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I
SS
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8708
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.
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I
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8708
Dielec
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e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
er
io
d
s
in
ce
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e
g
e
n
er
ates
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
I
n
itial
l
y
,
th
e
p
ar
ticles
ten
d
to
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
f
ield
r
eg
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
ielec
tr
o
p
h
o
r
esis
(
DE
P
)
ef
f
ec
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
en
,
f
o
r
ce
s
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
DE
P
w
i
ll
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
ten
tia
ls
a
f
ter
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
io
d
[
9
]
.
DE
P
is
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
ip
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
s
p
atial
g
r
ad
ie
n
ts
in
th
e
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
elec
tr
ic
f
iel
d
,
w
h
ich
r
es
u
lts
i
n
m
o
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
p
ar
ticl
es.
T
h
is
DE
P
f
o
r
ce
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
ch
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles,
an
d
o
n
l
y
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
p
o
lar
ized
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
in
a
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
ce
d
d
ip
o
le
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
lar
iza
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
th
e
m
ed
i
u
m
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
DE
P
ef
f
ec
t is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
i
n
b
io
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
to
s
ep
ar
ate
p
r
o
tein
s
f
r
o
m
n
u
cleic
ac
id
s
in
f
o
o
d
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
DE
P
ef
f
ec
t
in
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
ie
lectr
i
c
liq
u
id
s
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
v
is
co
s
i
ties
:
(
1
)
p
al
m
f
att
y
ac
id
ester
(
P
FA
E
)
o
il,
an
d
(
2
)
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
m
in
er
al
o
il.
T
h
ese
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
ils
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
th
e
DE
P
ef
f
ec
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
lete
ce
ll
u
l
o
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
as
w
ell
a
s
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e.
2.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
SE
T
UP
A
1
.
5
-
liter
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
g
las
s
te
s
t
ce
ll
w
as
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
ts
.
T
w
o
s
p
h
er
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
(
ea
ch
w
it
h
a
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
1
3
m
m
)
w
er
e
p
lace
d
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
t
ce
ll.
T
h
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
d
es
w
a
s
k
ep
t
f
i
x
ed
at
1
0
m
m
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
h
er
ic
al
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
as
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
HVDC
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
o
th
er
w
as
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Hae
f
el
y
Hi
g
h
Vo
lta
g
e
T
r
ain
in
g
Mo
d
u
lar
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
HV
DC
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
a
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
u
p
to
1
0
0
k
V.
A
Ni
k
o
n
D5
3
0
0
h
y
b
r
id
d
ig
ital
len
s
r
e
f
lex
ca
m
er
a
w
as
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
te
s
t c
ell
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
o
p
tical
i
m
a
g
es o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n o
f
O
il Sa
m
p
les
T
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
d
ielec
tr
ic
l
iq
u
id
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
:
(
1
)
P
FA
E
o
il
an
d
(
2
)
N
y
tr
o
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
Kar
l
Fis
ch
er
titra
t
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
m
o
n
it
o
r
th
e
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
il
s
a
m
p
les.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
o
n
e
o
f
a
n
al
y
tical
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
w
ater
(
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e)
co
n
ten
t
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tep
is
cr
u
cial
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
ts
an
d
co
n
d
u
cti
v
itie
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
il
a
n
d
p
r
ess
b
o
ar
d
p
ar
ticles
w
il
l
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
m
o
i
s
tu
r
e
i
n
th
e
o
il.
T
h
e
m
o
is
t
u
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
il
s
a
m
p
le
s
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
w
it
h
i
n
1
5
0
±
1
0
p
p
m
a
n
d
5
0
±
1
0
p
p
m
f
o
r
th
e
P
FA
E
a
n
d
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
in
s
u
la
tin
g
o
ils
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
P
FA
E
an
d
Ge
m
in
i
X
i
n
s
u
lati
n
g
o
ils
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
est ce
ll
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
T
ab
le
1
.
P
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
P
FAE
an
d
Ge
m
i
n
i X
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
ils
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
P
F
A
E
o
i
l
G
e
mi
n
i
X
mi
n
e
r
a
l
o
i
l
D
e
n
si
t
y
(
g
/
d
m
3
)
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
7
V
i
sco
si
t
y
(
mm
2
/
s)
5
.
0
6
0
.
0
9
P
o
u
r
p
o
i
n
t
(
°
C
)
-
3
2
.
