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E
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in
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ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
,
p
p
.
26
~
33
I
SS
N:
2088
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8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
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1
1
5
9
1
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.
v
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i
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.
pp
26
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33
26
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©
2
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1
8
In
stit
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te o
f
A
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n
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C
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b
d
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ab
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ato
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m
ail:
ab
d
elk
ab
ir
s
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ch
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e
m
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c.
m
a
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NT
RO
D
UCT
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to
t
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te
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x
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er
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s
s
n
et
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t.
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n
e
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s
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ch
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w
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b
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d
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c
Net
w
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(
M
A
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)
.
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n
MA
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,
au
to
n
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s
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y
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m
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n
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s
k
s
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et
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g
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ai
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et
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ar
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icate
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y
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a
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m
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s
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i
m
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tan
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d
esig
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cr
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f
o
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M
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s
i
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ce
m
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w
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e
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ed
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y
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atter
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w
ith
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m
ited
ca
p
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ai
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t
s
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o
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o
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itate
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I
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cr
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ien
t
cr
ed
it
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
er
v
ice
to
o
th
er
n
o
d
es.
I
n
r
ep
u
tatio
n
-
b
as
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
4
-
7
]
,
n
o
d
es tr
ac
k
t
h
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es a
n
d
u
s
e
it
to
d
ec
id
e
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
s
er
v
ice
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
to
th
e
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it’
s
v
er
y
d
i
f
f
icu
l
t
to
ad
o
p
t
s
u
c
h
a
m
o
ti
v
ati
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
.
So
th
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
o
l
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
lin
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
i
n
M
ANE
T
w
it
h
s
el
f
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
is
g
a
m
e
th
e
o
r
y
[
8
]
.
E
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
co
o
p
er
atio
n
i
n
w
ir
eless
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
u
s
i
n
g
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
g
iv
e
s
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
etic
m
o
d
el
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
a
w
ar
e
a
n
d
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
i
n
M
A
NE
T
.
I
n
n
o
n
-
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
es,
n
o
d
es
ac
t
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
eir
o
w
n
in
ter
e
s
ts
,
w
h
ile
n
o
d
es
in
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
e
s
m
a
y
a
g
r
ee
to
f
o
r
m
co
alitio
n
s
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
W
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
n
o
v
e
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
co
ali
tio
n
al
-
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
,
ca
lled
h
ed
o
n
ic
c
o
a
liti
o
n
-
f
o
r
ma
tio
n
g
a
m
e
.
Hed
o
n
ic
g
a
m
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
s
cie
n
ce
s
f
ield
s
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
in
MA
NE
T
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ad
o
p
ts
r
ea
ch
ab
ilit
y
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
s
t
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
a
n
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
-
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
e
to
ev
alu
a
te
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
t.
Af
ter
th
e
co
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tat
e,
w
e
ar
e
in
ter
ested
in
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ed
co
alitio
n
s
.
W
e
i
n
te
g
r
ate
t
h
is
m
o
d
el
to
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
is
a
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
v
er
th
e
clas
s
ical
li
n
k
s
tate
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
th
e
MA
NE
T
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
o
b
il
it
y
o
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
s
a
k
e
y
ch
alle
n
g
e
i
n
co
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
e
s
i
m
u
late
M
ANE
T
w
it
h
v
ar
ia
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
b
ased
o
n
co
alitio
n
al
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
e,
ca
n
e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
et
i
m
e
.
T
h
e
r
em
a
in
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
R
ela
ted
w
o
r
k
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
i
n
Sectio
n
2
.
S
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
th
e
Sectio
n
3
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Sectio
n
4
,
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
i
s
ar
ticu
lated
in
Secti
o
n
5
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
d
esig
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
icien
t
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
atte
n
t
io
n
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
f
o
r
o
v
er
a
d
ec
ad
e.
Ma
n
y
e
f
f
icien
t
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
e
p
ef
r
o
m
a
n
ce
o
f
8
0
2
.
1
1
MA
C
o
n
b
asis
o
f
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
u
s
i
n
g
r
a
n
d
o
m
w
a
y
p
o
in
t
m
o
d
el
I
n
M
A
NE
T
.
