I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
3
8
3
9
~
3
8
4
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
8
i
5
.
p
p
3
8
3
9
-
3842
3839
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
A Nov
el Techn
iq
ue t
o
Enha
nc
e t
h
e
Lifet
i
m
e
of
Wirel
ess
Senso
r
Netw
o
rk
s throug
h Softw
a
re Re
a
liza
tion
Ada
rsh
Sa
g
a
r
1
,
T
.
G
.
B
a
s
a
v
a
ra
j
u
2
,
K
.
B
.
Su
re
kh
a
3
1
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
CS
E,
A
P
S
CE
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia
2
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
CS
E,
G
S
KSJT
I,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia
3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
CS
E,
A
c
h
a
r
y
a
I
T
,
Ba
n
g
a
lo
re
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
2
0
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
8
,
2
0
1
8
In
th
e
m
o
st
o
f
th
e
re
a
l
w
o
rld
sc
e
n
a
rio
s,
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
a
re
u
se
d
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
jo
r
tas
k
s
o
f
th
e
se
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
is
to
se
n
se
so
m
e
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
se
n
d
in
g
it
to
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
sy
ste
m
o
r
trac
k
in
g
so
m
e
a
c
ti
v
it
y
e
tc.
In
su
c
h
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
t
h
e
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
s
a
re
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
in
larg
e
a
re
a
a
n
d
i
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
b
ly
larg
e
n
u
m
b
e
rs
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Eac
h
o
f
th
e
se
n
o
d
e
w
il
l
b
e
h
a
v
in
g
c
o
n
stra
in
e
d
re
so
u
rc
e
s
w
h
e
th
e
r
it
m
ig
h
t
b
e
e
n
e
rg
y
,
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
r
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
.
En
e
rg
y
is t
h
e
m
a
jo
r
re
so
u
rc
e
c
o
n
stra
in
t
in
th
e
se
ty
p
e
s o
f
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
He
n
c
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
c
a
re
t
o
b
e
tak
e
n
i
n
a
ll
a
sp
e
c
ts
su
c
h
t
h
a
t
e
n
e
rg
y
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
v
e
r
y
e
ff
ici
e
n
tl
y
.
Di
ff
e
re
n
t
A
c
ti
v
i
ti
e
s
w
h
ich
w
il
l
b
e
tak
in
g
p
lac
e
in
a
se
n
so
r
n
o
d
e
a
re
se
n
sin
g
,
ra
d
io
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
Am
o
n
g
a
ll
th
e
se
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s,
ra
d
i
o
c
o
n
su
m
e
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r.
He
n
c
e
th
e
re
is
a
n
e
e
d
o
f
re
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
in
su
c
h
ra
d
io
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s.
In
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
w
o
rk
a
so
f
t
wa
re
m
o
d
u
le
is
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
w
h
ich
w
il
l
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tran
sm
issio
n
s
d
o
n
e
to
th
e
b
a
se
sta
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
w
o
rk
c
o
m
p
a
re
s
th
e
c
o
n
se
c
u
ti
v
e
l
y
se
n
se
d
d
a
ta
a
n
d
if
t
h
e
se
d
a
ta
a
re
s
a
m
e
th
e
n
t
h
e
o
l
d
d
a
ta
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
l
d
d
a
ta
w
il
l
b
e
re
tain
e
d
.
In
o
th
e
r
c
a
se
th
e
n
e
wly
se
n
se
d
d
a
ta
w
il
l
b
e
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
sin
k
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
is t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
re
d
u
c
e
s th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
a
ta t
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
s in
a
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
w
a
y
.
W
it
h
th
e
re
d
u
c
e
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tran
sm
issio
n
s,
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
sa
v
e
d
in
e
a
c
h
n
o
d
e
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
re
,
w
h
ich
w
il
l
in
c
re
a
se
th
e
li
f
e
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
e
n
ti
re
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
C
o
v
er
ag
e
So
f
t
w
ar
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
W
SN
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
K.
