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I
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8
8
-
8708
I
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Vo
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8
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1
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Feb
r
u
ar
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201
8
:
5
8
5
–
5
9
5
586
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r
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en
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A
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g
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al
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(
t
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d
H
(
t
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as c
h
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n
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el
r
esp
o
n
s
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it
h
o
u
t c
o
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s
id
er
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g
n
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i
s
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p
r
o
d
u
ce
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th
e
r
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n
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l
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h
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r
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as:
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f
r
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7
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w
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l seq
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s
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li
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eq
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alize
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lo
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ter
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ar
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h
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izatio
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latio
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I
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ca
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s
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m
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FIR
f
ilter
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i
n
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h
en
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d
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er
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tili
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d
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em
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p
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it seq
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2
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2
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H
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h Di
m
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lity
CAP
Hig
h
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A
cc
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r
d
in
g
to
d
im
en
s
io
n
a
lit
y
t
h
eo
r
e
m
[
5
]
,
w
it
h
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
i
n
ter
v
al
T
,
m
in
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d
m
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u
latio
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i
m
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n
s
io
n
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N
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
5
8
5
–
5
9
5
588
N
WT
2
(
9
)
I
f
N
=
1
,
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
W
=
1
/
2
T
as N
y
q
u
is
t t
h
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m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
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f
o
r
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-
D
a
n
d
3
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D
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
b
an
d
w
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eq
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ir
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ar
e
W
=
1
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an
d
W
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3
/2
T
r
esp
ec
tiv
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y
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
i
n
cr
e
m
en
t
o
f
d
i
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ll
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n
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ea
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e
th
e
o
cc
u
p
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s
i
g
n
a
l
b
an
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On
t
h
e
o
th
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h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
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eq
u
ir
ed
s
a
m
p
le/s
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m
b
o
l
r
atio
is
li
n
ea
r
l
y
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r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
u
p
-
s
a
m
p
lin
g
f
a
cto
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m
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s
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e
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cr
ea
s
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u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
(
SE)
b
y
j
u
s
t
s
i
m
p
l
y
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
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y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
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ate
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
if
w
is
h
to
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ai
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tai
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g
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an
d
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to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
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u
p
-
s
a
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li
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ac
t
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r
.
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h
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u
n
av
o
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ab
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ac
co
m
p
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i
n
g
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
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f
d
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u
m
b
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co
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p
en
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at
es
th
e
h
ig
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u
m
b
er
o
f
s
y
m
b
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in
th
e
alp
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ab
et
a
n
d
lead
s
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
SE
o
f
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
alit
y
[
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
ad
d
i
tio
n
al
d
im
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s
io
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s
lies
in
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
to
f
lex
ib
l
y
allo
ca
te
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
er
v
ice
s
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t u
s
er
s
[
6
]
.
As
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
,
2
D
-
C
A
P
u
s
es
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er
t
p
air
m
o
d
u
lated
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
w
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th
o
g
o
n
al
f
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s
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
its
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n
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r
s
io
n
o
r
m
atc
h
ed
f
ilter
s
at
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
Ho
w
e
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,
th
is
Hilb
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t p
air
m
o
d
u
lated
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
it
y
C
A
P
.
H
en
ce
,
o
th
er
m
et
h
o
d
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
e
w
s
et
o
f
f
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s
f
o
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h
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g
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er
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
alit
y
C
A
P
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
o
r
m
er
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
as
m
in
i
m
a
x
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
a
s
f
ir
s
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
lit
y
C
A
P
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
later
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
d
esi
g
n
f
la
w
s
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
n
e
w
m
et
h
o
d
is
also
a
s
tr
ai
g
h
tf
o
r
war
d
w
a
y
to
e
x
ten
d
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
esig
n
4
D
o
r
h
ig
h
er
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
C
A
P
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
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h
e
s
h
ap
i
n
g
f
ilter
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
i
ts
m
atc
h
ed
f
ilter
at
r
ec
ei
v
er
m
u
s
t
s
atis
f
y
p
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f
ec
t
r
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n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
P
R
)
co
n
d
itio
n
to
av
o
id
i
n
ter
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
cr
o
s
s
tal
k
.
T
o
ass
u
r
e
th
e
P
R
o
f
t
h
e
f
ilter
s
,
t
h
e
n
e
w
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
O
A
)
h
as
b
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n
ap
p
lied
to
e
x
ten
d
th
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co
n
v
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2
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-
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e
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n
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alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
O
A
)
i
s
d
escr
ib
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
[
8
]
:
HP
N
HP
HP
HP
fN
f
f
f
F
F
F
F
,
,
3
,
2
,
1
,...
3
,
2
,
1
,...