5
-
51
F
u
l
l
y
b
i
o
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
b
l
e
Y
e
s
No
2
.
2
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n o
f
t
he
P
re
s
s
bo
a
rd
Dus
t
A
p
iece
o
f
n
e
w
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
r
ess
b
o
ar
d
w
a
s
s
cr
ap
ed
to
s
i
m
u
l
ate
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
co
n
ta
m
i
n
an
ts
i
n
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
liq
u
id
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
o
n
l
y
5
0
0
µ
m
o
f
p
ar
ticles
with
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
0
.
0
0
1
g
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
o
il
m
as
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
ib
er
w
id
th
r
at
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
le
n
g
th
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
.
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
s
u
p
p
ly
P
o
siti
v
e
s
u
p
p
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
3
2
5
4
–
3
2
6
1
3256
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
P
RO
CE
DURE
Firstl
y
,
1
L
o
f
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
il
w
a
s
ad
d
ed
in
to
th
e
test
ce
ll
s
u
ch
th
at
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
er
e
s
u
b
m
er
g
ed
i
n
th
e
o
il.
Nex
t,
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
in
to
th
e
o
il
an
d
th
e
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ated
o
il
w
a
s
s
tirr
ed
f
o
r
2
–
3
m
i
n
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
p
ar
ticles
e
v
en
l
y
.
T
h
e
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ated
o
il
w
as
test
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
a
DC
elec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
.
T
h
e
test
ed
o
i
l
w
as
r
ep
lace
d
w
ith
n
e
w
o
il
af
ter
ea
ch
b
r
id
g
in
g
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t.
I
t
s
h
all
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
p
r
io
r
to
t
h
e
o
il
ch
an
g
e,
th
e
te
s
t
ce
ll
w
as
clea
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
n
-
h
e
x
a
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
em
o
v
e
p
r
ess
b
o
ar
d
r
esid
u
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
all
s
o
f
t
h
e
test
ce
l
l.
T
h
e
b
r
i
d
g
in
g
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
HVD
C
to
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
as
ea
r
t
h
ed
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
w
a
s
ap
p
lied
in
s
tep
s
o
f
5
k
V
w
it
h
a
1
-
m
i
n
i
n
t
er
v
al
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
tep
u
n
t
il
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
t
h
r
ee
s
tep
s
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
w
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
,
7,
an
d
1
0
k
V.
T
h
is
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
DE
P
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
(
p
ar
ticle
m
o
tio
n
)
f
r
o
m
s
tatic
co
n
d
itio
n
u
n
til
th
e
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
lete
b
r
id
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
T
h
e
d
elay
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
v
o
lta
g
es
w
a
s
3
–
5
s
.
E
a
ch
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
w
as
r
ep
ea
ted
f
iv
e
ti
m
es to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
r
ep
ea
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ci
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
f
i
v
e
d
is
t
i
n
ct
s
ta
g
es,
as d
escr
ib
ed
b
elo
w
.
Sta
g
e
O
ne
On
ce
HVD
C
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
in
to
p
o
lar
ize
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
DC
elec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
an
d
th
e
p
ar
ticles
m
o
v
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ele
ctr
o
d
es,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
P
o
lar
izatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
ex
ter
n
al
m
ater
ials
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
i
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
lead
to
DE
P
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
DC
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
P
o
lar
izatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
–
2
k
V.
Sta
g
e
T
w
o
I
n
th
i
s
s
ta
g
e,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
i
n
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ch
ar
g
es
u
p
o
n
co
n
tac
t
w
it
h
th
e
e
lec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
A
f
ter
th
e
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
s
e
v
er
al
ti
m
es,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
ten
d
to
p
u
l
l
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
DE
P
f
o
r
ce
,
C
o
u
lo
m
b
f
o
r
ce
,
an
d
d
r
ag
f
o
r
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
i
s
co
u
s
o
il.
T
h
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticles
in
th
is
s
tag
e
i
s
r
ath
er
s
lo
w
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
in
to
attac
h
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
o
n
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
r
ep
ellin
g
C
o
u
lo
m
b
an
d
a
ttra
cti
n
g
ch
ar
g
es.
