I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
,
p
p
.
74
~
83
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
1
.
pp
74
-
83
74
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ex
peri
m
e
ntal st
u
dy
for
th
e
ef
fec
t
o
f
dust
cleaning
on
the
pe
rfor
m
a
nce
o
f
g
rid
-
ti
ed p
ho
to
v
o
ltaic
so
la
r sy
stem
s
Na
s
ee
r
K
.
K
a
s
i
m
1
,
Ni
bra
s
M
.
O
ba
id
2
,
H
a
t
i
m
G
.
Abo
o
d
3
,
Ra
ed
Abed M
a
hd
i
4
,
Ali M
o
hm
o
o
d H
u
m
a
da
5
1,
4
T
ra
in
in
g
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
Off
ic
e
,
M
in
istry
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
,
Ira
q
2
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t,
M
in
istry
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
,
Ira
q
3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
nd
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s,
Co
l
leg
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Di
y
a
la,
Ira
q
5
S
tate
Co
m
p
a
n
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
-
No
r
th
e
rn
Re
g
io
n
,
M
in
istr
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
,
Ira
q
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
A
p
r
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
n
1
8
,
2020
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
l 3
1
,
2
0
2
0
On
e
o
f
th
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
f
a
c
in
g
in
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
(
P
V
)
e
n
e
rg
y
is
th
e
a
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
u
st o
n
t
h
e
su
rf
a
c
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
ls
d
u
e
to
f
re
q
u
e
n
t
d
u
st
sto
rm
s
in
m
a
n
y
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
Ira
q
.
S
u
rf
a
c
e
d
u
st
p
a
rti
c
les
re
d
u
c
e
so
lar
irrad
ian
c
e
w
h
ich
d
e
c
li
n
in
g
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
so
lar
s
y
ste
m
s.
T
h
e
re
f
o
re
,
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
n
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
o
f
a
P
V
sy
ste
m
in
sta
ll
e
d
in
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
c
it
y
,
Ira
q
.
T
h
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
d
u
st
y
so
lar
P
V
a
rra
y
is
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
with
t
h
a
t
o
f
th
e
c
lea
n
a
rra
y
o
f
th
e
sa
m
e
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
c
lea
n
so
lar arra
y
is eq
u
ip
p
e
d
w
it
h
a
n
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
-
sp
ra
y
e
r
c
lea
n
in
g
s
y
ste
m
th
a
t
is
p
o
w
e
re
d
b
y
th
e
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
c
lea
n
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
ti
li
z
e
d
in
th
e
tes
t
sy
ste
m
re
d
u
c
e
s
h
u
m
a
n
e
ff
o
rt
b
y
c
lea
n
in
g
th
e
P
V
a
rra
y
u
sin
g
c
lo
se
d
-
c
y
c
le
wa
ter
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
(les
s
th
a
n
1
0
W
h
).
T
h
e
P
V
a
rra
y
u
n
d
e
r
tes
t
is
p
a
rt
o
f
a
1
5
k
W
g
rid
-
ti
e
d
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
sig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
ter
s
o
f
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
,
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
ra
t
io
,
a
n
d
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
g
a
in
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
th
e
c
lea
n
a
rra
y
.
F
u
rth
e
rm
o
re
,
th
e
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
c
o
n
tri
b
u
tes
t
o
a
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
in
CO
2
e
m
issio
n
,
w
h
ich
is
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
th
e
Ira
q
i
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
a
t
s
u
f
fe
rs
f
ro
m
p
re
d
o
m
in
a
te f
o
ss
il
-
f
u
e
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Au
to
m
a
t
ic
-
clea
n
i
n
g
Du
s
t d
ep
o
s
itio
n
I
r
aq
i e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
s
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hati
m
G.
A
b
o
o
d
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
P
o
w
er
an
d
Ma
ch
in
e
s
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
D
i
y
ala,
3
2
0
0
1
B
a
q
u
b
ah
,
Di
y
ala
Go
v
er
n
o
r
ate,
I
r
aq
.
E
m
ail:
h
ati
m
.
ab
o
o
d
@
u
o
d
i
y
ala
.
ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ec
en
t
l
y
,
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
h
as
g
r
o
w
n
d
r
as
ticall
y
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
c
er
n
s
r
elate
d
to
C
O
2
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
n
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
w
it
h
lar
g
e
u
n
p
o
p
u
l
ated
ar
ea
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
u
n
tr
ies
i
n
t
h
e
Mid
d
le
E
ast,
No
r
th
er
n
Af
r
ica,
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
I
n
d
ia,
an
d
A
u
s
tr
alia
a
r
e
th
e
f
av
o
r
ite
ca
n
d
id
ates
to
b
u
ild
v
ast
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
,
3
]
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
s
o
lar
-
r
ich
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
a
s
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
r
ate
o
f
d
u
s
t
i
n
th
e
a
m
b
ie
n
t
air
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
a
r
r
en
lan
d
s
an
d
ar
id
w
ea
th
er
w
h
ic
h
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tiall
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
4
,
5
]
.
I
n
m
a
n
y
ca
s
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
f
r
esh
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
n
ee
d
s
h
u
m
a
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
d
u
s
t.
I
r
aq
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
a
f
f
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
i
n
t
h
e
Mid
d
le
E
ast
b
y
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
s
a
n
d
s
to
r
m
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
clea
r
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
la
s
t d
ec
ad
e
d
u
e
to
d
eser
tif
icatio
n
an
d
cli
m
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
[
1
,
6
,
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
fo
r
th
e
effec
t o
f d
u
s
t c
lea
n
in
g
o
n
…
(
N
a
s
ee
r
K
.
K
a
s
im
)
75
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
v
es
tig
a
te
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
il
an
d
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
th
e
Mid
d
le
-
E
ast
[
3
,
8
,
9
]
.