,
,
m
ax
m
i
n
(
1
0
)
w
h
er
e
F
i
is
a
d
is
cr
ete
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
DFT
)
o
f
v
ec
to
r
f
i
.
T
h
e
h
ig
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p
ass
(
HP
)
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
t
d
en
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tes
th
e
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u
t
-
of
-
b
an
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p
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r
tio
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f
th
e
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s
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r
esp
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n
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e
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o
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n
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eq
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n
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f
B
to
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s
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h
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r
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s
f
r
eq
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e
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r
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e
w
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(
1
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s
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s
tr
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(
P
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co
n
d
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:
~
'
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(
i
i
f
f
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3
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1
(
1
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0
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'
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(
j
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f
f
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(
1
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w
h
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i
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icate
s
th
e
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y
m
b
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d
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tes
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.
i
k
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ar
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ase
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h
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s
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as
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atc
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to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tr
an
s
m
itter
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i
lter
.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
is
t
h
e
n
d
o
w
n
s
a
m
p
le
d
,
eq
u
alize
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an
d
d
e
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m
ap
p
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
ed
s
ig
n
a
l.
3.
CAP
M
O
T
I
VATI
O
N
C
ar
r
ier
less
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
p
h
ase
(
C
A
P
)
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
a
t o
r
f
o
r
m
er
l
y
k
n
o
w
n
as c
ar
r
ier
les
s
AM
/P
M
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
m
id
-
1
9
7
5
b
y
th
e
B
ell
L
ab
s
as
a
v
iab
le
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
li
n
k
s
o
v
er
co
p
p
er
w
ir
es
[
9
]
.
C
A
P
i
s
m
er
el
y
g
etti
n
g
atte
n
tio
n
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
d
u
r
in
g
ea
r
l
y
an
d
m
id
-
1
9
9
0
s
w
it
h
th
e
d
a
w
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
lo
o
p
(
DSL
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
t
h
at
w
er
e
ai
m
ed
f
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
as
y
m
m
etr
ic
d
ig
ital s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
lin
e
(
A
DS
L
)
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
alit
y
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
C
A
P
h
as
p
u
t
an
in
t
er
est
to
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
tr
an
s
f
er
m
o
d
e
(
A
T
M)
lo
ca
l
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
L
A
N)
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ap
p
licatio
n
[
1
2
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
C
A
P
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ad
o
p
ted
p
r
im
ar
il
y
an
d
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ADS
L
an
d
A
T
M
L
A
N
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
b
an
d
w
id
th
e
f
f
icien
c
y
an
d
lo
w
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
co
s
t
s
.
C
A
P
was
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
v
er
y
s
en
s
iti
v
e
to
n
o
n
-
f
la
t
s
p
ec
t
r
al
ch
a
n
n
el
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
v
er
y
co
m
p
le
x
eq
u
al
izer
s
[
1
3
]
,
s
ac
r
if
ici
n
g
th
e
s
i
m
p
licit
y
o
f
C
A
P
.
Sin
ce
t
h
en
,
C
A
P
w
as
p
u
s
h
e
d
asid
e
in
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
DM
T
m
o
d
u
latio
n
b
y
in
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
u
n
io
n
(
I
T
U)
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
latio
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
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b
e
s
im
p
ler
an
d
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
t
h
an
d
is
cr
ete
m
u
ltit
o
n
e
(
DM
T
)
[
1
5
]
.
Mu
lti
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
li
k
e
DM
T
is
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
co
m
p
a
r
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to
C
A
P
w
h
er
e
i
n
v
er
s
e
f
ast
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
FF
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d
f
ast
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
FF
T
)
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
i
n
m
o
d
u
la
tio
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a
n
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ile
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
C
A
P
u
s
es
a
f
ilter
o
r
d
ig
ital c
o
n
v
o
lu
t
io
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w
i
th
les
s
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
C
AP
is
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
ex
te
n
d
its
s
i
g
n
a
l
b
asis
to
h
i
g
h
er
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
f
o
r
DSL
ap
p
licatio
n
[
6
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
C
A
P
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
n
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
w
o
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
w
h
er
ea
s
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
p
u
l
s
e
s
h
ap
e
s
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tif
ied
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
u
lti
p
le
s
er
v
ices
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
ali
t
y
C
A
P
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
(
O
A
)
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
e
x
ten
d
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
2
D
-
C
AP
s
ch
e
m
e
to
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g
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er
d
i
m
en
s
io
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t
y
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n
d
to
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u
r
e
p
er
f
ec
t f
i
lter
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
[
8
]
.
