
h
e
ex
is
t
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
t
h
at
ca
n
r
e
m
ai
n
th
e
ali
v
i
n
g
o
f
alter
n
a
tiv
e
p
ath
s
.
I
n
[
6
]
,
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
f
eq
u
all
y
-
w
ei
g
h
ted
m
u
l
tip
le
least
lo
ad
ed
p
ath
r
o
u
ti
n
g
(
E
ML
R
)
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
Fo
r
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
el
f
-
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
to
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
lo
ca
lized
r
o
u
tin
g
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
E
M
L
R
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
th
e
s
ca
lab
ili
t
y
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
-
a
w
ar
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ated
m
etr
ic,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
.
I
n
[
7
]
,
an
alg
o
r
it
h
m
o
f
a
n
e
w
li
n
k
a
war
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
n
ex
t
h
o
p
n
o
d
e
w
i
th
e
f
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
.
T
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
th
e
p
ac
k
et
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
v
o
l
v
es
lo
w
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
p
r
io
r
it
y
p
ac
k
ets.
A
n
o
d
e
is
s
elec
t
ed
t
h
at
h
as
t
h
e
least
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ela
y
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
s
w
ith
lo
w
es
t n
u
m
b
er
to
th
e
s
in
k
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
p
r
io
r
ity
p
ac
k
et
s
.
W
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
w
i
th
lo
w
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
a
n
o
d
e
is
ch
o
s
e
n
t
h
at
in
c
lu
d
es t
h
e
lo
w
est p
at
h
lo
s
s
an
d
is
n
ea
r
er
to
th
e
s
i
n
k
.
I
n
[
8
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
I
n
te
g
r
at
ed
L
o
ca
tio
n
Ser
v
ice
an
d
R
o
u
t
i
n
g
(
I
L
SR
)
w
it
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
B
ef
o
r
e
o
r
af
ter
a
lin
k
b
r
ea
k
ag
e
an
d
w
h
e
n
a
lin
k
is
cr
ea
ted
,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
in
k
i
s
u
p
d
ated
to
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
[
9
]
,
th
e
is
s
u
e
s
o
f
m
a
x
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
lif
e
ti
m
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
o
f
m
u
l
tip
le
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
.
Her
e,
a
n
o
v
el
h
eu
r
is
tic
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ases
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
th
at
co
n
ta
in
s
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
a
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
alit
y
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
b
ile
s
i
n
k
,
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
s
o
jo
u
r
n
at
ea
ch
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
jo
u
r
n
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
f
in
d
i
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
ac
tu
al
ti
m
e
o
f
s
o
j
o
u
r
n
at
ea
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
s
o
j
o
u
r
n
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
an
ar
tif
icial
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
W
SNs
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
E
L
D
C
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
au
th
o
r
s
.
Fo
r
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ad
ativ
e
to
an
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le,
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
n
h
u
g
e
d
at
a
s
ets
th
at
co
n
tai
n
s
al
m
o
s
t a
ll
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
in
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
,
a
n
e
w
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
ca
lled
as
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
en
s
iti
v
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
T
E
E
N)
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
f
o
r
r
e
-
ac
ti
v
atio
n
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
Fo
r
cr
itical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
T
E
E
N
is
ap
p
lied
w
e
ll
an
d
it
i
s
also
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
w
i
th
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
I
n
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
au
th
o
r
f
o
r
s
o
lv
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
h
o
le
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
o
v
el
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ter
m
ed
as
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
it
h
d
ata
g
ath
er
i
n
g
(
DE
AC
P
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
is
u
tili
ze
d
th
at
i
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
s
in
th
is
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
a
W
SN
w
it
h
w
ell
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
u
itab
le
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
izes.
I
n
[
1
4
-
1
6
]
,
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
o
lu
tio
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ar
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
ed
f
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
o
n
a
f
i
x
ed
s
e
t
o
f
n
o
d
es
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
is
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ets
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
its
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
eg
io
n
s
in
w
h
ic
h
h
u
m
a
n
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
is
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
th
e
r
eliab
le
d
ata
co
llectio
n
is
en
s
u
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t ro
u
tin
g
in
w
ir
eless
s
en
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o
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w
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a
s
ed
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y
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.
