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(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
40
1
~
2
4
10
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
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j
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.
v
7
i
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.
pp
240
1
-
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4
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m
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In
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E
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C
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in
U
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p
a
rtme
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t
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f
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c
tro
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ics
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m
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In
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m
ail:
-
s
h
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d
j
ain
@
g
m
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.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
tele
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
n
o
w
f
lo
o
d
ed
w
ith
n
u
m
er
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s
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ices
o
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w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
l
ed
to
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
o
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il
e
ap
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licatio
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th
a
t
o
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f
er
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g
o
o
d
p
er
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asiv
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co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
in
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
2
]
.
A
le
g
ac
y
2
G
s
e
r
v
ice
u
s
es
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itti
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g
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h
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ig
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w
h
ich
d
o
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d
e
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a
n
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m
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p
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to
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s
ed
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y
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m
o
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ile
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ev
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W
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ev
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tio
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3
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n
d
4
G
n
et
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r
k
s
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s
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s
ig
n
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f
ica
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g
r
o
w
th
o
f
m
u
lticar
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m
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ta
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th
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ten
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s
es
t
h
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d
ata
r
ates
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
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n
icatio
n
[
3
]
.
Usag
e
o
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m
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lt
icar
r
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-
b
ased
co
m
m
u
n
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n
s
ta
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ar
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s
o
f
f
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r
s
h
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g
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d
ata
tr
an
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m
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s
s
io
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th
at
p
o
s
itiv
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y
attr
ac
ts
u
s
er
s
to
u
s
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ce
r
tai
n
m
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ile
ap
p
licatio
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clin
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p
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f
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n
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p
ar
allel
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
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.
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n
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tu
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atel
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u
ch
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k
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w
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f
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ter
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ar
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if
f
ic
u
lt
to
b
e
tak
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n
.
Dep
lo
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m
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o
f
s
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m
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th
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et
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aj
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ly
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s
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O
FDM
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Or
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(
P
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-
Av
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ag
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-
to
P
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w
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R
a
tio
)
[
4
]
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
3
G
o
r
4
G
n
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w
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r
k
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er
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m
ax
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ized
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ate
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ata
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m
is
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io
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b
u
t
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t
h
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co
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o
f
b
att
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li
f
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
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s
f
o
r
p
o
w
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co
n
s
er
v
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n
ar
e
d
is
cr
etel
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p
r
o
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a
m
m
ed
to
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tify
ce
r
tai
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ec
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c
th
r
ea
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s
th
at
f
i
n
all
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s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
it
[
6
]
.
Su
ch
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
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d
o
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’
t
h
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lp
m
u
c
h
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m
i
n
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t
h
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b
atter
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co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
a
m
o
b
ile
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ev
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as it c
a
n
n
o
t id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
t
h
r
ea
d
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
o
v
er
it.
Hen
ce
,
it i
s
q
u
ite
a
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
ta
s
k
to
en
s
u
r
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th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
i
n
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ices.
Fro
m
th
e
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
v
ie
w
p
o
i
n
t,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
v
er
y
f
e
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
m
o
d
els
to
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d
en
tify
t
h
e
s
o
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r
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o
f
p
o
w
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d
is
s
ip
atio
n
a
n
d
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
it.
Stu
d
ies
lik
e
[
7
]
[
8
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
0
1
–
24
10
2402
[
9
]
p
r
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t
s
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m
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f
ican
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An
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te
m
e.
g
.
3
G
o
r
4
G,
w
h
er
e
a
n
o
p
tim
a
l
p
o
w
er
is
co
m
p
u
ted
to
b
e
allo
ca
ted
o
n
ea
ch
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
.
T
h
is
is
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
o
p
er
atio
n
in
all
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
f
u
tu
r
i
s
tic
telec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
n
w
h
ic
h
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
to
b
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
.
Usu
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
v
er
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
r
ty
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
u
s
ed
th
at
f
in
al
l
y
r
es
u
lts
i
n
m
o
r
e
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice.