Hig
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
a
lit
y
3
D
-
C
A
P
an
d
4
D
-
C
A
P
w
it
h
d
ir
ec
tl
y
m
o
d
u
lated
v
er
tical
ca
v
it
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
em
i
tti
n
g
laser
s
(
DM
-
VC
SEL
s
)
o
v
er
2
0
k
m
SS
M
F
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tall
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
in
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
7
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
u
p
s
a
m
p
l
in
g
f
ac
to
r
th
at
r
es
u
lt
in
g
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
tr
ad
eo
f
f
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
.
Nev
er
t
h
ele
s
s
,
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
w
it
h
h
ig
h
er
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
is
u
s
ef
u
l
an
d
h
i
g
h
l
y
b
en
e
f
icia
l
f
o
r
s
er
v
ice
an
d
u
s
er
allo
ca
tio
n
i
n
W
DM
o
p
tical
ac
c
ess
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
ica
te
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
ODM
A
)
in
W
DM
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
er
v
ice
an
d
u
s
er
allo
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ex
ten
d
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
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h
o
f
ea
ch
c
h
an
n
el
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
m
u
lti
-
b
an
d
C
A
P
(
Mu
l
tiC
A
P
)
o
r
m
-
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
(
w
h
er
e
m
i
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
o
r
s
u
b
-
b
an
d
s
)
h
as
b
ee
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
C
A
P
s
ig
n
al
in
to
s
m
aller
s
u
b
-
b
an
d
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
less
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
p
h
ase
(
C
A
P
)
in
a
n
o
v
el
m
u
ltib
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
Mu
ltiC
A
P
)
f
o
r
h
ig
h
c
ap
ac
it
y
o
p
tical
d
ata
lin
k
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
to
ex
ten
d
th
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s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
1
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.
4
Gb
/s
o
v
er
1
5
k
m
o
f
SS
MF.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
ac
h
ie
v
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r
ec
o
r
d
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
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c
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,
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
to
ler
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to
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d
s
d
is
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an
d
b
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w
id
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li
m
itatio
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s
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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N:
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m
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SS
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f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
tr
an
s
m
i
ts
1
1
ch
a
n
n
el
s
,
5
5
s
u
b
-
b
an
d
s
f
o
r
5
5
u
s
er
s
at
1
0
Gb
p
s
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
d
ata
r
ate
p
er
u
s
er
o
v
er
4
0
k
m
SMF.
4.
CAP
P
RO
SPEC
T
I
N
O
P
T
I
CAL CO
M
M
UNICAT
I
O
N
SYST
E
M
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
t
h
er
e
is
g
r
o
win
g
i
n
ter
est
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
C
AP
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
ap
p
licatio
n
.
N
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
C
A
P
a
n
d
o
th
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
al
s
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
m
a
n
ag
e
to
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
th
er
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e,
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
o
f
4
0
Gb
/s
2
D
-
C
A
P
-
1
6
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
v
er
1
0
k
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
d
e
f
ib
er
(
SS
MF)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
is
p
e
r
s
io
n
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
n
-
r
etu
r
n
-
to
-
ze
r
o
(
NR
Z
)
m
o
d
u
latio
n
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
g
e
n
er
a
tin
g
a
n
d
d
ec
o
d
in
g
4
0
Gb
/s
C
A
P
c
h
an
n
els
u
s
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
w
-
co
s
t
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
al
f
i
lter
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
C
AP
an
d
DM
T
m
o
d
u
latio
n
u
s
i
n
g
DM
-
V
C
SE
L
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
ta
ll
y
o
v
er
MM
F.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
[
2
3
]
,
C
A
P
d
i
s
p
la
y
s
0
.
7
-
1
.
1
d
B
b
etter
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
h
an
DM
T
.
Sp
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
ci
es
o
f
3
.
7
9
b
/s
/Hz
a
n
d
2
.
9
1
b
/s
/Hz
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
o
r
C
A
P
-
1
6
at
1
.
2
5
Gb
/s
a
n
d
1
6
-
QA
M
-
D
MT
at
9
0
9
.
2
Mb
/s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Sp
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
f
o
r
DM
T
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
c
y
cl
ic
p
r
ef
ix
an
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
eq
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e
n
c
e.
