Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
9
, p
p.
5060~
5067
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
6
.
pp5060
-
50
67
5060
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Tor
qu
e im
provem
ent of
PM mo
t
or with semi
-
cy
cle st
ato
r
design u
sing 2D
-
fini
te elem
ent a
n
alys
i
s
Kwan
g
T.
C
.
, Mo
hd
Lu
qm
an M
ohd
Ja
mi
l
, Auz
an
i Jidin
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs
and
Dr
ive
R
ese
arc
h
Group (PE
DG
),
Univer
sit
i
Te
knik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
la
ka
,
M
al
a
y
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
4
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Jun
2
7
, 201
9
Accepte
d
J
ul
7
, 201
9
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
se
nts
sizi
ng
appr
o
ac
hes
to
improve
output
torque
per
form
ance
in
PM
m
otor
w
hen
par
t
ia
l
st
ator
bod
y
is
r
emoved.
As
the
o
utput
torqu
e
per
form
anc
e
is
dire
c
tly
propor
tional
to
th
e
e
le
c
t
ric
lo
adi
ng
,
Q,
m
odifi
ca
t
ion
on
stat
or
geometr
y
aff
ec
ts
th
e
output
torque
per
form
anc
e
a
nd
spec
ial
proc
edur
es
h
ave
to
be
ta
k
en
to
r
estore
th
e
d
esired
output
to
rque
ca
pab
il
i
t
y
.
Influe
nc
es
of
split
ra
ti
o,
toot
h
b
od
y
width
,
ai
rg
a
p
and
m
agne
t
t
hic
kness
of
m
agne
t
in
PM
m
otor
with
as
ym
m
et
ry
st
a
tor
design
ar
e
ca
rri
ed
out
an
d
the
per
form
an
ce
ver
ifica
t
ion
ar
e
ref
err
ed
to
the
bac
k
-
emf,
av
er
age
outpu
t
torque
,
torqu
e
ri
pple
as
well
as
coggi
ng
torque
.
From
the
inve
stiga
ti
on
using
2D
-
Finit
e
Elem
e
nt
Anal
y
s
is,
opt
i
m
um
size
of
tooth
bod
y
width
an
d
opti
m
um
num
ber
of
coi
l
t
urns
result
better
output
torqu
e
while
oth
er
siz
ing
appr
oac
h
es
result
no
si
gnific
ant
cha
ng
e
as
qu
ic
k
sa
tura
t
ion to
ok
place
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ov
e
rall
w
ei
gh
t
PM
m
oto
r
Sem
i
-
ci
rcle sta
tor
Torq
ue den
sit
y
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Mohd L
uqm
an
Mohd
Jam
i
l,
Power El
ect
ronics a
nd
D
rive
s Resea
rc
h Gro
up (
P
ED
G)
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka,
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a, 76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: l
uq
m
an@
utem
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Perm
anen
t
m
a
gn
et
(P
M
)
brus
hless
m
oto
rs
ar
e
fa
vorab
le
in
industries
due
to
sim
ple
con
st
ru
ct
io
n
le
d
to
li
gh
t
-
wei
ght,
reli
abili
ty
,
high
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
high
t
orq
ue
de
ns
it
y
as
well
le
sser
no
ise
ge
ner
at
io
n
[
1
-
5].
Accor
ding
to
ba
ck
-
em
f
prof
il
e,
PM
m
oto
rs
are
com
m
on
l
y
cat
egorized
int
o
tw
o
ope
rati
ng
m
od
es,
BL
D
C
and
BLAC, where the
BLDC
m
od
e
m
ay
of
fe
r
hi
gh
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy and
hi
gh
out
put
tor
qu
e
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
as
c
ompare
d
t
o
the
BLAC
m
od
e
f
or
a
giv
e
n
desig
n
[
6].
Conve
ntion
al
ly
,
BLDC
m
oto
rs
with
ra
dial
f
lux
or
ie
ntati
on
and
equ
i
pp
e
d
with
Neodym
iu
m
Ir
on
B
oro
n
(
NdFeB)
pe
rm
anen
t
m
agn
et
on
r
otor
res
ults
superi
or
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
char
act
e
risti
cs
at
on
-
l
oad
a
nd
hav
i
ng
rob
us
t
perform
ance
[7
-
9].
Howe
ve
r,
un
op
ti
m
iz
ed
desig
n
pa
ram
et
ers
m
ay
cause
pe
r
form
ance
de
gradati
on
i.e
l
ow
powe
r
-
to
-
w
ei
gh
t
rati
o,
lo
w
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy,
low
to
rque
de
nsi
ty
bu
t
hav
i
ng
bulky
s
iz
e.
Fo
r
a
n
a
ve
rag
e
t
orqu
e
im
pro
vem
ent,
vari
ou
s
to
polo
gie
s
relat
ed
to
ge
om
et
ry
m
od
ifi
cat
ion
su
c
h
as
hav
i
ng
holl
ow
i
ron
r
otor,
sli
m
m
er
too
t
h
body
wi
dt
h
an
d
back
ir
on
wi
dth
for
a
high
nu
m
ber
of
c
oi
l
tur
ns
,
sm
al
le
r
and
asy
m
m
e
tri
c
ai
r
gap
[
10
-
12]
.
On
r
ot
or
de
sign
side
,
pole
e
m
br
ace,
sh
a
pe
of
m
agn
et
,
m
agn
e
t
sk
ew
an
d
ty
pe
of
m
agn
et
iz
at
ion
i.e
par
al
le
l
and
hallba
ch
wer
e
am
ong
popula
r
ste
ps
to
e
nh
a
nce
ou
t
pu
t
aver
a
ge
t
orq
ue
[
13
-
15]
.
By
ha
ving
pro
per
m
agn
et
geo
m
et
ry
an
d
par
al
le
l
m
agn
et
iz
at
ion
,
a
decen
tr
ed
m
agn
et
ro
t
or
res
ults
a
relat
ive
hi
gh
of
fl
ux
den
sit
y,
aver
a
ge
t
orq
ue
an
d
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
[
16
]
.