He
n
ce
,
it
ca
n
b
e
f
i
n
all
y
s
tated
th
at
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
f
f
er
d
ata
r
ate
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice’
s
b
atter
y
li
f
e.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
o
f
a
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
o
d
e
is
h
ig
h
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
d
esig
n
p
r
in
cip
le
t
h
at
ca
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
r
ate
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
s
i
p
atio
n
.
A
t t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e,
e
n
e
r
g
y
w
i
ll b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
b
e
m
a
in
ta
in
a
b
ala
n
ce
w
it
h
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
esen
t
s
a
n
o
v
el
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
m
ai
n
l
y
tar
g
ets
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
s
u
c
h
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
w
h
en
o
p
er
ati
n
g
o
n
m
u
lt
icar
r
ier
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Sectio
n
1
.
1
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
p
o
w
er
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ice
i
n
t
h
e
p
ast
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
b
r
ief
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
in
Sectio
n
1
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
alo
n
g
w
ith
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ts
o
f
s
ch
e
m
atic
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
m
ad
e
in
Sectio
n
2
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
r
esea
r
ch
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
Sectio
n
3
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
Sectio
n
4
a
n
d
Sectio
n
5
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
r
e
s
u
l
ts
b
ei
n
g
o
b
tain
ed
.
Sec
tio
n
6
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
b
y
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
in
g
its
o
u
tco
m
e.
1
.
1
B
a
ck
g
ro
un
d
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
i
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
Ou
r
p
r
io
r
r
ev
ie
w
w
o
r
k
[
1
0
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
o
d
els
o
f
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
il
l
f
u
r
t
h
er
u
p
d
ate
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
A
b
o
l
f
az
li
et
al.
[
1
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ab
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
c
h
allen
g
es
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
o
v
er
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
,
th
e
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
a
u
g
m
e
n
tat
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
b
u
t
it
g
av
e
a
f
air
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
estricte
d
r
eso
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r
ce
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
i
liti
es
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
R
av
ic
h
a
n
d
r
an
a
n
d
M
u
r
alid
h
a
r
an
[
1
2
]
p
r
esen
t
a
u
n
iq
u
e
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
ca
l
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
as
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
a
n
An
d
r
o
id
d
ev
ice
u
s
i
n
g
AR
M
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
s
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
3
0
% r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
P
y
le
s
et
al.
[
1
3
]
p
r
esen
t a
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
is
b
ased
o
n
m
i
n
i
m
ized
d
ela
y
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
er
o
v
er
th
e
M
AC
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
b
et
w
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n
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
,
B
lu
eto
o
th
a
n
d
W
L
AN
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
b
y
B
ala
an
d
Gar
g
[
1
4
]
s
h
o
w
s
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
co
n
s
er
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
li
f
e
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
es.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
esen
t
a
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
t
h
at
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
r
ain
ag
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
,
a
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
c
o
n
tex
t
u
s
i
n
g
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
j
u
s
t
c
h
ec
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
b
ein
g
d
r
ain
ed
a
n
d
n
o
t
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
th
is
.
T
an
g
et
al.
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
tu
d
y
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
in
th
e
tail
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
u
s
ed
b
y
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
h
as
u
s
ed
an
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
clie
n
t
an
d
s
er
v
er
m
o
d
u
le
t
h
at
ap
p
lies
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
o
n
l
y
o
n
t
h
e
s
er
v
e
r
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
o
v
er
t
h
e
ac
tu
a
l
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
alo
n
g
w
ith
m
in
i
m
a
l o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t t
h
i
s
task
,
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
b
o
th
o
n
li
n
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
li
n
e
s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t u
s
in
g
a
n
ar
tif
ic
ial
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
T
ilev
ich
a
n
d
K
w
o
n
[
1
6
]
u
s
es
clo
u
d
o
f
f
lo
ad
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
a
s
well
as
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
clo
u
d
to
o
b
tain
en
er
g
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
o
f
f
lo
ad
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
in
clo
u
d
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
clo
u
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Var
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
clo
u
d
o
f
f
lo
ad
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
i)
ad
ap
tio
n
o
f
r
u
n
ti
m
e,
ii)
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
,
an
d
iii)
p
r
o
f
ilin
g
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
r
u
n
ti
m
e.