B
.
Su
r
ek
h
a
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
SE,
A
c
h
ar
y
a
I
T
,
B
an
g
alo
r
e,
I
n
d
ia
.
E
m
ail:
s
u
r
e
k
h
a
@
ac
h
ar
y
a.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
s
m
al
l
n
o
d
es
ca
l
led
as
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
(
m
o
te
s
)
w
h
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
ieties o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
ar
t o
f
th
e
ar
ea
,
o
b
j
ec
ts
,
p
eo
p
le,
s
en
s
in
g
t
h
e
h
u
m
id
it
y
,
te
m
p
er
a
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
ese
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
w
ill
b
e
in
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
lar
g
e
q
u
an
t
it
y
o
f
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
is
to
m
a
in
ta
in
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
E
v
en
p
h
y
s
ical
t
h
e
f
t
o
f
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
also
th
e
en
er
g
y
w
i
ll
d
r
ain
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
at
a
f
a
s
ter
m
a
k
es
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es in
a
l
ar
g
er
ex
ten
t.
I
n
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
en
er
g
y
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ec
io
u
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
it
’
s
a
cr
itical
is
s
u
e
also
.
Hen
ce
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
a
n
att
e
m
p
t
is
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
b
y
e
v
er
y
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ac
tiv
itie
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
g
o
i
n
g
to
tak
e
p
lace
i
n
e
v
er
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
s
e
n
s
in
g
,
tr
a
n
s
m
itt
in
g
,
r
e
ce
iv
in
g
,
id
le
an
d
s
leep
.
Ou
t
o
f
a
ll
th
e
s
e
ac
ti
v
it
ies,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
es
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
.
So
,
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
a
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
to
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
h
ic
h
w
i
ll
s
av
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e.
Ou
r
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
in
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
s
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
383
9
–
3
8
4
2
3840
2.
E
XI
ST
I
N
G
WO
RK
Am
r
ita
R
u
p
er
ee
et
a
l
.
[
4
]
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
in
g
i
t
to
t
h
e
b
ase
s
ta
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
d
ata
u
s
i
n
g
d
elta
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ap
p
licab
le
to
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
er
e
clu
s
ter
s
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
.
Kir
an
Ma
r
ia
y
a
[
5
]
h
a
v
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
es
in
d
ata
a
g
g
r
e
g
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
as
a
ls
o
lis
ted
t
h
e
m
ea
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
,
h
o
w
d
ata
a
g
g
r
e
g
atio
n
i
m
p
ac
t
s
o
n
W
SN.
Dif
f
er
en
t
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
at
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
u
s
ed
i
n
W
SN
ar
e
(
a)
d
u
p
licate
s
en
s
i
tiv
e
a
n
d
d
u
p
licate
in
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e,
w
h
ich
u
s
ed
s
e
v
er
al
d
u
p
licatio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
(
b
)
lo
s
s
y
a
n
d
lo
s
s
les
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
er
e
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
d
ata
co
llected
w
ill
b
e
d
o
n
e
at
th
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
cs
an
d
co
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
al
s
o
lis
ted
in
th
e
w
o
r
k
.
Kr
is
h
n
a
m
ac
h
ar
i
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
d
er
iv
e
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
ata
ce
n
tr
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
w
h
ic
h
i
s
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
al
ad
d
r
ess
ce
n
tr
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
.
I
n
ad
d
r
ess
ce
n
tr
ic
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
p
ac
k
et
s
will
b
e
r
o
u
ted
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
h
o
p
to
o
th
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
at
h
w
ill
b
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ed
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
ad
d
r
ess
a
n
d
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t
w
ill
b
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
to
th
e
d
est
in
at
io
n
.
W
h
er
e
as in
d
ata
ce
n
tr
ic
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
r
o
u
tin
g
n
o
d
es,
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
co
n
t
en
t o
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et.
