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I
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ea
r
s
,
t
h
e
P
V
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
to
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
-
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
u
c
h
a
s
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
,
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
I
n
i
tiall
y
,
th
e
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
d
u
cts
i
n
to
th
e
Af
r
ica
n
m
ar
k
et
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
e
u
n
i
m
a
g
i
n
ab
le
d
r
o
p
in
P
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
to
ab
o
u
t 6
0
%
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t o
r
s
ec
o
n
d
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
r
ch
ase
i
s
h
ig
h
l
y
d
is
ap
p
o
in
ti
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
s
o
lid
-
s
ta
te
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
in
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
’
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
8
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
b
asic d
esi
g
n
lap
s
es
t
h
at
m
ak
e
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
n
o
t
to
w
o
r
k
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
i
n
a
n
o
th
er
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
-
o
t
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
’
s
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
i
s
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
i
n
t
h
e
tr
o
p
ical
b
elt
o
f
Af
r
ica.
K
n
o
w
in
g
f
u
ll
y
w
ell
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
e
m
it
s
d
an
g
e
r
o
u
s
r
ad
iatio
n
t
h
at
co
u
ld
d
es
tr
o
y
th
e
s
o
lar
P
V
m
o
d
u
le,
a
n
d
it
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
ea
r
lier
th
at
th
is
h
ar
m
f
u
l
r
ad
iatio
n
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
lo
ca
tio
n
to
an
o
th
er
,
it
is
s
alien
t
-
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
o
lar
s
p
ec
tr
al
f
ilter
in
g
(
SS
F).
SS
F
h
elp
s
to
s
cr
e
en
t
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
b
io
-
f
ilter
w
as
s
y
n
th
e
s
iz
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
SS
F
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
as
it
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
l
y
n
ee
d
s
th
e
v
i
s
ib
le
li
g
h
t
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
is
en
v
i
s
a
g
ed
th
at
i
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
r
ec
eiv
es
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
it
w
i
ll
h
elp
to
r
ed
u
ce
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
co
s
t
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
p
atr
o
n
ag
e.
T
h
e
b
io
-
f
ilter
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
c
h
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
p
la
n
t e
x
tr
a
ct.
T
h
e
p
lan
t e
x
tr
ac
t
w
a
s
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
Hib
i
s
cu
s
Sab
d
ar
if
f
a
as s
h
o
w
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
is
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t,
it
is
w
id
el
y
k
n
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
ib
is
cu
s
ex
tr
ac
t
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
l
av
o
u
r
s
,
m
ed
icin
al,
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
ticals,
a
g
r
o
ch
e
m
i
c
als,
f
r
a
g
r
an
ce
s
,
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
a
n
d
lo
ca
l
d
y
e
s
[
1
2
-
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t i
n
t
h
e
f
lo
w
er
is
t
h
e
cy
a
n
id
i
n
3
-
s
o
p
h
o
r
o
s
id
e.
B
ef
o
r
e
n
o
w
,
th
er
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
ev
er
al
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
il
ter
s
f
o
r
P
V
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
Kan
f
ar
a
et
al.
[
1
6
]
u
s
ed
a
lo
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
ilter
f
o
r
tes
tin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
w
ed
litt
le
s
u
cc
e
s
s
.
Ha
m
d
ad
an
d
B
r
aw
iech
[
1
7
]
w
o
r
k
ed
o
n
s
h
o
r
t
p
ass
f
ilte
r
an
d
UV
h
o
t
m
ir
r
o
r
”a
s
an
o
p
tical
f
ilter
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
P
V
ce
lls
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
p
ass
f
ilter
ed
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
h
o
t
f
i
lter
ed
m
o
d
u
le
ca
u
s
ed
a
d
r
o
p
in
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
6
°
C
a
n
d
1
0
°C
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
w
as i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
<6
%.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hib
is
cu
s
s
ab
d
ar
if
f
a
L
.
f
lo
w
er
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
u
s
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t i
n
cl
u
d
es:
th
r
ee
3
W
Mo
n
o
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
s
; t
h
r
ee
4
W
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
s
;
2
m
m
C
o
n
n
ec
t
in
g
w
ir
es
;
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
;
d
ig
ita
l
Mu
l
ti
-
m
eter
;
r
eto
r
t
s
tan
d
,
s
o
lar
i
m
eter
.