Han
et
al.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
lled
eDisco
v
er
y
t
h
at
i
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
i
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
t
ic
m
o
b
ile
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
alter
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
ir
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
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1
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p
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[
2
1
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p
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y
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[
2
2
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[
2
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in
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[
2
4
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ca
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2
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[
2
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eter
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ased
o
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ch
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u
l
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ed
ia
co
n
ten
ts
o
v
er
m
o
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ile
d
ev
ice
s
.
L
ac
k
o
f
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
ed
s
t
u
d
ie
s
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d
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k
o
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u
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y
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ta
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ar
d
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o
n
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o
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er
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s
ag
e
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a
n
o
th
er
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
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t r
esear
ch
g
ap
.
2
.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
ST
UDY
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
a
c
o
n
tin
u
atio
n
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
in
g
[
2
7
]
w
h
ich
i
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
esti
m
ati
n
g
th
e
ac
t
u
al
p
o
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er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
o
v
er
e
x
is
t
in
g
te
leco
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
ess
e
n
tial
l
y
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er
f
o
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m
s
m
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i
m
izatio
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o
f
th
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p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
m
o
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ile
d
ev
ice.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
a
tic
ar
ch
itect
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r
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o
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ed
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te
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m
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u
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el.
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y
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te
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o
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el
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o
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o
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a
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u
m
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in
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ate
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ith
m
d
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f
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th
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p
u
r
p
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al
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m
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lates
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ai
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p
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tain
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n
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es
h
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ld
p
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d
d
ata
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u
alit
y
,
w
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h
i
s
m
ai
n
l
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co
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id
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ed
as
SNR
(
S
ig
n
al
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to
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No
is
e
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atio
)
a
n
d
B
E
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
201
7
:
2
4
0
1
–
24
10
2404
(
B
it
-
E
r
r
o
r
-
R
ate)
.
T
h
e
en
tire
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t
d
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r
in
g
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latio
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ith
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g
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e
l
F
ig
u
re
.
1
.
S
c
h
e
m
a
ti
c
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
o
f
th
e
P
ro
p
o
se
d
S
y
ste
m
3
.
RE
SE
AR
CH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
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r
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ied
o
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t
u
s
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n
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a
l
y
t
ic
al
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n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
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I
n
g
e
n
er
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th
er
e
ar
e
5
ty
p
es
o
f
r
ad
io
an
ten
n
a
u
s
ed
in
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es:
(
i)
W
i
-
Fi
an
te
n
n
a,
(
ii)
FM
R
ad
io
an
te
n
n
a,
(
iii)
Ma
i
n
a
n
te
n
n
a,
(
iv
)
D
iv
er
s
it
y
an
ten
n
a,
a
n
d
(
v
)
GP
S
a
n
te
n
n
a
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
es
e
an
ten
n
ae
ar
e
m
ea
n
t
to
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er
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Fo
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
W
i
-
Fi
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te
n
n
a
co
n
n
ec
t
s
th
e
d
e
v
ice
w
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th
a
n
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
b
u
t
GP
S
an
ten
n
a
co
n
n
ec
ts
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
w
ith
GP
S.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
as
ce
llu
lar
R
F
-
b
ased
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ten
n
a
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d
Mo
b
ile
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n
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ec
t
iv
i
t
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R
F
-
b
ased
an
te
n
n
a.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
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p
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s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
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s
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e
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it
h
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n
e
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th
e
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
a
ll
a
n
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n
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e
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r
e
fu
n
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tio
n
in
g
a
t
th
e
s
a
me
time
.
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h
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
w
ill
lead
to
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s
ce
n
ar
io
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m
a
x
i
m
ized
p
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ain
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w
h
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ch
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e
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l
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f
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ed
p
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w
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n
tr
o
l
-
b
ased
o
p
ti
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izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
h
o
ld
r
ig
h
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
d
esig
n
o
f
a
ch
a
n
n
e
l
m
a
tr
ix
H,
w
h
er
e
y
=
H
.
s
+
n
(
y
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ein
g
u
s
er
s
tr
ea
m
d
ata
at
r
ec
eiv
er
an
d
s
b
ein
g
th
at
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
)
.
