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n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
l
y
7
3
%
[
8
]
o
f
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e.
T
o
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
P
V
m
ater
ia
l
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
to
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
s
o
lar
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
,
t
y
p
icall
y
a
lo
w
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
(
L
C
P
V)
d
ev
ice
in
t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
[9
]
–
[
14]
.
A
n
o
v
el
t
y
p
e
o
f
an
L
C
P
V
d
ev
ice
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
r
o
tatio
n
all
y
as
y
m
m
etr
ical
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
ar
ab
o
lic
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
(
R
AC
P
C
)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
b
u
ild
i
n
g
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
R
AC
P
C
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail
i
n
R
e
f
[
1
5
]
.
On
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
esig
n
w
as
f
ab
r
icate
d
an
d
te
s
ted
i
n
d
o
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
r
es
u
lts
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
R
AC
P
C
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
3
.
3
3
x
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
a
b
ar
e
ce
ll
[
1
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
R
AC
P
C
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
(
a)
th
e
is
o
m
etr
ic
v
i
e
w
; (
b
)
th
e
to
p
v
ie
w
; (
c)
th
e
s
id
e
v
ie
w
,
an
d
(
d
)
th
e
b
o
tto
m
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
2.
T
O
WARD
S T
H
E
CREA
T
I
O
N
O
F
Z
E
RO
CARB
O
N
B
UIL
D
I
N
G
I
N
T
H
E
UK
I
n
2
0
0
2
,
th
e
E
C
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
E
n
er
g
y
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
B
u
ild
in
g
s
Dir
ec
ti
v
e
(
E
P
B
D)
,
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
iciall
y
s
tar
ted
in
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
0
3
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
Dir
ec
tiv
e
w
a
s
ai
m
ed
at
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
U
n
io
n
(
E
U)
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
Dir
ec
tiv
e
also
ca
tal
y
s
ed
th
e
U
n
ited
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
(
U
K)
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
s
er
ies
o
f
le
g
i
s
latio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
s
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
y
ea
r
s
th
at
ar
e
clo
s
el
y
ali
g
n
ed
w
it
h
th
i
s
Dir
ec
ti
v
e.
I
t
is
n
o
t
th
e
ai
m
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
ea
c
h
leg
i
s
latio
n
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
r
elate
d
to
s
o
lar
P
V,
s
in
ce
it
h
as
b
ee
n
co
v
er
ed
in
m
an
y
liter
at
u
r
e,
e.
g
.
in
R
e
f
s
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
Z
er
o
C
ar
b
o
n
B
u
ild
in
g
(
Z
C
B
)
p
o
licy
w
as
f
ir
s
t
a
n
n
o
u
n
c
ed
in
late
2
0
0
6
b
y
th
e
UK
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
tar
g
e
t
o
f
m
ak
i
n
g
all
n
e
w
h
o
m
es
‘
ze
r
o
ca
r
b
o
n
’
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
6
o
n
w
ar
d
s
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
a
h
o
m
e
to
b
e
q
u
alif
ied
as a
Z
C
B
,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
m
aj
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
a
t n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
et,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
:
1.
T
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
’
s
f
ab
r
ic
m
u
s
t
f
u
l
f
il
t
h
e
Fab
r
ic
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
icie
n
c
y
Sta
n
d
ar
d
(
FEE
S),
i.e
.
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
v
er
y
w
ell
in
s
u
lated
an
d
air
-
ti
g
h
t to
m
in
i
m
is
e
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
.
2.
An
y
C
O
2
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
af
ter
tak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
h
ea
ti
n
g
,
co
o
lin
g
,
lig
h
ti
n
g
a
n
d
v
e
n
til
atio
n
,
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
th
e
‘
C
ar
b
o
n
C
o
m
p
l
ian
ce
’
li
m
it
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
th
e
Z
C
B
,
e.
g
.
1
0
,
1
1
an
d
1
4
k
g
C
O
2
/m
2
/
y
ea
r
f
o
r
a
d
etac
h
ed
h
o
u
s
e,
an
attac
h
ed
h
o
u
s
e
an
d
a
lo
w
r
is
e
ap
ar
t
m
e
n
t
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
a
n
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
m
u
s
t
g
e
n
er
ate
en
o
u
g
h
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
its
o
w
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
lo
w
ca
r
b
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
c
h
as so
lar
P
V
an
d
s
o
lar
th
er
m
a
l s
y
s
te
m
s
.