F
or
a
li
m
it
ed
m
oto
r
volum
e,
determ
inati
on
of
s
plit
-
rati
o
a
lso
en
ha
nces
e
le
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
tor
qu
e
ca
pa
bili
ty
altho
ug
h
m
a
gn
et
ic
an
d
el
ect
ric
loadings
are
cr
ucial
in
t
he
fir
st
place
[17].
Accor
ding
to
[
18
]
,
opti
m
iz
at
i
on
of
m
agn
et
f
racti
on,
sl
ot
op
enin
g,
ai
rg
a
p
le
ngth,
t
oo
t
h
bo
dy
widt
h,
m
agn
et
thickne
ss
an
d
num
ber
of
c
oil
tur
ns
resu
lt
sig
nifi
cant
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
in
tor
qu
e
perfor
m
a
nce.
A
dete
rm
inati
on
of
s
pecific
ai
rg
a
p
thickne
ss
sho
ul
d
no
t
be
ig
no
red
as
it
pr
ovi
des
a
correla
ti
on b
et
ween t
he
m
otor to
rque
pe
rform
ance and c
ost
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
To
r
qu
e
im
prov
emen
t
of P
M
motor
wi
th se
mi
-
cycl
e stator de
sign usi
ng 2D
-
fi
nite el
emen
t..
.
(
Kw
ang T.
C
)
5061
In
this
a
rtic
le
,
furthe
r
in
vesti
gation
on
the
de
velo
ped
proto
ty
pe
as
i
n
[
19,
20
]
is
car
ried
out
usi
ng
by
2
-
D
Fi
nite
-
Ele
m
ent
An
al
ysi
s.
I
nf
lue
nces
of
sp
li
t
rati
o,
sta
tor
to
oth
body
width,
ai
r
ga
p
t
hick
ne
s
s
a
nd
m
agn
et
thickne
ss
res
pe
ct
ively
are
include
d.
T
he
in
it
ia
l
m
oto
r
des
ign
with
hem
i
cy
cl
e
sta
tor
and
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
SPM
ro
t
or
was
aim
e
d
to
r
e
duce
ov
e
rall
m
oto
r
we
i
gh
t
with
ou
t
sac
rifici
ng ove
rall
torq
ue per
for
m
ance.
2.
ANALY
SIS
O
F PAR
AM
ET
R
IC
D
E
SIG
N
S
Du
e
to
sym
m
e
tric
3
-
phase
w
ind
in
g
m
m
f
vector
s,
m
oto
r
with
slot
num
ber,
N
s
is
eve
n
is
the
best
cho
ic
e as c
ompare
d
the m
oto
r
with
N
s
is odd.
T
he
rem
ai
nin
g part
of
stat
or bod
y st
il
l can g
ive a b
al
a
nce
d
m
m
f
vecto
rs
with
120°
ph
a
se
displ
ace
m
ent
as
al
l
three
phases
windin
gs
a
re
s
ti
l
l
visible
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
1b.
The
dash
li
nes
represe
nt
set
of
c
oils
that
ha
s
bee
n
rem
oved
as
sem
i
-
cycle
sta
tor
desi
gn
is
im
ple
m
e
nted
.
Wh
il
e
for od
d sl
ot num
ber
, the
m
m
f
vector
s
are
no
t
balance
d
as
alm
os
t on
ly
o
ne
phase
lef
t.
(a.
1)
.
N
s
= eve
n (D
esi
gn 1,
12
-
sl
ot)
(a.
2)
.
N
s
=
odd (9
-
slot)
(a)
(b.1).
Ns
=
e
ve
n (D
esi
gn 1)
(b.2).
Ns
=
od
d
(b)
Figure
1. Eve
n
N
s
vs
od
d
N
s
,
(
a)
Desig
n
la
yo
uts,
(
b) Mm
f
ve
ct
or
s
2.1.
Spli
t
Rat
i
o
In
m
oto
r
desi
gn
per
s
pecti
ve
,
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
torque
perform
a
nce
i
s
directl
y
pr
oport
io
nal
to
the
square
of
m
oto
r
diam
e
te
r,
D
2,
axial
le
ng
th,
La
,
el
ect
rical
load
ing
,
Q
an
d
m
agn
et
ic
load
ing
,
B.
Fo
r
an
opti
m
u
m
torque
perform
ance,
a
good
c
om
pr
om
ise
betwee
n
the
sta
tor
ou
te
r
diam
et
er,
D
a
nd
the
m
ot
or
axial
le
ng
th
of
m
oto
r
is
nee
de
d.
Howe
ver
hi
gh
qu
a
ntit
y
product
of
el
ect
r
ic
and
m
agn
et
ic
loadings
is
a
m
us
t
wh
e
n
big
siz
in
g
beco
m
es
a
m
ai
n
co
ns
trai
nt
i
n
order
to
ac
hi
eve
high
to
r
que
an
d
high
power
de
ns
it
y.
I
n
m
any
cases
w
he
re
li
m
it
a
ti
on
s
on
sl
ot
fill
fact
or
,
sl
ot
de
pth,
t
herm
al
factor
a
nd
coil
cu
rrent
de
ns
it
y
exist,
a
relat
ive
low
of
el
ect
ric
loading
is
una
vo
i
ded.
I
n
oth
e
r
way,
a
sp
eci
f
ic
m
axi
m
u
m
flux
distrib
utio
n
(leadin
g
to
a
li
m
it
ed
qu
a
ntit
y
of
m
a
gn
et
ic
l
oad
i
ng)
betw
een
the
r
otor
s
urface
a
nd
sta
to
r
te
et
h
is
nee
de
d
t
o
a
vo
i
d
high
s
at
urat
io
n
conditi
on.
W
it
h
a
high
el
ect
ric
an
d
m
agn
e
ti
c
loadings,
a
highe
r
nu
m
ber
of
c
oppe
r
t
urns
m
ay
al
so
aff
ect
the
sp
li
t
rati
o
as
high
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
pe
rfor
m
ance
is
do
m
inate
d
by
the
el
ect
ric
and
m
agn
et
ic
loadi
ngs
resp
ect
ively
.