T
h
is
s
t
ag
e
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
HVD
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
–
7
k
V.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles o
n
ce
HVDC i
s
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
ellu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles a
f
ter
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Sta
g
e
T
hree
I
n
th
i
s
s
ta
g
e,
m
o
r
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
attr
ac
ted
to
w
ar
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
in
to
alig
n
th
e
m
s
el
v
es
i
n
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
g
e
n
er
ated
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
elec
tr
o
d
es
d
u
e
to
DE
P
f
o
r
ce
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tic
les
b
eg
i
n
to
tr
av
el
b
ac
k
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
a
n
d
attac
h
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
ch
ain
o
f
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
b
e
t
y
p
icall
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
is
ch
a
in
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
m
id
-
p
o
in
t
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
es
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
to
b
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
(
i.e
.
,
at
th
e
tip
o
f
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
tic
les).
I
t
is
b
elie
v
ed
th
at
t
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
g
e
n
er
ated
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
an
d
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
attac
h
ed
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Dielec
tr
o
p
h
o
r
esis
E
ffect
o
f D
i
elec
tr
ic
Liq
u
id
s
w
i
th
S
u
s
p
en
d
e
d
.
.
.
.
(
Mu
h
a
ma
d
Ha
fiy
S
y
a
z
w
a
n
Za
in
o
d
d
in
)
3257
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
t
w
o
elec
tr
o
d
es
en
ab
les
a
v
er
y
s
m
all
co
n
d
u
c
t
io
n
cu
r
r
en
t
(
in
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
1
0
-
9
)
to
f
lo
w
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
l
o
s
e
p
ar
ticles
r
em
ai
n
attac
h
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
DE
P
e
f
f
ec
t
w
h
ic
h
p
r
ev
en
t
s
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
s
f
r
o
m
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
ch
ar
g
e.
D
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
th
ese
p
ar
ticles
attr
ac
t
o
th
er
f
r
ee
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticle
s
in
th
e
i
n
s
u
lati
n
g
o
il
w
it
h
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ch
ar
g
e
s
.
Mu
lt
i
p
le
th
i
n
b
r
id
g
e
s
b
ec
o
m
e
ap
p
a
r
en
t
w
it
h
ti
m
e
alo
n
g
w
it
h
a
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e,
a
n
d
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
ac
cu
m
u
late
u
n
ti
l
th
e
s
e
b
r
id
g
es
b
ec
o
m
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
f
o
r
m
a
d
en
s
e,
w
id
e,
an
d
t
h
ick
b
r
id
g
e.
T
h
is
s
t
ag
e
tak
e
s
p
lace
w
h
e
n
th
e
H
V
DC
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
w
i
th
i
n
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
7
–
4
0
k
V.
Sta
g
e
F
o
ur
I
n
th
is
s
ta
g
e,
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
tr
av
el
at
h
i
g
h
er
v
elo
c
ities
as
th
e
HVD
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
aster
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
–
d
is
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
ate
as
w
ell
as
r
ep
ellin
g
–
attr
ac
ti
n
g
f
o
r
ce
(
C
o
u
lo
m
b
f
o
r
ce
ef
f
ec
t)
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
es
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
er
DC
e
lectr
ic
f
ie
ld
w
ith
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
H
VDC
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticle
s
tr
av
el
b
ac
k
an
d
f
o
r
th
a
g
ai
n
(
b
u
t
at
h
i
g
h
er
v
elo
cities).
T
h
is
i
n
clu
d
e
s
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
u
n
t
il
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
n
ar
r
o
w
s
i
n
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
s
b
r
o
ad
er
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
(
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e)
.
W
h
en
th
e
HVDC
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e,
in
s
u
latio
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
f
i
n
all
y
o
cc
u
r
s
an
d
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il b
ec
o
m
es
co
r
r
u
g
ated
.
T
h
is
s
ta
g
e
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
HVD
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
4
0
k
V
u
n
t
il
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
.
W
h
en
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
b
u
b
b
les
i
n
t
h
e
o
il.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
th
e
s
e
b
u
b
b
les
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
li
g
n
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
ce
l
lu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
b
r
id
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
ellu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles tr
av
elli
n
g
b
ac
k
an
d
f
o
r
t
h
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es a
t h
ig
h
er
v
elo
cities u
n
ti
l
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
Sta
g
e
F
iv
e
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
u
r
s
t
an
d
s
ca
tter
to
w
ar
d
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
tes
t
ce
ll
af
ter
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
g
r
av
it
y
ef
f
ec
t i
s
g
r
ea
ter
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
t
h
e
DE
P
ef
f
ec
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
u
r
s
tin
g
o
f
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles in
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
a
f
ter
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
3
2
5
4
–
3
2
6
1
3258
S
T
AG
E
1
S
T
AG
E
5
4
.