A
t
w
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
la
tio
n
i
m
p
ac
t
i
n
I
r
aq
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
lo
s
s
e
s
r
ea
ch
ed
6
6
%
in
A
p
r
il
2
0
0
8
w
h
ic
h
h
as
led
to
h
u
g
e
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
6
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
c
lean
i
n
g
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
s
i
n
I
r
aq
as
an
e
s
s
e
n
tial
co
n
d
itio
n
to
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
h
ar
v
e
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
Kasi
m
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
an
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
B
ag
h
d
ad
cit
y
to
ev
al
u
at
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
i
x
ed
-
t
ilt
P
V
p
an
els
u
n
d
er
n
at
u
r
al
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
P
V
p
an
els
w
it
h
a
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
d
u
s
t
an
d
av
o
id
in
g
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lat
io
n
d
u
e
to
ch
a
n
g
in
g
in
cl
in
at
io
n
.
Ot
h
er
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
[
7
]
,
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
I
r
aq
.
I
n
s
i
m
ilar
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
th
e
I
r
aq
i
cli
m
ate,
[
1
0
]
an
aly
ze
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
5
.
2
8
k
W
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
Sau
d
i
A
r
ab
ia
in
2
0
1
2
.
T
h
e
test
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
d
etec
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
P
V
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
d
u
s
t
co
llected
o
n
th
e
P
V
p
an
els
f
o
r
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
er
io
d
o
f
t
w
o
m
o
n
t
h
s
(
J
u
l
y
an
d
Au
g
u
s
t)
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
ail
y
e
n
er
g
y
w
a
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
w
it
h
d
a
y
s
o
f
ac
cu
m
u
lated
d
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
p
an
els
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a
f
o
r
th
e
d
a
y
s
w
it
h
n
o
d
u
s
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
0
]
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
th
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
o
n
l
y
t
w
o
s
u
m
m
er
m
o
n
t
h
s
(
J
u
l
y
a
n
d
Au
g
u
s
t)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
n
l
y
D
C
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
s
.
A
l
-
Ho
u
s
a
n
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
t
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
n
ess
o
n
th
e
ca
d
m
iu
m
-
te
llu
r
id
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
Do
h
a,
Qata
r
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
1
1
]
id
en
tify
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
6
%
i
n
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
d
u
e
to
clea
n
i
n
g
P
V
p
an
els
an
d
th
e
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
w
ee
k
l
y
clea
n
i
n
g
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
clea
n
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
d
ail
y
an
d
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
c
lean
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
Mo
h
ar
r
a
m
et
a
l.
[1
2
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
cle
an
in
g
b
y
w
ater
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
tan
ts
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
b
y
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
d
u
s
t
d
ep
o
s
its
u
s
i
n
g
les
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
ater
an
d
en
er
g
y
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
2
]
,
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
clea
n
i
n
g
P
V
p
an
e
ls
is
test
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
ess
u
r
ized
w
a
ter
s
y
s
te
m
o
n
P
V
p
an
els o
f
a
1
4
k
W
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
at
t
h
e
Ger
m
an
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
i
n
C
a
ir
o
,
E
g
y
p
t.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
g
lo
b
al
s
t
u
d
ies
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
at
o
f
J
aszcz
u
r
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
u
s
t
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
n
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
P
o
lan
d
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
d
e
n
s
it
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
o
n
e
w
ee
k
ex
c
ee
d
s
3
0
0
m
g
/
m
2
in
r
ai
n
les
s
w
ea
t
h
er
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
lo
s
s
w
er
e
ab
o
u
t
2
.
1
%.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
e
f
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
d
u
s
t
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
J
aszcz
u
r
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
r
elia
b
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
u
s
t
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
.
L
ik
e
w
is
e,
Ka
w
a
m
o
to
an
d
Sh
ib
ata
[
1
4
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
clea
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
s
ix
t
y
p
es
o
f
s
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
eser
ts
u
s
i
n
g
an
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
s
tates
th
at
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
ad
h
e
r
in
g
s
a
n
d
is
r
ep
elled
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
li
g
h
tl
y
in
clin
ed
p
an
el
af
ter
th
e
clea
n
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
n
at
u
r
al
w
i
n
d
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
an
el.
As
t
h
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
I
r
aq
,
B
ag
h
d
ad
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lated
cities.
He
n
ce
,
t
h
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
t
u
d
ies
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
s
c
h
ed
u
le
clea
n
in
g
f
o
r
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
B
ag
h
d
ad
to
av
o
id
th
e
p
o
llu
tan
t
p
ar
ticles
t
h
at
co
u
ld
d
eter
io
r
ate
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
w
h
e
n
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
a
n
d
h
u
m
id
it
y
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ted
an
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
clea
n
i
n
g
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
1
5
k
W
g
r
id
-
tied
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
in
B
a
g
h
d
ad
cit
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
DC
a
n
d
AC
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
P
V
ar
r
ay
s
(
clea
n
an
d
d
u
s
t
y
)
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
test
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ix
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
2
0
1
9
.
T
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
w
ee
k
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
u
to
m
at
ic
A
r
d
u
in
o
-
b
ased
w
ate
r
n
o
zz
les.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
i
n
clu
d
e
s
:
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
m
o
d
u
les
y
ield
s
,
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
e
s
,
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
ati
o
s
.
2.
DE
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
P
V
T
E
ST
S
YST
E
M
T
h
e
g
r
id
-
t
ied
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
u
til
ized
in
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
in
s
talled
in
th
e
T
r
ain
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
n
er
g
y
R
esear
c
h
Of
f
ice
s
u
b
s
id
iar
y
o
f
th
e
I
r
aq
i
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
lectr
icit
y
,
B
ag
d
ad
,
I
r
a
q
.
T
h
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
te
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
is
4
4
.
4
°E
lo
n
g
it
u
d
e,
3
3
.