T
able
1
ta
bula
te
s
the
param
et
ri
c
sp
eci
ficat
ion
of
Desig
n
1
over
diff
e
re
nt
sp
li
t
rati
os
.
The
ph
a
s
e
current
of
10
A
rem
ai
ns
in
al
l
con
diti
ons.
A
relat
i
on
be
tween
the
sta
tor
in
ner
diam
e
te
r,
D
to
sta
to
r
ou
te
r
diam
e
te
r,
D
s
is
expres
sed
as
(
1).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
50
60
-
506
7
5062
Ds
D
(1)
Table
1
.
Param
et
ric sp
eci
ficat
ion
s
ove
r
s
plit
ra
ti
os
Pa
ra
m
ete
r
Sp
ecif
icatio
n
s
Sp
lit r
atio
0
.5
0
.55
0
.6
0
.65
0
.7
Stato
r
o
u
ter
d
ia
m
et
er
(
m
m
)
120
Stato
r
in
n
er
d
ia
m
et
er
(
m
m
)
60
66
72
78
82
Too
th
bo
d
y
width
(
m
m
)
1
1
.5
1
2
.4
1
3
.1
1
3
.4
1
4
.2
Stato
r
b
ack iron
(
m
m
)
5
.3
5
.6
6
.7
6
.6
5
.6
Slo
t dep
th
(
m
m
)
21
1
7
.4
13
1
0
.3
9
.4
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
coil tu
r
n
s
130
118
104
89
74
Ax
ial leng
th
(
m
m
)
20
Magn
et thick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
5
Airgap
leng
th
(
m
m
)
1
Slo
t op
en
in
g
(
m
m
)
1
.1
Too
th
tip th
ick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
3
.3
2
.
2.
T
ooth
body
w
idt
h
Fo
r
a
giv
e
n
m
otor
siz
e,
num
ber
of
c
oil
tur
ns
i
n
eac
h
sta
t
or
slots
is
i
nf
l
uen
ce
d
by
th
e
slot
fill
area.
A
sp
eci
fic
slot
area
te
nds
to
li
m
it
the
nu
m
ber
of
c
oil
tur
ns
a
s
it
al
so
dep
e
nds
on
the
a
vail
abili
ty
fr
om
stan
da
r
d
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng.
As
the
sp
irit
f
or
high
el
ect
ric
loading,
the
dim
ension
of
sta
tor
to
oth
bo
dy
width
in
Desig
n
1
is
inv
est
igate
d.
I
n
earli
er
desi
gn,
th
e
m
oto
r
de
sign
with
s
plit
rati
o
0.6
a
nd
too
t
h
bo
dy
w
idth
of
13.
1mm
is
inv
est
igate
d.
B
y
ref
err
i
ng
t
o
Table
2,
for
an
op
ti
m
u
m
nu
m
ber
of
c
oil
turns,
the
too
t
h
bo
dy
reduce
s
gr
a
du
al
ly
and
res
ults
bigger
sl
ot
area
a
nd
highe
r
num
ber
of
coil
tu
r
ns
in
t
he
sta
to
r
slots.
T
he
tota
l
area
co
nduct
or
pe
r
slot
is
cal
culat
ed
f
or
gi
ven
spe
ci
fic
sta
tor
to
oth
bod
y width
where
t
he
sat
urat
ion
e
ff
e
ct
is
ignore
d.
W
hile
ot
he
r
m
oto
r
dim
ensi
on is m
ai
ntained.
All de
sig
n
is
then re
-
analy
s
ed by usi
ng
2D
-
Finit
e Ele
m
ent A
naly
sis
by tak
ing
into acc
ount t
he
satur
at
io
n co
nd
it
io
n.
Table
2.
Influe
nce
of to
oth
bo
dy w
i
dth
on
num
ber
o
f
c
oil t
urns
Pa
ra
m
eter
Sp
ecif
icatio
n
s
Too
th
bo
d
y
width
(
m
m
)
9
.1
1
0
.1
1
1
.1
1
2
.1
1
3
.1
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
coil tu
r
n
s
152
144
136
138
104
2.3.
Airg
ap
t
hick
n
ess
The
ai
rg
a
p
t
hi
ckn
e
ss
betwee
n
sta
to
r
a
nd
rot
or
m
ay
var
ie
s
accor
ding
t
o
t
he
m
oto
r
siz
e.
An
opti
m
u
m
ai
rg
a
p
siz
e
m
a
y
resu
lt
hig
h
a
irga
p
flu
x
de
nsi
ty
,
a
relative
l
ow
c
ogging
to
rque
an
d
hi
gh
tor
qu
e
perform
ance
.
As
the
ai
r
ga
p
beco
m
es
narrow
,
the
m
oto
r
resu
lt
s
high
va
lue
of
phase
inducta
nce
a
nd
offe
rs
high
ou
t
put
tor
qu
e
.
H
owe
ver,
hi
gh
co
ggin
g
to
rque
a
nd
seve
re
i
n
vibrat
ion
are
t
he
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
for
the
sm
alle
r
ai
r
ga
p
dim
ension
if
s
lot
-
ope
ning
siz
e
rem
ai
ns
un
c
hange
d.
With
the
sp
i
rit
to
ac
hieve
hig
h
outpu
t
t
orqu
e
an
d
lo
w
coggin
g
t
orq
ue
, th
e ai
rg
a
p
t
hickn
e
ss is i
nv
es
ti
gated
by
va
ryi
ng
from
0
.5 m
m
to 1
m
m
in
Desig
n 1.
2.4
Magne
t t
hick
ness
In
ra
dial
flu
x
m
oto
r,
the
N
dFeB
pe
rm
anen
t
m
agn
et
ha
s
ga
in
po
pu
la
rity
du
e
to
high
c
oe
rcivit
y
an
d
high
rem
anen
c
e
[
21
]
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs.
T
he
NdFeB
PM
pa
rall
el
ly
m
agn
et
iz
ed
is
m
ounted
with
unit
y
pole
e
m
br
ace
on
ro
t
or
s
urface.
