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11
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ca
p
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[
1
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.
Dif
f
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lo
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f
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[
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.
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Vo
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11
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No
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3
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J
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:
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-
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r
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w
i
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in
g
s
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s
h
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w
n
i
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,
th
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p
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t
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m
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s
d
er
iv
ed
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
Sin
g
le
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lin
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ia
g
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a
m
o
f
a
g
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co
n
n
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ted
VS
C
(
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−
(
)
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(
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(
3
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(
)
−
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(
4
)
−
=
+
(
5
)
As s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
6
)
is
d
r
i
v
e
d
t
h
r
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u
g
h
ap
p
l
y
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n
g
t
h
e
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ar
k
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s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
to
(
5
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−
=
+
+
(
6
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w
h
er
e
ω
is
th
e
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
in
r
ad
/s
ec
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Offs
h
o
r
e
w
in
d
p
o
w
er in
teg
r
a
ti
o
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to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t wea
k
g
r
id
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(
A
h
med
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.
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o
u
d
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er
tin
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n
to
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q
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y
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c
h
r
o
n
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s
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f
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th
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ter
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g
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ca
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e
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as:
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7
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=
−
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8
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w
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er
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V
td
a
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tq
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t
h
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d
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q
g
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q
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r
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m
p
le
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f
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m
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S
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th
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g
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9
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d
-
q
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f
r
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,
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∗
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to
r
.
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2
3
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2
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te
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w
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p
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s
m
ai
n
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af
f
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h
e
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tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
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A
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g
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at
tach
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to
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o
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t
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c
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it
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SC
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f
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in
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t
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to
liter
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h
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cu
it
r
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SC
R
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is
d
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as
t
h
e
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f
th
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g
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s
h
o
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c
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cu
it M
V
A
to
DC
p
o
w
er
as in
(
1
3
)
[
2
0
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2
2
]
.
=
(
1
3
)
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n
n
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m
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o
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atin
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s
tr
o
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g
r
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)
f
o
r
m
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s
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th
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ti
m
e
.
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u
r
in
g
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m
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g
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w
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(
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k
g
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.
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g
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m
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in
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s
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ed
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n
ce
o
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t
h
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te
m
in
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s
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p
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ar
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f
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te
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s
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n
iti
v
il
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g
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th
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lta
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it
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d
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th
e
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y
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te
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o
r
e,
t
h
e
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y
s
te
m
u
n
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er
co
n
s
id
er
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n
w
i
ll
b
e
test
e
d
f
o
r
lo
w
SC
R
v
a
lu
e
(
S
C
R
=2
)
b
esid
es
b
ein
g
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
h
ea
v
il
y
i
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
lo
ad
s
th
at
r
ep
r
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t t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
lo
ad
s
.
3
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
eg
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
y
w
ill
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
in
d
-
q
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
r
a
m
e.
T
h
is
w
ill
b
e
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
b
o
th
W
P
P si
d
e
an
d
AC
g
r
id
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
’
s
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l stra
teg
y
will b
e
as
:
W
PP
o
f
f
s
h
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
;
P
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
th
e
o
n
s
h
o
r
e
s
tatio
n
;
A
cti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ac
h
i
n
e
s
id
e
s
ta
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
DC
-
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
in
j
ec
ted
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
w
h
ile
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
i
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
AC
-
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
8
7
6
-
1885
1880
T
o
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
th
e
d
-
q
r
o
tati
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
o
tatin
g
v
ec
to
r
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
ab
c
-
to
-
d
q
an
d
d
q
-
to
-
ab
c
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
is
u
s
ed
w
ith
a
p
h
a
s
e
-
lo
ck
ed
lo
o
p
(
P
L
L
)
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ali
g
n
ed
w
it
h
d
-
ax
i
s
w
h
ile
th
e
q
-
a
x
is
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
a
x
is
is
f
o
r
ce
d
to
r
ea
ch
ze
r
o
va
lu
e
(
V
td
=
V
t
a
n
d
V
tq
=0
)
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
P
I
)
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lti
n
g
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
1
0
)
an
d
(
1
1
)
b
ec
am
e:
=
3
2
(
1
4
)
=
−
3
2
(
1
5
)
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gr
id
ter
m
i
n
al
v
ec
to
r
alig
n
m
e
n
t o
n
d
-
ax
is
,
a)
p
h
ase
l
o
ck
ed
lo
o
p
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
,
b
)
m
i
s
ali
g
n
ed
v
ec
to
r
,
an
d
c)
alig
n
ed
v
ec
to
r
3
.
