I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
,
p
p
.
37
~
46
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
1
.
pp
37
-
46
37
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Plannin
g
m
ulti
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te
r
m
ina
l
direc
t
cu
r
rent
g
rids
bas
ed
g
ra
phs theory
M
a
rio
A.
Rio
s
,
F
re
dy
A.
Ace
ro
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
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El
e
c
tri
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En
g
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e
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El
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tro
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ics
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S
c
h
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En
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Un
iv
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rsid
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An
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Co
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Art
icle
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ticle
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to
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y:
R
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A
p
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cc
ep
ted
J
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28
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2
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2
0
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
p
lan
n
in
g
in
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s
is
we
ll
k
n
o
w
n
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
v
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riet
y
o
f
o
p
ti
m
iz
a
ti
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n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
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ies
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
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e
n
u
se
d
in
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs.
B
y
c
o
n
tras
t,
t
h
e
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
HV
DC
sy
ste
m
s
is
a
n
e
w
m
a
tt
e
r
f
o
r
th
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
larg
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
tem
s,
a
n
d
th
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
so
u
rc
e
s
in
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
HV
DC
sy
ste
m
s
h
a
s
e
v
o
lv
e
d
,
th
e
f
irst
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
s
w
e
r
e
m
a
d
e
c
o
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
o
n
ly
th
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
tran
sm
issio
n
o
f
larg
e
q
u
a
n
ti
ti
e
s
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
to
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
t
h
e
b
u
lk
A
C
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
u
tu
re
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
HV
DC
s
y
ste
m
s,
m
e
sh
e
d
o
r
n
o
t,
e
a
c
h
A
C
s
y
ste
m
m
u
st
b
e
f
le
x
ib
le
to
a
ll
o
w
th
e
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
o
f
th
e
se
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s.
He
n
c
e
,
a
f
irst
ste
p
f
o
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
HV
DC
g
rid
s
is
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
term
in
a
l
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(
M
T
DC
)
s
y
ste
m
s
w
h
ich
w
il
l
b
e
l
a
t
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
i
n
a
m
e
s
h
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
th
a
t
u
se
g
ra
p
h
th
e
o
ry
f
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
M
T
DC
g
rid
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
se
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
b
u
se
s
o
f
th
e
M
T
DC
to
a
n
e
x
isti
n
g
H
V
A
C
tran
sm
issio
n
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
a
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
t
h
e
Co
lo
m
b
ian
c
a
se
,
w
h
e
re
th
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
re
su
lt
s
p
e
rm
it
to
m
ig
r
a
te t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
f
ro
m
a
sin
g
le HV
DC l
i
n
e
to
a
M
T
DC g
rid
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
H
y
b
r
id
HVAC
-
HVD
C
g
r
id
s
MST
(
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
p
a
n
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
)
MT
DC
(
m
u
lti
-
ter
m
i
n
al
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
)
P
lan
n
i
n
g
H
VDC
g
r
id
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
r
io
A
lb
er
to
R
io
s
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
s
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
es,
C
ar
r
er
a
1
No
.
1
8
A
–
1
2
,
B
o
g
o
tá,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia.
E
m
a
il:
m
r
io
s
@
u
n
ia
n
d
es.e
d
u
.
c
o
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
l
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
e
n
titi
e
s
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
ec
to
r
h
as
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
g
e
n
e
r
ate
s
o
cial
a
w
ar
e
n
ess
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Su
c
h
is
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
w
o
r
ld
en
er
g
y
co
u
n
cil
(
W
E
C
)
th
at
in
[
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
e
ls
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
alter
n
a
tiv
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
is
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
id
en
ti
f
y
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
eir
tr
an
s
itio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tr
an
s
itio
n
h
a
s
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ch
a
ll
en
g
e
s
i
n
th
e
elec
tr
ica
l
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e:
s
in
ce
b
y
n
at
u
r
e,
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
i
n
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
in
r
eg
io
n
s
g
e
n
er
all
y
d
is
ta
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ai
n
an
d
m
aj
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
r
en
e
w
ab
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
[
2
]
.
T
h
is
f
ac
t
cr
ea
tes
th
e
n
ee
d
to
tr
an
s
m
it
h
ig
h
v
o
lu
m
e
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
er
y
lo
n
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
i
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
es
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
h
u
n
d
r
ed
k
ilo
m
e
ter
s
.