F
or
high
m
agn
et
ic
flu
x
de
ns
it
y,
a
n
opti
m
u
m
m
a
gn
et
t
hick
ness
sh
oul
d
be
pro
pe
rly
cal
culat
ed
to
a
vo
i
d
pote
ntial
o
f
se
ve
re
sat
ur
at
ion
that
in
herentl
y
lim
it
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
to
r
qu
e
. A
s
m
agn
et
thickne
ss
increases
,
the
m
oto
r
res
ults
hi
gh
flu
x
de
ns
it
y
an
d
high
el
ec
trom
agn
et
ic
to
rque.
A
n
i
nves
ti
gation
is
car
ried
out
with a
va
riat
ion
from
5
m
m
t
o 8 mm
w
hile othe
r
m
oto
r pa
ram
et
ers
rem
a
i
n un
c
ha
ng
e
d.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
A
N
ALYSIS
3.1.
Spli
t
r
ati
o
Ph
ase
back
-
em
f
of
al
l
desig
ns
are
show
n
in
Figure
2(a)
w
he
re
the
pre
dicti
on
is
ob
ta
ine
d
at
100
r
pm
rated
s
pee
d.
T
he
peak
bac
k
-
e
m
f
for
or
i
gina
l
Desig
n
1
(
γ
=
0.6
)
is
3.2
V.
As
t
he
s
plit
rati
o
beco
m
es
bigger
,
the
pea
k
phas
e
back
-
em
f
is
theoret
ic
al
ly
reduce
d
due
to
sm
al
l
sta
tor
slot
area
an
d
nu
m
ber
of
c
oi
l
turn
s
.
Fo
r
sp
li
t
rati
o
0.7
in
Desig
n
1,
the
pea
k
ba
ck
-
em
f
reduce
s
18%
f
ro
m
the
init
ia
l
design
to
2.6
V.
All
desig
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
To
r
qu
e
im
prov
emen
t
of P
M
motor
wi
th se
mi
-
cycl
e stator de
sign usi
ng 2D
-
fi
nite el
emen
t..
.
(
Kw
ang T.
C
)
5063
ind
ic
at
e
a
trapezo
i
dal
curre
nt
is
a
bette
r
cand
idate
th
an
sin
us
oi
d
al
excit
at
ion
cu
rr
e
nt
for
a
con
sta
nt
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
torque.
Ba
se
d
to
Fig
ure
2(
b),
the
rise
of
m
ulti
ple
har
m
on
ic
or
de
r
i.e.
3
rd
an
d
5
th
dep
ic
ts
den
te
d peak
s a
nd no
n
-
si
nuso
i
dal pr
of
il
e.
Com
par
ison
s
of
co
ggin
g
to
r
qu
e
an
d
a
ve
ra
ge
ou
t
pu
t
t
orq
ue
ov
e
r
var
i
ous
s
plit
rati
os
a
re
s
how
n
in
Figure
3.
F
or
coggin
g
to
r
qu
e
as
in
Fig
ur
e
3(a),
t
her
e
a
re
only
two
cy
cl
es
exist
over
360°
el
ect
rical
de
gr
ee
s
instea
d
of
12
c
yc
le
s
fo
r
the
previ
ou
s
ori
gin
a
l
desig
n.
It
can
be
see
n
that
t
he
or
igi
nal
De
sign
1
has
a
pe
ak
-
to
-
peak
c
oggi
n
g
t
orq
ue
of
1.0
Nm
.
The
peak
of
co
ggin
g
tor
que
increase
s
wh
e
n
the
s
pl
it
-
rati
o
increas
es
an
d
the h
i
gh
e
r
t
he c
ogging t
orq
ue
m
a
y ca
us
e
higher
torq
ue rip
pl
e and un
wan
te
d vib
rati
on ex
i
st.
Fo
r
the
t
orq
ue
perf
or
m
ance
as
in
Fi
gure
3(b
),
t
he
a
ver
a
ge
outp
ut
to
rqu
e
te
nds
to
be
l
ow
e
r
wh
il
e
hav
i
ng
hi
gh
to
rque
rip
ple
esp
eci
al
ly
wh
en
s
plit
-
rati
o
inc
re
ases
bey
ond
0.6.
T
he
Desig
n
1
re
su
lt
s
a
n
a
ve
rage
tor
qu
e
of
4.8 N
m
an
d
60% t
orqu
e
r
i
pp
le
for
a
sp
li
t
-
rati
o o
f 0
.6
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
2. Ba
ck
-
em
f,
(
a)
Ph
a
se
b
ac
k
-
em
f,
(
b)
Har
m
on
ic
s
c
om
po
nen
ts
(b)
(a)
Figure
3. Co
gging
t
orq
ue
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t t
orq
ue,
(
a)
C
oggi
ng to
rque,
(
b)
A
ver
a
ge
to
r
qu
e
and
r
ipp
le
3.2.
To
oth B
ody
Width
Figures
4(a)
de
picts
the
peak
ph
a
se
bac
k
-
em
f
of
al
l
desig
ns
ov
e
r
var
i
ous
width
of
sta
to
r
too
th
bo
dy.
Wh
e
n
the
sta
to
r
too
t
h
body
w
idth
cha
nges
to
9.1m
m
,
the
peak
3V
of
t
he
or
igi
nal
Desig
n
1
is
the
n
inc
reased
by
43%
res
ulti
ng
4.3
V.
The
m
oto
r
is
capa
ble
to
have
la
rg
e
r
slot
a
rea
and
hi
gh
e
r
num
ber
of
c
oil
tur
ns
i
f
thinn
e
r
t
oo
t
h
body
widt
h
is
c
on
si
d
ere
d,
but
this
will
cause
the
m
oto
r
sat
urable
easi
ly
due
to
high
qu
a
nt
it
y
of
el
ect
ric
loading.
A
quasi
-
pha
se
current
is
a
bette
r
ch
oice
as
the
bac
k
-
e
m
f
pr
of
il
e
cl
ose
r
to
the
tra
pe
zoidal
form
instea
d
of
sinu
s
oid.
Acc
ordin
g
to
Fig
ure
4(
b),
sm
al
le
r
sta
tor
too
th
body
width
i.e
9.