T
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
is
:
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
v
o
c)
=1
0
.
8
v
;
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
i
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
is
c)
=
4
1
8
m
A
;
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
v
o
ltag
e
(
v
m
p
)
=
8
.
2
v
;
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
cu
r
r
en
t
(
i
m
p
)
=
3
6
6
m
A
.
T
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
:
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
=
2
2
.
4
6
6
V;
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
s
c)
=
0
.
2
3
5
A
;
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
m
p
)
=
1
8
.
4
3
6
V
;
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
m
p
)
=0
.
2
2
0
A
.
T
h
e
Hib
is
cu
s
s
ab
d
ar
if
f
a
f
lo
wer
w
as
b
len
d
ed
w
i
th
et
h
an
o
l
an
d
f
ilter
ed
.
T
h
e
f
iltra
te
co
llected
in
to
a
b
ea
k
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
S
p
ec
tr
a
l filter
in
g
ex
p
erimen
ta
tio
n
o
n
P
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
ce
lls
u
s
in
g
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(
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s
e
s
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.
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3821
T
h
e
1
0
m
l
o
f
th
e
f
iltra
te
w
as
m
ix
ed
w
it
h
0
.
0
0
4
5
m
o
le
o
f
C
u
(
NO
3
)
2
.
3
H
2
O
an
d
lef
t
a
d
a
y
to
en
ab
le
p
r
o
p
er
d
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
co
p
p
er
.
Si
m
ila
r
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
i
n
p
ast
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
[
1
8
-
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
iltra
te
is
s
tirr
ed
v
ig
o
r
o
u
s
l
y
at
ce
r
tai
n
i
n
ter
v
al
o
f
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
ca
n
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
u
le
s
in
to
tal
(
t
w
o
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
an
d
t
w
o
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tall
in
e)
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
w
as
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
w
it
h
a
m
u
lt
i
m
e
ter
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
w
a
s
9
9
.
2
3
%.
T
h
e
o
f
f
s
e
t
w
a
s
t
h
en
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
A
r
d
iu
n
o
b
o
ar
d
to
r
ef
lec
t
th
e
s
h
o
r
tf
all.
O
n
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
ta
llin
e
a
n
d
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
m
o
d
u
le
w
as
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
m
o
d
u
les
(
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
an
d
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e)
w
er
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
.
T
h
e
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
les
w
er
e
u
s
ed
as
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
m
o
d
u
les
w
er
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
,
it
w
a
s
clea
n
ed
w
it
h
d
is
t
illed
w
a
ter
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
les
w
er
e
af
ter
w
ar
d
s
p
u
t
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
u
n
an
d
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
w
er
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
o
n
th
e
lo
g
g
er
a
n
d
s
to
r
ed
in
an
SD c
ar
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
et
-
u
p
o
f
s
p
r
a
y
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
th
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
ws
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
i
n
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
w
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
ti
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
p
ea
k
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ti
m
e
at
w
h
ic
h
r
ad
iatio
n
is
m
ax
i
m
u
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
m
o
d
u
le
.
T
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
s
d
is
tu
r
b
in
g
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
o
r
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
at
s
o
m
e
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
als.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
th
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
an
d
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
a
d
e
f
i
n
ite
p
atter
n
to
th
e
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
th
e
u
n
s
u
al
p
atter
n
m
a
y
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
o
lar
s
h
ad
in
g
d
u
e
to
clo
u
d
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
ite.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
s
ite
i
s
an
ac
tiv
e
co
n
v
ec
t
iv
e
r
eg
io
n
,
h
e
n
ce
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
v
ar
iatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
p
ast r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
[
2
2
-
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
atio
n
in
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le
is
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
tak
e
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
m
as
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
i
n
f
er
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
la
r
r
ad
iatio
n
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
n
th
e
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
m
o
d
u
le,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
b
o
th
th
e
s
p
r
ay
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le
h
ad
s
a
m
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
atio
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
b
io
-
f
ilter
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t o
u
tp
u
t
.