Fro
m
t
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
it
is
b
eliev
ed
th
at
C
A
P
ca
n
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
as a
n
at
tr
ac
tiv
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alter
n
ati
v
e
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
f
o
r
m
at
f
o
r
o
p
tical
in
-
h
o
m
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
E
R
v
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
(
R
OP
)
(
a)
C
A
P
-
4
an
d
4
-
Q
A
M
-
DM
T
(
b
)
C
A
P
-
1
6
an
d
1
6
-
Q
A
M
-
DM
T
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
te
n
s
iv
el
y
an
a
l
y
ze
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
lin
k
p
o
w
er
b
u
d
g
et
an
d
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
r
et
u
r
n
-
to
-
ze
r
o
(
NR
Z
)
,
P
A
M
-
4
,
C
A
P
-
1
6
an
d
1
6
-
QAM
-
OFD
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
f
o
r
len
g
t
h
s
u
p
to
3
0
k
m
o
f
SMF,
th
e
2
D
-
C
A
P
-
1
6
s
ch
e
m
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
FEC)
o
f
f
er
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
h
av
e
h
al
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
o
p
tical
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
l
ti
p
lex
in
g
(
OOFD
M)
s
ch
e
m
es a
t
2
8
Gb
/s
d
ata
r
ate.
T
h
en
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
li
n
k
p
o
w
er
b
u
d
g
et
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
d
e
d
b
etw
ee
n
1
0
0
Gb
/s
C
A
P
-
1
6
/6
4
an
d
1
6
/6
4
-
QAM
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
v
e
r
2
k
m
FE
C
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
SM
F
l
in
k
s
u
s
in
g
d
ir
ec
tl
y
m
o
d
u
lated
laser
s
(
DM
L
)
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Si
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
FEC
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
eq
u
al
is
atio
n
(
DFE)
,
s
in
g
le
c
h
a
n
n
e
l C
A
P
-
1
6
an
d
1
6
-
Q
A
M
-
OFDM
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
>5
k
m
o
f
SMF,
w
it
h
tr
a
n
s
ce
i
v
er
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
tim
e
s
th
at
o
f
th
e
4
x
2
5
Gb
/s
NR
Z
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
1
0
0
Gig
ab
it
E
th
er
n
et.
B
u
t
C
A
P
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
w
h
ic
h
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
D
AC
/
A
D
C
s
h
a
v
e
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
.
Step
-
i
n
d
ex
p
o
l
y
m
er
o
p
tical
f
i
b
er
s
(
SI
-
P
OF)
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
an
a
ttra
ctiv
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
in
-
h
o
m
e
o
p
tica
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
y
s
te
m
ap
p
licatio
n
d
u
e
to
ea
s
y
i
n
s
ta
llatio
n
a
n
d
lo
w
co
s
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
[
2
8
]
.
P
OF
lin
k
s
u
s
e
lig
h
t
e
m
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D)
as
an
o
p
tical
s
o
u
r
ce
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
s
u
s
tai
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
,
ea
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
s
t
allatio
n
an
d
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ch
al
len
g
e
ar
i
s
es
in
t
h
e
L
E
D
-
b
ased
SI
-
P
OF
lin
k
is
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
d
u
e
to
li
m
i
ted
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
L
E
D
an
d
SI
-
P
OF its
el
f
.
A
s
tr
ai
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
w
a
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
it
y
i
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
icien
c
y
b
y
allo
w
i
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g
t
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m
e
b
it
r
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s
m
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u
s
i
n
g
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e,
e
m
p
lo
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g
s
i
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p
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
5
8
5
–
5
9
5
592
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
n
SI
-
P
OF
l
in
k
ca
n
b
e
a
n
ap
p
ea
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
ile
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
a
n
o
v
er
all
lo
w
co
m
p
lex
it
y
a
n
d
r
elativ
el
y
lo
w
en
er
g
y
co
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
a
r
ec
o
r
d
h
ig
h
er
r
o
r
f
r
ee
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
f
ee
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
FEC)
o
v
er
5
0
m
SI
-
P
OF
l
in
k
at
1
.
5
Gb
p
s
is
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
2
D
-
C
A
P
-
6
4
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
to
g
en
er
all
y
g
i
v
es
a
h
ig
h
er
s
y
s
te
m
m
ar
g
i
n
t
h
an
N
R
Z
m
o
d
u
latio
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t
co
m
m
er
ciall
y
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
v
it
y
lig
h
t e
m
itt
in
g
d
io
d
e
(
R
C
-
L
E
D)
[
2
9
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
g
i
g
ab
it
NR
Z
,
C
A
P
an
d
Op
tical
OF
DM
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
v
er
FEC
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
5
0
m
P
OF
lin
k
s
at
2
.
1
Gb
p
s
u
s
i
n
g
L
E
Ds
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
lo
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
b
i
t
r
ate
v
er
s
u
s
P
OF
len
g
t
h
f
o
r
NR
Z
,
C
A
P
an
d
Op
tical
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fo
r
all
th
e
m
o
d
u
la
ti
o
n
s
ch
e
m
es,
th
e
b
it
r
ate
d
ec
r
e
ases
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it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
P
OF
le
n
g
th
,
s
i
m
p
l
y
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
ib
er
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
C
A
P
-
6
4
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
o
th
N
R
Z
an
d
6
4
-
Q
A
M
-
OFDM
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
all
P
OF
len
g
t
h
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
ec
o
r
d
h
ig
h
3
.