1
m
m
resu
lt
hi
gh
e
st
fun
dam
ental
c
om
po
ne
nt
an
d
ind
ic
at
es
de
nted
peak
s
as
the
rise
of
h
ig
her
m
ulti
ple
order
har
m
on
ic
s
.
Fo
r
co
ggin
g
t
orq
ue,
it
is
f
ound
t
hat
there
is
no
sig
nific
ant
achie
vem
e
nt
w
he
n
to
oth
body
width
is
var
ie
d.
Gen
e
rall
y,
lo
w
co
gg
i
ng
to
rque
m
ay
cause
low
rip
ple
on
ou
t
pu
t
t
orq
ue
excep
t
t
her
e
is
m
is
m
at
ch
between
back
-
em
f
and
excit
at
ion
c
urr
ent du
rin
g
c
omm
uta
ti
on
.
Stat
ic
torque
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
al
l
desig
ns
w
he
re
the
m
oto
rs
are
e
xcite
d
with
tra
pez
oid
al
phase
c
urre
nt
of
10
A
a
re
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5(b
).
For
th
e
or
i
gin
al
Desig
n
1,
a
n
a
ve
rage
tor
que
of
4.8
Nm
and
60%
t
orq
ue
rip
ple
are
obta
ined
.
A
higher
aver
a
ge
t
orq
ue
is
obta
ine
d
w
hen
hi
gh
e
r
c
oil
tur
ns
is
occ
up
ie
d
as
t
he
to
ot
h
body
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
50
60
-
506
7
5064
width
getti
ng
t
hinner
bu
t
un
wan
te
d
quic
k
s
at
ur
at
io
n
m
a
y
app
ea
rs.
F
or
a
giv
e
n
to
oth
bo
dy
width
of
11
.1
m
m
,
the
m
oto
r
res
ul
ts
an
inc
rease
of
a
ve
rag
e
tor
qu
e
by
19%,
e
qu
i
valent
to
5.
7
Nm
bu
t
with
55.
6%
to
rque
rip
ple
too
.
T
heoreti
cal
ly
, car
e sho
uld be ta
ken du
rin
g
e
xcita
ti
on
t
o avo
i
d qu
ic
k
sat
ur
at
io
n
e
xists.
(
a)
(b)
Figure
4. Ba
ck
-
em
f,
(
a)
Ph
a
se
b
ac
k
-
em
fs,
(
b)
Ha
rm
on
ic
s
co
m
po
nen
ts
(a)
(b
)
Figure
5.
Co
gging
t
orq
ue
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t t
orq
ue,
(
a)
C
oggi
ng to
rque,
(
b)
Stat
ic
torq
ue
3.3.
Airg
ap
T
hick
ness
The
infl
ue
nce
of
ai
r
ga
p
thic
kn
e
ss
on
the
pro
posed
de
sig
n
are
s
how
n
i
n
Figures
6
–
7.
In
ge
ner
al
,
the
bigger
the
ai
rg
ap,
the
s
m
al
le
r
back
-
e
m
f
is
ob
ta
ined.
Howe
ver,
th
e
sit
uation
rev
erse
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
6(
a
).
For an ai
r
gap of
0.5 mm
, th
e p
ea
k of
bac
k
-
em
f
increase
s
up
t
o 11% res
ulti
ng
3.34 V
as c
ompare
d
to
the
act
ual
de
sign.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
Fig
ur
e
6(b
),
the
0.5m
m
ai
rg
a
p
res
ults
a
su
pe
rio
r
f
un
dam
ental
co
m
pone
nt
back
-
em
f.
All
desig
n
s
hows
den
te
d
pea
ks
a
s
higher
m
ultip
le
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
s
e
xists.
Si
m
il
ar
to
Figu
r
e
5(
a
)
,
the
co
ggin
g
t
orq
ue
in
Fig
ure
7(a)
res
ults
n
o
sig
nifica
nt
change
i
n
pe
ak
-
to
-
peak
m
agn
it
ude.
A
s
ai
rg
a
p
dim
ension
bec
om
e
nar
row,
t
he
pea
k
c
oggi
ng
t
orq
ue
incr
eases
res
ulti
ng
higher
t
orqu
e
rip
ple
an
d
un
wan
t
e
d
vibrat
ion
in
as
ymm
et
ry
m
oto
r
de
sig
n.
I
n
te
rm
of
outp
ut
t
orq
ue
perform
ance
as
in
Fig
ur
e
7(b
),
th
e
a
ver
a
ge
tor
qu
e
and t
orq
ue rip
ple are
r
e
la
ti
vely
co
ns
ta
nt and t
he 0.
5 m
m
airg
ap
is st
il
l t
he
best c
ho
i
ce.
(a)
(b)
Figure
6. Ba
ck
-
em
f
analy
sis, (
a)
Ph
a
se
back
-
em
fs,
(
b)
Harm
on
ic
s
com
po
nen
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
To
r
qu
e
im
prov
emen
t
of P
M
motor
wi
th se
mi
-
cycl
e stator de
sign usi
ng 2D
-
fi
nite el
emen
t..
.
(
Kw
ang T.
C
)
5065
(a)
(b)
Figure
7.
Ele
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
to
r
qu
e
analy
sis,
(
a)
Co
ggin
g
to
r
qu
e
, (
b)
Av
e
ra
ge
to
r
qu
e
and
r
ipp
le
3.4
.
M
agne
t T
hickness
It
is
fou
nd
tha
t
the
infl
uen
ce
of
m
agn
et
thi
ckn
e
ss
is
relat
ively
si
m
i
la
r
to
the
i
nf
l
uen
c
e
of
ai
rg
a
p
thickne
ss.
As
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
8,
t
he
Design
1
is
init
ia
ll
y
equ
i
pp
e
d
wi
th
5mm
m
agn
et
thick
ness
w
her
e
the
pea
k
back
-
e
m
f
is
3.0
V
.
Fo
r
a
m
agn
et
thick
ness
of
8
m
m
,
the
peak
back
-
em
f
in
c
re
ases
by
4%
res
ulti
ng
3.12
V.