T
h
e
b
io
-
f
ilter
is
n
o
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
o
u
tp
u
t
b
u
t
h
o
w
it
s
tab
iliz
es
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ar
am
e
ter
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
b
io
-
f
ilter
p
ar
tiall
y
s
tab
ilize
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le
w
as
s
li
g
h
tl
y
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
tak
es
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
m
as
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
in
f
er
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
to
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
n
er
ated
in
th
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
[
2
5
]
.
I
t
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
p
r
a
y
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
ay
ed
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
g
en
er
ated
al
m
o
s
t sa
m
e
v
o
lta
g
e
as th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
a
g
ain
s
t
ti
m
e
i
n
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
lo
w
er
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
ta
k
es
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
o
r
m
as
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
in
f
er
r
in
g
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
p
o
w
er
o
f
a
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
r
ay
ed
an
d
u
n
s
p
r
a
y
ed
m
o
d
u
les
w
as
al
m
o
s
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
i
n
f
er
r
ed
th
at
th
e
b
io
-
f
il
ter
w
as
ab
le
to
a
n
ex
te
n
t
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ar
am
eter
i.e
.
p
o
w
er
i
n
b
o
th
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
an
d
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2020
:
38
1
9
-
382
5
3822
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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lar
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ad
iatio
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d
u
r
in
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ex
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er
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m
en
ta
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(
a)
m
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n
o
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
b
)
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
t
allin
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
u
r
r
en
t p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
(
a)
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
b
)
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
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I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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SS
N:
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e
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3823
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Vo
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
(
a)
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
b
)
p
o
ly
cr
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s
talli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
P
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
(
a)
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
(
b
)
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2020
:
38
1
9
-
382
5
3824
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
es
ized
b
io
-
f
il
ter
h
a
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
o
p
tical
q
u
alities
to
ab
s
o
r
b
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
r
ad
iatio
n
h
itti
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
a
n
d
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
Usi
n
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
>8
%.
T
h
is
r
esu
l
t
is
i
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
i
m
p
le
o
p
tical
f
ilter
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
tit
y
o
f
th
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
w
a
s
n
o
t
esti
m
ated
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
t
h
at
th
is
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
e
n
f
u
r
t
h
er
to
ascer
tain
i.e
.
in
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
th
e
h
ar
m
f
u
l
r
ad
iatio
n
th
at
w
as
f
ilter
ed
b
y
th
e
b
io
-
f
ilter
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
o
f
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
r
a
y
w
a
s
esti
m
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
b
io
f
ilter
an
d
s
u
r
f
a
ce
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
th
at
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
p
y
r
o
l
y
s
is
d
ev
ice
b
e
u
s
ed
to
h
av
e
th
e
ex
ac
t
la
y
er
o
f
th
e
b
io
-
f
i
lter
.
I
t
is
also
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
at
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
p
r
a
y
f
il
m
d
u
e
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
w
it
h
i
n
s
o
m
e
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ap
p
r
ec
iate
C
o
v
en
an
t U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
f
o
r
p
ar
tial sp
o
n
s
o
r
s
h
ip
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Em
e
t
e
re
M
o
se
s
E.
,
M
a
rv
e
l
L
.
,
Ak
in
y
e
m
i,
a
n
d
Et
im
b
u
k
B.
Ed
e
g
h
e
,
“
A
S
i
m
p
le
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
S
u
sta
in
i
n
g
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
A
c
ti
v
e
C
o
n
v
e
c
ti
v
e
Co
a
sta
l
Re
g
io
n
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Em
e
t
e
re
M
.
E.
,
a
n
d
A
k
in
y
e
m
i
M
.
L
.
,
“
P
ro
sp
e
c
ts
o
f
S
o
lar
E
n
e
rg
y
in
th
e
Co
a
sta
l
A
re
a
s
o
f
Ni
g
e
ri
a
,
”
2
0
1
5
PIA
M
S
EE
:
AIP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
M
a
th
n
a
C.
,
Do
n
n
e
ll
T
.
O.,
M
a
rti
n
e
z
–
Ca
tala
R.
V
.
,
Ro
h
a
n
J.,
a
n
d
F
ly
n
n
B.
O.,
”
En
e
rg
y
sc
a
v
e
n
g
in
g
f
o
r
lo
n
g
–
ter
m
d
e
p
lo
y
a
b
le w
irele
s
s se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
T
a
la
n
ta
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
1
3
–
6
2
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
]
L
it
tl
e
F
.