He
aim
ed
to
s
h
o
w
e
f
f
ict
i
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
co
n
s
ta
n
t b
it
r
ate
b
ased
o
n
b
r
o
ad
c
asti
n
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
o
th
er
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
[
1
1
]
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
m
o
d
eled
a
r
u
s
h
in
g
attac
k
w
h
ich
i
s
a
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
attac
k
t
h
at
ex
p
lo
its
t
h
e
w
ea
k
n
es
s
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
M
A
NE
T
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
w
ea
k
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
st
r
en
g
th
o
f
t
h
ese
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
it
w
a
s
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
test
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
h
o
s
t
ile
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
w
i
th
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
e
tr
ics,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ar
e
av
er
a
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
p
ac
k
e
t
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
ela
y
,
to
co
m
p
ar
e
an
d
ev
alu
ate
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
e,
m
u
c
h
atte
n
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ed
icate
d
to
g
am
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
g
a
m
e
m
o
d
el
s
f
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
g
e
n
er
al
a
n
d
f
o
r
co
o
p
er
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
p
r
ec
is
e
l
y
[
1
2
-
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
j
ec
ts
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
es,
f
air
p
a
y
o
f
f
allo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
u
s
t
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
s
in
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
es
r
el
y
in
g
i
n
ce
n
t
iv
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
class
es:
cr
ed
it
-
b
ased
[
1
-
3
]
an
d
r
ep
u
tatio
n
-
b
ased
[
4
-
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
m
a
n
y
p
r
ese
n
ted
w
o
r
k
s
ad
o
p
t
g
a
m
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
as
a
b
ase
o
f
th
e
ir
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
c
in
g
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
i
n
w
ir
e
less
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
b
en
e
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
co
s
t
f
o
r
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
p
r
o
m
p
ts
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ad
o
p
t
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
etic
m
o
d
els,
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
p
la
y
er
s
tr
ateg
icall
y
d
e
cid
es,
b
ased
o
n
h
is
p
a
y
o
f
f
,
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
o
d
o
f
th
e
s
et
o
r
n
o
t.
T
h
e
p
lay
er
s
i
n
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
tr
y
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
an
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
t
h
at
ta
k
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
p
a
y
o
f
f
.
P
la
y
er
s
ch
o
o
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
ea
ch
p
la
y
er
's
p
a
y
o
f
f
d
ep
en
d
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
o
n
h
is
o
wn
ac
tio
n
,
b
u
t
also
o
n
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
th
er
p
lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
ese
g
a
m
e
s
is
to
attain
an
e
q
u
il
ib
r
iu
m
s
tate
w
h
er
e
e
v
er
y
p
la
y
er
is
s
at
is
f
ied
a
n
d
n
o
p
ar
ticip
an
t
w
an
t
s
to
m
o
d
if
y
its
co
o
p
er
atio
n
ch
o
ice.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
m
ai
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
g
a
m
e:
n
o
n
-
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
es
a
n
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
e
s
.
I
n
n
o
n
-
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
e
s
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
h
a
s
to
s
elec
t
a
s
tr
at
eg
y
s
o
a
s
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
its
o
w
n
b
en
e
f
its
b
y
tak
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
l
e
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
a
m
e
s
,
n
o
d
es
m
u
s
t
f
ir
s
t
d
ec
id
e
w
h
et
h
er
o
r
n
o
t
to
jo
in
a
co
alitio
n
th
at
s
h
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
b
en
ef
it [
1
9
-
2
1
]
.
I
n
[
22
]
Ma
n
am
an
d
Ma
h
en
d
r
a
n
h
a
v
e
in
v
es
t
ig
ated
an
a
n
al
y
ti
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
to
ev
al
u
a
te
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
s
o
m
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
elf
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
an
g
es
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
26
–
33
28
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
W
an
g
an
d
Sin
g
h
al
i
n
[
2
3
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
s
w
it
h
s
elf
i
s
h
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
y
p
r
esen
t
a
p
r
o
to
co
l
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
t
iv
at
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
o
p
er
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
n
o
d
es,
th
eir
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
co
n
c
e
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
tr
u
t
h
f
u
ln
e
s
s
.
