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e.
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co
m
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ar
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y
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p
er
f
o
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m
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b
e
t
w
ee
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th
e
s
y
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te
m
t
h
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u
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h
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e
l b
ea
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th
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e
t
h
at
u
s
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s
t
h
e
Gau
s
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ia
n
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ea
m
s
.
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h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
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s
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(
1
)
in
tr
o
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o
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el
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r
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o
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f
f
f
ac
t
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g
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m
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ased
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r
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s
p
ac
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o
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ter
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n
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ts
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y
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te
m
s
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m
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ar
e
th
e
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ter
co
n
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t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
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n
g
t
h
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m
s
w
i
th
t
h
at
o
f
Gau
s
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n
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ea
m
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ased
s
y
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te
m
s
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R
ec
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m
m
e
n
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
en
ap
p
licatio
n
.
2.
O
UT
P
UT
O
P
T
I
CA
L
F
I
E
L
D
USI
N
G
DIFF
RA
CT
I
O
N
I
N
T
E
G
RA
L
T
h
e
len
s
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tai
n
s
V
C
S
E
L
s
ar
r
a
y
,
len
s
ar
r
a
y
,
a
n
d
d
etec
to
r
s
ar
r
ay
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
lan
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mic
r
o
-
len
s
b
ased
F
SOI
s
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
la
n
e
i
s
t
h
e
p
la
n
e
1
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
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t
p
lan
e
is
t
h
e
p
lan
e
2
.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
p
la
n
es
is
2
d
.
T
h
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
VC
SE
L
s
)
ar
r
ay
i
s
p
lace
d
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
f
o
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al
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g
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o
f
t
h
e
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s
.
Fo
r
an
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u
t
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tical
f
ie
ld
)
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θ
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E
1
1
1
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th
e
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u
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ield
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I
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0
8
8
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E
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p
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,
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l.
9
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.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
3
4
8
8
-
3494
3490
3.
O
UT
P
UT
O
P
T
I
CA
L
F
I
E
L
D
F
O
R
G
AUSS
I
AN
I
NP
UT
B
E
AM
Ass
u
m
in
g
Ga
u
s
s
ian
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t o
p
tical
f
ield
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E
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ca
n
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e
w
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itte
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as
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th
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ea
m
r
ad
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at
t
h
e
f
r
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n
t s
u
r
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ac
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g
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th
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SEL
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m
.
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h
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g
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1
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n
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e
v
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ted
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y
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g
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3
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d
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al
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m
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to
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a
f
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m
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la
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th
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o
u
tp
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t
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tical
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ield
f
o
r
a
Gau
s
s
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n
b
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m
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r
o
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atin
g
t
h
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ased
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ig
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h
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ield
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n
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ted
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ed
f
o
r
m
b
y
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p
an
d
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g
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r
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f
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ct
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ter
m
s
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m
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le
x
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au
s
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s
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1
4
,
15
]
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o
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w
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icien
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r
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y
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h
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alu
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co
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tatio
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t
l
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[
1
4
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.
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s
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b
s
titu
tin
g
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(
8
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f
o
r
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(
1
A
2
1
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p
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a
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n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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lec
&
C
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m
p
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N:
2088
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8708
B
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-
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a
b
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3491
f
r
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(
1
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h
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th
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o
u
tp
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t o
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f
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led
in
eq
u
atio
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1
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n
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e
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p
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as
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n
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n
n
(
1
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Eq
u
atio
n
(
1
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is
an
ap
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o
x
i
m
a
te
clo
s
ed
f
o
r
m
s
o
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tio
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f
o
r
th
e
d
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r
ac
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g
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o
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eq
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.
No
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th
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h
e
s
o
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tio
n
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w
r
itte
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
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m
en
t
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o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tical
s
y
s
te
m
tr
an
s
f
er
m
atr
i
x
.
4.
O
UT
P
UT
O
P
T
I
CA
L
F
I
E
L
D
F
O
R
B
E
SS
E
L
I
NP
U
T
B
E
A
M
Ass
u
m
in
g
a
B
ess
el
n
o
n
-
d
i
f
f
r
a
ctin
g
b
ea
m
f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
p
tical
f
iled
,
)
,
(
E
1
1
1
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
len
s
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
)
(
J
)
,
(
E
1
0
1
1
1
(
1
6
)
σ
is
th
e
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
v
er
s
e
w
a
v
e
n
u
m
b
er
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
s
h
ar
p
n
ess
o
f
th
e
b
ea
m
.
No
w
,
b
y
s
u
b
s
tit
u
ti
n
g
(
1
6
)
in
to
(
1
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d
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s
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(
1
1
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o
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th
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ap
e
r
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r
e
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d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
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llo
w
i
n
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r
al
s
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1
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e
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ix
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)
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e
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p
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in
d
J
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n
n
n
n
(
1
8
)
T
h
e
o
p
tical
f
ield
at
th
e
d
etec
to
r
s
ar
r
ay
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
as
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k
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d
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im
bq
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n
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2
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1
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1
n
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2
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1
e
x
p
e
x
p
2
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p
(
i
)
1
)
,
(
E
(
1
9
)
b
i
k
a
a
B
q
n
2
1
2
(
2
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
3
4
8
8
-
3494
3492
5.
CRO
SS
T
AL
K
CA
L
CU
L
A
T
I
O
NS
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
talk
p
o
w
er
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
t
h
e
in
ten
d
ed
d
etec
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
ated
as
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
a
ll
o
th
er
d
etec
to
r
s
(
ex
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
te
n
d
ed
d
etec
to
r
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
li
g
h
t
p
ass
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
in
te
n
d
ed
len
s
w
it
h
o
n
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ter
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th
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s
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e
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u
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ter
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o
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
8
0
G
b
/s
F
re
e
-
S
p
a
c
e
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
Op
ti
c
a
l
I
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts
w
it
h
Ca
rrierles
s
-
Am
p
li
tu
d
e
-
P
h
a
se
M
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
p
a
c
e
-
T
i
m
e
Blo
c
k
Co
d
e
,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
Fi
b
e
r
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
.