A
s
,
it
i
s
w
ell
-
k
n
o
w
n
,
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
in
HVD
C
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
tech
n
i
ca
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
[
3
]
,
tak
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
also
o
f
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
i
m
p
ac
ts
d
u
e
to
less
r
i
g
h
t
o
f
w
a
y
s
(
R
OW
)
u
t
ilizatio
n
.
I
n
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e,
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
p
lan
n
in
g
(
T
E
P
)
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
AC
s
y
s
te
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
to
b
e
co
m
p
le
ted
w
it
h
s
tr
ate
g
ies
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
p
r
o
f
it
t
h
e
HVD
C
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
s
;
s
u
ch
as,
HVD
C
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
li
n
e,
m
u
lti
-
ter
m
i
n
al
D
C
(
MT
DC
)
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
an
d
HVDC
m
es
h
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
4
,
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
37
-
46
38
Or
ig
i
n
all
y
,
th
e
HVD
C
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
p
o
in
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
i.e
.
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
A
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
[
6
]
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
lo
ca
ted
at
a
g
r
ea
t
d
is
tan
ce
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
s
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
ex
p
e
cted
to
f
o
llo
w
a
p
ath
s
i
m
ilar
t
o
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
HV
AC
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
at
is
,
to
d
ev
elo
p
m
es
h
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
at
allo
w
th
e
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
:
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
w
er
p
ath
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
n
o
d
es,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
a
n
d
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ne
v
er
th
ele
s
s
,
it
i
s
to
b
e
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
v
i
s
io
n
,
g
i
v
en
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
[
7
]
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
p
o
w
er
b
r
ea
k
er
s
in
HVDC
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ter
m
in
al
D
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
MT
DC
)
as
an
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
HVD
C
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
p
e
r
m
its
to
co
u
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
i
n
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
w
h
ile
th
e
HVD
C
b
r
ea
k
er
i
s
co
m
m
er
ciall
y
a
v
ailab
le.
I
n
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
ese
MT
DC
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
ta
k
es
h
ig
h
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
b
ec
o
m
es
a
p
r
eli
m
i
n
ar
y
p
h
ase
to
t
h
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
HVDC
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
ch
e
m
atic
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
o
f
a
MT
DC
g
r
id
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
MT
DC
g
r
id
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
th
at
u
s
e
r
eg
io
n
a
l
MT
DC
g
r
id
s
in
I
n
d
ia
(
Nan
’
ao
is
la
n
d
,
Z
h
o
u
s
h
a
n
is
lan
d
,
Z
h
a
n
g
b
ei)
an
d
Un
i
ted
Sta
tes
(
atlan
t
ic
w
in
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
-
A
W
C
-
P
r
o
j
ec
t,
las
T
r
es
Am
i
g
as
s
u
p
er
s
tatio
n
p
r
o
j
ec
t)
[
8
]
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
it
s
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
n
e
w
HVDC
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
ased
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
VSC
)
.
So
m
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
teg
r
ated
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/D
C
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ex
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
to
o
ls
a
s
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
e
v
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
MT
D
C
[
9
]
,
HVD
C
g
r
id
s
[
1
0
]
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
AC
/D
C
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
1
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
i
t
i
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
p
lan
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
M
T
DC
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
a
t
co
n
n
ec
t
s
t
h
e
n
e
w
lar
g
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
ar
k
s
w
it
h
ce
n
ter
s
o
f
lar
g
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
d
e
m
an
d
)
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
th
e
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
s
h
all
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
id
er
MT
DC
as
an
alter
n
a
tiv
e
f
o
r
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
AC
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
i.e
.
r
eg
io
n
al
o
r
n
atio
n
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
)
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
MT
DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
g
r
id
s
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
V
SC
)
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
V
SC
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
li
n
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
L
C
C
)
[
3
]
an
d
m
a
k
es
f
ea
s
ib
le
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
to
m
es
h
ed
HVDC
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
Ma
in
l
y
,
V
SC
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
m
o
r
e
f
lex
ib
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
s
tatio
n
s
,
to
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
a
n
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
to
s
ele
ct
f
le
x
ib
l
y
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
e
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
MT
DC
p
lan
n
in
g
co
n
s
id
er
s
co
s
ts
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
H
VDC
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
es
b
ased
o
n
[
1
3
]
,
an
d
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
a
l
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
r
o
u
tes
b
ased
o
n
g
r
ap
h
t
h
eo
r
y
[
1
4
]
.