As
k
n
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
s
o
f
MI
MO
[
2
8
]
at
h
ig
h
SN
R
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
i.i.
d
.
(
in
d
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en
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d
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is
tr
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ted
)
R
a
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h
f
a
s
t
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n
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el
s
ca
le
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lik
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m
in
lo
g
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R
b
its
/
s
/Hz,
w
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e
n
m
i
n
is
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
f
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m
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n
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m
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er
o
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e
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n
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ae
n
r
.
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h
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is
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d
eg
r
ee
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of
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r
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d
o
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in
.
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t
lo
w
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R
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
ap
p
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o
x
i
m
atel
y
n
r
.
SNR
.
lo
g
2
e
b
its
/
s
/Hz
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
is
a
r
ec
eiv
e
b
ea
m
-
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
g
ai
n
.
A
t
all
SN
R
,
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
s
ca
le
s
l
in
ea
r
l
y
w
it
h
n
m
in
.
T
h
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
o
m
b
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n
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n
o
f
th
e
p
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er
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ain
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n
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th
e
d
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r
ee
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of
-
f
r
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d
o
m
g
ai
n
.
y
=
Hs +
n
(
1
)
L
et
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
v
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to
r
s
b
e
a
r
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d
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m
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to
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e
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d
n
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s
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o
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alize
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n
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e.
L
et
t
h
e
to
tal
tr
an
s
m
itted
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v
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le
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y
m
b
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b
e
P
.
T
h
e
in
s
ta
n
tan
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s
c
h
an
n
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p
a
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n
b
e
g
iv
e
n
as
C
=
lo
g
2
(I
M
+
HQH
H
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5
d
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Mo
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s
m
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t
p
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n
cr
ea
s
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g
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u
all
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d
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etain
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ea
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l
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ta
n
t
f
o
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E
-
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i
b
u
t
at
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t
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d
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-
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ab
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tr
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f
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et
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ee
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d
ata
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d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
f
o
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m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices.
F
ig
u
re
.
6
.
C
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis o
f
T
ra
n
s
m
it
P
o
w
e
r
T
h
e
p
r
im
e
r
ea
s
o
n
b
eh
in
d
th
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Fo
P
C
is
th
at
its
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
b
etter
o
p
tim
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n
i
n
i
ts
o
b
j
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tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
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t
h
at
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
b
alan
ce
s
m
ax
i
m
iza
tio
n
o
f
th
r
o
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g
h
p
u
t
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
e
r
v
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n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
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s
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s
y
s
te
m
o
f
Fo
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ca
n
s
u
cc
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s
s
f
u
l
l
y
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
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n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
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s
o
p
er
atin
g
u
n
d
er
a
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
.
6
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
cir
cu
i
tr
y
o
f
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
u
n
it,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
n
it,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
i
t,
an
d
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
u
n
i
t.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
l
y
,
all
th
e
s
e
u
n
it
s
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ex
ter
n
al
b
atter
y
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
y
s
ical
tas
k
s
i
n
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
,
b
asic
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
d
r
ain
a
g
e
i
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
s
is
also
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ch
o
s
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
er
.
A
s
m
a
j
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
s
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
g
iv
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
s
p
ee
d
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
ar
e
o
f
te
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
ig
r
ate
to
3
G
an
d
4
G
s
er
v
ice
s
.
S
u
ch
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
er
v
i
ce
s
u
s
e
m
u
lticar
r
ier
-
b
ased
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
it
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
is
m
ad
e
o
n
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
ca
r
r
ier
.