.
(
R
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5967
3.
P
RO
B
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n
tai
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itial
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els
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p
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ata
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it
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m
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lti
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ed
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ata
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to
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S.
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h
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e
n
s
o
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w
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k
’
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li
f
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m
e
is
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e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
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al
ti
m
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e
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itial
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o
d
e
is
d
ied
i
n
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
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r
k
.
W
ith
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u
t
d
is
t
u
r
b
in
g
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h
e
d
ata
co
lle
ctio
n
,
t
h
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ta
r
g
et
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
3
.
1
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
s
o
lutio
n
I
n
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
is
m
o
d
eled
as st
ate
d
:
E
(
t
)
=
E
s
en
s
(
t
)
+
E
Tx
(
t
)
+
E
Rx
(
t
)
+
E
A
ckT
x
(
t
)
+
E
A
ckRx
(
t
)
+
E
Id
l
e
(
t
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
u
t
ilized
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
E
s
en
s
(
t
)
for
s
e
n
s
in
g
ove
r
time
t
E
Tx
(
t
)
for
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
ti
m
e
t
E
Rx
(
t
)
for
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
v
er
ti
m
e
t
E
A
ckT
x
(
t
)
f
o
r
A
c
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
ti
m
e
t
E
A
ckRx
(
t
)
for
A
c
k
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
v
er
ti
m
e
t a
n
d
E
Id
l
e
(
t
)
for
id
le
s
tag
e.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
as
E
s
en
s
(
t
)
=
t
∗
f
s
∗
P
s
∗
Φ
t
s
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
f
s
is
the
s
a
mpl
in
g
fr
e
q
ue
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
P
s
is
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
pow
e
r
for
s
e
n
s
in
g
n
ode
s
Φ
t
s
is
the
s
a
mpl
in
g
dura
tion
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
s
g
iv
e
n
as
E
Tx
(
t
)
=
A
vgN
F
Tx
∗
P
Tx
∗
Φ
t
Tx
(
3
)
A
vgN
F
Tx
=
NF
Tx
∗
1
−
(
(
1
−
(
1
−
η
)
2
)
R
+
1
1
−
(
1
−
(
1
−
η
)
2
)
(
4)
NF
Tx
=
t
∗
f
Tx
&
t
≤
LT
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
A
vgN
F
Tx
is
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
tr
a
n
s
mitt
e
d
fr
a
me
s
in
n
umb
e
r
s
P
Tx
is
the
tr
a
n
s
mit
tin
g
pow
e
r
Φ
t
Tx
is
the
tr
a
n
s
miss
ion
d
u
r
atio
n
NF
Tx
is
the
tota
l
tr
n
a
s
mitte
d
fr
a
me
s
in
n
umb
e
r
s
η
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
er
r
o
r
R
is
t
h
e
r
etr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
s
R
ec
ep
tio
n
en
er
g
y
i
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
as
E
Rx
(
t
)
=
A
vgN
F
Rx
∗
P
Rx
∗
Φ
t
Rx
(
6
)
A
vgN
F
Rx
=
NF
Tx
∗
(
1
−
η
)
∗
∗
1
−
(
(
1
−
(
1
−
η
)
2
)
R
+
1
1
−
(
1
−
(
1
−
η
)
2
)
(
7)
w
h
er
e
A
vgN
F
Rx
is
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
n
umb
e
r
of
r
e
c
ie
ve
d
fr
a
me
s
P
Rx
is
the
r
e
c
e
pt
ion
pow
e
r
Φ
t
Rx
is
the
r
e
c
pti
on
d
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
5
9
6
5
-
5
9
7
3
5968
T
h
e
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
m
es
s
ag
e
ab
o
u
t
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
r
a
m
e
s
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
u
s
in
g
AC
K
f
r
a
m
e.