3
°N
latitu
d
e,
elev
a
tio
n
4
1
m
ab
o
v
e
s
ea
lev
el
(
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
o
f
h
eig
h
t)
,
a
n
d
th
e
t
ilt
a
n
g
le
is
f
i
x
ed
at
3
0
°
f
ac
in
g
s
o
u
t
h
w
i
th
ze
r
o
az
i
m
u
t
h
a
n
g
le
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
s
ee
i
n
ap
p
en
d
i
x
)
.
T
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
f
ee
d
er
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
elec
tr
icit
y
to
th
e
m
a
in
b
u
ild
i
n
g
v
i
a
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
7
2
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
(
Mo
d
el:
HI
T
-
2
0
5
DNKH
E
1
)
co
v
er
in
g
a
to
tal
ar
ea
o
f
8
3
.
5
7
m
2
w
i
th
a
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
1
5
k
W
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
s
ee
in
ap
p
en
d
ix
)
.
E
ac
h
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
o
w
er
o
f
2
0
5
W
p
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
(
s
ee
i
n
ap
p
en
d
ix
)
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
etails
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
SM
A
S
u
n
n
y
T
r
ip
o
w
er
,
1
5
0
0
0
T
L
-
10
t
y
p
e
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
er
ter
h
a
s
a
r
ated
m
ax
i
m
u
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
9
7
%
w
ith
a
s
ize
o
f
1
5
k
W
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
mo
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
Su
n
n
y
p
o
r
tal
p
r
o
g
r
am
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
d
ail
y
,
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
,
an
d
y
ea
r
l
y
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticles
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
B
ag
h
d
ad
cit
y
is
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
(
2
-
62
μ
m
)
f
o
r
s
ilica
an
d
(
0
.
5
-
2
μ
m
)
o
f
cla
y
p
ar
tic
u
lates
[
1
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
7
4
-
8
3
76
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
-
tied
s
o
lar
PV s
y
s
te
m
o
f
1
5
k
W
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
p
v
s
o
lar
g
r
id
-
tied
s
y
s
te
m
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
te
m
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
[
1
7
]
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
/
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
C
e
l
l
t
y
p
e
H
I
T
(
H
i
t
r
o
I
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m)
M
a
x
.
p
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
2
0
5
M
a
x
.
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
4
1
.
3
M
a
x
.
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
4
.
9
7
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
5
0
.
9
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
5
.
4
3
M
a
x
.
o
v
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
n
g
(
A
)
15
P
o
w
e
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
(
%)
+
1
0
/
-
5
M
a
x
.
sy
st
e
m v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
1
0
0
0
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
.
o
f
P
max
(
%/
°
C
)
-
0
.
3
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
.
o
f
V
o
c
(
V
/
°
C
)
-
0
.
1
2
7
T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
.
o
f
I
sc
(
mA
/
°
C
)
1
.
6
3
M
o
d
u
l
e
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
(
mm
×
mm
)
1
6
3
0
×
8
6
2
3.
ANALY
SI
S O
F
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE
E
VA
L
UAT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
-
ti
ed
P
V
test
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t,
ef
f
icien
c
ies
(
ar
r
a
y
,
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
n
d
in
v
er
ter
e
f
f
ic
ien
cie
s
)
,
y
ie
l
d
s
(
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
ar
r
a
y
,
a
n
d
f
i
n
a
l
y
ield
s
)
,
ca
p
ac
it
y
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
[
1
8
,
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
fo
r
th
e
effec
t o
f d
u
s
t c
lea
n
in
g
o
n
…
(
N
a
s
ee
r
K
.
K
a
s
im
)
77
3
.
1
.
En
er
g
y
o
utp
ut
T
h
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as
t
h
e
AC
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
a
g
i
v
e
n
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e.
I
f
A
C
E
r
e
f
er
s
to
t
h
e
alter
n
ati
n
g
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
en
er
g
y
,
th
e
to
ta
l h
o
u
r
l
y
,
d
ail
y
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
th
l
y
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
ca
lcu
la
ted
b
y
:
_
ℎ
=
∑
_
60
=
1
(
1
)
_
=
∑
_
ℎ
24
ℎ
=
1
(
2
)
_
=
∑
_
N
=
1
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
A
C
_
E
t
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
in
a
m
i
n
u
te)
;
A
C
_
E
h
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
(
i
n
a
n
h
o
u
r
)
;
A
C
_
E
d
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
i
n
(
d
ay
)
;
A
C
_
E
m
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
i
n
a
m
o
n
t
h
)
,
an
d
N
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
ay
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ea
c
h
m
o
n
t
h
.
3
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
em
y
ield
s
S
y
s
te
m
y
ield
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
ar
r
a
y
y
i
eld
(
Y
A
)
,
f
i
n
al
(
Y
F
)
y
ield
an
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
y
ield
(
Y
R
)
.
T
h
e
ar
r
a
y
y
ield
(
Y
A
)
is
th
e
DC
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
P
V
ar
r
ay
f
o
r
an
a
s
s
u
m
ed
d
u
r
ati
o
n
p
er
n
o
m
i
n
al
P
V
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
ti
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
(
k
W
h
/
k
W
p
)
u
n
it
,
a
n
d
ca
lcu
lated
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
=
_
(
ℎ
/
)
(
4)
w
h
er
e
DC
_
E
is
t
h
e
DC
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
in
(
k
W
h
)
an
d
P
rated
is
th
e
r
ated
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
y
ield
(
Y
F
)
is
th
e
r
at
e
o
f
A
C
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
o
v
er
th
e
as
s
u
m
e
d
p
er
io
d
o
f
p
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
o
m
i
n
al/r
ated
p
o
w
er
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
Y
F
is
ca
lc
u
lated
i
n
k
W
h
/
k
W
p
an
d
it is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
=
_
(
k
W
h
/
k
W
P
)
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
A
C
_
E
i
s
t
h
e
AC
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
(
k
W
h
)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
y
ield
Y
R
is
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
i
n
co
lli
m
ated
p
lan
e
o
v
er
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
ca
lcu
lat
ed
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
its
v
a
lu
e
o
f
1
k
W
p
/m
2
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
y
ield
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
=
(
k
W
h
/
k
W
P
)
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
H
R
r
ef
e
r
s
to
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
H
T
is
th
e
i
n
-
co
lli
m
ated
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
3
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
lo
s
s
es o
f
t
he
a
rr
a
y
a
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
lo
s
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
(
L
A
)
d
en
o
te
t
h
e
lo
s
s
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ar
r
ay
ac
t
t
h
at
e
x
h
ib
its
t
h
e
in
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
en
tire
l
y
co
n
v
er
t t
h
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
to
elec
tr
icit
y
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
ar
r
ay
c
ap
tu
r
e
lo
s
s
es a
r
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ted
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
=
−
(
k
W
h
/
k
W
P
)
(
7
)
S
y
s
te
m
lo
s
s
es (
L
S
)
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
lo
s
s
es o
f
D
C
to
AC
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
b
y
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
=
−
(
k
W
h
/
k
W
P
)
(
8
)
3
.