3
.
1
.
WP
P
o
f
f
s
ho
re
c
o
nv
er
t
er
s
t
a
t
io
n:
C
o
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
d
-
q
ax
es
c
u
r
r
en
ts
w
i
ll
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
tr
o
l
to
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
d
ir
ec
tl
y
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
cu
r
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I
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
.
W
.
E.
Co
u
n
c
il
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
w
in
d
e
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rg
y
o
u
tl
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o
k
,
”
GW
EC,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
]
F
lo
u
re
n
tzo
u
N.,
A
g
e
li
d
is
V
.
G
.
,
a
n
d
De
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tri
a
d
e
s
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.
D.,
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V
S
C
-
b
a
se
d
HV
DC
p
o
w
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r
tran
sm
i
ss
io
n
sy
ste
m
s:
A
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
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ics
,
v
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2
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o
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3
,
p
p
.
5
9
2
-
6
0
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
]
J.
A
rril
lag
a
,
Y.
H.
L
iu
a
n
d
N.
R.
W
a
tso
n
,
“
F
lex
ib
le
P
o
w
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r
T
ra
n
s
m
issi
o
n
:
T
h
e
H
V
DC
Op
ti
o
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s,”
W
e
st
S
u
ss
e
x
,
U.K.
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
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s
,
2
0
0
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.
[4
]
O.
A
n
a
y
a
-
Lara
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
O
ff
sh
o
re
w
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d
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ra
ti
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n
:
Co
n
tro
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,
P
ro
tec
ti
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d
I
n
teg
ra
ti
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n
to
E
lec
tri
c
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S
y
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m
s,”
W
e
st S
u
ss
e
x
,
U.K.
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
M
.
F
.
M
c
G
ra
n
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,
D.
R.
M
u
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a
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d
M
.
J.
S
a
m
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j,
"
V
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strial
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IEE
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In
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9
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.
[6
]
C.
J.
M
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r
n
,
T
.
D.
Da
v
is
a
n
d
G
.
E.
Be
a
m
,
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V
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in
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In
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5
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5
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.
[7
]
A
.
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a
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,
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.
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.
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.
H.
J.
Bo
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,
"
Ov
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f
v
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it
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,
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E
P
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r
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in
ter M
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.
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No
.
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),
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p
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[8
]
R.
A
rn
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ld
,
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S
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t
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s to
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p
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r
q
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ty
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ro
b
lem
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we
r E
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g
in
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g
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a
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v
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1
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2
,
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[9
]
K.
T
a
tj
a
n
a
,
“
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
Vo
lt
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g
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o
u
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Co
n
v
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rters
f
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r
P
o
w
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y
st
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m
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
M
.
S
c
.
th
e
sis,
No
rwe
g
ia
n
Un
ive
rs
it
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
0
]
P
.
Ha
u
g
lan
d
,
“
It’s
ti
m
e
to
c
o
n
n
e
c
t:
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
o
f
HV
DC
L
i
g
h
t®
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
AB
B
T
e
c
h
n
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l
Rep
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,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
R.
F
.
A
rrit
t
a
n
d
R.
C.