Fo
r
A
C
K
f
r
a
m
e
’
s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
as b
elo
w
E
A
ckT
x
(
t
)
=
A
vgN
F
Rx
∗
P
A
ckT
x
∗
Φ
t
A
ckT
x
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
A
vg
NF
Rx
is
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
n
umb
e
r
of
r
e
c
ie
ve
d
fr
a
me
s
P
A
ckT
x
is
the
A
c
k
tr
a
n
s
miss
ion
pow
e
r
Φ
t
A
ckT
x
is
the
time
Du
r
atio
n
f
o
r
A
c
k
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
Du
r
in
g
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
A
c
k
f
r
a
m
e,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
is
s
tated
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
E
A
ckRx
(
t
)
=
A
vgN
F
A
ckRx
∗
P
A
ckRx
∗
Φ
t
A
ckRx
(
9)
A
vgN
F
A
ckRx
=
NF
Tx
∗
(
1
−
η
)
2
∗
∗
1
−
(
(
1
−
(
1
−
η
)
2
)
R
+
1
1
−
(
1
−
(
1
−
η
)
2
)
(
1
0
)
A
vgN
F
A
ckRx
is
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
A
c
k
r
e
c
e
pti
o
n
in
n
umb
e
r
s
P
A
ckRx
is
the
A
c
k
r
e
c
e
pt
ion
pow
e
r
Φ
t
A
ckRx
is
the
time
dura
tion
f
o
r
A
c
k
r
ec
ep
tio
n
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
life
ti
m
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
p
lo
tted
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
[
1
7
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
in
b
o
th
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
s
a
m
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ca
u
s
e
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
p
o
w
er
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
li
f
eti
m
e
i
s
ill
u
s
tr
at
ed
.
T
h
e
lif
eti
m
e
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
b
u
t
n
o
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
tial
w
a
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
li
f
eti
m
e
is
a
f
f
ec
ted
in
a
n
ex
p
o
n
en
t
ial
f
o
r
m
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
i
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
ate
a
n
d
s
a
m
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
o
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
o
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
li
f
eti
m
e,
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
-
Data
s
en
s
i
n
g
r
ate
o
f
n
o
d
e
(
D
S
)
-
Data
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
ate
o
f
n
o
d
e
(
D
T
)
-
Data
r
ela
y
ti
m
es o
f
n
o
d
e
(
D
R
)
I
n
th
e
n
o
d
e’
s
Data
s
en
s
i
n
g
r
ate,
s
a
m
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
r
ep
licated
.
I
n
th
e
r
elay
r
ate
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate,
th
e
r
ef
lecti
o
n
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
is
d
o
n
e.
W
h
en
th
ese
t
h
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
,
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
s
li
f
eti
m
e
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
ata
r
ela
y
ti
m
e.
Her
e
Data
r
elay
ti
m
es
w
a
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
s
i
n
g
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
ased
o
n
r
elay
s
co
r
e,
s
till
li
f
e
ti
m
e
is
a
f
f
ec
ted
w
h
en
all
h
ig
h
p
r
io
r
ity
n
o
d
es
ar
e
o
n
s
in
g
le
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
w
ill
n
o
t b
e
ab
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
r
ai
n
.
So
,
a
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
i
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
av
o
id
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
Hi
ll C
li
m
b
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
f
lo
w
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
‘
E
’
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
‘
N”
a
n
d
th
is
lead
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
li
f
e
s
p
an
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
g
u
id
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ath
o
f
s
in
k
i
n
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
to
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ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
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e
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
B
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
h
o
p
co
u
n
t,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ate
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
an
d
lif
e
ti
m
e
i
s
m
a
x
i
m
ize
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
n
erg
y
efficien
t ro
u
tin
g
in
w
ir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
a
s
ed
o
n
mo
b
ile
s
in
k
g
u
id
e
d
b
y
.
.
.
(
R
a
g
h
a
ve
n
d
r
a
Y
.
M
.