4
.
Sy
s
t
em
ef
f
ici
ncie
s
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
t
y
p
e
s
:
s
y
s
te
m
,
ar
r
a
y
,
an
d
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
icien
cie
s
ar
e
ca
lc
u
lated
p
er
io
d
icall
y
(
an
n
u
all
y
,
m
o
n
th
l
y
,
d
ail
y
,
h
o
u
r
l
y
,
an
d
in
s
tan
ta
n
eo
u
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
A
C
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
2
1
]
.
A
r
r
ay
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
ɳ
=
100
∗
_
∗
%
(
9
)
w
h
er
e
A
m
is
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
ar
ea
(
m
2
)
,
H
t
is
th
e
in
-
co
lli
m
ated
p
lan
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
P
V
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
7
4
-
8
3
78
ɳ
=
100
∗
_
∗
%
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
s
:
ɳ
=
100
∗
_
%
(
1
1
)
3
.
5
.
P
er
f
o
rm
a
nce
ra
t
io
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
(
P
R
)
i
s
th
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
f
i
n
al
y
ield
s
a
n
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
y
ield
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
P
R
v
alu
e
s
o
f
an
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
th
e
P
V
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
p
er
f
ec
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
tu
a
l
ac
t
an
d
p
er
m
i
ts
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
a
n
g
le,
lo
ca
tio
n
,
tilt
,
o
r
ien
tatio
n
an
d
t
h
eir
n
o
m
in
a
l
p
o
w
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
1
2
)
:
=
%
(
1
2
)
3
.
6
.
Ca
pa
ci
t
y
fa
ct
o
r
T
h
e
C
ap
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
(
C
F
)
is
a
to
o
l
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
an
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ati
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
C
F
is
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
A
C
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
u
r
atio
n
(
u
s
u
all
y
o
n
e
y
ea
r
)
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
n
er
g
y
if
it
w
o
r
k
s
at
w
h
o
le
ca
p
ac
it
y
(
r
ated
v
al
u
e)
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
g
i
v
en
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
y
ea
r
l
y
C
F
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
is
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
=
_
,
∗
8760
(
1
3
)
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
T
E
S
T
S
4
.
1
.
Clea
nin
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
co
m
po
ne
nts
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
s
et
u
p
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
clea
n
i
n
g
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
u
s
i
n
g
s
p
r
a
y
er
w
ater
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
test
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
ta
in
s
7
2
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
b
y
P
an
a
s
o
n
ic
C
o
m
p
an
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
au
to
m
atic
-
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
m
ain
p
ar
ts
:
Ma
in
A
l
u
m
in
u
m
w
ater
tan
k
(
1
m
3
ca
p
ac
it
y
)
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
w
ater
tan
k
o
f
0
.
2
5
m
3
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
W
ater
p
u
m
p
o
f
1
1
8
0
W
(
in
p
u
t p
o
w
er
)
.
Fo
u
r
w
a
ter
-
n
o
zz
les
f
o
r
s
p
r
ay
i
n
g
w
a
ter
o
n
th
e
P
V
p
an
els
[
2
4
]
.
A
d
r
ain
p
ip
e
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
t
h
e
w
ater
.
Au
to
m
a
ted
u
n
it to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
s
p
r
a
y
i
n
g
w
ater
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
k
it.
T
h
e
w
ater
p
u
m
p
ab
s
o
r
b
s
w
at
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
ater
tan
k
b
y
a
s
u
ctio
n
p
ip
e
f
o
r
a
v
o
id
in
g
an
y
co
m
b
i
n
e
d
d
u
s
t
o
r
d
ir
t.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
s
u
ck
ed
w
ater
is
s
p
r
a
y
ed
o
v
er
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
b
y
th
e
n
o
zz
les
t
h
at
ar
e
i
n
s
talled
at
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
els.
Ne
x
t,
t
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
wate
r
is
co
llected
b
y
a
d
r
ain
p
ip
e
at
t
h
e
lo
w
er
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
to
f
lo
w
i
n
a
clo
s
ed
c
y
cle
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ta
n
k
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
tan
k
co
llect
s
a
n
d
f
ee
d
t
h
e
w
ater
to
th
e
m
ain
ta
n
k
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
al
s
o
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
co
lli
n
g
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els i
n
h
o
t s
u
m
m
er
d
a
y
s
an
d
ab
le
to
en
tilry
r
e
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
[
1
8
,
2
5
]
.
4
.
2
.
E
x
peri
m
ent
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
au
to
m
ated
s
p
r
a
y
er
-
w
ater
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
w
a
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
w
ee
k
l
y
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
u
te
s
o
v
er
s
i
x
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
clea
n
in
g
s
tar
ts
in
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
e
d
a
y
a
wee
k
,
at
ea
r
l
y
-
m
o
r
n
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
w
ater
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
u
m
p
s
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
ater
to
c
lean
a
n
ar
ea
o
f
1
4
m
2
w
it
h
au
to
m
at
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
w
h
ich
d
r
a
m
atica
ll
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
u
m
a
n
e
f
f
o
r
t
an
d
ab
le
to
f
l
u
s
h
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
p
ar
ticles
(
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
t
h
e
I
r
aq
i
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
6
]
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
lo
w
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
9
.