5
Gb
/s
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
an
d
2
.
1
Gb
/s
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
v
er
5
0
m
P
OF
li
n
k
.
T
h
e
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
2
.
1
Gb
/s
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
5
0
m
P
OF
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
b
y
C
A
P
-
6
4
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
7
0
%
in
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
1
.
2
5
Gb
/s
NR
Z
s
ig
n
al
o
v
er
5
0
m
P
OF
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
3
2
]
.
C
A
P
-
6
4
m
o
d
u
latio
n
also
co
n
s
u
m
es
s
i
m
i
lar
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
NR
Z
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
h
il
s
t
6
4
-
Q
A
M
-
OFD
M
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
d
o
u
b
le
th
at.
T
h
is
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
C
A
P
-
6
4
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
f
f
er
s
g
r
ea
t
p
o
ten
tial
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
e
f
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
L
E
D
b
as
ed
P
OF lin
k
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
b
it r
ates v
er
s
u
s
P
OF le
n
g
t
h
.
U:
U
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al;
B
: B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
C
A
P
an
d
P
A
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
e
m
es
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
v
er
SI
-
P
OF
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
[
3
3
]
.
Usi
n
g
2
D
-
C
AP
-
1
6
o
v
er
5
0
m
SI
-
P
OF
li
n
k
at
5
Gb
p
s
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
e
s
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
th
at
M
-
C
A
P
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
p
o
te
n
tiall
y
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
as
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
M
-
P
A
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
li
g
h
tl
y
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
en
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
(
SN
R
)
is
h
i
g
h
en
o
u
g
h
.
L
E
D
-
b
ased
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
(
V
L
C
)
h
as a
t
tr
ac
ted
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
in
ter
ests
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
a
s
an
alter
n
a
tiv
e
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
n
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
d
o
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
L
AN
in
r
eg
ar
d
s
w
i
th
L
E
D
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
i
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
illu
m
i
n
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
V
L
C
u
s
i
n
g
w
h
ite
L
E
D
s
o
f
f
er
s
m
an
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
an
d
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
s
h
o
r
t
-
r
an
g
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
av
ailab
ili
t
y
,
h
i
g
h
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
i
m
m
u
n
it
y
to
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
a
n
d
s
p
atial
r
eu
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
b
an
d
w
id
th
i
n
ad
j
ac
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
ce
ll
s
[
3
4
]
.
Hig
h
s
p
ec
tr
all
y
e
f
f
icien
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
at
li
k
e
C
A
P
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
m
et
h
o
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
li
m
i
tatio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
L
E
D
i
n
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etw
ee
n
C
A
P
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
OFD
M
s
ig
n
al
o
v
er
h
i
g
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
R
GB
-
L
E
D
-
b
ased
W
DM
v
is
ib
le
lig
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
V
L
C
)
o
n
2
5
c
m
air
-
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
h
as
b
e
en
m
ad
e
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ag
g
r
eg
a
te
d
ata
r
ates
o
f
C
A
P
an
d
OFDM
ar
e
3
.
2
2
an
d
2
.
9
3
Gb
/s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
C
A
P
s
ch
e
m
e
g
i
v
es
co
m
p
et
iti
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
al
t
er
n
ativ
e
s
p
ec
tr
all
y
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
p
tical
w
ir
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
OFDM.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
P
A
M,
C
A
P
an
d
DM
T
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
a
VL
C
lin
k
u
s
i
n
g
w
h
ite
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
e
s
ce
n
t
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D)
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
3
6
]
.
A
t
d
ata
r
ates
o
f
4
5
0
Gb
p
s
o
n
3
0
cm
air
-
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
2
-
le
v
e
l
P
A
M
a
n
d
C
A
P
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
s
e
x
h
ib
it
b
etter
i
m
m
u
n
i
t
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n
o
n
lin
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r
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
an
d
a
llo
w
f
o
r
lo
w
er
B
E
R
th
a
n
th
eir
4
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ts
.
D
MT
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o
r
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,
h
o
w
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was
s
u
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ta
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f
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r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
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-
lev
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m
o
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s
.
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ig
ated
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h
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p
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en
t
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ated
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ati
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at
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ate
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s
.
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ig
n
i
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ac
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is
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h
at
it
r
eq
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ir
es
a
f
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u
es i
n
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ate
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Oth
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r
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ic
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lties
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s
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tili
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o
f
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i
g
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d
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m
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n
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io
n
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C
A
P
r
eq
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ir
es
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i
g
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u
p
s
a
m
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g
f
ac
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m
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o
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tical
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d
w
ir
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et
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RE
F
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R
E
NC
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S
[1
]
L
.