1
.
P
a
l
m
f
a
t
t
y
a
cid e
s
t
er
o
il
Sta
g
e
O
ne
Af
ter
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
2
k
V
o
f
HVD
C
,
th
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
in
to
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
.
I
t
tak
es
ab
o
u
t
5
0
s
to
s
tar
t
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
er
ea
f
ter
,
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles b
eg
in
to
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Sta
g
e
T
w
o
Nex
t,
th
e
HVD
C
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
7
k
V
an
d
it
is
ap
p
ar
en
t
th
at
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
i
n
to
m
o
v
e
r
ap
id
ly
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
th
a
t
wh
en
th
e
HDV
C
i
s
2
k
V
.
A
t
h
i
n
b
r
id
g
e
f
o
r
m
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
d
es
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
elo
n
g
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
an
c
h
e
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
elec
tr
o
d
es
a
f
ter
1
0
s
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
HVDC
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
is
s
ta
g
e
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
ST
A
GE
2
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
m
o
r
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
s
ee
m
to
b
e
attr
ac
ted
to
w
ar
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Sta
g
e
T
hree
T
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
b
ec
o
m
es
d
en
s
er
a
n
d
th
ick
er
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lat
io
n
an
d
m
u
lt
ip
licatio
n
o
f
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
an
ch
e
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
HDV
C
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
ST
A
GE
3
,
I
m
a
g
e
I
V)
.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
i
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
at
t
h
e
t
ip
s
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies o
f
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e,
w
h
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
DE
P
f
o
r
ce
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
th
at
m
o
r
e
p
ar
ticle
s
ar
e
attac
h
ed
o
n
to
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
th
at
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
HV
DC
s
u
p
p
l
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
ST
A
GE
3
,
I
m
a
g
e
I
V)
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
as
s
o
o
n
a
s
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
b
eg
i
n
to
a
ttach
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
o
n
to
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
f
ield
g
e
n
er
ated
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
Sta
g
e
F
o
ur
I
n
th
is
s
ta
g
e,
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
t
icles
s
ee
m
to
tr
av
el
a
t h
ig
h
er
v
elo
cities.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
b
ec
o
m
es
d
en
s
er
as
th
e
HV
DC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
D
C
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
o
il
b
ec
o
m
es
co
r
r
u
g
ated
(
ST
A
GE
4
,
I
m
ag
e
I
V)
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
la
s
h
o
v
er
o
r
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
b
u
b
b
les
w
h
en
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Sta
g
e
F
iv
e
Af
ter
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
c
ellu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
u
r
s
t
an
d
s
ca
tter
to
w
ar
d
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
t
h
e
test
ce
ll
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
a
v
it
y
e
f
f
ec
t
(
ST
AGE
5
,
I
m
a
g
e
I
I
I
)
.
T
h
is
s
it
u
ati
o
n
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
a
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
f
f
b
ef
o
r
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
ellu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
t
h
e
P
FA
E
o
il
S
T
AG
E
2
S
T
AG
E
3
S
T
AG
E
3
S
T
AG
E
4
I
II
III
III
II
IV
VI
I
V
IV
S
T
AG
E
4
I
II
III
I
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Dielec
tr
o
p
h
o
r
esis
E
ffect
o
f D
i
elec
tr
ic
Liq
u
id
s
w
i
th
S
u
s
p
en
d
e
d
.
.
.
.
(
Mu
h
a
ma
d
Ha
fiy
S
y
a
z
w
a
n
Za
in
o
d
d
in
)
3259
4
.
2
.
G
e
m
i
ni X
m
i
nera
l
o
il
Sta
g
e
O
ne
T
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
ap
p
ea
r
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
DE
P
a
f
ter
3
7
s
o
f
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
2
k
V
o
f
HV
DC
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticle
s
m
o
v
e
at
h
i
g
h
er
v
elo
cities
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
th
o
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
e
P
F
A
E
o
il.
T
h
is
is
in
d
ee
d
ex
p
ec
ted
s
in
ce
th
e
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
is
lo
w
er
t
h
an
th
at
f
o
r
th
e
P
FA
E
o
il.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
f
aster
m
o
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
les
s
f
r
ictio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
ar
ticles an
d
v
i
s
co
u
s
o
il.