8
W
h
f
o
r
w
ater
-
s
p
r
a
y
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
B
a
g
h
d
ad
h
a
s
it
s
g
ian
t
r
iv
er
,
t
h
e
c
lo
s
ed
-
w
ater
s
y
s
te
m
as
s
is
t
s
to
s
a
v
e
w
ater
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
th
e
c
lean
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
b
ar
r
en
an
d
o
u
tb
ac
k
ar
ea
s
i
n
w
e
s
ter
n
I
r
aq
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
is
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
p
r
a
y
-
w
ater
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
ap
p
lied
o
n
2
4
m
o
d
u
les
d
iv
id
ed
to
t
w
o
P
V
ar
r
ay
s
(
1
2
m
o
d
u
les
ea
c
h
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
P
V
ar
r
ay
,
lef
t
n
atu
r
al
l
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
cl
ea
n
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
p
er
io
d
(
ex
ce
p
t
r
ai
n
)
.
U
n
d
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ate
,
an
d
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
P
V
ar
r
a
y
h
ad
b
ee
n
cle
an
in
g
p
er
io
d
icall
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
ess
u
r
ized
w
ater
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
in
v
est
ig
ate
s
th
e
clea
n
in
g
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
an
d
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
w
i
th
r
e
f
er
en
ce
P
V
ar
r
a
y
(
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
y
ar
r
a
y
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
llected
f
o
r
s
ix
-
m
o
n
t
h
s
an
d
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
t
o
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
clea
n
in
g
P
V
p
an
els
o
n
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
test
ed
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
fo
r
th
e
effec
t o
f d
u
s
t c
lea
n
in
g
o
n
…
(
N
a
s
ee
r
K
.
K
a
s
im
)
79
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
au
to
m
ated
w
a
ter
-
s
p
r
a
y
er
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
o
r
k
in
g
a
u
to
m
atic
-
s
p
r
a
y
er
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
cle
an
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
o
n
e
ar
r
ay
in
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
1
5
k
W
h
ad
b
ee
n
r
u
n
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
in
2
0
1
9
to
an
a
ly
ze
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
u
s
t
d
e
p
o
s
it
an
d
h
en
ce
,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
clea
n
in
g
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
its
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
es.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
aily
r
e
c
o
r
d
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
r
elev
an
t
ca
lcu
la
ti
o
n
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
d
esc
r
i
b
e
d
in
s
ec
ti
o
n
3
.
T
a
b
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
th
e
p
e
r
c
en
tag
e
en
e
r
g
y
g
ain
o
f
th
e
tw
o
ar
r
ay
s
o
f
1
5
k
W
s
o
la
r
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
w
ith
th
e
d
escr
i
p
t
io
n
o
f
w
ea
th
er
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
en
e
r
g
y
g
ain
is
ca
l
cu
lat
ed
as
th
e
r
ate
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
(
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
clea
n
P
V
a
r
r
ay
an
d
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
a
r
r
ay
)
to
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
P
V
a
r
r
ay
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
en
e
r
g
y
g
ain
is
th
at
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
d
ay
s
in
e
ac
h
m
o
n
th
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
g
ai
n
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
e
n
er
g
y
g
ai
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
a
y
s
in
ea
c
h
m
o
n
t
h
in
cl
u
d
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
g
ai
n
w
a
s
in
J
an
u
ar
y
w
it
h
a
n
av
er
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
7
.
6
9
%
d
u
e
to
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
a
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
e
n
er
g
y
g
ai
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
Ma
r
ch
an
d
A
p
r
il
b
y
av
er
a
g
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
2
.
6
8
%
an
d
2
.
8
7
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ain
s
h
o
w
er
s
t
h
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
d
u
s
t o
n
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
o
lar
ar
r
ay
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
7
4
-
8
3
80
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
w
ea
th
er
s
ta
tu
s
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
e
n
er
g
y
g
ai
n
o
f
th
e
te
s
t s
y
s
te
m
D
a
y
-
M
o
n
t
h
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
r
r
a
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
k
W
)
C
l
e
a
n
a
r
r
a
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
k
W
)
En
e
r
g
y
G
a
i
n
(
%
)
W
e
a
t
h
e
r
S
t
a
t
u
s
7
Ja
n
.
7
.
6
1
4
7
.
9
4
7
4
.
3
6
3
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
4
Ja
n
.
1
0
.
3
9
2
1
1
.
3
7
3
9
.
4
3
5
D
u
st
s
t
o
r
m
2
1
Ja
n
.
7
.
5
2
9
8
.
4
4
7
1
2
.
1
9
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
8
Ja
n
.
9
.
7
6
3
1
0
.
2
2
8
4
.
7
6
H
e
a
v
y
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l
7
F
e
b
.
1
0
.
8
0
1
1
1
.
2
7
7
5
.
9
9
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
4
F
e
b
.
9
.
9
7
5
1
0
.
4
9
1
8
.
7
1
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
1
F
e
b
.
8
.
0
6
1
8
.
2
2
2
4
.
0
9
8
R
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
e
r
2
8
F
e
b
.
1
1
.
8
0
3
1
1
.
9
4
9
2
.
8
3
R
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
e
r
7
M
a
r
.
8
.
4
5
7
8
.
6
1
2
3
.
4
5
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
4
M
a
r
.
8
.
2
3
0
8
.
3
4
0
2
.
8
2
R
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
e
r
2
1
M
a
r
.
7
.
7
1
0
7
.
7
8
0
1
.
8
6
H
e
a
v
y
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l
2
8
M
a
r
.
1
.
7
5
3
1
.
7
7
0
2
.
6
1
R
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
e
r
7
A
p
r
.