Du
g
a
n
,
"
D
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
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tran
sf
o
rm
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r
a
n
d
g
ro
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n
d
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n
g
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lec
ti
o
n
,
"
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EE
Po
we
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
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o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
-
Co
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n
a
n
d
De
l
ive
ry
o
f
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e
c
trica
l
En
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rg
y
i
n
t
h
e
2
1
st
Ce
n
tu
ry
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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&
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I
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N:
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…
(
A
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.
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)
1885
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2
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.
W
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,
e
t
a
l.
,
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n
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w
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tri
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y
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m
s,
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c
.
Cig
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t.
S
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B
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n
a
,
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2
0
1
1
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3
]
P
.
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u
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
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tab
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ty
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f
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Ch
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d
to
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,
”
IEE
E
PE
S
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
|
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
&
Exp
o
siti
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
L
.
R
L
i
m
o
n
g
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
P
h
a
se
L
o
c
k
e
d
L
o
o
p
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
G
rid
Util
it
y
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Po
we
r Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
-
Na
g
o
y
a
,
N
a
g
o
y
a
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
6
7
4
-
6
8
1
.
[1
5
]
R.
Ru
d
e
rv
a
ll
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Dire
c
t
Cu
rre
n
t
(HV
DC)
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
S
y
ste
m
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Re
v
ie
w
P
a
p
e
r,
”
IEE
E
E
n
e
rg
y
tec
h
,
Clev
e
la
n
d
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
7.
[1
6
]
L
.
W
e
i
m
e
rs,
“
N
e
w
m
a
r
k
e
ts
n
e
e
d
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
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lo
g
y
,
”
P
o
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rCo
n
2
0
0
0
.
2
0
0
0
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
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o
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r
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ro
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n
g
s (Cat.
No
.
0
0
E
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4
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9
)
,
2
0
0
0
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
8
7
3
-
8
7
7
.
[1
7
]
Kra
u
se
,
P
a
u
l
C
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
m
a
c
h
in
e
r
y
a
n
d
d
riv
e
sy
ste
m
s,”
W
e
st
S
u
ss
e
x
,
U.K.
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
n
d
e
d
it
i
o
n
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
8
]
J.
M
.
R
o
d
r
ig
u
e
s,
F
.
Re
se
n
d
e
,
a
n
d
C.
M
o
re
ira,
“
Co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
P
M
S
G
b
a
se
d
sm
a
ll
w
in
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
to
p
ro
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lt
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g
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c
o
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tro
l
in
lo
w
v
o
lt
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g
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
2
n
d
IEE
E
P
ES
In
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
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n
c
e
a
n
d
Exh
i
b
it
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o
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o
n
In
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a
ti
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m
a
rt Grid
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ies
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2
0
1
1
,
p
p
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1
-
8.
[1
9
]
X
.
G
u
o
,
W
.
W
u
a
n
d
H.
G
u
,
“
P
h
a
se
lo
c
k
e
d
lo
o
p
a
n
d
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
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a
ti
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n
m
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th
o
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s
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o
r
g
rid
in
terf
a
c
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
rters
:
a
re
v
ie
w
,”
Prze
g
lą
d
E
lek
tro
tec
h
n
icz
n
y
,
v
o
l.
8
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
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1
8
2
-
1
8
7
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1
.
[2
0
]
Krish
a
y
y
a
,
P
.
C.
S
.
,
R.
A
d
a
p
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ho
lm
.,
“
IEE
E
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
DC
li
n
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ter
m
in
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ti
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t
A
C
lo
c
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ti
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v
in
g
lo
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sh
o
rt
-
c
ircu
it
c
a
p
a
c
it
ies
,
”
IEE
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S
t
d
1
2
0
4
-
1
9
9
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
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6
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
1
]
P
.
J.
D.
Ch
a
in
h
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
e
n
e
ra
l
M
o
d
e
li
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o
f
M
u
lt
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-
term
in
a
l
V
S
C
-
HV
DC S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
S
tab
il
it
y
S
tu
d
ies
,
”
Pro
c
.
