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o
cu
r
e
m
e
n
t
p
h
a
s
e
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
.
Mo
s
t
ti
m
e
s
,
o
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
ite
s
i
n
Nig
er
ia,
a
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
f
o
r
m
is
r
ai
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
m
ater
ial
s
to
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
s
ite.
A
m
a
ter
ials
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
is
a
s
o
u
r
ce
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
to
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
m
ater
ial
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
is
i
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
a
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
m
ad
e
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
o
n
s
ite,
th
i
s
is
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
f
ice
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
a
r
t
is
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
f
ice
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
lier
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
to
p
s
w
h
en
it r
ea
c
h
es t
h
e
s
u
p
p
lier
,
af
ter
w
h
ich
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
s
m
ad
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
w
it
h
th
e
m
ater
ia
l
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
Ni
g
er
ia
is
th
a
t
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
a
n
ies
s
ti
ll
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
s
r
eq
u
i
s
itio
n
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
al
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
all
th
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
ai
m
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
is
i
s
s
u
e
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
f
o
r
m
a
ter
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
.
S
m
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
co
m
p
an
ies,
m
a
y
n
o
t
e
v
e
n
h
av
e
a
n
y
m
o
d
e
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
,
o
r
h
av
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
e
t
asid
e
f
o
r
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
,
t
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
w
a
y
o
f
ef
f
e
ctiv
el
y
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
u
p
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
.
I
n
Ni
g
er
ia,
b
u
il
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
i
s
itio
n
ar
e
s
o
m
eti
m
es
d
o
n
e
v
ia
p
h
o
n
e
ca
lls
an
d
w
o
r
d
-
of
-
m
o
u
t
h
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
w
h
ic
h
h
a
m
p
er
s
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
tr
ac
ea
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
lo
ts
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
n
o
t
h
a
v
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
r
ec
o
r
d
k
ee
p
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
n
to
r
y
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
in
th
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ite
s
[
3
,
4
]
.
E
v
en
f
o
r
th
e
p
ap
er
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
an
g
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
attr
ib
u
ted
to
its
u
s
e
f
o
r
m
ate
r
ial
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
w
eb
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
m
ater
i
als
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
w
ill
en
s
u
r
e
a
n
ea
s
ier
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
is
w
a
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
p
h
ase
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
h
a
s
e,
w
it
h
p
r
o
p
er
d
o
cu
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
r
ef
er
e
n
ci
n
g
.
I
n
te
g
r
atin
g
I
C
T
in
th
e
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
f
r
au
d
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
en
ef
iti
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
at
lar
g
e
.
I
n
th
is
li
g
h
t,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
te
n
d
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
w
eb
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
.
2.
RE
VI
E
W
O
F
RE
L
A
T
E
D
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
Ma
n
y
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
u
to
m
a
ted
d
u
e
to
its
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
,
co
s
t,
q
u
alit
y
,
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
.
So
m
e
s
ec
to
r
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
w
it
n
es
s
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
u
to
m
at
io
n
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
ec
to
r
[
5
]
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
to
r
[
6
]
an
d
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
s
ec
to
r
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
u
s
e
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
-
h
o
u
s
e
s
o
lel
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
an
y
u
s
e
[
8
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
,
o
n
e
o
f
its
ac
ti
v
itie
s
th
at
is
in
d
ir
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
au
to
m
a
tio
n
is
th
e
m
ater
ial
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
ter
ial
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
i
tes
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
9
]
s
tate
d
th
at
m
ater
ial
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
th
e
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
asp
ec
t
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ac
ti
v
itie
s
t
h
at
d
ea
l
w
it
h
m
ater
ial
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
cu
r
em
e
n
t,
d
eli
v
er
y
,
h
an
d
li
n
g
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
r
elea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
u
s
e
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
t
e
s
.
F
o
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
b
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
a
i
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
i
s
n
o
t
n
e
w
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
r
e
b
e
i
n
g
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
.
K
as
im
[
1
0
]
p
oi
n
ted
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
ar
co
d
in
g
an
d
sc
an
n
er
s
,
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
d
ata
in
ter
ch
a
n
g
e
(
E
DI
)
,
en
ter
p
r
is
e
-
w
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
lan
n
i
n
g
(
E
R
P
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
(
R
FID
)
an
d
p
as
s
iv
e
ta
g
s
,
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
o
th
er
w
eb
s
er
v
ices.