8
.
6
0
1
8
.
8
0
1
3
.
2
3
R
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
e
r
s
1
4
A
p
r
.
7
.
3
4
7
7
.
4
3
1
2
.
1
0
R
a
i
n
s
h
o
w
e
r
s
2
1
A
p
r
.
1
0
.
9
0
1
1
1
.
2
1
0
3
.
8
9
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
8
A
p
r
.
1
0
.
8
8
5
1
0
.
9
9
9
2
.
2
8
R
a
i
n
f
u
l
l
7
M
a
y
8
.
2
6
8
8
.
6
3
3
5
.
3
6
7
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
4
M
a
y
8
.
3
4
1
8
.
8
1
6
6
.
6
0
2
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2
1
M
a
y
7
.
9
5
4
8
.
3
5
3
5
.
8
6
8
W
i
n
d
(
9
-
1
4
)
k
m/
h
2
8
M
a
y
8
.
1
1
5
8
.
5
2
3
5
.
7
6
W
i
n
d
(
5
-
1
4
)
k
m/
h
6
J
u
n
.
7
.
1
4
3
7
.
4
4
7
6
.
0
7
D
u
st
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
3
Ju
n
.
9
.
3
8
5
9
.
7
9
2
5
.
1
7
W
i
n
d
(
6
-
1
5
)
k
m/
h
2
0
Ju
n
.
9
.
4
1
4
9
.
7
9
1
4
.
8
7
W
i
n
d
(
4
-
1
1
)
k
m/
h
2
7
Ju
n
.
9
.
7
8
9
1
0
.
6
2
2
9
.
2
6
D
u
st
s
t
o
r
m a
n
d
w
i
n
d
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
Δ
E
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
5
to
2
.
7
5
k
W
h
/d
a
y
f
o
r
o
n
e
ar
r
a
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
2
.
6
8
%
to
7
.
6
9
%
o
f
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
ar
r
a
y
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
c
lean
a
n
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ar
r
a
y
s
an
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
w
in
ter
m
o
n
t
h
s
i
n
I
r
aq
(
J
an
u
ar
y
an
d
Feb
r
u
ar
y
)
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
y
ield
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
en
er
g
y
g
ai
n
o
f
d
r
y
m
o
n
t
h
s
(
Ma
y
an
d
J
u
n
e)
.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
t r
ea
s
o
n
i
s
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
d
u
s
t d
u
e
to
ar
id
w
ea
th
er
an
d
n
o
r
ain
f
all.
Fre
q
u
en
t
ac
ti
v
e
w
i
n
d
an
d
lo
w
h
u
m
id
it
y
o
f
s
u
m
m
er
m
o
n
t
h
s
in
I
r
aq
h
ad
p
lay
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
ad
h
esio
n
f
o
r
ce
o
f
d
u
s
t p
ar
ticles o
n
m
o
d
u
le
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
As
th
e
d
u
s
t
ac
c
u
m
u
la
tio
n
n
e
g
ati
v
el
y
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
s
o
lar
P
V
b
y
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
to
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
les.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
s
i
x
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t.
I
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
ar
r
a
y
e
f
f
icien
c
y
r
is
es
i
n
J
an
u
ar
y
w
i
th
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
.
3
1
%.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
m
in
i
m
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
s
p
r
in
g
s
ea
s
o
n
w
it
h
v
alu
e
s
o
f
0
.
0
9
%
an
d
0
.
1
1
%
f
o
r
Ma
r
ch
an
d
A
p
r
il,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
o
r
k
in
g
a
v
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
g
ain
(
i
n
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es)
o
f
s
ix
m
o
n
t
h
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
fo
r
th
e
effec
t o
f d
u
s
t c
lea
n
in
g
o
n
…
(
N
a
s
ee
r
K
.
K
a
s
im
)
81
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
clea
n
an
d
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
ar
r
a
y
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Av
er
ag
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
ev
al
u
ated
ar
r
a
y
s
f
o
r
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
P
V
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
i
s
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
w
it
h
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
lo
s
s
es
t
h
at
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
,
w
h
i
ch
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
(
P
R
)
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
r
ated
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
av
er
a
g
e
P
R
d
if
f
er
en
ce
w
a
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
J
an
u
ar
y
w
it
h
v
a
lu
e
o
f
4
.
3
4
%.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
th
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
v
al
u
e
i
n
J
u
n
e
w
a
s
3
.
3
9
%
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
ar
id
w
ea
t
h
er
i
n
s
u
m
m
er
m
o
n
t
h
s
,
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
v
alu
e
s
r
e
m
a
in
ed
r
elati
v
el
y
h
i
g
h
d
u
e
to
ac
ti
v
e
w
i
n
d
a
n
d
l
o
w
h
u
m
id
it
y
w
h
ic
h
led
to
ea
s
y
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
t
h
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lated
d
u
s
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
es
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
r
in
g
s
ea
s
o
n
w
it
h
v
alu
e
s
o
f
0
.
5
3
% a
n
d
0
.
6
5
% in
Ma
r
ch
a
n
d
A
p
r
il,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Av
er
ag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
r
atio
d
if
f
er
en
ce
a
n
d
th
e
lo
s
s
e
s
in
t
h
e
ev
al
u
ated
ar
r
a
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
7
4
-
8
3
82
T
h
e
ar
r
ay
y
ield
a
n
d
f
i
n
al
y
iel
d
in
d
icate
t
h
e
h
o
u
r
s
n
u
m
b
er
t
h
at
t
h
e
P
V
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
D
C
an
d
AC
p
o
w
er
i
n
its
n
o
m
i
n
ate
d
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ar
r
a
y
a
n
d
f
i
n
al
y
ield
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
o
f
c
lean
a
n
d
d
ir
t
y
P
V
ar
r
a
y
s
f
o
r
s
i
x
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
y
ield
s
w
er
e
in
J
an
u
ar
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
,
an
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
y
ield
s
h
ap
p
en
e
d
in
Ma
r
ch
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ai
n
s
h
o
w
er
s
t
h
at
led
to
th
e
n
at
u
r
al
clea
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
ar
r
a
y
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Av
er
ag
e
ar
r
a
y
an
d
f
i
n
al
y
ie
ld
s
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
ev
a
lu
a
ted
ar
r
ay
s
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
b
e
y
o
n
d
u
til
izin
g
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
i
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
cle
an
en
er
g
y
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
Hen
ce
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
en
er
g
y
is
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
w
i
th
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
C
O
2
le
v
el
f
o
r
s
i
x
m
o
n
t
h
s
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
av
o
id
ab
le
C
O
2
i
s
r
an
g
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
(
1
.