Oth
er
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
e
m
i
x
ed
-
i
n
te
g
er
li
n
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
w
it
h
B
en
d
er
s
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
ap
p
lied
g
r
ap
h
th
eo
r
y
f
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
atter
s
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
[
1
6
]
u
s
ed
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
(
MST
)
f
o
r
lo
ca
ted
P
o
w
er
Flo
w
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
P
FC
)
th
at
f
ac
il
ities
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
DC
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
R
e
f
e
r
en
ce
[
1
7
]
f
o
cu
s
in
a
MT
DC
p
lan
n
i
n
g
to
lo
ca
te
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
s
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
in
v
e
s
t
m
en
t
an
d
m
ax
i
m
ize
s
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
a
w
i
n
d
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
f
ar
m
to
o
n
e
o
n
s
h
o
r
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
lan
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
(
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
)
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
n
o
d
es
to
t
h
e
H
V
A
C
s
y
s
te
m
(
s
ec
t
io
n
2
.
2
)
,
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
te
o
f
t
h
e
MT
DC
(
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
3
)
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
s
ele
ctio
n
(
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
4
)
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
co
s
t
es
ti
m
atio
n
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
es.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
i
s
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
th
e
p
la
n
n
in
g
o
f
a
n
MT
DC
f
o
r
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
t
h
at
i
n
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ts
lar
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
an
d
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
in
lo
ad
ce
n
ter
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
;
a
s
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
at
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
.
Y
Y
Y
RE
N
E
W
A
BL
E
E
E
RG
Y
S
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
G
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T
D
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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p
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I
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N:
2
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8708
P
la
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mu
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termi
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p
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R
io
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)
39
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
MT
DC
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
d
e
f
in
e
d
as
an
HV
DC
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
th
r
ee
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ta
tio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
E
ac
h
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
w
o
r
k
s
as
r
ec
tif
ier
s
tatio
n
(
s
tat
io
n
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
)
o
r
in
v
er
ter
s
tatio
n
(
s
tatio
n
o
f
lo
ad
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
MT
DC
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
w
it
h
th
r
ee
o
r
m
o
r
e
HV
AC
b
u
s
e
s
o
f
an
AC
s
y
s
te
m
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
h
e
n
ce
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as h
y
b
r
i
d
HVAC a
n
d
HVD
C
th
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2.
H
y
b
r
id
HVAC a
n
d
HVDC s
y
s
te
m
2
.
1
.
P
l
a
nn
ing
m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
P
lan
n
i
n
g
a
MT
DC
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
e
q
u
ir
es
to
k
n
o
w
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
ec
ast
o
f
b
o
th
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
an
d
a
n
d
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
p
la
n
b
ased
o
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
s
in
g
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
tal
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
i
n
p
u
t
d
ata,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
p
u
t in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
o
r
MT
DC
p
lan
n
in
g
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
g
r
id
s
MT
DC
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
r
ee
s
tep
s
:
Selectio
n
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
AC
b
u
s
es
(
s
ee
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
2
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
“
ce
n
tr
alit
y
eig
e
n
v
ec
t
o
r
”
m
et
h
o
d
[
1
9
]
an
d
[
2
0
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
in
c
l
u
d
e
b
u
s
es
in
D
C
f
o
r
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
g
en
er
at
io
n
(
w
i
n
d
a
n
d
G
[
R
.E
.]
G
[
R
.
E
]
C
O
N
V
E
R
T
E
R
ST
A
T
O
N
A
C
/DC
L
V
A
C
H
V
DC
-
M
T
DC
H
V
A
C
-
-
-
-
-
ac
dc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ac
dc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ac
dc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ac
dc
-
-
-
-
-
ac
dc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ac
dc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
o
m
p
il
a
t
io
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
A
c
t
u
a
l
:
G
r
i
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
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Vo
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11
,
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1
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r
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y
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1
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p
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ar
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s
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h
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tech
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iq
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a
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ap
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ctiv
e
p
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la
n
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g
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ca
tio
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[
2
1
]
.