I
f
th
e
p
ac
k
et
ar
e
f
r
o
m
s
a
m
e
s
o
u
r
ce
alo
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
r
o
u
te
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
ag
g
r
eg
at
io
n
w
il
l
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
t
s
el
f
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
ill
e
li
m
in
a
te
t
h
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
d
ata.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
h
as
a
ls
o
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
en
tire
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
ed
d
u
e
to
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
laten
c
y
e
n
co
u
n
te
r
ed
in
th
e
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ak
i
m
ts
u
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
w
a
y
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
ca
l
led
as
OD
A
S
(
Ov
er
h
ea
r
i
n
g
b
ased
d
ata
a
g
g
r
eg
atio
n
m
e
th
o
d
u
s
i
n
g
s
p
atia
l
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
)
.
T
h
e
th
e
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
ell
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e,
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
i
n
w
ir
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
ap
p
en
s
u
s
u
all
y
in
o
m
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
Or
i
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
i
f
o
n
e
n
o
d
e
is
i
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
o
v
er
h
ea
r
t
h
is
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
id
en
ti
f
ie
s
t
h
e
s
p
at
i
all
y
co
r
r
elate
d
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
en
s
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
n
o
d
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
w
il
l
b
e
co
m
p
ar
e.
I
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lti
n
g
d
ata
is
w
it
h
i
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
a
n
g
e,
th
e
d
ata
w
ill
b
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
o
n
l
y
o
n
ce
.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
ex
t
en
t.
Si
m
i
lar
it
y
b
ased
A
d
ap
tiv
e
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
[
8
]
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
o
r
k
s
b
ased
o
n
ti
m
e
s
er
ies
f
o
r
ec
ast
i
n
g
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
tr
ie
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ed
ictin
g
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
o
r
f
o
r
ca
s
ted
r
ea
d
in
g
s
m
i
g
h
t
p
r
o
v
e
w
r
o
n
g
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es.
B
u
t
in
s
o
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e,
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ea
s
o
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
icted
an
d
in
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
es
it
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
v
e
co
r
r
ec
t
also
.
A
g
ain
t
h
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
w
il
l
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
to
th
e
s
in
k
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
.
3.
P
R
O
POSE
D
W
O
R
K
T
h
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
i
s
s
u
e,
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
u
s
t
h
in
k
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
in
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
m
a
n
n
er
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
a
m
o
n
g
all
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
i
n
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
k
e
s
en
s
in
g
,
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
in
g
,
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
es
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
all
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
,
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
ato
r
is
d
esig
n
ed
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
esen
t
d
ata.
I
f
b
o
th
d
ata
ar
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
w
it
h
i
n
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
e
t
h
en
a
h
an
d
s
h
a
k
i
n
g
s
ig
n
al
i
s
s
en
t,
b
y
j
u
s
t
s
en
d
i
n
g
a
b
it
0
.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e
th
e
s
en
s
ed
d
ata
w
il
l b
e
s
en
t.
T
h
is
w
il
l r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
I
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
[
9
]
,
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
is
m
ad
e
to
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
d
ata
o
r
n
o
t.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
d
ata
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
0
.
0
8
8
µJo
u
les
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
id
ea
is
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
to
r
ea
lizatio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
et.
B
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
M
SP
4
3
0
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
0
]
is
th
e
id
ea
i
s
ar
r
iv
ed
at
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
e
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Set o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
ab
o
v
e:
C
m
p
.
b
r
eg
4
,
[
p
o
r
t b
]
J
eq
Nee
x
t
Mo
v
.
b
[
p
o
r
t b
]
,
r
eg
4
Nee
x
t: j
m
p
ab
o
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
N
o
ve
l Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
Lif
etime
o
f
W
ir
ele
s
s
S
en
s
o
r
N
etw
o
r
k
s
…
(
A
d
a
r
s
h
S
a
g
a
r
)
3841
T
h
e
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
s
e
t is
b
ee
n
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
l
y
s
e
n
s
e
d
d
ata
w
ill
b
e
p
r
esen
t
an
y
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
l.