Sta
g
e
T
w
o
I
n
th
i
s
s
ta
g
e,
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
i
n
to
n
a
v
i
g
ate
to
w
ar
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
th
e
ch
a
in
o
f
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticl
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
to
w
ar
d
th
e
m
id
-
p
o
in
t
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
W
h
en
t
h
e
HVD
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
to
7
k
V,
a
th
i
n
b
r
id
g
e
f
o
r
m
s
af
ter
6
s
,
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
elo
n
g
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
an
ch
es
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
elec
tr
o
d
es
.
Sta
g
e
T
hree
I
n
th
is
s
tag
e,
it
is
ap
p
ar
en
t
th
at
m
o
r
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
attr
ac
ted
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
t
h
ic
k
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
e
m
ai
n
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
e
v
e
n
w
h
en
t
h
e
H
VDC
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
u
n
l
ik
e
t
h
e
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
ellu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
P
FA
E
o
il.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
ad
h
er
e
to
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
te
s
t
ce
ll,
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
t
h
ick
n
es
s
an
d
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e.
W
h
en
th
e
HVD
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
r
th
er
to
2
5
k
V,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
er
e
is
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
las
h
o
v
er
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
t
h
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
le
ad
to
a
co
m
p
lete
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
.
T
h
is
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
n
o
n
-
b
r
e
ak
d
o
w
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
ev
en
t
w
h
en
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
s
tr
ea
m
er
b
r
id
g
es
an
o
p
en
o
il
g
ap
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
8
]
an
d
f
u
ll
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
e
v
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
at
th
e
o
il
p
r
ess
b
o
ar
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
i
n
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
r
ec
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
HVDC s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
r
th
er
,
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
(
ST
A
GE
3
,
I
m
a
g
es I
I
an
d
I
I
I
)
.
Sta
g
e
F
o
ur
W
h
en
th
e
HVD
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
e
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
p
ar
ticles
tr
av
el
at
a
h
ig
h
er
v
el
o
cit
y
an
d
th
e
o
il
ap
p
ea
r
s
co
r
r
u
g
ated
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
T
h
e
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
em
ai
n
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
h
at
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tag
e.
W
h
e
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
er
e
is
e
x
p
lo
s
io
n
w
it
h
b
r
ig
h
t
f
la
s
h
o
v
er
as
w
ell
as th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
b
u
b
b
les
(
ST
A
GE
4
,
I
m
a
g
e
VI
)
.
Sta
g
e
F
iv
e
Si
m
i
lar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
is
s
ta
g
e
as
t
h
o
s
e
i
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ta
g
e.
I
m
m
ed
i
atel
y
a
f
ter
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
,
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ti
cles
b
u
r
s
t
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Fig
u
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8
.
C
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4
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
7
:
3
2
5
4
–
3
2
6
1
3260
I
t
is
e
v
id
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
(
ST
A
GE
4
,
I
m
a
g
e
I
I
)
th
at
t
h
e
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
an
d
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
P
FA
E
an
d
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
ils
.
T
h
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
in
th
e
P
F
A
E
o
il
in
cr
e
ases
w
i
th
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
HVDC
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
t
h
e
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
e
m
ai
n
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
Ge
m
in
i
X
m
in
er
al
o
il
ev
en
w
h
e
n
th
e
HVD
C
s
u
p
p
ly
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
I
t
is
b
eliev
ed
th
at
th
is
is
d
u
e
to
less
f
r
ict
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
an
d
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
il
as
w
ell
as
f
aster
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
–
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate,
w
h
ich
ca
u
s
e
th
e
p
ar
ticles
to
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
to
an
o
th
er
.
Sin
ce
th
e
P
F
A
E
o
il
h
as
h
i
g
h
er
v
is
co
s
i
t
y
,
th
er
e
is
m
o
r
e
f
r
ictio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
an
d
o
il
w
h
ile
ch
ar
g
in
g
–
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
ate
is
s
lo
w
er
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
m
o
r
e
at
tr
ac
ted
to
t
h
e
n
ea
r
est
ch
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
at
th
e
m
id
-
p
o
in
t b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
t
w
o
elec
tr
o
d
es.