3.
An
y
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
C
O
2
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
(
af
ter
m
ee
t
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
1
an
d
2
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
ze
r
o
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
i
s
;
ei
th
er
b
y
‘
o
v
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
’
o
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
1
a
n
d
2
,
o
r
b
y
in
v
es
tin
g
i
n
‘
A
llo
w
ab
le
So
l
u
tio
n
s
’
.
I
n
m
id
2
0
1
5
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
Z
C
B
p
o
lic
y
w
as
s
cr
ap
p
ed
b
y
t
h
e
UK
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
4
]
.
Ma
n
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
t
h
eir
d
i
s
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
i
s
i
s
s
u
e
[
2
5
]
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
Z
C
B
p
o
licy
is
s
t
ill
b
ei
n
g
p
u
r
s
u
i
t b
y
m
a
n
y
p
ar
ties
,
i.e
.
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
,
en
er
g
y
lead
er
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tali
s
ts
etc
.
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
3
9
8
–
1
4
0
5
1400
3.
P
O
T
E
N
T
I
A
L
O
F
L
CP
V
I
N
T
E
G
RA
T
I
O
N
I
N
T
H
E
B
UI
L
DIN
G
T
h
e
Z
C
B
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
in
ter
e
s
tin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
th
e
L
C
P
V
d
esig
n
to
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
th
e
UK,
m
ai
n
l
y
a
s
a
n
alter
n
at
iv
e
to
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
o
lar
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
n
d
icate
d
in
R
ef
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
16]
th
at
an
L
C
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
g
e
n
er
ate
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
elec
tr
icit
y
,
b
u
t
it
h
a
s
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
n
atu
r
al
ill
u
m
i
n
atio
n
in
to
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
ac
e
h
ea
ti
n
g
a
n
d
h
o
t
w
ater
g
en
er
atio
n
o
r
v
en
ti
latio
n
(
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
h
ea
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
to
u
ti
lis
e
t
h
e
co
-
g
e
n
er
ated
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
ef
f
ec
t)
w
h
ic
h
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
a
b
u
il
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
R
AC
P
C
-
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
i
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
a
y
s
an
d
co
u
ld
r
ep
lace
th
e
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
,
r
o
o
f
to
p
s
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
f
ac
ad
es.
T
o
m
ax
i
m
is
e
i
ts
p
o
te
n
tial,
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
a
y
s
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
t
y
p
ical
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
o
lar
P
V
is
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
o
f
to
p
.
T
h
e
L
C
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
a
n
e
w
b
u
ild
in
g
,
w
it
h
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
2
an
d
3
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
co
n
ce
n
t
r
ato
r
s
is
p
lace
d
o
n
to
p
o
f
a
g
lass
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
an
d
th
e
t
h
in
la
y
er
o
f
m
ater
ial
th
a
t
h
o
ld
s
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
to
g
eth
er
r
ep
lace
s
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
g
la
s
s
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
as
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
t
co
v
er
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
L
C
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
in
cli
n
ed
at
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
ti
lt
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RE
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“
Cli
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4
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.
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re
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r
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tate
s
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o
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2
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4
.
[4
]
M
.
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u
k
k
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F
.
,
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S
o
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Co
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trato
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f
o
r
th
e
S
o
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P
h
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Op
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T
ra
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o
r
m
e
r
S
y
ste
m
,”
Ph
D
T
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e
sis
,
G
las
g
o
w
Ca
led
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n
ian
Un
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v
e
rsit
y
,
Un
it
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d
Kin
g
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2
0
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.
[5
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M
a
ll
ick
T
.
K.
,
“
S
o
lar E
n
e
rg
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Re
s
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.