Tao
,
Y.
Ji,
J.
L
iu
,
A
.
P
.
T
.
L
a
u
,
N.
Ch
i,
a
n
d
C.
L
u
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
o
d
u
latio
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o
rm
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ts
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o
rt
re
a
c
h
o
p
ti
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l
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o
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m
u
n
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ti
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sy
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m
s,”
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E
Ne
tw.
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
–
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3
,
2
0
1
3
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[2
]
L
.
L
i,
W
.
Jia
n
-
y
i,
Z.
X
iu
-
tai,
a
n
d
L
.
Ho
n
g
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se
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n
M
ix
e
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Da
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Ra
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F
o
rm
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ra
n
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in
W
DM
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,” v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
B.
U.
Rin
d
h
e
,
J.
Dig
g
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
K.
Na
ra
y
a
n
k
h
e
d
k
a
r,
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Imp
lem
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ta
ti
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OFDM
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se
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two
rk
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2
0
1
4
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n
t.
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o
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.
A
d
v
.
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m
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n
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t.
T
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h
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C
A
C
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4
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o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
Cd
,
p
p
.
1
–
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,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
T
.
T
o
k
le,
M
.
S
e
rb
a
y
,
J.
B.
J
e
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se
n
,
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.
Ro
se
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a
n
d
P
.
Je
p
p
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,
“
Ad
v
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c
e
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mo
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tra
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issio
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ms
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t.
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ib
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ib
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p
t.
En
g
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C
o
n
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.
,
p
.
OMI
1
,
2
0
0
8
.
[5
]
J.
G
.
P
ro
a
k
is,
Dig
it
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
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4
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h
e
d
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
,
USA
:
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c
G
ra
w
-
Hill
,
2
0
0
0
.
[6
]
A
.
F
.
S
h
a
las
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a
n
d
K.
K.
P
a
r
h
i,
“
M
u
lt
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d
im
e
n
sio
n
a
l
c
a
rrierles
s
A
M
/P
M
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
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d
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it
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l
su
b
sc
rib
e
r
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o
p
s,”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s.
C
o
mm
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n
.
,
v
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l
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4
7
,
n
o
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1
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
5
–
1
6
6
7
,
1
9
9
9
.
[7
]
G
.
S
tep
n
iak
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
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o
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Ef
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5
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6
–
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5
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3
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0
1
4
.
[8
]
X
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a
n
g
,
I.
L
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J.
T
h
n
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a
n
d
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,
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n
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CA
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w
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m
s,”
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ra
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s.
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mm
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l.
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1
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1
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p
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1
2
–
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2
0
0
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[9
]
D.D.
F
a
lco
n
e
r,
“
Ca
rrierles
s A
M
/P
M
,
”
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ll
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.
T
e
c
h
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M
e
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o
.
,
1
9
7
5
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[1
0
]
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J.
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Pa
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I:
Fu
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9
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5
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1
9
9
2
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[1
1
]
J.
J.
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e
rn
e
r,
“
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C
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&
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9
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[1
2
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D.
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d
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J
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/s
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CA
P
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T
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LA
N sta
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rd
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”
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E
J
.
S
e
l.
Are
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s Co
mm
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1
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p
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5
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[1
3
]
J.
G
a
o
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d
Y.
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L
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g
,
“
A
n
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9
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[1
4
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I.
T
.
U.
Itu
-
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“
G
.
9
9
2
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sy
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m
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l
su
b
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li
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e
(A
DSL
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tran
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iv
e
rs,” 1
9
9
9
.
[1
5
]
A
.
S
h
a
las
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a
n
d
K.
K.
P
a
rh
i,
“
Co
mp
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ris
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lt
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iza
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,
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In
t
.
S
y
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p
.
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o
l.
2
,
p
p
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5
6
0
–
5
6
3
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1
9
9
6
.
[1
6
]
I.
T
h
n
g
,
X
.
L
i,
a
n
d
C.
C
.
Ko
,
“
A
Ne
w
3
D CA
P
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ste
m
,
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n
o
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1
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p
p
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3
0
9
–
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9
9
9
.
[1
7
]
M
.
B.
Oth
m
a
n
,
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
L
.
De
n
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,
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.
W
iec
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o
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s
k
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Je
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se
n
,
a
n
d
I.
T
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M
o
n
ro
y
,
“
Ex
p
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ti
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s,”
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2
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2
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1
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[1
8
]
M
.
B.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
X
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
J.
B.
Je
n
se
n
,
a
n
d
I.
T
.
M
o
n
ro
y
,
“
Us
in
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Dim
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sio
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s Ne
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s,”
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
5
–
7
,
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0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
M
.