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
b
u
r
s
ts
w
h
en
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
(
ST
A
G
E
4
,
I
m
a
g
e
VI
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
er
e
is
h
i
g
h
in
ten
s
it
y
o
f
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
la
s
h
o
v
er
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
f
o
r
th
e
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
m
i
n
er
al
o
il.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
s
e
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
e
P
FA
E
o
il,
w
h
er
e
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
u
r
s
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
n
y
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lash
o
v
er
d
u
r
in
g
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
er
ca
s
e
s
u
g
g
es
ts
t
h
a
t
th
er
e
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tr
av
eli
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
b
u
l
k
o
il,
w
h
ic
h
lead
to
lu
m
in
o
u
s
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
.
I
n
th
e
latter
ca
s
e,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
cu
r
r
en
ts
tr
a
v
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
c
ellu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
HVD
C
is
s
m
all
i
n
th
e
i
n
itia
l
s
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
ec
o
m
e
ch
ar
g
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
HVDC
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
.
T
h
u
s
,
w
h
en
th
e
HVDC r
ea
c
h
es
it
s
s
at
u
r
ated
le
v
el,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
ill
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
lead
in
g
to
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
.
Se
v
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
also
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
is
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
P
F
A
E
an
d
Ge
m
in
i
X
in
s
u
latin
g
o
il
s
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
r
ess
b
o
ar
d
d
u
s
t
(
co
n
ta
m
i
n
a
n
t)
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
P
FA
E
o
il
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
o
il,
w
h
ich
is
e
v
id
en
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
o
ils
th
a
t
th
e
ce
l
lu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
b
eg
i
n
t
o
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
af
ter
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
2
k
V
o
f
HVD
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
A
co
m
p
lete
b
r
id
g
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
af
ter
th
e
HVDC
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
7
k
V.
T
h
e
o
il
b
ec
o
m
es
co
r
r
u
g
ated
a
s
th
e
HV
DC
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
n
til
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
in
t
h
e
o
ils
[
2
4
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
P
F
AE
an
d
Ge
m
i
n
i X
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
ils
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
ic
P
F
A
E
o
i
l
G
e
mi
n
i
X
mi
n
e
r
a
l
o
i
l
W
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
n
t
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
n
t
W
i
t
h
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
n
t
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
c
o
n
t
a
mi
n
a
n
t
T
i
me
t
a
k
e
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s t
o
a
t
t
a
c
h
t
h
e
mse
l
v
e
s o
n
t
o
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
su
r
f
a
c
e
5
0
s
a
t
2
k
V
–
3
7
s a
t
2
k
V
–
T
i
me
t
a
k
e
n
t
o
f
o
r
m a
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
c
e
l
l
u
l
o
s
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
7
6
s
a
t
7
k
V
–
6
6
s a
t
7
k
V
–
D
C
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
6
1
.
6
2
k
V
5
7
.
8
5
k
V
5
5
.
3
4
k
V
5
0
.
4
0
k
V
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
ss l
e
v
e
l
H
i
g
h
–
L
o
w
e
r
–
L
u
mi
n
o
u
s fl
a
sh
o
v
e
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
No
No
H
i
g
h
I
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
L
o
w
I
n
t
e
n
si
t
y
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
il
v
is
co
s
it
y
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
ti
m
e
tak
e
n
f
o
r
th
e
ce
llu
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles
to
attac
h
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
o
n
to
t
h
e
el
ec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
t
h
e
ti
m
e
tak
en
to
co
m
p
lete
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
l
y
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
th
at
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
s
h
o
r
ter
f
o
r
th
e
Ge
m
i
n
i
X
m
i
n
er
al
o
il
d
u
e
to
its
lo
w
er
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
co
m
p
ar
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
P
F
A
E
o
il.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
f
r
ictio
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
ar
ticles ar
e
in
m
o
tio
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
ce
ll
u
lo
s
e
p
r
es
s
b
o
ar
d
co
n
ta
m
in
a
n
t
o
n
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
in
s
u
lati
n
g
o
ils
(
P
F
A
E
o
il
a
n
d
Ge
m
in
i
X
m
in
er
al
o
il)
w
er
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
o
il
v
i
s
c
o
s
it
y
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ce
llu
lo
s
e
b
r
id
g
e
an
d
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
f
r
ictio
n
m
e
ch
an
i
s
m
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
ar
ticle
m
o
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
DE
P
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
DC
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
ies
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
o
il,
w
h
er
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
.
V
.
Oo
m
m
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bio
d
e
g
ra
d
a
b
le
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
in
su
lati
o
n
f
lu
id
s
,
”
Pro
c
.
El
e
c
tr.
In
su
l
.
Co
n
f.
El
e
c
t
r.