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sig
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Die
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ric
P
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to
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D T
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sis
,
He
rio
t
-
W
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tt
Un
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e
rsity
,
Un
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Kin
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,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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I
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N:
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P
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(
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1403
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1
9
9
2
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
,”
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
G
o
o
d
rich
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
w
a
fe
r
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
n
o
c
ry
sta
ll
in
e
sili
c
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
ro
a
d
m
a
p
:
Util
izin
g
k
n
o
w
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
f
o
r
f
u
rth
e
r
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
s i
n
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
c
o
sts
,”
S
o
l
En
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
S
o
l
Ce
l
ls
,
v
o
l.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
110
–
35
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
S
e
ll
a
m
i
N
.
a
n
d
M
a
ll
ick
T
.
K.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
terisa
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
isa
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sta
ti
c
W
in
d
o
w
In
teg
ra
ted
Co
n
c
e
n
trati
n
g
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
sy
st
e
m
,”
S
o
l
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
91
,
p
p
.
2
7
3
–
82
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
M
a
m
m
o
E
.
D
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
re
f
l
e
c
ti
v
e
3
D
c
ro
ss
e
d
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
ra
b
o
li
c
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic sy
ste
m
f
o
r
b
u
il
d
in
g
f
a
ç
a
d
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,”
Pro
g
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
Res
Ap
p
l
,
v
o
l.
21
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
5
–
1
0
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
M
.
S
u
k
k
i
F
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
irr
o
r
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
d
iele
c
tri
c
to
tally
in
tern
a
ll
y
re
f
l
e
c
ti
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
n
trato
r
f
o
r
b
u
i
l
d
in
g
in
teg
ra
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic sy
ste
m
s
,”
Ap
p
l
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
1
3
,
p
p
.
32
–
40
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
S
a
rm
a
h
N
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
lo
w
-
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratin
g
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
ra
b
o
li
c
c
o
n
c
e
n
trato
r
u
sin
g
ra
y
-
trac
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
,”
Ap
p
l
Op
t
,
v
o
l
.
50
,
p
p
.
3
3
0
3
–
10
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
3
]
M
a
ll
ick
T
.
K
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
lo
ss
e
s
in
a
n
a
s
y
m
m
e
tri
c
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
ra
b
o
li
c
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
c
o
n
c
e
n
trat
o
r
,”
S
o
l
En
e
rg
y
M
a
ter
S
o
l
Ce
ll
s
,
v
o
l.
91
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
7
–
46
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
4
]
M
.
S
u
k
k
i
F
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
m
ise
d
Die
lec
tri
c
T
o
tall
y
In
tern
a
ll
y
Re
f
le
c
ti
n
g
Co
n
c
e
n
trato
r
f
o
r
th
e
S
o
lar
P
h
o
t
o
n
ic
Op
to
e
lec
tro
n
ic
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
:
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
Co
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
M
e
th
o
d
,”
i
n
S
e
tch
i
R
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
-
Ba
se
d
In
tell
,”
In
f.
E
n
g
.
S
y
st.
S
E
-
67
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
Be
rli
n
He
id
e
lb
e
rg
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
7
9
,
p
p
.
6
3
3
–
41
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
5
]
A
.
Ba
k
a
r
S
.
H
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ro
tati
o
n
a
ll
y
a
s
y
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
ra
b
o
li
c
c
o
n
c
e
n
trat
o
r
f
o
r
c
o
n
c
e
n
tr
a
ti
n
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
Ap
p
l
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
6
,
p
p
.
3
6
3
–
72
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
6
]
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
S
.
H
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
n
o
v
e
l
ro
tatio
n
a
ll
y
a
s
y
m
m
e
tri
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
ra
b
o
li
c
c
o
n
c
e
n
trato
r
,”
Ap
p
l
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
154
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
–
31
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
BRE
,
“
En
e
rg
y
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
Bu
il
d
in
g
s Direc
ti
v
e
,”
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
A
.
Ba
k
a
r
S
.
H
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Is
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
He
a
t
In
c
e
n
ti
v
e
th
e
f
u
tu
re
?
”
Ren
e
w
S
u
sta
in
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
,
v
o
l.
26
,
p
p
.
3
6
5
–
78
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
S
.
H
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
in
a
n
c
ia
l
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
n
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
h
e
a
t
in
c
e
n
ti
v
e
f
o
r
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
h
o
u
se
s
in
th
e
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
o
n
th
e
so
lar t
h
e
rm
a
l
s
y
st
e
m
,”
En
e
rg
y
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
65
,
p
p
.