E.
,
M
c
S
p
a
d
d
e
n
J.
O.,
Ch
a
n
g
K.,
a
n
d
Ka
y
a
N.,
“
T
o
wa
rd
S
p
a
c
e
S
o
lar P
o
w
e
r:
W
irele
ss
En
e
rg
y
T
ra
n
s
m
is
sio
n
Ex
p
e
rime
n
ts
P
a
st,
P
re
se
n
t
a
n
d
F
u
tu
re
,
S
p
a
c
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
f
o
ru
m
,
”
AIP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
,
v
o
l.
4
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
5
-
1
2
3
3
,
1
9
9
8
.
[5
]
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
E.
,
Na
th
e
r
H.,
“
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
su
sta
in
a
b
le
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
Eg
y
p
t,
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
w
a
t
e
r
p
u
m
p
in
g
in
re
m
o
te are
a
s,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
n
o
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
-
1
4
7
,
2
0
0
3
.
[6
]
Zh
o
u
J.,
Ye
z
h
e
n
g
W
.
,
“
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
fo
rm
u
la
f
o
r
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
o
n
th
ly
a
v
e
ra
g
e
d
a
il
y
g
lo
b
a
l
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
in
Ch
in
a
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
-
2
6
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
S
c
h
m
e
la
M
ich
a
e
l,
A
u
r
li
e
B
e
a
u
v
a
is,
Na
o
m
i
Ch
e
v
il
lard
,
M
a
rian
o
G
u
il
ln
P
a
re
d
e
s,
M
t
He
isz
,
Ra
ffa
e
le
Ro
ss
i,
M
ich
a
e
l
S
c
h
m
e
la,
S
o
lar
P
o
w
e
r
Eu
ro
p
e
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
M
a
rk
e
t
Ou
tl
o
o
k
f
o
r
S
o
lar
P
o
w
e
r/2
0
1
8
–
2
0
2
2
,
”
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
:
1
9
th
Ju
ly
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
A
v
a
il
a
b
le
:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
so
larp
o
w
e
re
u
ro
p
e
.
o
rg
/w
p
-
co
n
ten
t/
u
p
l
o
a
d
s/2
0
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8
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9
/
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lo
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l
-
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rk
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-
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tl
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o
k
-
2
0
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-
2
0
2
2
.
p
d
f
[8
]
Ill
in
o
u
s,
“
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
S
o
lar
M
o
d
u
le
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
a
n
d
E
n
d
-
of
-
L
i
f
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t:
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
P
o
li
c
y
Op
ti
o
n
s,”
A
c
c
e
ss
e
d
;
2
7
th
J
u
ly
,
2
0
1
9
[
On
li
n
e
]
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/p
d
f
s.se
m
a
n
ti
c
sc
h
o
lar.o
rg
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9
2
7
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7
2
0
9
b
6
9
7
6
9
9
8
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6
0
9
4
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3
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c
1
1
f
0
e
b
4
0
6
a
e
d
a
3
.
p
d
f
[9
]
Ru
ss
o
J.,
Zh
a
n
g
D.,
G
o
rd
o
n
M
.
,
V
o
r
n
d
ra
n
S
.
,
W
u
Y.,
Ko
stu
k
R.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tru
m
sp
li
tt
in
g
m
e
tri
c
s
a
n
d
e
f
fe
c
t
o
f
f
il
te
r
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic sy
ste
m
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
Op
t
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
S
2
,
p
p
.
A
5
2
8
-
A
5
4
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
T
o
d
d
P
.
Ota
n
ica
r,
S
te
p
h
e
n
T
h
e
is
e
n
,
Ty
ler
No
r
m
a
n
,
Him
a
n
sh
u
Ty
a
g
i,
Ro
b
e
rt
A
.
T
a
y
lo
r,
“
En
v
isio
n
i
n
g
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
so
lar
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
P
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
stu
d
ies
o
f
CP
V/T
s
y
st
e
m
s
w
it
h
sp
e
c
tral
f
il
terin
g
a
n
d
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
P
V
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
4
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
-
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
Re
ich
m
a
n
J.,
“
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
F
il
ters
f
o
r
F
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
M
icro
sc
o
p
y
,
”
Ch
ro
ma
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
rp
.