)
5969
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
b
ile
s
i
n
k
m
e
th
o
d
f
i
n
d
s
a
n
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
af
ter
a
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
an
d
t
h
e
n
f
i
n
d
s
a
n
o
p
tim
u
m
p
o
s
itio
n
to
m
o
v
e
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
s
in
k
ca
lc
u
lates
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
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it
io
n
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
w
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y
to
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ed
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ce
th
e
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ela
y
ti
m
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s
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I
n
th
e
d
ata
p
a
ck
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h
o
p
co
u
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t
an
d
s
o
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n
o
d
e
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f
o
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m
atio
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s
en
t
alo
n
g
w
it
h
in
f
o
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m
a
tio
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to
th
e
s
i
n
k
.
T
h
e
B
S
is
s
to
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ed
th
e
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ata
ab
o
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t
th
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n
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d
e,
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co
u
n
t
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n
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n
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m
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er
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f
ti
m
es
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
till
t
h
e
ti
m
e
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er
io
d
.
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t
th
e
en
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o
f
ti
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e
p
er
io
d
,
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
in
f
o
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m
a
tio
n
,
ca
lcu
late
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e
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e
x
t
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est
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o
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itio
n
s
o
as
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ed
u
ce
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e
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ela
y
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es.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
ela
y
s
co
r
e,
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
A
r
ela
y
s
co
r
e
is
ca
lc
u
l
ated
b
y
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
an
d
a
h
ello
p
ac
k
et
w
it
h
t
h
e
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ela
y
s
co
r
e
is
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
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ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
h
ello
p
ac
k
et
is
r
ec
ei
v
ed
an
d
th
e
s
en
d
i
n
g
n
o
d
e’
s
r
ela
y
s
co
r
e
is
s
av
ed
b
y
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
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h
e
r
elay
s
co
r
e
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
(
1
1
)
:
=
1
∗
R
+
2
∗
+
3*
ℎ
(
1
+
2
+
3
=
1
)
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
eq
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
w
ei
g
h
t
is
d
o
n
e
a
m
o
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
,
r
ela
y
ti
m
e
s
,
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
[
1
9
]
s
u
c
h
th
at
(
w
1
+
w
2
+
w
3
)
=
1
.
W
h
er
e
E
R
is
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
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R
ela
y
ti
m
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s
is
th
e
n
u
m
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er
o
f
h
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p
s
an
d
D
NB
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
[
2
0
-
22]
,
(
x
N,
x
B
)
an
d
(
y
N,
y
B
)
ar
e
th
e
n
o
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
as
=√
(
−
)
2
+ (
−
)
2
/
(
1
2
)
R
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
s
in
k
h
as
to
d
ec
id
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th
e
n
e
x
t
b
est
p
o
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itio
n
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ased
o
n
th
e
r
ela
y
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
o
f
all
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
th
e
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ast
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ter
v
a
l.
A
co
s
t
f
ac
to
r
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
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ased
o
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th
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ela
y
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o
p
co
u
n
t
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d
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
h
ich
g
iv
e
s
h
ig
h
er
co
s
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
o
lu
t
io
n
is
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
s
in
k
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
to
c
h
asti
c
h
ill
cl
i
m
b
i
n
g
w
h
ich
is
a
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
A
l
l
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
s
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
b
y
t
h
is
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
an
d
i
t
ch
o
o
s
e
s
th
e
w
ei
g
h
ted
n
o
d
es a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
.
3
.
2
.
St
o
cha
s
t
ic
hil
l c
li
m
bi
ng
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
to
ch
asti
c
h
ill
cli
m
b
i
n
g
i
s
ex
p
la
in
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
P
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
A
l
s
o
,
p
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
h
elp
s
to
s
in
k
f
o
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
n
e
x
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
h
o
p
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
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m
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
C
o
s
t f
o
r
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t p
o
s
itio
n
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
y
:
C
=
No
o
f
p
ac
k
et
to
s
in
k
/ ∑
R
ela
y
h
o
p
C
o
u
n
t
C
o
s
t f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
w
p
o
s
itio
n
(
X,
Y)
is
ca
lcu
lated
as:
C
=
P
r
ed
icted
P
ac
k
et
co
u
n
t to
s
in
k
/ (
∑ (
Dis
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
(
X,
Y
)
to
No
d
e
P
o
s
itio
n
)
/R
)
w
h
er
e
R
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
an
g
e.