I
n
th
e
latter
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
w
eb
-
b
ased
ap
p
s
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ater
ia
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
cu
r
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
es
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
til
ized
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
(
I
P
S)
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
GI
S)
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
e
w
eb
-
b
ased
ap
p
to
m
o
n
i
to
r
m
ater
ial
w
as
tag
e
in
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
(
C
SC
M)
w
as
i
n
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
B
I
M
a
n
d
GI
S
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
in
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
K
u
lk
ar
n
i
[
1
3
]
tr
ac
k
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
tep
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
cu
r
e
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
cr
ea
ted
a
d
ec
is
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
as
s
is
t
i
n
t
h
e
d
eter
m
in
at
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1
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1
5
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a
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Ma
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[
1
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d
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[
1
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c
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its
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Der
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.
[1
8
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d
ev
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p
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tr
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p
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[
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1
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s
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[
4
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,
an
I
T
f
r
a
m
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w
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as
i
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teg
r
ated
with
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co
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ca
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t.
Ho
w
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th
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s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
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li
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k
t
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ater
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in
to
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to
aid
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u
p
p
ly
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t
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u
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in
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ial.
W
h
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,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
ai
m
s
to
co
m
p
lete
th
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lo
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s
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d
b
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ite
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
b
u
ild
i
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g
m
ater
ial
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
A
clo
s
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d
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ip
tio
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o
f
a
w
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-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
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in
t
h
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u
p
p
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ch
a
in
o
f
f
ir
m
s
w
as
d
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v
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p
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in
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
[
2
0
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,
th
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w
eb
-
b
ased
ap
p
w
as
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esi
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n
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f
o
r
a
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a
n
u
f
ac
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u
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b
u
s
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n
es
s
f
ir
m
.
I
n
th
is
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
2
0
]
,
cu
s
to
m
er
s
lo
g
o
n
th
e
w
eb
b
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o
w
s
er
o
f
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
f
ir
m
(
s
u
p
p
lier
s
)
an
d
m
a
k
e
a
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
d
eliv
er
ies
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
w
eb
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
in
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ain
t
h
en
m
o
v
es
to
s
elec
t
r
a
w
m
a
ter
ials
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
d
s
tate
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
ti
m
e
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
w
h
i
le
also
g
etti
n
g
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
I
t
is
w
o
r
t
h
y
to
n
o
te
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
s
ec
to
r
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
in
s
o
m
a
n
y
w
a
y
s
.
B
u
ild
in
g
m
ater
ials
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
ar
e
f
i
n
i
s
h
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
cts
m
a
k
i
n
g
it
ea
s
ier
t
o
esti
m
ate,
q
u
a
n
ti
f
y
an
d
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
d
el
iv
er
y
at
an
y
t
i
m
e.
U
n
li
k
e
in
[
2
0
]
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
ad
d
ed
th
e
la
y
er
o
f
th
e
h
ea
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f
f
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as
a
n
o
v
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it
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an
d
f
o
r
ap
p
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v
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o
f
w
h
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is
n
ee
d
ed
o
n
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
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ct
io
n
s
ite
b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
eq
u
est
to
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
q
u
alif
ied
b
u
ild
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
’
s
u
p
p
lier
.
I
n
s
i
m
p
ler
ter
m
s
,
s
o
m
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
e
s
u
s
e
e
m
ails
f
o
r
th
eir
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
m
a
ter
ial
r
eq
u
is
iti
o
n
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
o
f
th
e
i
r
f
ir
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
2
1
]
n
o
ted
th
at
e
m
ails
h
ad
b
ec
o
m
e
an
i
n
te
g
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
m
o
s
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
es
s
en
t
ial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ch
an
n
el
s
.