,
Bra
tt
leb
o
ro
,
V
t,
U
S
A
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
2
]
Ja
d
h
a
v
V
.
M
.
,
T
h
o
ra
t
R.
M
.
.
,
K
a
d
a
m
V
.
J.,
S
a
th
e
N.
S
.
,
“
T
ra
d
it
io
n
a
l
m
e
d
icin
a
l
u
se
s
o
f
Hib
isc
u
s
ro
sa
-
sin
e
n
sis,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
0
-
1
2
2
2
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
3
]
G
a
u
r
K.,
Ko
ri
M
.
L
.
,
Ne
m
a
R.
K.,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
imm
u
n
o
m
o
d
u
lat
o
ry
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
h
y
d
ro
-
a
lco
h
o
li
c
e
x
trac
ts
o
f
Eu
p
h
o
r
b
ia
n
e
rii
f
o
li
a
L
in
n
.
a
n
d
Hib
isc
u
s
ro
sa
-
sin
e
n
sis
L
in
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
1
-
6
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
Al
-
S
n
a
f
i
A
E.
,
“
Ch
e
m
ica
l
c
o
n
stit
u
e
n
ts,
p
h
a
rm
a
c
o
lo
g
ica
l
e
f
fe
c
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
ra
p
e
u
ti
c
im
p
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
Hib
isc
u
s
ro
sa
-
sin
e
n
sis
-
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
IOS
R
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
a
rm
a
c
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
-
1
1
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
5
]
Ho
o
n
g
,
Ho
Nic
h
o
las
Jia
n
a
n
d
Nu
rh
a
z
w
a
n
i
Is
m
a
il
,
“
R
e
m
o
v
a
l
o
f
D
y
e
in
W
a
ste
wa
ter
b
y
A
d
so
rp
ti
o
n
-
Co
a
g
u
lati
o
n
Co
m
b
in
e
d
S
y
ste
m
w
it
h
Hib
isc
u
s
sa
b
d
a
riff
a
a
s
th
e
Co
a
g
u
lan
t,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
h
a
z
a
rd
o
u
s
ma
ter
ia
ls
,
v
o
l.
3
0
0
,
p
p
.
8
0
8
-
8
1
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
M
.
Kh
a
n
f
a
ra
,
R.
EL
Ba
c
h
ti
ri,
K.
EL
Ha
m
m
o
u
m
i,
M
.
Bo
u
ss
e
tt
a
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
tw
o
f
il
ter
s
f
o
r
P
V
in
v
e
rter
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
to
e
li
m
in
a
te
f
irsts
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
(
IT
4
OD
)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ha
m
d
a
n
a
n
d
Am
a
n
i
K.
Bra
w
ies
h
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
P
V
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
u
sin
g
o
p
ti
c
a
l
so
lar
sp
e
c
tru
m
sp
li
tt
i
n
g
,
”
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s,
Pa
r
t
A
Rec
o
v
e
ry
,
Util
iza
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
Ef
fec
ts
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
DO
I:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
5
6
7
0
3
6
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
6
6
8
0
8
7
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3825
[1
8
]
Em
e
t
e
re
M
o
se
s
E.
a
n
d
A
d
e
y
e
m
o
Ne
h
e
m
iah
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
F
il
terin
g
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Ce
ll
s
Us
in
g
N
o
v
e
l
Bio
-
F
il
ter:
S
il
v
e
r
Co
a
ted
Ix
o
ra
Ex
trac
t
Us
i
n
g
M
e
th
a
n
o
l
S
o
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ti
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n
,
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Un
ive
rs
a
l
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M
e
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6
,
p
p
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4
2
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4
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1
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2
0
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.
[1
9
]
M
o
se
s E
.
Eme
tere
,
“
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic S
o
lar S
p
e
c
tral
F
il
terin
g
Us
in
g
Bio
-
F
il
ters
,
”
Aca
d
e
mic
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
ter
d
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
5
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
Em
e
t
e
re
M
o
se
s
E.
a
n
d
A
d
e
y
e
m
o
Ne
h
e
m
iah
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
F
il
terin
g
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic Cells u
sin
g
No
v
e
l
B
io
-
F
il
ter:
S
il
v
e
r
Co
a
ted
Hib
isc
u
s
Ex
trac
t
u
si
n
g
Bu
tan
o
l
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
4
-
7
2
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
1
]
Em
e
t
e
re
M
o
se
s
E.
a
n
d
G
a
b
e
-
Oji
T
e
sti
m
o
n
y
,
“
S
p
e
c
tral
F
il
terin
g
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Ce
ll
s
u
si
n
g
No
v
e
l
Bio
-
f
il
ter,
”
IOP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s E
a
rt
h
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
3
3
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
M
.