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
:
T
h
e
p
s
eu
d
o
-
co
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
to
c
h
ast
ic
h
il
l c
li
m
b
i
n
g
Input : Iter
max
Problem Size
Output : Current
Current ← random solution (problem size)
For (Iter
i
ϵ Iter
max
)
Candidate ← random neighbour (current)
If (cost (candidate) ≥ cost (current))
Current ←
candidate
End
Return (current)
I
n
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
d
o
m
ai
n
s
t
h
e
Sto
ch
ast
ic
Hill
C
li
m
b
i
n
g
w
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h
co
m
b
in
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tio
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o
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izatio
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k
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w
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a
s
ex
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g
h
b
o
r
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co
m
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ar
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to
co
n
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u
o
u
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
al
g
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
ap
p
lied
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
d
o
m
a
i
n
s
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es.E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
es
a
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
it
ca
n
s
till
g
et
s
t
u
c
k
in
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a.
T
h
e
Sto
ch
a
s
tic
Hill
C
li
m
b
i
n
g
w
ill
b
e
r
estar
ted
an
d
r
ep
ea
te
d
f
o
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ti
m
es
af
ter
it c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
es
u
lts
[
2
3
-
25]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
m
u
l
tip
le
n
o
d
es c
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
allo
w
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
al
g
o
r
ith
m
r
u
n
s
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e.
P
ast h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
ac
k
et
co
u
n
t
o
v
er
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
is
co
lle
cted
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d
b
ased
o
n
its
au
to
r
eg
r
ess
i
v
e
in
teg
r
ated
m
o
v
i
n
g
a
v
er
a
g
e
(
A
R
I
M
A
)
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
.
D
u
e
to
s
to
c
h
ast
ic
h
ill
cli
m
b
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
co
n
v
er
g
e
s
at
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
w
h
er
e
r
ela
y
h
o
p
co
u
n
t i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
5
9
6
5
-
5
9
7
3
5970
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE AN
AL
YS
I
S
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e,
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
l
if
e
ti
m
e
(
T
)
is
d
o
n
e.
I
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
li
f
e
ti
m
e
(
T
)
i
s
th
e
ti
m
e
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
E
o
f
an
y
n
o
d
e
N.
T
h
e
life
ti
m
e
(
T
)
is
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
Data
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
(
D
T
)
,
Data
s
en
s
i
n
g
r
ate
(
D
s
)
,
an
d
th
e
Data
r
ela
y
r
ate
o
f
n
o
d
es (
D
R
)
.
D
S
α
1
(
1
3
)
D
T
α
1
(
1
4
)
D
R
α
1
(
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I
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3
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1
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1
1
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1
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e
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L
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4
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Dis
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I
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I
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
S
.
Ra
n
i
,
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a
l
.
,
“
EE
ICC
P
-
En
e
rg
y
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ff
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.
7
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p
.
1
2
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0
1
3
.
[2
]
Y
.
M
.
Ra
g
h
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v
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ra
a
n
d
U.
B.
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
s
w
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m
y
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
of
En
e
rg
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ff
icie
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Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
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to
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ls i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
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Ne
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rk
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o
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rd
In
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Cu
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re
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g
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ie
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e
a
n
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e
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h
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,
ICCT
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T
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
pp
.
1
0
1
7
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0
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4
,
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0
1
7
.
[3
]
Y
.
M
.
Ra
g
h
a
v
e
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ra
a
n
d
U.
B.
M
a
h
a
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e
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a
s
w
a
m
y
,
“
En
e
rg
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ff
icie
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ti
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e
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site F
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e
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s
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W
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les
s P
e
rs
onal
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
]
S
.
A
.
Nik
o
li
d
a
k
is
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
e
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ici
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n
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in
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,
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Al
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ms
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6
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
C
.
V
.
V
i
ll
a
d
a
a
n
d
Y.
Do
n
o
so
,
“
M
u
lt
ip
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ti
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Ne
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rk
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
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ici
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t
W
irele
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S
e
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r
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rk
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Pro
c
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ia
C
o
mp
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ter
S
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ien
c
e
,
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l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
3
8
7
-
3
9
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
M
.