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Am
e
rica
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
S.
V
.
W
in
k
le,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
P
o
w
e
r
-
Eff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
n
ic
In
t
e
rc
o
n
n
e
c
ts
f
o
r
He
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
M
u
lt
ico
re
s
w
it
h
M
a
c
h
in
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,”
i
n
Hig
h
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
mp
u
ter
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
(HPCA),
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
,
p
p
.
4
8
0
-
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
J.
M
.
Ka
h
n
a
n
d
D
.
A
.
B
.
M
il
ler
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
e
x
p
a
n
d
s
it
s
s
p
a
c
e
,”
Na
tu
re
p
h
o
t
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
11
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
M
.
C
h
â
tea
u
n
e
u
f
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
5
1
2
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
v
e
rti
c
a
l
-
c
a
v
it
y
su
r
f
a
c
e
-
e
m
it
t
in
g
las
e
r
b
a
se
d
f
r
e
e
-
sp
a
c
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
li
n
k
,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
o
p
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
41
(
26
),
p
p
.
5
5
5
2
-
5
5
6
1
,
2
0
0
2
.
[5
]
G
.
Ki
m
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Cro
ss
talk
a
n
d
i
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
d
ista
n
c
e
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
a
rd
-
to
-
b
o
a
r
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
s
u
sin
g
2
-
D
V
CS
EL
a
n
d
m
icro
len
s a
rra
y
,”
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
n
ics
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
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(
6
),
p
p
.
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4
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-
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4
5
,
2
0
0
0
.
[6
]
W
.
Hu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Cro
ss
talk
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
li
g
n
e
d
a
n
d
m
isa
li
g
n
e
d
f
re
e
-
s
p
a
c
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
t
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
J
.
Op
t
.
S
o
c
.
Am.
A
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
27
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
-
2
0
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
N.
S
.
P
e
tro
v
ic an
d
A
.
D.
Ra
k
ic,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
d
if
f
ra
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
im
a
g
in
g
o
f
las
e
r
b
e
a
m
s b
y
th
e
m
o
d
e
-
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
J
.
Op
t.
S
o
c
.
Am.
B
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
22
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
5
5
6
-
5
6
6
,
2
0
0
5
.
[8
]
F
.
F
.
T
sa
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
ro
ss
talk
f
o
r
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re
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-
sp
a
c
e
o
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ti
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a
l
i
n
terc
o
n
n
e
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ts
in
t
h
e
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re
se
n
c
e
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
rd
e
r
tran
sv
e
rse
m
o
d
e
s,”
Ap
p
l
.
Op
t
.
,
v
o
l
/
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e
:
44
(
30
)
,
p
p
.
6
3
8
0
-
6
3
8
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[9
]
S.
T
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
li
m
it
a
ti
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n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
ly
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a
ra
ll
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l
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re
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-
sp
a
c
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o
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l
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n
terc
o
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n
e
c
ts
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a
se
d
o
n
a
r
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y
o
f
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c
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l
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a
v
it
y
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rf
a
c
e
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
las
e
r
d
io
d
e
s,
m
icro
len
se
s,
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
e
te
c
to
rs,”
J
.
L
ig
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
12
(
11
)
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
1
-
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9
7
5
,
1
9
9
4
.
[1
0
]
R.
P
.
M
a
c
Do
n
a
ld
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
In
terb
o
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rd
o
p
ti
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l
d
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ta
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istri
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u
ti
o
n
b
y
B
e
ss
e
l
b
e
a
m
sh
a
d
o
w
in
g
,”
Op
ti
c
s
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
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l/
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e
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-
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)
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p
p
.
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6
9
-
1
7
7
,
1
9
9
6
.
[1
1
]
C.
Yu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
-
d
e
n
sity
n
o
n
-
d
if
f
ra
c
ti
n
g
b
e
a
m
a
r
ra
y
f
o
r
o
p
t
ica
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
,”
Op
ti
c
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
1
7
7
(
1
-
6
)
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
-
3
7
6
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
2
]
N.
A
l
-
A
b
a
b
n
e
h
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
sto
rf
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
f
re
e
sp
a
c
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ts
b
a
se
d
o
n
n
o
n
-
d
if
f
r
a
c
ti
n
g
b
e
a
m
s,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
2
4
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
3
-
4
0
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
S
.
A
.
Co
ll
in
s,
“
L
e
n
s
-
s
y
ste
m
s
d
iff
ra
c
ti
o
n
in
teg
ra
l
w
rit
ten
in
term
s
o
f
m
a
tri
x
o
p
ti
c
s,”
J
.
Op
t.
S
o
c
.
Am
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
60
(
9
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
8
-
1
1
7
7
,
1
9
7
0
.
[1
4
]
J.
J.
W
e
n
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
Bre
a
z
e
a
le,
“
A
d
i
ff
ra
c
ti
o
n
b
e
a
m
f
i
e
ld
e
x
p
re
ss
e
d
a
s
th
e
su
p
e
rp
o
siti
o
n
o
f
Ga
u
ss
ian
b
e
a
m
s,”
J
.
Aco
u
st.
S
o
c
.
Am.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
83
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
2
-
1
7
5
6
,
1
9
8
8
.
[1
5
]
D.
Din
g
a
n
d
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
No
tes
o
n
th
e
Ga
u
ss
ian
b
e
a
m
e
x
p
a
n
sio
n
,
”
J
.
Aco
u
st.
S
o
c
.
Am.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
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3
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