Af
ter
r
e
v
ie
win
g
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
,
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
n
o
r
ep
o
r
ted
liter
at
u
r
e
h
a
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
He
n
ce
,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
er
e
n
j
o
y
s
h
i
g
h
er
d
ata
s
p
ee
d
,
th
eir
b
atter
y
d
r
ai
n
s
to
o
f
ast.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
u
r
s
ch
e
m
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
ac
ts
as
a
b
ar
r
ier
ag
ain
s
t
s
u
ch
p
o
w
er
s
ee
p
a
g
e
esp
ec
iall
y
o
n
m
u
lticar
r
ie
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
p
r
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ted
a
m
o
d
el
w
h
er
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
o
f
d
ata
q
u
alit
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an
d
c
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t
-
o
f
f
p
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co
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s
id
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an
d
a
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
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p
r
o
b
le
m
i
s
f
o
r
m
u
lated
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
al
y
t
ical
m
o
d
el.
Ou
r
a
r
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
r
esp
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n
d
s
f
as
t
w
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th
i
n
0
.
2
6
7
5
to
0
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5
3
4
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ec
o
n
d
s
w
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co
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p
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s
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u
ite
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ll
w
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h
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g
m
u
lti
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ca
r
r
ier
b
ase
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
W
e
h
av
e
I
m
p
le
m
en
ted
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
n
Ma
tlab
,
th
e
o
u
tco
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es
w
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test
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s
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ter
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tr
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f
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f
l
icted
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it
h
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ar
d
ch
a
n
n
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co
n
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itio
n
e.
g
.
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
an
d
f
ad
in
g
)
to
f
i
n
d
th
at
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ce
ls
b
etter
co
m
m
u
n
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n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
is
t
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Vo
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Octo
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201
7
:
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10
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1
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.
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o
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.
Ru
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c
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ien
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d
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laji,
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Brief
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h
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,
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se
d
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tatio
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fo
r
M
o
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s:
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mm
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q
u
a
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1
2
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R.
Ra
v
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,
V.
M
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h
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A
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ro
v
e
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o
w
e
r
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
in
S
m
a
rt
p
h
o
n
e
s”
,
IEE
E
-
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
2
0
1
6
[
1
3
]
A
.
P
y
les
,
D.
T
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
X
.
Qi,
a
n
d
G
.
Zh
o
u
,
“
Blu
e
sa
v
e
r:
A
M
u
lt
i
P
HY
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
S
m
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
E
n
e
rg
y
S
a
v
in
g
s”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s O
n
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
5
[
1
4
]
R.
Ba
la,
A
.
Ga
rg
,
“
B
a
tt
e
r
y
P
o
w
e
r
S
a
v
in
g
P
ro
f
il
e
w
it
h
L
e
a
rn
in
g
En
g
in
e
in
A
n
d
ro
id
P
h
o
n
e
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
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p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Vo
l.
6
9
,
No
.
1
3
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
[
1
5
]
Z.
T
a
n
g
,
S
.
G
u
o
,
P
.
L
i,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
Eff
icie
n
t
T
ra
n
s
m
is
sio
n
S
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
in
M
o
b
il
e
P
h
o
n
e
s
Us
in
g
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
a
n
d
P
a
rti
c
i
p
a
to
ry
S
e
n
sin
g
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s On
Veh
icu
l
a
r T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
n
o
.
7
,
j
u
ly
2
0
1
5
[
1
6
]
E.
T
il
e
v
ich
a
n
d
Y
-
W
K
w
o
n
,
“
C
lo
u
d
-
Ba
se
d
Ex
e
c
u
ti
o
n
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
M
o
b
il
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
”
,
IEE
E
Co
mp
u
ter
S
o
c
iety
,
2
0
1
4
[
1
7
]
B.
Ha
n
,
J.
L
i,
a
n
d
A
.
S
ri
n
iv
a
sa
n
,
“
On
th
e
En
e
rg
y
E
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
De
v
ice
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
in
M
o
b
il
e
O
p
p
o
rt
u
n
isti
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s O
n
M
o
b
i
le Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
2
0
1
4
[
1
8
]
S
.
Ko
u
sa
i,
K.
On
izu
k
a
,
J.