8
8
-
0
.
2
4
)
k
g
/d
a
y
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
lev
e
l o
f
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
C
O
2
o
v
er
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t p
er
io
d
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
lean
in
g
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
r
o
m
d
u
s
t
an
d
d
ir
t
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
m
ai
n
tain
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
P
V
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
e
clea
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
n
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
atio
,
an
d
th
e
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
g
ai
n
b
y
4
.
3
4
%,
1
.
3
1
%
an
d
7
.
6
9
%
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
u
s
in
g
an
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
a
u
to
m
at
ic
t
h
e
w
a
t
er
-
s
p
r
a
y
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
f
th
e
I
r
aq
i
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
s
t
u
d
y
in
cl
u
d
ed
m
o
n
t
h
s
b
elo
n
g
s
to
t
h
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ea
s
o
n
s
(
w
in
ter
,
s
p
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
u
m
m
er
)
w
h
ic
h
co
v
er
e
d
r
ain
y
,
d
u
s
t
y
an
d
d
r
y
w
ea
t
h
er
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
w
ater
-
p
u
m
p
m
o
to
r
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
it
s
el
f
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
s
h
o
w
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
ar
r
a
y
y
ie
ld
,
f
i
n
al
y
ield
,
ef
f
icie
n
cie
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
,
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
cl
e
an
in
g
,
h
as
a
n
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
b
o
o
s
t
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
l
if
e
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l stu
d
y
fo
r
th
e
effec
t o
f d
u
s
t c
lea
n
in
g
o
n
…
(
N
a
s
ee
r
K
.
K
a
s
im
)
83
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
C
O
2
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
b
y
1
.
8
Kg
/d
a
y
w
h
ic
h
is
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
to
d
ec
lin
e
t
h
e
p
o
llu
tio
n
i
n
B
ag
h
d
ad
cit
y
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
C
O
2
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
u
tili
tie
s
to
ad
o
p
t si
m
ilar
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
R.
S
a
d
iq
,
H.
Ka
ru
n
a
th
il
a
k
e
,
a
n
d
K.
He
w
a
g
e
,
“
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
se
lec
ti
o
n
f
o
r
n
e
t
-
z
e
ro
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
:
L
i
f
e
c
y
c
le b
a
se
d
d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
c
e
rtain
ty
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
0
,
p
p
.
5
5
8
-
5
7
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
A
.
Z.
A
b
a
ss
a
n
d
D.
A
.
P
a
v
ly
u
c
h
e
n
k
o
,
“
T
h
e
e
x
p
lo
it
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
e
ste
r
n
a
n
d
so
u
t
h
e
rn
d
e
se
rts
in
Ira
q
f
o
r
th
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
so
lar en
e
rg
y
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
7
-
4
6
2
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
O.
A
.
M
.
O
m
a
r,
N.
M
.
Ba
d
ra
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
tt
ia,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
On
-
g
rid
P
V
S
y
ste
m
u
n
d
e
r
Irra
d
ian
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
tu
re
V
a
riatio
n
s
Us
in
g
Ne
w
Op
ti
m
ize
d
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r,
”
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
0
-
2
6
6
0
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
B.
W
e
b
e
r,
A
.
Qu
iñ
o
n
e
s,
R.
A
lma
n
z
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
D.
Du
ra
n
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
P
V
S
y
ste
m
s
b
y
Du
st
De
p
o
siti
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
0
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
M
.
M
a
n
i
a
n
d
R.
P
il
lai,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
o
n
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
:
Re
se
a
rc
h
sta
tu
s,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Ren
e
w
a
b
le
a
n
d
s
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
re
v
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
4
-
3
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[6
]
A
.
F
.
A
t
w
a
n
,
N.
K.
Ka
si
m
,
a
n
d
A.
H.
S
h
n
e
ish
i
l,
“
P
V
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
in
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
”
At
ti
d
e
ll
a
F
o
n
d
a
zi
o
n
e
Gi
o
rg
i
o
R
o
n
c
h
i,
Fo
n
d
a
zio
n
e
Gi
o
rg
i
o
R
o
n
c
h
i
,
p
p
.
3
7
9
-
3
8
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[7
]
A
.
H.
A
li
,
H.
S
.
Ha
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
A
b
d
u
lraz
z
a
q
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
st
e
m
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
ATLA
B
S
i
m
u
latio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
4
7
-
4
8
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
N.
K.
Ka
si
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
fi
x
e
d
so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls
re
lativ
e
to
th
e
trac
k
in
g
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
s
u
n
d
e
r
n
a
tu
ra
l
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
f
d
u
st,”
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
S
c
ien
c
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
4
4
-
5
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
H.
Re
z
k
,
I.
Ty
u
k
h
o
v
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
a
u
p
o
v
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
m
e
teo
ro
lo
g
ica
l
d
a
ta
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
lar
ra
d
iatio
n
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
E
lec
trica
l
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
3
-
3
5
8
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Re
h
m
a
n
a
n
d
I.
El
-
a
m
in
,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
o
ff
-
g
ri
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
in
S
a
u
d
i
A
ra
b
ia,”
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
5
1
-
4
5
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
M
.
A
l
-
h
o
u
sa
n
i
a
n
d
Y.