M
.
M
o
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o
w
a
r
,
“
A
n
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n
e
rg
y
-
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Qo
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g
f
o
r
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n
d
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strial
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Ad
h
o
c
&
S
e
n
so
r W
ire
l
e
ss
Ne
two
rk
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,
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l.
3
6
,
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o
.
1
-
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
-
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
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8
8
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E
n
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u
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g
in
w
ir
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.
.
(
R
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)
5973
[7
]
H.
Kh
o
d
a
b
a
n
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
in
k
a
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a
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ici
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in
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y
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s,”
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two
rk
Pro
to
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A
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ms
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9
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[8
]
X
.
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l
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in
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s,
”
IEE
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rn
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ted
Are
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p
.
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7
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0
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2
.
[9
]
W
.
L
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a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
Ne
t
w
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rk
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f
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e
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iza
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w
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rk
s w
it
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lt
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o
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in
k
s
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0
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3
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ter
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rk
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p
p
.
3
5
0
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7
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2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
A
.
M
e
h
m
o
o
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
EL
DC:
a
n
a
rti
f
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e
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ra
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e
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rk
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o
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st
ro
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ti
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g
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
p
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
in
W
S
Ns
,”
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E
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ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Eme
rg
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n
g
T
o
p
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in
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o
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ti
n
g
,
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l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
1
0
6
-
1
1
4
,
20
20
.
[1
1
]
A
.
M
a
n
jes
h
w
a
r
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
EE
N:
A
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
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o
l
f
o
r
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
1
5
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Pa
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distrib
u
ted
Pro
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e
ss
in
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S
y
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o
siu
m
(
IPDP
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,
p
p
.
2
0
0
9
-
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0
1
5
,
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0
0
1
.
[1
2
]
A
.
M
e
h
to
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
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re
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d
e
z
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u
s
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se
d
d
a
ta
a
c
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o
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e
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o
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s
in
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n
so
r
n
e
tw
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rk
s
w
it
h
m
o
b
il
e
sin
k
s
,
”
W
ire
les
s Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
9
-
2
6
6
3
,
20
20
.
[1
3
]
C.
G
h
e
rb
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
e
n
e
r
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ff
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a
d
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p
ti
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lu
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p
r
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to
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o
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it
h
d
a
ta
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th
e
ri
n
g
f
o
r
larg
e
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sc
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le
w
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s
s
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n
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r
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e
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w
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rk
s,
”
1
2
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In
ter
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Pro
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ra
mm
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n
d
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y
ste
ms
(
IS
PS
)
,
p
p
.
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-
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Ja
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
QW
RP
:
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u
e
ry
-
d
ri
v
e
n
v
irt
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l
w
h
e
e
l
-
b
a
se
d
ro
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ti
n
g
p
ro
to
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o
l
f
o
r
w
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ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
m
o
b
il
e
sin
k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
two
rk
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
Ap
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li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
ol
.
1
4
7
,
p
.
1
0
2
4
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
S
.
Ja
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
QRRP
:
A
Qu
e
r
y
-
d
riv
e
n
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g
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o
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ti
n
g
P
r
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o
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le
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i
n
k
b
a
se
d
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irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
T
ENCON 2
0
1
9
-
2
0
1
9
IE
EE
Reg
i
o
n
1
0
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o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
T
ENCON)
,
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c
h
i,
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d
ia,
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p
.
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9
8
6
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9
9
1
,
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0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
M
e
e
ra
G
.
S
.
a
n
d
P
riy
a
S
.
S
.
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
ro
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
sin
k
b
a
se
d
W
S
N
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IRJET
)
,
v
ol
.
03
,
no.
01
,
p
p
.
8
9
5
-
9
0
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
M
.
U.
Yo
u
n
u
s
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Diffe
re
n
t
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
S
e
tt
in
g
s
o
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
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m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
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1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
S
.
T
a
b
ib
i
a
n
d
A
.