L
et
u
s
s
a
y
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
s
av
ed
i
n
p
o
r
t
B
.
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
m
ad
e
to
s
a
v
e
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
s
en
s
ed
v
al
u
e
i
n
th
e
a
n
y
o
n
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
r
eg
is
t
er
o
f
th
e
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
No
w
t
h
e
n
e
w
l
y
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
w
h
ich
i
s
m
ad
e
to
s
it
i
n
p
o
r
t
B
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ata
w
h
ic
h
is
s
to
r
ed
in
r
eg
is
ter
.
I
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
to
ler
ab
le
li
m
it,
t
h
e
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
d
ata
w
h
ic
h
is
av
ai
lab
le
in
p
o
r
t
w
ill
n
o
t
b
e
s
av
ed
o
r
n
eit
h
er
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
ed
.
T
h
is
ac
t
w
ill
te
ll
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e.
I
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
ca
s
e,
.
i.e
if
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
v
al
u
e
of
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
is
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
to
ler
ab
le
li
m
it,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
tl
y
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
w
ill
b
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
to
th
e
s
in
k
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
a
s
to
s
a
v
e
a
co
p
y
o
f
t
h
is
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
in
th
e
n
e
x
t
iter
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
i
ll
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
to
t
h
e
g
r
ater
ex
te
n
t.
No
w
let
u
s
a
n
al
y
ze
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e.
U
s
u
al
l
y
,
to
f
etc
h
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
E
P
R
O
M,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
w
i
ll
b
e
0
.
1
0
5
0
9
µJ
o
u
les
[1
1
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
u
ll
th
e
d
at
a
wi
ll
b
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
V
to
3
.
3
V.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
a
w
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
c
h
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
w
ill
b
e
6
.
2
m
A
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
to
d
r
aw
o
n
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
f
r
o
m
E
E
P
R
OM
w
i
ll
b
e
is
5
6
5
µs
[
1
1
]
.
Hen
ce
th
e
e
n
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
etc
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
a
n
d
e
x
ec
u
t
in
g
in
t
h
e
m
ai
n
m
e
m
o
r
y
w
ill
co
n
s
u
m
e
v
*
i
*
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
.
B
y
s
u
b
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
v
alu
e
s
,
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
ca
lc
u
lated
w
i
ll
ar
r
i
v
e
at
0
.
1
0
5
9
µ
J
o
u
les.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
4
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
He
n
ce
t
h
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
th
e
en
t
ir
e
r
o
u
tin
e
w
ill
r
ea
ch
at
0
.
4
2
µ
J
o
u
les.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
Har
d
w
ar
e
Mo
d
u
le
D
a
t
a
r
e
c
o
r
d
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
(
N
o
o
f
t
i
me
s)
En
e
r
g
y
d
i
ss
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
mo
d
u
l
e
[
9
]
(
i
n
µ
Jo
u
l
e
s)
En
e
r
g
y
d
i
ss
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
(
i
n
µ
Jo
u
l
e
s)
2
0
1
1
(
1
8
)
1
.
5
8
4
7
.
5
6
2
0
1
2
(
1
6
)
1
.
4
0
8
6
.
7
2
2
0
1
3
(
1
0
)
0
.
8
8
4
.
2
2
0
1
4
(
1
4
)
1
.
2
3
2
5
.
8
8
2
0
1
5
(
1
5
)
1
1
.
2
5
1
5
.
9
8
T
ab
le
1
g
iv
e
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
w
it
h
h
ar
d
war
e
m
o
d
u
le
[
9
]
an
d
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
r
o
u
tin
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
is
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
is
f
o
r
th
e
d
ay
o
f
J
an
u
ar
y
I
s
t
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
li
k
e
2
0
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
…
2
0
1
5
,
h
o
w
m
an
y
t
i
m
e
s
d
ata
w
a
s
s
e
n
t
(
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
b
r
a
ck
ets).