5
5
2
–
61
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
M
.
S
u
k
k
i
F
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
v
ise
d
f
e
e
d
-
in
tarif
f
f
o
r
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
i
n
th
e
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
:
A
c
lo
u
d
y
f
u
tu
re
a
h
e
a
d
?
”
En
e
rg
y
Po
l
icy
,
v
o
l.
52
,
p
p
.
8
3
2
–
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
S
.
H
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
He
a
t
In
c
e
n
ti
v
e
f
o
r
so
lar
th
e
r
m
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
in
th
e
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
:
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
b
ig
th
in
g
?
”
2
0
1
2
IEE
E
In
t.
Co
n
f.
Po
we
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
6
2
6
–
31
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
UK
G
r
e
e
n
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
Co
u
n
c
il
,
“
Ne
w
Bu
il
d
Ho
m
e
s
,
”
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
Zero
Ca
rb
o
n
Hu
b
,
“
Zer
o
Ca
rb
o
n
P
o
li
c
y
,
”
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
H
.
M
.
T
re
a
su
ry
,
“
F
ix
in
g
th
e
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s: Cr
e
a
ti
n
g
a
m
o
re
p
ro
sp
e
ro
u
s n
a
ti
o
n
,”
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
Old
f
ield
P
.
,
“
UK
sc
ra
p
s ze
ro
c
a
rb
o
n
h
o
m
e
s p
lan
,”
T
h
e
Gu
a
r
d
ia
n
U
K
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
S
a
rm
a
h
N
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
,
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
in
d
o
o
r
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
lo
w
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratin
g
d
iele
c
tri
c
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic m
o
d
u
le
,”
S
o
l
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
3
,
p
p
.
3
9
0
–
4
0
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
S
o
lar Cap
t
u
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
“
Ce
l
ls
,
”
2
0
1
4
.
[2
8
]
M
.
S
u
k
k
i
F
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
in
M
a
la
y
sia
:
T
h
e
wa
y
f
o
rw
a
rd
,”
Ren
e
w
S
u
sta
i
n
En
e
rg
y
R
e
v
,
v
o
l.
16
,
p
p
.
5
2
3
2
–
44
,
2
0
1
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
S
it
i
Ha
w
a
A
b
u
-
Ba
k
a
r
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
B
En
g
i
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
I
m
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
i
n
2
0
0
6
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
M
A
R
A sc
h
o
lars
h
ip
.
In
2
0
0
7
,
sh
e
jo
in
e
d
P
r
o
k
h
a
s S
d
n
.
Bh
d
.
,
a
w
h
o
ll
y
-
o
w
n
e
d
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
M
in
istry
o
f
F
in
a
n
c
e
M
a
la
y
sia
a
s
th
e
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
T
ra
in
e
e
.
F
ro
m
2
0
0
8
o
n
w
a
rd
s,
sh
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
u
n
it
tru
st
c
o
n
s
u
lt
a
n
t
f
o
r
P
u
b
l
ic
M
u
tu
a
l
Bh
d
.
In
2
0
1
1
,
sh
e
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
h
ip
s
f
ro
m
G
CU
a
n
d
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
'
s
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
P
a
rtn
e
rsh
i
p
(ET
P
)
to
p
u
rsu
e
h
e
r
p
o
st
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
y
in
so
lar
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
ro
m
w
h
ich
sh
e
o
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tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
in
2
0
1
6
.
Dr
A
b
u
-
Ba
k
a
r
i
s
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
o
f
th
e
Cit
y
a
n
d
G
u
il
d
s,
L
o
n
d
o
n
(A
CG
I).
H
e
r
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
so
lar
P
V
,
so
lar t
h
e
rm
a
l,
f
in
a
n
c
ial
p
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis.
Dr
F
ird
a
u
s
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
-
S
u
k
k
i
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
M
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
I
m
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
in
2
0
0
6
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
Ya
y
a
sa
n
T
M
sc
h
o
lars
h
ip
.
I
n
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
stu
d
e
n
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ise
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d
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ta
p
ro
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law
in
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a
n
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s
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stru
m
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ra
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e
rso
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a
l
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a
ta
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r
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ti
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n
A
ct
2
0
1
0
.