L
u
ca
s
[
2
2
]
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
k
e
y
i
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
m
ail
s
i
s
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
f
lo
w
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
f
ir
m
’
s
w
o
r
k
er
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
m
ail
s
c
u
t
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
tiv
it
ies
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ite
s
,
th
er
eb
y
,
e
n
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
ab
ilit
y
to
f
il
ter
co
r
r
esp
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n
d
en
ce
o
n
o
n
l
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
n
e
ed
ed
p
er
s
ite.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
es
ted
th
e
n
ee
d
to
h
av
e
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
f
o
r
b
u
ild
i
n
g
m
a
ter
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s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
a
in
i
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
e
s
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
w
eb
-
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u
r
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.
R
eq
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est p
ag
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o
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Fig
u
r
e
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Dash
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o
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m
ater
i
al
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eq
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est v
ie
w
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ea
d
o
f
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ice
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fo
r
w
ar
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
r
eq
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est f
r
o
m
h
ea
d
o
f
f
ic
e
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
lier
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2088
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8708
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Ma
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ater
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ased
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ater
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F
ig
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ased
s
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m
to
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s
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p
r
ev
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s
s
t
u
d
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n
[
4
,
1
1
,
2
0
,
2
5
,
2
6
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
r
eq
u
i
s
itio
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o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
m
a
ter
ials
o
n
co
n
s
t
r
u
ctio
n
s
ite
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
th
i
s
w
eb
-
b
ased
m
a
ter
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
te
m
is
t
h
at
m
ater
ial
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eq
u
is
i
tio
n
h
a
s
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ee
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s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
an
d
d
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g
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m
p
ar
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to
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ap
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a
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ed
m
et
h
o
d
s
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Ot
h
er
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tu
d
ie
s
h
ad
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
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g
s
ec
to
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m
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s
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b
u
t
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
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as
s
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ical
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ed
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ased
ap
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f
o
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co
n
s
tr
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i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
m
a
ter
ial
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est
m
o
v
e
s
f
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o
m
th
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n
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ct
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ite
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d
o
f
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ice
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u
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lier
s
’
p
latf
o
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m
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
o
p
in
es
th
a
t
w
h
e
n
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
es
ad
o
p
t
th
is
w
eb
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
m
a
t
er
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
,
th
e
y
w
il
l
b
e
ab
le
to
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
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al
m
o
d
e
o
f
p
ap
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-
b
ased
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
to
a
p
ap
er
le
s
s
r
eq
u
is
i
tio
n
p
lat
f
o
r
m
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
w
o
u
ld
aid
p
r
o
p
e
r
r
ec
o
r
d
k
ee
p
in
g
an
d
r
etr
iev
al
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
in
u
s
in
g
th
i
s
w
eb
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
p
latf
o
r
m
,
all
th
e
u
s
er
s
n
ee
d
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
o
r
lap
to
p
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
i
n
ter
n
e
t
to
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
s
er
v
ices
o
n
th
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
.
M
e
a
n
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
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b
u
s
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n
e
s
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e
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e
d
t
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i
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v
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s
t
i
n
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C
T
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
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a
t
s
u
p
p
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t
t
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b
-
b
a
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d
s
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em
a
n
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o
t
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r
s
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p
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h
a
t
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d
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f
r
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t
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m
a
t
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r
i
a
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r
e
q
u
i
s
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t
i
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n
p
r
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ce
s
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
w
eb
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
w
ill
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
ite
s
s
ea
m
le
s
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
r
af
tin
g
o
f
a
u
s
e
ca
s
e
d
iag
r
a
m
an
d
an
ac
tiv
it
y
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
,
t
h
e
th
r
ee
(
3
)
p
r
im
ar
y
u
s
er
s
o
f
o
n
s
ite
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
er
s
o
n
n
e
l,
h
ea
d
o
f
f
ice,
an
d
m
ater
ial
s
’
s
u
p
p
lier
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ities
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
i
s
iti
o
n
p
latf
o
r
m
w
er
e
d
etailed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
u
s
in
g
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
u
s
er
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
a
d
atab
ase
s
y
s
te
m
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
to
co
n
n
e
ct
t
h
e
m
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
au
to
m
ated
w
eb
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
ir
m
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
MV
C
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
MV
C
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
u
s
in
g
M
y
SQ
L
,
HT
ML
a
n
d
P
HP
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
in
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
e
au
to
m
ated
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
test
ed
b
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
m
a
te
r
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
o
f
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
f
ir
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
w
eb
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
v
ia
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
ts
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
p
lat
f
o
r
m
.