W
a
d
a
ts
u
m
i,
“
P
o
lar A
n
ten
n
a
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
T
u
n
in
g
f
o
r
Eff
icie
n
c
y
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
a
3
G
/4
G
CM
OS
P
o
w
e
r
Am
p
li
fier”
,
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
Of
S
o
li
d
-
S
ta
te
Circ
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
[
1
9
]
F
.
M
o
e
ty
,
S
.
L
a
h
o
u
d
,
B.
Co
u
sin
,
K.
Kh
a
w
a
m
,
“
Jo
in
t
P
o
w
e
r
-
De
la
y
M
in
im
iza
ti
o
n
in
4
G
W
irele
ss
Ne
tw
o
rk
s”
,
IEE
E
-
IFI
P
W
ire
les
s Da
y
s
,
2
0
1
4
[
2
0
]
S
.
Na
g
a
ra
j
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
rk
a
r,
“
A
N
o
v
e
l
P
o
w
e
r
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
4
G
Ce
ll
u
lar
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s”
,
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
y
mp
o
siu
m
,
2
0
1
4
[
2
1
]
D.
W
u
,
J.
W
a
n
g
,
R.
Q.
Hu
,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Re
so
u
rc
e
S
h
a
rin
g
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
De
v
ic
e
-
to
-
De
v
ice
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s O
n
Veh
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
4
[
2
2
]
G
.
M
iao
,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ff
icie
n
t
Up
li
n
k
M
u
lt
i
-
Us
e
r
M
IM
O”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
On
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
[
2
3
]
A
.
M
ti
b
a
a
,
A
.
F
a
h
i
m
,
K.
A
.
H
a
r
ra
s,
M
.
H.
Am
m
a
r,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
Re
so
u
rc
e
S
h
a
rin
g
in
M
o
b
il
e
De
v
ice
Clo
u
d
s:
P
o
w
e
r
Ba
lan
c
in
g
A
c
ro
ss
M
o
b
il
e
De
v
i
c
e
s”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
se
c
o
n
d
A
CM
S
I
G
COMM
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
Iss
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
5
6
,
2
0
1
3
[
2
4
]
M
.
Qiu
,
Z.
Ch
e
n
,
L
.
T
.
Ya
n
g
,
X.
Qin
,
B.
W
a
n
g
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
P
o
w
e
r
-
Eff
icie
n
t
S
m
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
s
b
y
En
e
rg
y
-
Aw
a
re
D
y
n
a
m
ic
T
a
s
k
S
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
”
,
IE
EE
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Hig
h
Per
fo
r
ma
n
c
e
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
4
[
2
5
]
J
-
W
Yo
o
,
K.
H.
P
a
rk
,
“
A
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
Clu
ste
rin
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
E
n
e
rg
y
S
a
v
in
g
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
De
v
ice
s
w
it
h
W
LAN
a
n
d
Blu
e
to
o
th
I
n
terf
a
c
e
s
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s O
n
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
1
[
2
6
]
H.
Qia
n
,
D.
A
n
d
re
se
n
,
“
A
n
En
e
rg
y
-
sa
v
in
g
T
a
s
k
S
c
h
e
d
u
ler
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
De
v
ice
s
”
,
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
2
0
1
5
[
2
7
]
S
.
P
ra
sa
d
,
S
.
Ba
laji,
“
Re
a
l
-
T
ime
En
e
rg
y
Diss
ip
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
M
o
b
i
le
De
v
ice
s”
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
-
Eme
rg
in
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
-
2
8
8
,
2
0
1
5
[
2
8
]
P
.
V
isw
a
n
a
th
,
D.
T
se
,
“
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals o
f
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
”
IS
BN:
9
7
8
1
1
0
7
3
8
6
0
5
1
,
P
u
b
li
sh
e
r:
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
5
[
2
9
]
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
K.
G
.
S
h
in
,
“
E
-
M
i
L
i:
En
e
rg
y
-
M
in
im
izin
g
Id
le
L
isten
in
g
i
n
W
irele
ss
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
Iss
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
1
-
1
4
5
4
,
2
0
1
2
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