T
he
infl
uen
ce
of
m
agn
et
ic
loa
ding,
B
due
to
m
agn
et
vo
l
um
es
resu
lt
s
hi
gh
e
r
m
agn
et
ic
interact
io
n
betwee
n
m
agn
et
an
d
slot
pe
r
m
eance,
this
can
be
see
n
in
Figure
9(a)
w
her
e
al
l
bigger
thickness
of
m
agn
et
resu
lt
s
hi
gh
e
r
coggin
g
to
rque
.
For
exam
ple,
the
Desig
n
1
t
hat
co
gg
i
ng
to
r
qu
e
of
0.9
Nm
exp
e
riences
a
sli
gh
t
increase
of c
ogging to
r
qu
e
as
1.2 Nm
w
hen
m
agn
et
thic
kn
e
ss is
8 m
m
.
In
te
rm
of
ou
t
pu
t
to
rque
pe
r
form
ance
as
i
n
Fig
ur
e
9(b),
the
aver
a
ge
tor
que
is
relat
i
vely
con
sta
nt
wh
il
e
the
tor
que
ri
pp
le
grad
ually
increases
.
I
n
the
earli
er
sta
nd
a
r
d
design,
the
m
oto
r
dev
el
op
e
d
a
n
aver
a
ge
tor
qu
e o
f
4.8 Nm
and
60%
t
orqu
e ripple
. A
s m
agn
et
thick
ne
ss
increase
s
to
7
m
m
,
qu
ic
k
sat
ur
at
io
n
oc
cu
rs
an
d
lim
it
s
the
avera
ge
to
rque
inc
rem
ent
up
to
4%
on
ly
.
It
is
fou
nd
t
hat
the
5mm
m
agn
et
thickne
ss
rem
ai
ns
as
the b
e
st si
ze
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
8. Ba
ck
-
em
f
analy
sis, (
a)
Ph
a
se
back
-
em
fs,
(
b)
Harm
on
ic
s
com
po
nen
ts
(a)
(b)
Figure
9.
Ele
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
to
r
qu
e
an
al
ysi
s, (
a)
Co
ggin
g
to
r
qu
e
, (
b)
Av
e
ra
ge
to
r
qu
e
and
r
ipp
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
9
:
50
60
-
506
7
5066
Table
3
ta
bu
la
te
s
pr
edict
ed
resu
lt
s
of
back
-
em
f,
cog
gi
ng
tor
qu
e
,
aver
a
ge
ou
tp
ut
tor
que
and
tor
qu
e
rip
ple
over
sel
ect
ed
siz
in
g
pa
ram
et
ers.
It
co
m
fir
m
s
that
only
siz
ing
of
to
oth
body
widt
h
in
Desi
gn
1
resu
l
t
s
sign
ific
a
nt
im
p
rovem
ent
as
the
ph
a
se
bac
k
-
e
m
f
bo
os
te
d
up
to
42%
wh
il
e
the
ave
rag
e
ou
tpu
t
to
rque
in
r
eases
up to 1
9%.
Table
3
.
Propo
sed
m
et
ho
d o
n variat
io
n para
m
et
ers
Sizin
g
para
m
et
er
Para
m
eter
Peak
back
-
e
m
f
(
V
)
Peak
cog
g
in
g
to
rqu
e (
N
m
)
Av
erage
to
rqu
e (
N
m
)
Torq
u
e
ripp
le (
%)
1
Sp
lit r
atio
0
.5
3
.28
0
.73
4
.2
8
3
.0
0
.55
3
.27
0
.85
4
.6
7
0
.0
0
.6
3
.16
0
.96
4
.8
6
0
.0
0
.65
2
.93
1
.07
4
.5
7
3
.0
0
.7
2
.56
1
.34
3
.3
1
3
9
.0
2
Too
th
bo
d
y
width
(
m
m
)
9
.1
4
.27
0
.86
5
.7
5
1
.8
1
0
.1
4
.10
0
.93
5
.7
5
2
.3
1
1
.1
3
.91
0
.96
5
.7
5
5
.6
1
2
.1
3
.70
0
.96
5
.6
5
8
.3
1
3
.1
3
.00
0
.96
4
.8
6
0
.0
3
Airgap
(
m
m
)
0
.5
3
.34
1
.17
5
.3
6
8
.8
0
.6
3
.27
1
.13
5
.1
6
8
.5
0
.7
3
.21
1
.10
5
.0
6
7
.2
0
.8
3
.14
1
.04
4
.9
6
6
.3
0
.9
3
.07
1
.02
4
.9
6
4
.8
1
.0
3
.00
0
.96
4
.8
6
0
.0
4
Magn
et thick
n
ess
(
m
m
)
5
3
.00
0
.96
4
.8
6
0
.0
6
3
.08
1
.14
4
.9
6
8
.0
7
3
.11
1
.17
5
.0
6
8
.3
8
3
.12
1
.26
5
.0
7
2
.3
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fr
om
the
in
ve
sti
gation,
the
PM
m
oto
r
eq
uipped
with
s
e
m
i
-
ci
rcle
sta
tor
desi
gn
ca
n
ha
ve
bette
r
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
pe
rfor
m
ance
via
opti
m
u
m
si
ze
of
to
oth
bo
dy
wi
dth
a
nd
c
oil
tur
ns
res
pe
ct
ively
.
A
redu
ct
ion
of
ov
e
rall
vo
l
um
e
siz
e
can
be
achie
ved
but
perf
or
m
ance
degrad
at
io
n
is
un
a
vo
i
ded.
The
pr
opos
e
d
siz
ing
par
am
et
ers
res
ults
im
pr
ov
em
ent
on
t
he
ph
a
se
bac
k
-
em
f
a
nd
ave
ra
ge
ou
t
pu
t
t
orq
ue
perf
or
m
ance
but
t
her
e
is
no sig
nificant
re
du
ct
io
n o
f ou
t
pu
t t
orq
u
e ri
pple
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
tha
nk
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tek
nik
al
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
la
ka
(
UTeM)
f
or
pro
vid
in
g
UTe
M
Zam
a
la
h
Sche
m
e, U
TeM
.