G
h
a
ff
a
ri
,
“
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
S
in
k
i
n
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ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
Us
in
g
P
a
rti
c
le S
w
a
rm
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
W
ire
les
s P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
Co
m
mu
n
ica
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io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
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8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
H
.
K
.
D.
S
a
rm
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E2
R2
:
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n
e
rg
y
-
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ff
icie
n
t
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n
d
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li
a
b
le Ro
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
IEE
E
S
y
ste
ms
J
o
u
rn
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l
,
v
o
l.
1
0
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n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
4
-
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,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
0
]
E
.
A
h
v
a
r
,
et
al
.
,
“
A
n
En
e
rg
y
-
Aw
a
re
Ro
u
ti
n
g
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ro
to
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o
l
f
o
r
Qu
e
ry
-
Ba
se
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
T
h
e
S
c
ien
t
if
ic W
o
rld
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
A
.
R
.
B
h
a
n
g
w
a
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
ET
RP
:
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e
i
g
h
t
Ba
se
d
En
e
rg
y
&
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
re
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a
re
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
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to
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o
l
f
o
r
W
irele
s
s
Bo
d
y
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
IEE
E
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
8
7
9
8
7
-
8
7
9
9
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
B.
Ra
jas
e
k
a
ra
n
a
n
d
C.
A
ru
n
,
“
L
in
k
F
a
il
u
re
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Clas
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
Clas
sif
ic
a
ti
o
n
M
e
t
h
o
d
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Exp
lo
rin
g
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
IT
EE
)
,
v
ol
.
8
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
2
-
1
1
3
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
B
.
M
o
n
d
a
l
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
o
a
d
Ba
lan
c
i
n
g
in
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
u
si
n
g
sto
c
h
a
stic
h
il
l
c
li
m
b
in
g
-
A
S
o
f
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
783
-
7
8
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
J
.
He
lk
e
y
a
n
d
L
.
Ho
ld
e
r
,
“
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
Co
n
f
i
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
L
e
a
rn
in
g
f
o
r
M
a
x
i
m
izin
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
1
7
7
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
5
]
M
.
J
.
Ra
n
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hy
b
rid
E
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
ry
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
Ult
ra
W
id
e
Ba
n
d
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
L
o
c
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
RT
E)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
5
S
3
,
p
p
.
4
6
4
-
4
6
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
r
.
Ra
g
h
a
v
e
n
d
r
a
Y.
M
.
,
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
B.
E
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
V
isv
e
sra
y
a
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
lg
u
a
m
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
7
,
M
.
T
e
c
h
in
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
m
s
f
ro
m
V
T
U
in
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
G
S
S
S
IET
W
,
M
y
so
re
,
Ka
rn
a
tak
a
,
I
n
d
ia.
He
is
d
o
i
n
g
h
is
P
h
.
D
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
Dr.U.
B.
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
s
w
a
m
y
in
S
JCE
re
se
a
rc
h
c
e
n
tre.
His
f
i
e
ld
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
Co
m
p
u
ter
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
m
s a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
Dr
.
U.
B
.
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
sw
a
m
y
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
B.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
y
so
re
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
1
9
8
8
,
M
.
T
e
c
h
in
In
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
f
ro
m
M
a
n
g
a
lo
re
Un
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e
rsit
y
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
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9
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a
n
d
o
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tai
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h
is
P
h
.
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in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
ro
m
M
y
so
re
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
in
2
0
1
3
.
He
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
S
ri
Ja
y
a
c
h
a
m
a
ra
jen
d
ra
c
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
M
y
so
re
,
Ka
rn
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t
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k
a
,
In
d
ia.
He
h
is
g
u
id
in
g
se
v
e
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
sc
h
o
lars
a
n
d
h
a
s
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sh
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m
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k
s
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in
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tern
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ti
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a
l
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o
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f
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re
n
c
e
s
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n
d
Jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
His
f
ie
ld
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
W
irele
ss
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
A
n
a
lo
g
a
n
d
m
ix
e
d
m
o
d
e
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
s,
Co
n
tr
o
l
sy
st
e
m
s,
Dig
it
a
l
sig
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g.
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