I.
Olm
e
d
o
,
Z.
T
i
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n
,
J.
B.
Je
n
se
n
,
Z.
Qiw
e
n
,
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.
X
iao
g
e
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g
,
“
T
o
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rd
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4
0
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[2
0
]
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.
I.
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o
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B.
Je
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se
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o
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,
“
M
u
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n
d
c
a
rrie
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s a
m
p
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ta l
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s,”
J
.
L
i
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h
t
.
T
e
c
h
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,
v
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3
2
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.
4
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p
p
.
7
9
8
–
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4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1
,
Feb
r
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201
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594
[2
1
]
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J.
Yu
,
F
.
L
i,
H.
C.
C
h
ie
n
,
X
.
L
i,
a
n
d
Z.
D
o
n
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,
“
1
1
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x
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/s
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CAP
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se
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o
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ti
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l
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u
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lev
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l
M
u
lt
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rr
ier
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s A
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s
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o
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la
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h
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De
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,
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r.
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.
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n
.
,
p
.
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.
1
.
F
.
4
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0
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.
[2
2
]
J.
D.
In
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V
.
P
e
n
ty
,
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
a
n
d
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
,
“
4
0
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/s
c
a
rr
ier
les
s
a
mp
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h
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ta
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li
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s,”
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t
.
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i
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e
r
Co
m
m
u
n
.
Co
n
f
.
Ex
p
o
.
Na
tl
.
F
ib
e
r
Op
t.
En
g
.
Co
n
f
.
,
p
.
OT
h
Z3
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
M
.
B.
Oth
m
a
n
,
T
.
T
.
P
h
a
m
,
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
L
.
D
e
n
g
,
J.
B.
Je
n
se
n
,
a
n
d
I.
T
.
M
o
n
ro
y
,
“
Co
mp
a
riso
n
o
f
Ca
rr
ier
les
s
Amp
li
tu
d
e
-
Ph
a
se
(
CAP
)
a
n
d
Disc
re
te
M
u
lt
it
o
n
e
(
DM
T
)
M
o
d
u
la
ti
o
n
,
”
I
EE
E
5
t
h
I
n
t.
C
o
n
f
.
P
h
o
to
n
ics
,
p
p
.
2
1
4
–
2
1
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
J.
L
.
W
e
i,
J.
D.
In
g
h
a
m
,
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V
P
e
n
ty
,
a
n
d
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
Dis
si
p
a
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
s
Be
twe
e
n
2
8
G
b
/s
N
RZ
,
P
A
M
,
CA
P
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
J
.
L
ig
h
t.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
3
–
3
2
8
0
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
J.
L
.
W
e
i,
J.
D.
In
g
h
a
m
,
D.
G
.
C
u
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V
P
e
n
ty
,
a
n
d
I.
H
.
W
h
it
e
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
2
8
G
b
/
s
NRZ
,
P
A
M
,
CA
P
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
Da
tac
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,” v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
–
2
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
J.
L
.
W
e
i,
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
a
n
d
R.
V
P
e
n
ty
,
“
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
1
0
0
G
Et
h
e
rn
e
t
e
n
a
b
led
b
y
Ca
rrierles
s
Am
p
li
tu
d
e
/
P
h
a
se
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
a
n
d
O
p
ti
c
a
l
O
F
DM,
”
ECOC
,
p
.
P
6
.
0
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
7
]
J.
L
.
Wei,
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V
P
e
n
ty
,
S
.
M
e
m
b
e
r,
a
n
d
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
“
S
tu
d
y
o
f
1
0
0
G
ig
a
b
it
Et
h
e
rn
e
t
Us
in
g
Ca
rrierles
s
Am
p
li
tu
d
e
/
P
h
a
se
M
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
Op
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
,
”
J
.
L
i
g
h
t.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
7
–
1
3
7
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
8
]
A
.
Ne
sp
o
l
a
,
S
.
A
b
ra
te,
R.
G
a
u
d
in
o
,
C.
Zern
a
,
B.
Of
fe
n
b
e
c
k
,
a
n
d
N.
W
e
b
e
r,
“
Hig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
o
v
e
r
p
o
ly
m
e
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
ib
e
rs f
o
r
in
-
b
u
il
d
in
g
c
a
b
li
n
g
a
n
d
h
o
m
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
to
n
ics
J
.
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
–
3
5
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
9
]
L
.
G
e
n
g
,
R.
V
.
P
e
n
ty
,
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
a
n
d
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
“
FE
C
-
Fre
e
5
0
m
1
.
5
G
b
/s
Pl
a
stic
Op
ti
c
a
l
Fi
b
re
L
i
n
k
Us
in
g
CAP
M
o
d
u
la
t
io
n
f
o
r Ho
me
Ne
two
rk
s,”
Eu
r
.