M
a
n
u
f
.
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il
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in
d
.
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o
n
f
.
,
p
p
.
4
6
5
–
4
6
8
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
]
S
.
S
.
K
u
m
a
r,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
V
e
g
e
tab
le
L
iq
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id
I
n
su
lati
n
g
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e
d
i
u
m
fo
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
Hig
h
Vo
lt
a
g
e
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
rs,”
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Res
e
a
rc
h
.
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
M
.
S
v
o
b
o
d
a
a
n
d
P
.
T
rn
k
a
,
“
Altern
a
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e
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tri
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a
l
in
su
latin
g
flu
id
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
tran
s
f
o
r
m
e
rs,”
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
En
g
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n
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n
g
(
EP
E
)
,
p
p
.
3
–
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
B.
Do
lata
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
w
s
y
n
th
e
ti
c
e
ste
r
f
lu
id
f
o
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th
e
in
su
latio
n
o
f
l
iq
u
i
d
imm
e
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se
d
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s
f
o
rm
e
rs,”
C
o
n
f.
Rec
.
2
0
0
6
IEE
E
In
t.
S
y
m
p
.
El
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c
tr.
I
n
su
l.
,
p
p
.
5
3
4
–
5
3
7
,
2
0
0
6
.
[5
]
H.
B.
H.
S
it
o
ru
s
a
n
d
R.
S
e
ti
a
b
u
d
y
,
“
P
h
y
sic
o
c
h
e
m
ica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
Ja
tro
p
h
a
Cu
rc
a
s
M
e
th
y
l
Ester
Oil
a
s a S
u
b
stit
u
te f
o
r
M
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e
ra
l
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I
EE
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Co
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f.
o
n
L
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Die
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trics
.
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p
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1
–
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
T
.
V
.
Oo
m
m
e
n
,
“
V
e
g
e
tab
le o
il
s f
o
r
li
q
u
i
d
-
f
il
led
tran
sf
o
rm
e
rs,”
IE
EE
El
e
c
tr.
In
s
u
l.
M
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
–
1
1
,
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
“
In
n
o
v
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ti
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n
F
u
n
d
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n
g
In
c
e
n
ti
v
e
.
El
e
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tri
c
it
y
tran
s
m
issio
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R&
D
P
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g
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m
d
e
tailed
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”
A
n
n
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a
l
Re
p
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rts,
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ti
o
n
a
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G
rid
P
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L
o
n
d
o
n
,
UK
,
2
0
1
1
/2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
M
.
G
.
Da
n
ik
a
s,
“
Bre
a
k
d
o
w
n
o
f
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
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il
,
”
IEE
E
El
e
c
tr.
I
n
su
l.
M
a
g
.
,
v
o
l
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ss
u
e
:
6
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
2
7
–
3
4
,
1
9
9
0
.
[9
]
N.
G
.
G
re
e
n
,
“
Die
lec
tro
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re
si
s
a
n
d
A
C
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lec
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e
ti
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s,”
in
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e
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tro
k
in
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ti
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s
a
n
d
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y
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d
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mic
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in
M
icr
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ms
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A
.
Ra
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Ed
.
S
p
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Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
p
p
.
6
1
–
84
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
H.
A
.
P
o
h
l,
“
T
h
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
ip
it
a
ti
o
n
o
f
su
sp
e
n
so
i
d
s
in
d
iv
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rg
e
n
t
e
lec
tri
c
f
ield
s,”
J
.
Ap
p
l.
Ph
y
s.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
22
(
7
),
p
p
.
8
6
9
–
8
7
1
,
1
9
5
1
[1
1
]
D.
S
h
e
e
h
a
n
,
“
P
h
y
sic
a
l
b
io
c
h
e
m
ist
ry
:
p
rin
c
ip
les
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
S
.
M
a
h
m
u
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
S
tu
d
ies
o
f
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
DC
a
n
d
A
C
El
e
c
tri
c
F
ield
s
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n
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g
in
g
i
n
Co
n
tam
in
a
ted
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
Oil,
”
Die
lec
tr.
El
e
c
t
r.
In
su
l
.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
22
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
–
1
6
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
3
]
A
.
B
e
ro
u
a
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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re
-
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
P
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
in
S
y
n
th
e
ti
c
Ester
a
n
d
S
il
ic
o
n
e
Oils f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
fo
rm
e
rs,”
IEE
E
Co
n
f.
o
f
Die
lec
tric L
iq
u
id
s,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
4
]
S
.