Selectio
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
a
l
MT
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g
r
id
r
o
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te
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alg
o
r
ith
m
[
1
4
,
2
2
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4
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2
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2
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Select
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f
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4.
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tr
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
8
-
8708
I
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t J
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&
C
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p
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g
,
Vo
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11
,
No
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1
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Feb
r
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2
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1
:
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-
46
42
3
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r
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HV
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C
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[
2
8
]
.
T
h
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p
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r
p
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s
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to
p
lan
a
MT
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g
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ter
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it
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t
h
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f
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to
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A
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a
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d
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f
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ted
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So
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No
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1
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4
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ased
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2
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2
.
T
ab
le
1
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Ma
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n
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–
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W
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C
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R
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elo
p
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
h
ar
e
r
eg
io
n
a
l r
en
e
w
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
o
rld
En
e
rg
y
Co
u
n
c
il
,
“
W
o
rld
E
n
e
rg
y
S
c
e
n
a
rio
s 2
0
1
7
,
L
a
ti
n
Am
e
rica
&
T
h
e
Ca
rib
e
a
n
En
e
rg
y
S
c
e
n
a
rio
s
,”
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
L
.
M
ich
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
w
HV
DC
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
P
a
n
-
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
p
lan
n
in
g
,
”
AE
IT
HVD
C
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
H.
Erg
u
n
,
D.
V
a
n
He
rtem
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
HV
A
C
a
n
d
HV
DC
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
”
HVDC
Gr
id
:
F
o
r
Offsh
o
re
a
n
d
S
u
p
e
r
g
rid
o
f
t
h
e
Fu
tu
re
,
p
p
.
7
9
-
9
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
G
.
L
i,
C.
L
i,
D.
V
a
n
He
rte
m
,
“
HV
DC
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
v
e
r
v
ie
w
,
”
HVDC
g
rid
s:
fo
r
o
ff
sh
o
re
a
n
d
su
p
e
rg
rid
o
f
th
e
fu
t
u
re
,
p
p
.
4
5
-
7
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
J.
S
u
n
,
M
.
L
i,
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
ra
n
s
m
iss
io
n
b
y
HV
DC
A
c
ro
ss
th
e
Co
n
ti
n
e
n
t:
S
y
ste
m
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s a
n
d
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
”
C
S
EE
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
-
3
6
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
M
.
C.
W
rin
c
h
,
M
.
A
.
T
o
m
i
m
a
n
d
J.
M
a
rti
,
“
A
n
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
S
u
b
S
e
a
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
ro
m
DC t
o
A
C
5
0
/
6
0
Hz
a
n
d
Be
y
o
n
d
,
”
OCEANS
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[7
]
P
.
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
a
n
d
K
.
Ro
u
z
b
e
h
i
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
term
in
a
l
DC
g
rid
s:
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
sp
e
c
ts
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Clea
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
-
5
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
G
.
Bu
ig
u
e
s,
V
.
V
a
lv
e
rd
e
,
A
.
Et
x
e
g
a
ra
i,
P
.
Eg
u
ía,
E.
T
o
rre
s,
“
P
r
e
se
n
t
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
m
u
lt
it
e
rm
in
a
l
HV
DC
sy
ste
m
s:
c
u
rre
n
t
sta
tu
s
a
n
d
f
o
rth
c
o
m
in
g
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
i
e
s
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
Qu
a
li
ty (
ICRE
PQ’1
7
),
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
8
3
-
8
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
R.
A
.
d
e
Ara
u
jo
,
J.
P
iss
o
lo
t
o
,
C.
A
.
Ca
stro
,
S
.
P.
C.
T
o
rre
s,
“
In
teg
ra
ted
A
C/DC
tran
s
m
is
sio
n
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
p
lan
n
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
V
S
C
-
M
T
DC s
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
37
-
46
46
[1
0
]
M.
P
.
G
o
n
z
a
lez
,
a
n
d
M.
A
.
Rio
s,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
HV
DC
-
G
rid
a
n
d
HV
A
C
in
to
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
Ex
p
a
n
sio
n
P
la
n
n
i
n
g
,
”
IEE
E
A
n
d
e
sc
o
n
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
A.
H.
Do
m
in
g
u
e
z
,
L
.
H.
M
a
c
e
d
o
,
A
.
H.
Esc
o
b
a
r,
a
n
d
R.