29.
02
/
600
-
1/
9/5
Jl
d.6 fo
r
this
r
es
earch
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Manoj
et
al,
“
FEA
of
a
Hig
h
Eff
icien
c
y
Br
ushless
DC
M
otor
Design
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Applie
d
Engi
ne
ering
R
ese
arch
,
vo
l. 12(1)
,
pp
.
11417
-
114
23,
2017
.
[2]
Shivraj
&
Archa
na,
“
Mathe
m
ati
ca
l
Modelling
a
nd
Sim
ula
ti
on
of
Thre
e
Phase
BLDC
Motor
U
sing
MA
TL
AB
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Adv
an
c
e
in
Engi
n
ee
ring
&
Technol
ogy
,
pp.
1426
-
1433
,
2014.
[3]
Yang
M.
et
al
,
“
A
Cost
-
Eff
ec
t
ive
Method
of
El
e
ct
ri
c
Brake
with
Ene
rg
y
R
e
gene
ra
ti
on
for
El
e
ct
ri
c
Vehic
l
e
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
n
on
Industrial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vol. 5
6(6),
pp
.
2203
-
2
212,
2009
.
[4]
Shirish
&
Jain,
“
Modell
ing
and
Sim
ula
ti
on
of
T
hre
e
Phase
B
LDC
Motor
for
Ele
ct
ri
c
Braki
ng
Us
ing
MA
TL
AB/
SIM
ULINK
,
”
vol.
5(1)
,
pp
.
48
-
5
3,
2017
.
[5]
Sanadh
y
a
N.
et
al
,
“
Rel
i
abi
l
ity
o
f
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Brushless
DC
Drive
s
u
sing
IGBT’s
,
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
of
Innov
ative Re
se
arch
in
S
c
i
enc
e
,
Engi
ne
ering
and
Technol
og
y
,
vol
.
2(3)
,
pp
.
772
-
7
80,
2013
.
[6]
Masata
ka
M.
&
Kan
A.,
“
Eff
ic
i
ency
Com
par
ison
bet
wee
n
brushless
DC
Motor
and
Brushless
AC
Mot
or
Consideri
ng
Dri
ving
Method
an
d
Mac
hin
e
Desi
gn
,
”
I
EEJ
Journal
of
Industry
A
ppli
cation
,
vol
.
2(1)
,
pp
.
79
-
86
,
2012.
[7]
G
R.
Putta
l
akshm
i
&
S.
Para
m
asiva
m
,
“
El
ectro
m
agne
ti
c
Flux
A
naly
s
is
of
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Br
ushless
D
C
Mot
or
using Ma
gnet Software
,
”
In
te
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
and
Technol
og
y
,
vol
.
5(1)
,
pp
.
3215
-
3222
,
2013
.
[8]
Indira
j
it
h
K.
&
Kum
ar
R.
B.
,
“
Com
par
at
ive
St
ud
y
of
The
Tra
n
sverse,
Axia
l
an
d
Radi
a
l
PM
S
y
nchr
onous
Motors
for
W
ind
Appli
c
at
ion
,
”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
E
le
c
tronic
s E
ng
in
ee
rs
,
vol
.
9(
1)
,
p
p.
944
-
955
,
201
7
.
[9]
Chen
A.
et
al.
,
“
Perform
anc
e
Com
par
isons
Am
ong
Radi
al
Flux,
Multi
-
st
a
ge
Axia
l
Flux
and
Thr
ee
-
ph
ase
Tra
nsverse
Flux
PM
Mac
hine
s
for
Dow
nhole
Applic
a
ti
on
,
”
I
E
EE
Int
ernati
ona
l
Elec
tric
Ma
ch
ine
s
and
Dr
ives
Confe
renc
e
,
3
-
4
Ma
y
2009.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
To
r
qu
e
im
prov
emen
t
of P
M
motor
wi
th se
mi
-
cycl
e stator de
sign usi
ng 2D
-
fi
nite el
emen
t..
.
(
Kw
ang T.
C
)
5067
[10]
R.
N.
Firdaus
e
t
.
al.
“
Design
of
Hollow
-
Rotor
Brush
le
ss
DC
Mo
tor
,
”
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
Po
wer
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
.
7(
2)
,
pp
.
387
-
3
96
,
2016
.
[11]
Seung
-
Han
Kam
&
Ta
e
-
Uk
Jung
,
“
A
Design
Optimiza
ti
o
n
of
As
y
m
m
et
ric
Ai
r
-
gap
Struct
ur
e
for
Sm
al
l
3
-
phase
Perm
ane
nt
Mag
net
SP
M BL
DC
Motor
,
”
Journal of
Magne
ti
cs
,
vo
l.
20(1)
,
pp
.
91
-
96
,
2015
.
[12]
Pete
r
S.
et
al.
,
“
Charact
er
iza
ti
on
and
Opti
m
iz
at
ion
of
a
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
S
y
nchr
on
ous
Mac
hine
,
”
The
Inte
rnationa
l
Journal
for
Computati
on
and
Mathe
mati
cs
in
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
E
le
c
tronic
Engi
ne
ering,
vo
l.
28
(2)
,
pp.
272
-
285
,
20
09
.
[13]
Han
-
Bit
Kang,
e
t.
al.
,
“
Com
par
ative
Stud
y
of
Tor
que
Anal
y
sis
for
Sy
n
chr
onous
P
ermane
nt
Magne
t
Coupli
ng
with
Para
llel
and
Ha
l
bac
h
Magn
et
i
zed
Magne
ts
B
ase
d
on
Anal
y
t
ical
Fiel
d
C
alculati
ons
,
”
IE
EE
TRA
NSACTION
S
ON
MAGNETICS,
v
ol.
50(11)
,
pp
.
1
-
4.
2014
.
[14]
W
enl
ia
ng
Z
.
e
t
al
.
,
“
Mate
r
ia
l
-
Eff
icient
Perm
a
nent
-
Magne
t
Shape
for
To
rque
Puls
at
ion
Mini
m
iz
at
ion
in
SP
M
Motors
for
Aut
om
oti
ve
Applicati
ons
,
”
I
EE
E
T
RA
NSACTION
S
ON
INDU
S
TRIAL
ELECTRONICS,
vol
.