M
a
h
m
u
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bri
d
g
in
g
in
c
o
n
tam
in
a
ted
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
o
il
u
n
d
e
r
DC
a
n
d
A
C
e
lec
tri
c
f
ield
,
”
J
.
Ph
y
s.
Co
n
f
.
S
e
r.
,
v
o
l.
4
7
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
0
7
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
P.
Ra
in
a
n
d
O.
L
e
sa
in
t,
“
Pr
e
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
in
m
in
e
ra
l
o
il
u
n
d
e
r
ste
p
a
n
d
a
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
larg
e
-
g
a
p
d
iv
e
rg
e
n
t
f
ield
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Die
l
e
c
trics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
In
su
la
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
6
9
7
-
7
0
1
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
6
]
O.
L
e
sa
in
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
trea
m
e
r
p
ro
p
o
g
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
u
n
d
e
r
a
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
v
e
r
y
lar
g
e
o
il
g
a
p
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Die
lec
trics
a
n
d
E
lec
trica
l
In
s
u
la
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
5
1
-
3
5
9
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
7
]
O.
L
e
s
a
in
t
a
n
d
G
.
M
a
ss
a
la,
“
P
o
siti
v
e
stre
a
m
e
r
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
i
n
l
a
rg
e
o
il
g
a
p
s:
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
s,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Die
lec
trics
a
n
d
El
e
c
tric
a
l
In
s
u
la
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
6
0
-
3
7
0
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
8
]
L
.
L
u
n
d
g
a
a
rd
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
si
ti
v
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
stre
a
m
e
rs
in
o
il
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
p
re
ss
b
o
a
rd
i
n
terf
a
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
Die
lec
trics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
I
n
su
l
a
ti
o
n
,
v
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l.
5
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
-
3
9
5
,
1
9
9
8
.
[1
9
]
H.
Zain
u
d
d
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
c
u
rre
n
t
d
u
rin
g
su
rf
a
c
e
d
ish
a
rg
e
a
t
th
e
o
i
l
-
p
re
ss
b
o
a
rd
in
terf
a
c
e
,
”
2
0
1
2
An
n
u
a
l
Re
p
o
rt
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
I
n
su
l
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Die
l
e
c
tric
Ph
e
n
o
me
n
a
(
CEIDP),
M
o
n
tre
a
l,
Ca
n
a
d
a
,
p
p
.
4
8
3
-
486
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
0
]
N.
A
.
Oth
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
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f
c
re
e
p
a
g
e
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
o
n
p
re
ss
b
o
a
rd
imm
e
rs
e
d
in
pa
lm
f
a
tt
y
a
c
id
e
ste
r
(P
F
A
E)
o
il
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
10
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
3
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
N.
A
.
Oth
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
c
o
rre
l
a
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
su
rf
a
c
e
trac
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
n
p
re
ss
b
o
a
r
d
su
rf
a
c
e
i
m
m
e
rs
e
d
in
M
IDEL
e
N,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
7
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
6
3
1
-
6
4
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
G
.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
M
.
H.
Zu
b
e
r,
“
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re
-
b
re
a
k
d
o
w
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic
s
o
f
c
o
n
tam
in
a
ted
p
o
we
r
tran
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
il
,
”
An
n
u
.
Rep
.
-
Co
n
f.
El
e
c
tr.
In
s
u
l.
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lec
tr.
P
h
e
n
o
me
n
a
,
CEIDP
,
p
p
.
6
5
9
–
6
6
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
S
.
M
a
h
m
u
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Brid
g
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
i
n
c
o
n
tam
in
a
ted
tran
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
il
,
”
Pro
c
.
2
0
1
2
IEE
E
In
t.
Co
n
f.
Co
n
d
.
M
o
n
it
.
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a
g
n
o
sis,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r,
p
p
.
1
8
0
–
1
8
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
A
.
Be
ro
u
a
l
a
n
d
S
.
Bo
u
a
z
a
b
ia,
“
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
in
v
o
led
in
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
g
a
se
o
u
s
b
u
b
b
les
in
l
iq
u
id
d
i
e
lec
tri
c
s
u
n
d
e
r
DC v
o
lt
a
g
e
.
,
”
Arc
h
.
El
e
c
tr.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
4
8
,
p
p
.
2
9
5
–
3
0
3
,
1
9
9
9
.
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