Di
f
f
er
en
t
w
eb
-
b
a
s
ed
in
ter
f
ac
es
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
h
o
m
ep
ag
e
,
r
eg
i
s
tr
atio
n
p
a
g
es,
o
n
s
ite
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
p
ag
e
s
,
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
o
f
r
eq
u
is
itio
n
to
s
u
p
p
lier
p
ag
es
w
er
e
cr
ea
ted
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
a
n
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
ir
m
ca
n
r
eg
is
ter
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
w
eb
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
is
it
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
an
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
in
t
h
eir
m
ater
ials
’
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
F
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
w
ill i
n
cl
u
d
e
an
ev
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
als
an
d
s
u
p
p
lier
s
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
g
ath
er
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
w
eb
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
p
ee
d
,
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
f
in
an
c
ial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
o
v
en
an
t
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
C
e
n
tr
e
f
o
r
R
esear
ch
,
I
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
a
n
d
Dis
co
v
e
r
y
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
Op
en
A
cc
es
s
to
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t o
f
th
i
s
ar
ticle.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
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p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
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A
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r
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2
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2
1
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1538
1538
RE
F
E
R
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NC
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S
[1
]
M
.
B.
A
li
,
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G
.
Ya
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.
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Ay
m
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,
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In
stit
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rt
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u
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ter
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o
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e
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trica
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En
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IJ
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)
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p
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.
[2
]
V
.
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n
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tam
il
se
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stu
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h
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In
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ter
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.
[3
]
A
.
Af
o
lab
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a
l.
,
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Crit
ica
l
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u
c
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e
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F
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to
rs
(CS
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s)
f
o
r
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-
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ro
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re
m
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t
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e
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In
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il
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.
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.
[4
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.
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o
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il
d
in
g
M
a
teria
ls’
P
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
u
sin
g
W
e
b
-
Ba
se
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,”
W
o
r
l
d
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
W
o
r
l
d
C
I
S
T
2
0
1
7
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
0
,
p
p
.
1
2
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
A
.
A
d
e
m
o
la,
T
.
E.
S
o
m
e
f
u
n
,
A
.
F
.
A
g
b
e
tu
y
i,
A
.
Olu
f
a
y
o
,
“
W
e
b
b
a
se
d
f
in
g
e
rp
rin
t
ro
ll
c
a
ll
a
tt
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
E
C
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
3
6
4
-
4
3
7
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
Y.
N
.
D
o
d
d
a
m
a
n
,
U
.
C
.
K
a
p
a
l
e
,
“
A
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
m
a
n
u
a
l
t
o
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
-
a
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
E
C
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
4
-
2
2
8
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[7
]
F
.
F
a
re
e
z
a
,
C.
Ra
m
b
a
b
u
,
S
.
Krish
n
a
v
e
n
i,
A
.
C.
Ka
b
iso
,
“
A
u
to
m
a
t
io
n
o
f
DM
P
S
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
b
y
Us
in
g
L
a
b
V
iew
a
n
d
P
L
C
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
E
C
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
4
8
4
-
5
4
9
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
P
.
Niti
t
h
a
m
y
o
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
S
k
ib
n
ie
w
s
k
i,
"
W
e
b
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
p
ro
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
st
e
m
s
:
h
o
w
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
su
c
c
e
ss
f
u
l?,"
Au
to
ma
ti
o
n
in
C
o
n
s
tru
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
9
1
-
5
0
6
,
2
0
0
4
.
[9
]
E.
E.
Og
b
a
d
u
,
“
P
r
o
f
it
a
b
il
it
y
th
ro
u
g
h
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
a
teria
ls,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
mic
s
a
n
d
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Fi
n
a
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
9
-
1
0
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
0
]
N.
Ka
si
m
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
m
a
teri
a
ls
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
in
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
p
r
o
jec
ts,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
i
n
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Eco
n
o
mie
s: Co
mm
o
n
a
li
ti
e
s a
m
o
n
g
Div
e
rs
it
ie
s,
p
p
.
3
5
6
-
3
6
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
A
.
A
h
a
d
,
Z.
R.
K
h
a
n
,
S
.