Ro
m
e
ro
,
“
M
u
lt
istag
e
S
e
c
u
rit
y
-
Co
n
stra
in
e
d
HV
A
C/HV
DC
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
Ex
p
a
n
sio
n
P
lan
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
Re
d
u
c
e
d
S
e
a
rc
h
S
p
a
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
0
5
-
4
8
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
M
.
A
.
El
izo
n
d
o
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
tera
re
a
Os
c
il
latio
n
Da
m
p
in
g
Co
n
tr
o
l
Us
i
n
g
Hig
h
-
Vo
lt
a
g
e
DC
T
ra
n
s
m
issi
o
n
:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
9
1
5
-
6
9
2
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
3
]
Jo
in
W
o
rk
in
g
G
ro
u
p
B
2
/B
4
/C1
.
1
7
,
“
Im
p
a
c
ts o
f
HV
DC L
in
e
s o
n
t
h
e
Eco
n
o
m
ics
o
f
HV
DC
P
ro
jec
ts
,
”
CIGRE
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
T
.
H.
Co
rm
e
n
,
C.
H.
L
e
isse
rso
n
,
R.
L
.
Riv
e
st,
C.
S
tein
,
“
In
tr
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
to
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
,
”
M
IT
Pre
ss
.
2
n
d
E
d
.
L
o
n
d
o
n
.
M
c
Gr
a
w
-
Hill
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
5
]
M
.
M
o
ra
d
i
-
S
e
p
a
h
v
a
n
d
,
T
.
Am
r
a
e
e
,
“
H
y
b
rid
A
C/DC
T
ra
n
s
m
iss
io
n
Ex
p
a
n
si
o
n
P
lan
n
in
g
c
o
n
si
d
e
rin
g
HV
A
C
to
HV
DC Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
u
n
d
e
r
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
P
e
n
e
tratio
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
i
n
-
p
re
ss
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
H.
X
ie,
Z.
Bie
a
n
d
G
.
L
i,
“
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
-
Orie
n
ted
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
P
l
a
n
n
in
g
f
o
r
M
e
sh
e
d
VSC
-
HV
DC
G
rid
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
2
-
1
3
5
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
7
]
M
.
Na
z
a
ri,
“
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
M
u
lt
i
-
T
e
rm
in
a
l
HV
DC
tran
s
m
is
sio
n
S
y
ste
m
s
,”
Do
c
to
ra
l
T
h
e
s
is
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KT
H V
e
ten
sk
a
p
Oc
h
Ko
n
st,
S
t
o
c
k
h
o
lm
,
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
O.
E.
On
i,
A
.
G
.
S
w
a
n
so
n
,
R.
P
.
Ca
rp
a
n
e
n
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
L
CC
-
HV
DC
m
u
lt
it
e
r
m
in
a
l
o
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
to
r
ro
to
r
a
n
g
l
e
sta
b
il
it
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
-
3
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
A
T
o
rre
s,
G
.
J.
A
n
d
e
rs.
“
S
trate
g
i
c
L
in
e
s
a
n
d
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
in
a
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s
in
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Relia
b
il
i
ty
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
-
1
8
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
W
.
Zh
if
a
n
g
,
A
.
S
c
a
g
li
o
n
e
,
R.
J.
T
h
o
m
a
s,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Ce
n
tralit
y
M
e
a
su
re
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
p
o
we
r
G
ri
d
Vu
ln
e
ra
b
il
it
y
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
,”
4
9
th
IEE
E
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
De
c
isio
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
p
p
.
5
7
9
2
-
5
7
9
7
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
D.
Bh
a
rti
,
M
.
De
,
“
A
Ce
n
tralit
y
I
n
d
e
x
Ba
se
d
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
S
e
le
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Op
ti
m
a
l
L
o
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
tatic
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
Co
m
p
e
n
sa
to
r,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r Co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
8
6
-
8
9
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
M.
M.
H.
El
ro
b
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
e
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
M
Us
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
g
e
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
s
y
ste
m
o
b
se
rv
a
b
il
it
y
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
,
a
n
d
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
se
rv
i
c
e
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
2
4
-
2
8
4
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
3
]
Jo
in
W
o
rk
in
g
G
ro
u
p
B
2
/B
4
/C1
.