6
t
h
IEE
E
Y
o
u
n
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
e
rs
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
in
El
e
c
trica
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P
o
we
r E
n
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
,
De
lf
t,
Ne
t
h
e
rla
n
d
s
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
Z.
W
u
,
X
.
D
o
u
,
J.
C
h
u
a
n
d
M
.
Hu
,
“
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
a
d
irec
t
-
d
riv
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P
M
S
G
-
b
a
se
d
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
n
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sy
st
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m
w
it
h
a
n
a
u
x
il
iary
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
g
rid
-
sid
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c
o
n
v
e
rter,”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
3
4
0
5
-
3
4
2
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
3
]
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
,
Disp
e
rse
d
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
,
“
IEE
E
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
IEE
E
S
T
D
1
5
4
7
(tm
),
IEE
E
sta
n
d
a
rd
f
o
r
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
d
istri
b
u
ted
re
so
u
rc
e
s
w
it
h
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
S
T
D
1
5
4
7
.
2
-
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
1
7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
4
]
A
h
m
e
d
F
.
A
b
o
u
z
e
id
,
A
h
m
e
d
A
.
Da
o
u
d
,
S
o
b
h
y
S
.
De
ss
o
u
k
y
a
n
d
Ju
a
n
M
.
G
u
e
rre
ro
,
"
F
a
c
to
rs
Affe
c
ti
n
g
Off
sh
o
re
W
in
d
P
o
w
e
r
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
to
G
rid
th
r
o
u
g
h
V
S
C
-
H
V
DC,”
Ei
g
h
te
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
M
id
d
le
Ea
st
Po
we
r
S
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ms
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
M
EP
CON),
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
-
1
8
9
.
[2
5
]
A
h
m
e
d
F
.
A
b
o
u
z
e
id
,
A
h
m
e
d
A
.
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o
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d
,
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o
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h
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S
.
De
ss
o
u
k
y
,
"
I
m
p
lem
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n
tatio
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Of
V
e
c
to
r
Co
n
tro
l
F
o
r
G
rid
V
o
lt
a
g
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u
p
p
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rt
In
V
sc
-
Hv
d
c
T
ra
n
sm
i
ss
i
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
3
5
2
-
3
5
8
,
2
0
1
7
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ahm
e
d
A.
Da
o
u
d
is an
A
ss
o
c
iat
e
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
w
it
h
Ee De
p
t.
,
P
o
r
t
S
a
id
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Eg
y
p
t
.
His re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
n
l
y
sis,
p
o
w
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r
s
y
ste
m
sta
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il
it
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m
a
n
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sid
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s
th
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ti
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in
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a
ss
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,
p
o
rt
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id
b
ra
n
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h
.
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is
c
u
rre
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tl
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w
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rk
in
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in
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se
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p
ro
jec
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so
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m
a
n
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g
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m
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t
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n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
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e
d
F.
A
b
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d
is
a
P
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.
stu
d
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d
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se
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rc
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a
s
sista
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w
it
h
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p
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o
rt
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id
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rsity
,
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p
t
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e
g
o
t
h
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m
a
ste
r
in
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tri
c
a
l
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n
g
in
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rin
g
in
2
0
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6
.
h
is
re
s
e
a
rc
h
ti
tl
e
s
in
v
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stig
a
ti
o
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o
f
m
u
lt
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-
term
in
a
l
v
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g
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so
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rc
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o
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v
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rter
h
v
d
c
f
o
r
w
in
d
p
o
w
e
r
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
th
is
w
o
rk
w
a
s
a
p
a
rt
o
f
h
is
m
s.c
th
e
sis.
S
o
b
h
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S
.
De
ss
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k
y
is
a
P
r
o
f
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ss
o
r
w
it
h
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De
p
t,
P
o
rt
S
a
id
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rsity
,
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y
p
t
.
h
is
re
se
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rc
h
in
tere
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s
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ig
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v
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tec
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,
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h
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t
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d
c
o
n
tro
l.
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