His
o
t
h
e
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
a
re
a
ir
a
n
d
sp
a
c
e
law
a
n
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
la
w
a
n
d
p
o
li
c
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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P
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iate
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g
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in
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5
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ra
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ti
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f
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m
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ss
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c
iate
P
ro
f
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o
r
M
o
h
d
Ya
sin
h
a
s
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se
a
rc
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d
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p
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sp
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s,
lo
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in
tern
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ll
y
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d
e
x
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siv
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l
y
.
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r
re
se
a
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in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
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th
e
I
n
f
o
rm
a
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o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
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T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(IC
T
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L
a
w
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n
o
tec
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o
g
y
L
a
w
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w
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v
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u
s
u
n
iv
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s
in
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a
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in
a
re
se
a
rc
h
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n
Na
n
o
tec
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n
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g
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trate
g
ic,
P
o
li
c
y
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Re
g
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lato
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c
h
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ll
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s,
f
u
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d
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d
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y
th
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in
istry
o
f
Hi
g
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ra
n
t
S
c
h
e
m
e
(F
RG
S
).
Dr
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
i
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r
M
a
s’u
d
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Ka
n
o
,
Nig
e
ria
in
1
9
7
5
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
BEn
g
(Ho
n
s)
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
h
is
M
sc
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
2
0
0
6
,
b
o
th
f
ro
m
A
h
m
a
d
u
Be
ll
o
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Zaria
,
Nig
e
ria.
He
a
lso
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
D
in
Hig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
1
3
f
ro
m
th
e
G
las
g
o
w Ca
led
o
n
ian
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
,
UK
.
In
2
0
0
2
h
e
b
e
c
a
m
e
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
lec
tu
r
e
r
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
t
h
e
A
h
m
a
d
u
Be
ll
o
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Zaria
,
Nig
e
ria.
In
2
0
1
3
h
e
j
o
in
e
d
Ju
b
a
i
l
In
d
u
strial
C
o
ll
e
g
e
,
S
a
u
d
i
A
ra
b
ia,
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
A
s
sista
n
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
He
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
li
e
i
n
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s,
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
jo
u
rn
a
ls
.
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r
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
i
A
M
a
s’u
d
is
a
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
IET
a
n
d
a
re
g
ister
e
d
En
g
in
e
e
r
(COREN)
Nig
e
ria.
M
s
S
it
i
S
a
ra
h
A
b
u
Ba
k
a
r
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
e
r
LL
B
(
Ho
n
s)
L
a
w
d
e
g
re
e
f
r
o
m
Qu
e
e
n
M
a
r
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
L
o
n
d
o
n
i
n
2
0
1
6
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
e
r
M
a
ste
rs
(L
L
M
)
in
Kin
g
'
s
Co
ll
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
.
He
r
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
p
riv
a
c
y
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
law
,
h
u
m
a
n
rig
h
ts,
n
a
n
o
tec
h
law
a
n
d
p
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
la
w
a
n
d
p
o
li
c
y
.
Dr
Nu
ru
l
A
in
i
Ba
n
i
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
si
a
in
1
9
8
2
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
M
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
o
u
th
a
m
p
to
n
,
UK
i
n
2
0
0
6
a
n
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
siti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
1
6
.
He
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
p
o
ly
m
e
ric
in
su
latio
n
m
a
teria
l,
s
p
a
c
e
c
h
a
rg
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t,
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
a
b
le
a
n
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
.
S
h
e
is
n
o
w
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
UT
M
Ra
z
a
k
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(RS
EAT
).
Dr
M
o
h
d
Na
b
il
M
u
h
taz
a
ru
d
d
in
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
M
e
n
tak
a
b
,
P
a
h
a
n
g
,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
1
9
8
5
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
(Ho
n
s)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(2
0
0
8
)
a
n
d
M
.
E
n
g
.
(2
0
1
0
)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
(P
o
w
e
r)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
),
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
s
ia.
He
a
lso
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
D
i
n
2
0
1
4
f
ro
m
S
h
ib
a
u
ra
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
T
o
k
y
o
,
Ja
p
a
n
.
He
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UT
M
)
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r
b
ra
n
c
h
u
n
d
e
r
Ra
z
a
k
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
f
o
re
c
a
stin
g
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.