1
7
,
“
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
V
o
lt
a
g
e
s f
o
r
H
V
DC G
rid
s
,
”
CIGRE,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
R.
Die
ste
l,
“
G
ra
p
h
T
h
e
o
r
y
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
d
it
i
o
n
2
0
0
0
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r V
e
rla
g
,
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
5
]
M
.
A
ig
n
e
r,
a
n
d
G
.
M
.
Zeig
ler,
“
P
r
o
o
f
s
f
ro
m
THE
BOO
K
,”
4
th
Ed
.
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Ed
i
ti
o
n
2
0
0
0
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
6
]
D.
P
a
e
z
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Rio
s,
“
C
o
st
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
a
n
M
T
DC
f
o
r
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
G
u
a
ji
ra
-
Ce
rro
m
a
to
so
-
P
a
n
a
m
a
,
”
FIS
E
-
IEE
E
/Ci
g
re
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
A
.
L
’a
b
b
a
te
,
“
Dra
f
t
d
e
li
v
e
ra
b
le
d
3
.
3
.
2
.
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
c
o
st
o
f
tran
sm
is
sio
n
o
f
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
c
ro
ss
b
o
r
d
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
s,”
Rea
li
se
Gr
id
,
pp
.
16
-
19
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
8
]
A
.
Ay
o
,
a
n
d
M.
A
.
Rio
s,
“
A
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
s o
f
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
INE
A
P
r
o
jec
t
in
V
S
C
-
H
V
DC
,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sm
issio
n
and
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
9
]
UP
M
E,
“
Re
f
e
re
n
c
e
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
Ex
p
a
n
sio
n
P
lan
2
0
1
7
–
2
0
3
1
,
(I
n
S
p
a
n
ish
),
”
UP
M
E,
M
in
in
g
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
M
in
ister
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
0
]
A
.
V
e
ra
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Rio
s,
“
P
lan
n
i
n
g
a
L
a
ti
n
Am
e
rica
S
u
p
e
rG
rid
:
a
F
irst
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
ANDE
S
CON
,
2
0
1
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
a
r
io
Alb
e
r
to
Rí
o
s
:
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
le
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
i
n
1
9
9
1
a
n
d
a
M
.
S
c
.
De
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
9
2
,
b
o
th
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
l
o
s
A
n
d
e
s,
Bo
g
o
tá,
C
o
l
o
m
b
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
I
NPG
-
L
E
G
,
G
re
n
o
b
le,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
in
1
9
9
8
,
a
n
d
a
Do
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
e
s,
in
1
9
9
8
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
c
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
in
Co
n
Co
l
(
n
o
w
W
S
P
),
Bo
g
o
tá,
Co
l
o
m
b
ia,
d
u
ri
n
g
1
2
y
e
a
rs.
A
lso
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
Re
se
a
rc
h
A
ss
o
c
iate
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
n
c
h
e
ste
r
(f
o
r
m
e
rly
,
UMIS
T
).
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
F
u
ll
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s A
n
d
e
s,
Bo
g
o
tá,
a
n
d
d
irec
t
o
r
o
f
th
e
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
Re
se
a
r
c
h
G
ro
u
p
o
f
t
h
is u
n
iv
e
rsity
Fre
d
y
Ar
m
a
n
d
o
Ac
e
r
o
Niñ
o
:
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sid
a
d
Na
c
io
n
a
l
d
e
Co
l
o
m
b
ia
2
0
0
4
,
w
it
h
c
e
rti
f
ied
p
o
sg
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
ies
in
tran
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
d
ist
rib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sid
a
d
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
e
s
2
0
1
6
a
t
Bo
g
o
tá,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia.
No
w
a
d
a
y
s,
c
a
rr
y
o
u
t
M
a
ste
r
T
h
e
sis
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsid
a
d
d
e
lo
s
A
n
d
e
s,
B
o
g
o
tá,
2
0
2
0
.
W
o
rk
a
s
L
e
a
d
e
r
in
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
P
ro
tec
ti
o
n
s
a
t
G
ru
p
o
d
e
En
e
rg
ía
d
e
Bo
g
o
ta
(
G
EB),
Co
lo
m
b
ia.
e
-
m
a
il
:
f
a
.
a
c
e
ro
1
0
@u
n
ian
d
e
s.e
d
u
.
c
o
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