S
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
IT
in
S
u
p
p
ly
o
f
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
M
a
teria
l
P
ro
c
u
re
m
e
n
t,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
f
o
r
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
3
8
-
6
4
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
Y.
De
n
g
,
V
.
Ga
n
,
M
.
Da
s,
J.
Ch
e
n
g
a
n
d
C.
A
n
u
m
b
a
,
"
In
teg
r
a
ti
n
g
4
D
BIM
a
n
d
G
IS
f
o
r
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
S
u
p
p
ly
Ch
a
in
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
4
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
0
4
0
1
9
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
3
]
A
.
Ku
lk
a
rn
i
a
n
d
S
.
Ha
ld
e
r,
"
A
si
m
u
latio
n
-
b
a
se
d
d
e
c
isi
o
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
f
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(S
CM
),
"
Asia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Civil
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
-
2
4
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
4
]
M
.
P
a
la,
F
.
Ed
u
m
-
F
o
tw
e
,
K.
Ru
ik
a
r,
C.
P
e
ters
a
n
d
N.
Do
u
g
h
ty
,
"
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
ial
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
:
a
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
"
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
8
9
8
-
9
1
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
N.
Ko
ri
o
m
,
J.
Bra
h
im
,
I.
Zak
a
ria,
A
.
Ka
ish
a
n
d
M
.
M
o
h
se
n
,
"
T
h
e
S
tate
o
f
th
e
A
rt
o
f
M
a
teria
ls
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
th
e
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
In
d
u
stry
,
"
M
AT
EC
W
e
b
o
f
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
2
6
6
,
p
.
0
5
0
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[1
6
]
N.
M
a
d
h
u
s
u
d
a
n
a
n
d
L
.
Ra
o
,
"
In
sig
h
ts
o
n
Ex
ten
t
o
f
Ef
fe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
T
re
n
d
,
a
n
d
G
a
p
in
Ex
isti
n
g
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
s
f
o
r
e
-
P
r
o
c
u
re
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
1
-
758
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
7
]
A
.
Ca
rd
o
so
a
n
d
C
.
Biaz
z
in
,
"
W
h
a
t
is
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
e
-
p
ro
c
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
su
p
p
li
e
rs
T
h
e
d
riv
e
r
s,
b
a
rriers
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
f
o
r
e
n
g
a
g
in
g
M
RO
su
p
p
li
e
rs,"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Pr
o
c
u
re
me
n
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
8
-
298
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
8
]
R.
De
ra
m
a
n
,
C.
W
a
n
g
,
J.
Ya
p
,
H
.
L
i
a
n
d
F
.
M
o
h
d
-
Ra
h
im
,
"
De
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
In
tern
e
t
O
n
li
n
e
P
ro
c
u
re
m
e
n
t
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
s
f
o
r
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
F
irm
s,"
Fu
tu
re
In
ter
n
e
t
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
1
3
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
9
]
B.
Am
a
d
e
,
E.
O.
P
.
A
k
p
a
n
,
U.
F
.
Am
a
e
sh
i,
K.
A
.
Ok
o
ro
c
h
a
a
n
d
A
.
C.
,
Og
b
o
n
n
a
,
“
De
li
n
e
a
ti
n
g
su
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
(S
CM
)
f
e
a
tu
re
s
in
c
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
p
ro
j
e
c
t
d
e
l
iv
e
r
y
:
T
h
e
Nig
e
ri
a
n
c
a
se
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
S
u
p
p
ly Ch
a
in
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
19
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
K.
C.
Ko
d
a
li
,
"
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
W
e
b
Ba
se
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
S
u
p
p
ly
Ch
a
in
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
”
Cu
lmin
a
ti
n
g
Pr
o
jec
ts
in
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
a
n
d
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
1
]
D.
De
rk
s
a
n
d
A
.
B.
B
a
k
k
e
r,
“
Th
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
E
-
m
a
il
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
n
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
L
if
e
,
”
C
y
b
e
rp
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
:
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
s
o
c
ia
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
o
n
Cy
b
e
rs
p
a
c
e
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
2
]
W
.
L
u
c
a
s
,
“
E
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
E
-
M
a
i
l
o
n
t
h
e
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
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.
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[2
4
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5
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B.
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6
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B.
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.
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