6
1(10)
,
5779
-
5787
,
201
4
.
[15]
M.
Pourjafa
ri
,
E
.
Fall
ah
Chool
ab
i
&
M.
Jafa
rboland
,
“
Optimum
Design
of
Brush
-
Le
ss
DC
Moto
r
with
Minim
um
Torque
Puls
atio
n
Us
ing
FEM&
PS
O'
,
”
Amirka
bir
Inte
rnationa
l
Journal
of
Sc
ie
nc
e
&
Re
search
(
El
ec
tric
a
l
&
El
e
ct
ronics
Enginee
ring)
,
vol
.
4(
2
)
;
pp.
59
-
70
,
20
12
.
[16]
W
.
Purw
ant
o
,
“
Design
and
Compa
rison
of
Five
Topol
ogie
s
Roto
r
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t
S
y
nchr
ono
us
Motor
for
Hi
gh
Speed
Spindl
e
A
ppli
c
at
ion
,
”
Inter
nati
onal Journal
of
GEOMATE,
vol
.
13(40)
,
pp
.
148
-
154
,
2017
.
[1
7
]
Li
,
Q
.
,
Dou
,
M.,
&
Fang,
C.
,
“
Anal
y
tica
l
Det
erminat
ion
of
Optim
al
Spli
t
Ra
ti
o
fo
r
High
-
spee
d
Pe
rm
ane
nt
Magne
t
Brushless
Motor
s
,
”
2015
18th
Inte
rnational
Conf
ere
nce
on
Elec
tr
ic
al
Mac
hin
es
and
Syste
ms
(
ICEMS
),
Oct
25
-
25,
2015,
Pat
tay
a
Ci
t
y
,
Tha
i
la
nd
.
[18]
Yee
-
Pien
Y
ang,
“
Optimal
Design
a
nd
Control
of
a
Torque
Motor
for
Mac
hine
To
ols
,
”
J.
El
e
ct
rom
agnet
i
c
Analysis
&
A
ppli
cat
ions,
vol.
1
,
pp
.
220
-
2
28
,
2009
.
[1
9
]
Zol
kapli
Z
.
Z.
et
al,
“
Torque
Rippl
e
Minim
i
za
t
ion
Techni
qu
e
in
Frac
t
iona
l
-
slot
PM
Brushl
ess
Mac
hine
s
,
”
2014
IEEE
Conf
ere
nce on
Ene
rg
y
Conv
ersion
(
CENCON)
,
13
-
14
Octobe
r
2014
.
I
EE
E
Publisher.
[20]
M.
Luqman,
Kw
ang
T
.
C.
&
Au
za
ni
J
.
,
“
Design
and
Anal
y
sis
of
PM
m
otor
with
Sem
i
-
ci
rcle
Sta
t
or
Design
using
2D
-
Finit
e
El
em
ent
Anal
y
s
is
,
”
I
ndonesian
Journal
of
El
ectric
a
l
Engi
nee
ring
a
nd
C
omputer
Sci
ence
,
vol
.
13(1)
,
427
-
436
,
2019
.
[21]
M.
Nicol
e
et
a
l.,
“
Brushless
DC
Micro
Moto
r
with
Surfac
e
Mounted
Perm
ane
nt
Magne
t,”
J
.
of
Revue
Roum
aine
des
Sci
en
ce
s Te
chniques
,
vol
.
3
,
pp
.
237
-
247
,
2014
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Tan
Ch
eng
K
w
ang
was
born
in
Kela
n
ta
n
,
Mal
a
y
sia
in
1994
an
d
recei
v
ed
th
e
B.
Eng
degr
ee
i
n
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
from
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Mal
a
y
sia
Mela
k
a
Mal
a
y
s
ia
(UTe
M)
in
201
8.
He
is
cur
re
n
t
l
y
pursuing
his Ma
ster
of
Sc
ie
n
ce at
Univer
si
ti
Te
k
nika
l
Malay
si
a M
el
aka,
Ma
lay
si
a.
Mohd
Lu
qma
n
Mohd
Jamil
rec
ei
v
ed
the
B
.
En
g.
degr
e
e
from
the
Univer
siti
Teknologi
MA
RA,
Shah
Alam,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
in
2000,
the
M.Sc.
degr
ee
from
Newc
a
stle
Univ
ersity
,
Newca
stle
upo
n
T
y
n
e,
U.K.
,
in
2003,
and
the
Ph.D.
deg
ree
fro
m
The
Univer
si
t
y
of
Sheffi
el
d,
Sh
eff
ie
ld
,
U.K.
,
in
2011,
al
l
in
e
lec
tri
c
al
engi
n
ee
r
in
g.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
an
a
ca
demi
ci
a
n
with
the
Depa
rtment
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Drive
s,
Facult
y
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
En
gine
er
ing,
Unive
rsit
y
Te
knik
al
Malay
s
ia
Mel
ak
a,
Mela
ka
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
inc
l
ud
e
the
d
esign
an
d
ana
l
y
sis
of
pe
rm
ane
nt
-
m
agnet
brushless m
ac
hi
nes.
Auz
a
ni
Jidin
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
B.
Eng,
M.
Eng
.
And
Ph.D,
in
P
ower
El
e
ct
roni
c
s
and
Drive
s
from
Univer
siti
T
ekno
logi
Malay
si
a
(UTM),
Johor,
Mal
a
y
si
a
in
2002,
2
004
and
2011
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
He
is
an
acade
m
ician
i
n
Depa
rtment
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Drive
s,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
E
le
c
trica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
siti
T
eknikal
Mal
a
y
s
ia
M
el
ak
a
Malay
si
a.
His
rese
arc
h
in
t
ere
st
in
cl
udes
th
e
field
of
power
el
e
ct
roni
cs,
m
ot
or
drive
s
s
y
st
e
m
s,
fie
ld
progr
amble
gate
arr
a
y
s
and
d
igi
t
al
signal
proc
essing
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.