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le
if
w
e
ta
k
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
1
1
,
d
ata
s
en
t
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
1
8
ti
m
es
(
ag
ain
s
t
n
o
r
m
al
2
4
ti
m
e
s
)
.
I
n
c
ase
o
f
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
m
o
d
u
le
[
9
]
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
i
s
s
i
p
atio
n
w
a
s
1
.
5
8
4
µJo
u
les,
wh
er
e
as
in
ca
s
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
r
o
u
tin
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
is
7
.
5
6
µ
J
o
u
les.
T
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
in
c
u
r
r
ed
in
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
al
m
o
s
t
5
ti
m
es
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
is
al
w
a
y
s
b
etter
in
W
SN,
as
t
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
all
th
e
o
th
er
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
also
w
il
l
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
al
s
o
,
as
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
i
s
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
cir
c
u
it
[
9
]
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
r
ea
lizat
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e.
I
t
is
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
w
h
en
i
t
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
d
esig
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
I.
Ak
y
il
d
iz,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
IEE
E
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
1
4
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
Al
-
Ka
r
a
k
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ro
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
”
,
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
pp
.
6
-
28
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
G
u
o
-
X
in
g
L
iu
a
n
d
Zh
e
n
-
W
e
i
Y
u
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
IEE
E,
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
ter
n
e
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
Am
rit
a
Ru
p
e
re
e
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Ac
h
iev
i
n
g
En
e
rg
y
Eff
ici
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
In
c
re
a
s
in
g
Ne
t
w
o
rk
L
i
f
e
in
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
IACC)
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
Kira
n
M
a
ra
iy
a
,
et
al
.
,
“
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
r
k
:
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
n
Da
ta
A
g
g
r
e
g
a
ti
o
n
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
&
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
1
1
,
IS
S
N
-
2
2
2
9
-
5
5
1
8
.
[6
]
Krish
n
a
m
a
c
h
a
ri,
L
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
Da
ta
A
g
g
re
g
a
ti
o
n
in
W
i
re
les
s S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
”
,
Distrib
u
ted
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
S
y
ste
ms
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s,
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
2
2
n
d
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
IEE
E
,
2
0
0
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
383
9
–
3
8
4
2
3842
[7
]
Ka
n
z
a
k
i,
e
t
a
l
.
“
Ov
e
rh
e
a
rin
g
-
b
a
se
d
Da
ta
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
Da
ta
In
terp
o
lati
o
n
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
T
h
e
5
th
In
t’
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
U
b
i
q
u
it
i
o
u
s
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
G
e
n
n
a
ro
Bo
g
g
ia,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
Eff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
S
i
m
il
a
rit
y
-
b
a
se
d
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
Pro
c
.
o
f
W
ire
les
s R
u
r
a
l
a
n
d
Eme
rg
e
n
c
y
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
W
RE
COM
2
0
0
7
,
Ro
me
,
I
ta
ly,
Oc
t.
,
2
0
0
7
.
[9
]
S
u
re
k
h
a
K.
B
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
M
i
n
im
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
En
e
rg
y
b
y
e
x
p
lo
it
i
n
g
Re
d
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
in
Te
m
p
o
ra
l
Da
ta”
,
ICDECS
-
2
0
1
5
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
ied
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
ol
.
10
,
n
o
.
56
,
2
0
1
5
,
IS
S
N
0
9
7
3
-
4
5
6
2
.
[1
0
]
Da
v
ies
,
Jo
h
n
H.,
“
M
S
P
4
3
0
m
icro
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
b
a
sic
s”
El
se
v
ier,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
Nic
h
o
las
D.
Lan
e
a
n
d
A
n
d
re
w
T
.
Ca
m
p
b
e
ll
,
“
T
h
e
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
M
icro
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
In
stru
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
th
e
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.