Bice
r,
“
A
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
V
a
ri
o
u
s
Dry
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
Clea
n
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
a
n
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
ies
o
n
th
e
P
o
w
e
r
Ou
tp
u
t
o
f
Cd
T
e
-
Ty
p
e
M
o
d
u
les
in
Du
sty
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,”
S
u
sta
in
.
Arti
c
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
K.
M
o
h
a
rra
m
,
M
.
A
b
d
-
El
h
a
d
y
,
H.
Ka
n
d
il
,
a
n
d
H.
El
-
S
h
e
rif
,
“
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
lea
n
in
g
u
sin
g
w
a
ter
a
n
d
s
u
rf
a
c
tan
ts
o
n
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic p
a
n
e
ls,”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
.
M
a
n
a
g
.
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
-
2
7
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Ja
sz
c
z
u
r
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
f
ield
e
x
p
e
rime
n
ts
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
th
e
n
a
tu
ra
l
d
u
st
d
e
p
o
sit
io
n
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le
e
ff
ici
e
n
c
y
,
”
En
v
iro
n
.
S
c
i.
P
o
ll
u
t.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
8
4
0
2
-
8
4
1
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
4
]
H.
Ka
w
a
m
o
to
a
n
d
S
.
T
a
k
u
y
a
,
“
El
e
c
tro
sta
ti
c
c
lea
n
in
g
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
re
m
o
v
a
l
o
f
s
a
n
d
f
ro
m
so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls,
”
J
.
El
e
c
tro
sta
t
.
,
v
o
l.
7
3
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
7
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
Ni
m
r
a
n
d
W
.
A
.
M
.
A
l
-
S
h
o
h
a
n
i,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
d
iff
e
re
n
t
sites
in
Ira
q
,
”
Ar
a
b
.
J
.
S
c
i.
E
n
g
.
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
-
2
8
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
K.
A
.
Ka
d
h
u
m
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
R
a
sh
e
e
d
,
“
S
o
m
e
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
S
a
n
d
a
n
d
Du
st
S
t
o
rm
S
o
u
rc
e
s
in
Ira
q
,
”
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
fo
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s o
f
Al
-
Kit
a
b
(
ICET
S
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
1
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
S
A
NY
O
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
E
u
ro
p
e
G
M
BH,
“
HI
T
Do
u
b
le
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le,”
S
ANY
O
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/zo
n
n
e
p
a
n
e
len
.
n
e
t/
n
l/
p
d
f
/p
a
n
e
ls/S
A
NY
O_
HI
T
-
2
1
0
_
2
0
5
_
_
2
0
0
_
DN
KH
E1
_
_
EN
_
.
p
d
f
.
[1
8
]
J.
C.
Og
b
u
lez
ie
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
h
ig
h
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
a
n
d
irrad
ian
c
e
so
u
rc
e
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
p
o
ly
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
l
in
a
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
2
-
3
9
4
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
S
M
A
S
u
n
n
y
T
rip
o
we
r,
“
S
u
n
n
y
T
rip
o
w
e
r
1
5
0
0
0
T
l
/
2
0
0
0
0
T
l
/
2
5
0
0
0
T
l,
”
2
0
1
9
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/f
il
e
s.s
m
a
.
d
e
/d
l/
2
4
3
3
6
/S
T
P
2
5
0
0
0
T
L
-
30
-
DES
1
7
4
2
-
V3
1
w
e
b
.
p
d
f
.
[2
0
]
M
.
S
a
id
a
n
,
A
.
G
h
a
n
i,
E.
A
las
is,
a
n
d
J.
K.
Ka
ld
e
ll
is
,
“
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
stu
d
y
o
n
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
d
u
st
d
e
p
o
siti
o
n
o
n
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
ls i
n
d
e
se
rt
e
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
,
”
Ren
e
w.
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
–
5
0
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
A
.
Y.
A
l
-
H
a
sa
n
,
“
A
N
e
w
Co
rre
latio
n
f
o
r
Dire
c
t
Be
a
m
S
o
lar
Ra
d
i
a
ti
o
n
Re
c
e
iv
e
d
b
y
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
P
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
S
a
n
d
Du
st A
c
c
u
m
u
late
d
o
n
Its
S
u
rf
a
c
e
,
”
S
o
l.
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
6
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
-
3
3
3
,
1
9
9
8
.
[2
2
]
N.
M
.
Ob
a
id
,
N.
K.
Ka
sim
,
a
n
d
E.
T
.
Ha
sh
i
m
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
ss
e
ss
m
en
t
o
f
F
irst
G
rid
-
ti
e
d
P
V
S
o
l
a
r
S
y
ste
m
u
n
d
e
r
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
Cit
y
Cli
m
a
te Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
,
”
Ira
q
i
J
.
S
c
i.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
N.
K.
Ka
si
m
,
H.
H.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
a
n
d
A
.
N.
A
b
e
d
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
CIG
S
P
V
S
o
lar
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
w
it
h
P
V
sy
st S
i
m
u
latio
n
P
r
o
g
ra
m
,
”
In
t.
J
.
S
M
AR
T
GRID
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
“
Ra
in
Bird
1
2
V
a
n
No
z
z
le
On
ly
1
2
’,
”
a
ma
z
o
n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
sa
u
d
i.
so
u
q
.
c
o
m
/s
a
-
e
n
/rain
-
b
ir
d
-
1
2
v
a
n
-
n
o
z
z
le
-
o
n
ly
-
12
-
3
3
3
2
4
0
3
3
/
i/
#
d
e
sc
rip
t
io
n
.
[2
5
]
N.
S
.
B.
Ru
k
m
a
n
,
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
I.
T
a
sli
m
,
M
.
A
.
In
d
rian
ti
,
a
n
d
I.
N.
M
a
n
y
o
e
,
“
O
v
e
r
v
ie
w
o
n
re
c
e
n
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
o
li
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s:
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
P
V
T
sy
ste
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.