O.
A
d
e
n
iy
i,
E.
F
.
Ny
m
p
h
a
s,
E.
O.
Ola
d
iran
,
“
C
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
to
tal
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
i
n
a
n
u
rb
a
n
tr
o
p
ica
l
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
In
t.
J
.
Ph
y
s.
S
c
i
.,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
0
,
p
p
.
5
1
5
4
-
5
1
6
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
3
]
I.
U.
Ch
iem
e
k
a
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
so
lar rad
iatio
n
a
t
Utu
r
u
,
Nig
e
ria,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
Ph
y
s.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
-
1
3
0
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
4
]
D.
H.
W
.
L
i
a
n
d
T
.
N.
T
.
La
m
,
(2
0
0
7
)
,
“
De
term
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
o
rien
tati
o
n
f
o
r
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
l
lec
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
e
a
su
re
d
so
l
a
r
ra
d
ian
c
e
d
a
ta,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
5
]
M
.
En
g
in
,
“
S
izi
n
g
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
P
V
-
w
in
d
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
o
t
o
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
-
10
,
2
0
1
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
.
E.
E
m
e
te
r
e
h
a
d
h
is
d
o
c
to
ra
t
e
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
S
o
li
d
S
tate
P
h
y
sic
s
(P
h
.
D.)
a
n
d
A
tm
o
sp
h
e
ric
P
h
y
sic
s
(P
h
.
D.).
He
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
tw
o
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
h
u
n
d
re
d
a
n
d
f
i
f
t
y
p
e
e
r
-
re
v
ie
we
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
a
p
e
rs
li
ste
d
o
n
th
e
T
h
o
m
p
so
n
Re
u
ters
in
d
e
x
e
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
S
c
o
p
u
s
in
d
e
x
e
d
jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
He
is
f
a
c
u
lt
y
a
t
Co
v
e
n
a
n
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Nig
e
ri
a
a
n
d
a
p
o
std
o
c
to
ra
l
f
e
ll
o
w
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Jo
h
a
n
n
e
sb
u
rg
.
He
w
o
n
th
e
p
re
stig
io
u
s
A
U/TW
A
S
Yo
u
n
g
S
c
ien
ti
st
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Aw
a
rd
(Eart
h
a
n
d
L
if
e
S
c
ien
c
e
s)
in
2
0
1
5
.
H
e
h
a
s
w
o
n
f
e
w
tra
v
e
l
g
ra
n
ts
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
w
a
rd
s.
He
is
a
n
e
d
it
o
rial
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
u
tl
e
t.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
in
v
it
e
d
a
s
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
sp
e
a
k
e
r
to
so
m
e
n
o
tab
le
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
in
Ch
in
a
a
n
d
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s
o
f
Am
e
rica
.
E
m
e
tere
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
re
se
a
r
c
h
w
it
h
sc
ien
ti
sts
f
ro
m
Nig
e
ri
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
,
G
re
e
c
e
,
S
o
u
th
Af
rica
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
F
ra
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ira
n
.
He
is
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
in
m
u
lt
id
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
re
se
a
rc
h
.
He
is a v
isit
in
g
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
to
so
m
e
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
f
a
c
il
it
ies
.
G
a
b
e
-
O
ji
Te
sti
m
o
n
y
is
a
g
ra
d
u
a
te
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
Co
v
e
n
a
n
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
He
h
a
s
u
n
d
e
rtak
e
n
so
m
e
lau
d
a
b
le p
ro
jec
ts o
n
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic m
o
d
u
le i
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s.
Du
r
o
d
o
la
B
.
M
.
is a g
ra
d
u
a
te o
f
Ch
e
m
istr
y
.
He
is a s
e
a
so
n
e
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ist
a
t
Co
v
e
n
a
n
t
U
n
iv
e
rsi
ty
.
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