Co
n
f
.
Ex
h
ib
.
Op
t.
Co
m
m
u
n
.
,
p
.
T
h
.
1
.
B.
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
0
]
J.
L
.
W
e
i,
L
.
G
e
n
g
,
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
i
n
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V
.
P
e
n
ty
,
a
n
d
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
“
Co
mp
a
riso
n
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
g
i
g
a
b
it
NRZ
,
CA
P
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
sy
ste
ms
o
v
e
r
FE
C
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
POF
li
n
k
s
u
si
n
g
L
EDs,”
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
T
ra
n
sp
a
re
n
t
O
p
t.
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
p
.
T
u
.
P
.
1
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
1
]
J.
L
.
W
e
i,
L
.
G
e
n
g
,
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V.
P
e
n
ty
,
a
n
d
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
“
G
ig
a
b
it
NRZ,
C
A
P
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
s
y
st
e
m
s o
v
e
r
P
OF
l
in
k
s u
si
n
g
L
EDs,”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
8
4
–
2
2
2
8
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
2
]
C.
Zern
a
,
J.
S
u
n
d
e
rm
e
y
e
r,
A
.
F
ied
e
re
r,
N.
V
e
rw
a
a
l,
B.
O
ff
e
n
b
e
c
k
,
a
n
d
N.
W
e
b
e
r,
“
In
teg
ra
ted
P
AM
2
De
c
isio
n
Fee
d
b
a
c
k
Eq
u
a
li
ze
r
fo
r
Gig
a
b
it
Et
h
e
rn
e
t
o
v
e
r
S
ta
n
d
a
rd
S
I
-
POF
u
sin
g
re
d
L
ED,
”
i
n
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
ECOC,
2
0
1
0
,
p
.
W
e
.
6
.
B
.
4
.
[3
3
]
R.
Kru
g
lo
v
,
S
.
L
o
q
u
a
i,
C.
B
u
n
g
e
,
M
.
S
c
h
u
e
p
p
e
rt,
J.
V
in
o
g
ra
d
o
v
,
a
n
d
O.
Zi
e
m
a
n
n
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
P
A
M
a
n
d
CA
P
M
o
d
u
latio
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
Da
ta
Tran
sm
is
sio
n
Ov
e
r
S
I
-
P
OF,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
to
n
ics
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
3
–
2
2
9
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
4
]
Y.
W
a
n
g
,
Y.
W
a
n
g
,
N.
Ch
i,
J.
Y
u
,
a
n
d
H.
S
h
a
n
g
,
“
De
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
o
f
5
7
5
-
M
b
/s
d
o
w
n
li
n
k
a
n
d
2
2
5
-
M
b
/s
u
p
l
in
k
b
i
-
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
S
CM
-
W
DM
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
RG
B
L
ED
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
b
a
se
d
L
ED,
”
Op
t.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
3
–
1
2
0
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
5
]
F
.
M
.
W
u
,
C.
T
.
L
in
,
C.
C.
W
e
i,
C.
W
.
Ch
e
n
,
Z.
Y.
C
h
e
n
,
H.
T
.
Hu
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ch
i
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
OFDM
sig
n
a
l
a
n
d
CA
P
sig
n
a
l
o
v
e
r
h
ig
h
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
R
G
B
-
L
ED
-
b
a
se
d
WDM
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
J
.
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
6
]
G
.
S
tep
n
iak
,
L
.
M
a
k
s
y
m
iu
k
,
a
n
d
J.
S
iu
z
d
a
k
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
P
A
M
,
CA
P
,
a
n
d
DMT
M
o
d
u
latio
n
s
i
n
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
re
sc
e
n
t
W
h
it
e
L
ED
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
L
in
k
,
”
IEE
E
P
h
o
t
o
n
ics
J
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
No
r
i
d
a
h
M
o
h
d
Ri
d
z
u
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
E
n
g
.
(
Ho
n
s.)
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
-
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
lay
si
a
in
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
to
w
a
rd
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
H
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
ib
e
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
rm
a
t
a
n
d
ra
d
io
o
v
e
r
f
ib
e
r
(Ro
F
)
sy
ste
m
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Fa
iz
Liew
Ab
d
u
l
la
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
S
c
.
(Ho
n
s
.
)
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
(c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
9
7
,
Di
p
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
b
y
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
ib
e
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
2
0
0
0
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
H
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
0
7
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
W
a
r
w
ic
k
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
in
w
irele
ss
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
sta
rted
h
is
c
a
re
e
r
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
S
e
b
e
ra
n
g
P
ra
i
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
jo
i
n
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
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