W
atc
h
d
o
g
a
n
d
p
ath
r
ater
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
4
]
to
id
en
ti
f
y
m
is
b
e
h
av
in
g
n
o
d
es a
n
d
d
ef
lec
t tr
af
f
i
c
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
.
R
ep
u
tati
o
n
-
b
ased
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
5
]
,
[
26
].
I
n
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
co
alitio
n
a
l
g
a
m
e
th
eo
r
y
[
2
7
]
,
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
co
m
b
in
e
th
eir
f
o
r
ce
s
a
n
d
d
ec
id
e
to
ac
t
to
g
eth
er
,
s
o
th
a
t
t
h
is
f
o
r
m
ed
co
alitio
n
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
a
y
o
f
f
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
ed
co
alitio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
k
ee
p
th
eir
s
tab
ilit
y
.
A
co
alitio
n
is
s
tab
le
if
n
o
n
o
d
e
h
as
a
n
i
n
ce
n
tiv
e
to
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
its
cu
r
r
en
t
co
alitio
n
to
an
o
t
h
e
r
o
r
to
d
ev
iate
an
d
ac
t
alo
n
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
in
M
A
NE
T
s
,
n
o
d
es
m
a
y
b
e
o
b
lig
ed
to
q
u
it th
eir
co
alit
io
n
d
u
e
to
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
ch
a
n
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
m
o
b
ili
t
y
.
I
n
[
2
8
]
Om
r
an
i
a
n
d
Fallah
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
co
r
e
in
co
alitio
n
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
to
d
is
co
v
er
a
s
tab
le
p
a
y
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
n
o
d
es
th
a
t
p
ar
ticip
ate
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
p
ac
k
et
o
n
a
co
s
t
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
p
ath
.
T
h
e
y
s
et
a
f
i
x
ed
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
as
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
in
w
h
ic
h
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
o
t
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
s
o
th
at
i
n
th
i
s
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
s
tab
le
ti
m
e
s
lo
t,
a
n
o
d
e
is
ab
le
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l i
n
s
m
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
lo
w
m
o
b
il
it
y
s
p
ee
d
,
b
u
t
w
it
h
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
p
ee
d
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
h
as le
s
s
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
I
n
[
2
9
]
C
ai
an
d
Po
o
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
eti
m
e
b
y
m
o
ti
v
ati
n
g
n
o
d
es
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
o
w
er
th
at
allo
w
s
d
eliv
er
in
g
p
ac
k
ets
o
v
er
s
h
ar
e
d
r
o
u
tes.
T
h
e
y
ad
o
p
t
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
h
ap
el
y
v
a
lu
e
to
allo
ca
te
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
p
ay
o
f
f
f
air
l
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
w
h
ic
h
b
elo
n
g
to
a
s
a
m
e
co
alitio
n
in
M
ANE
T
lik
e
as th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
co
s
t i
s
b
alan
ce
d
o
v
er
th
e
m
.
3.
T
H
E
CO
M
P
RE
H
E
NS
I
VE
T
H
E
O
RE
T
I
CA
L
B
ASI
S AN
D
P
RP
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
ro
ble
m
D
escript
io
n
An
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
m
o
d
ele
d
as
a
d
ir
ec
ted
g
r
ap
h
,
w
h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
s
et
o
f
d
ir
ec
ted
lin
k
s
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
E
ac
h
ele
m
e
n
t
in
d
en
o
tes
t
h
at
t
w
o
n
o
d
es a
r
e
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
r
ad
io
r
an
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
No
d
es
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
b
atter
y
-
p
o
w
er
e
d
an
d
h
av
e
li
m
ited
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
.
A
n
o
d
e
m
a
y
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
s
e
v
er
al
n
o
d
es
n
ea
r
b
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
in
a
MA
NE
T
is
m
o
v
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
all
y
w
i
th
i
ts
o
w
n
tr
ac
k
.
No
d
es
in
a
M
ANE
T
w
ill
g
en
er
ate
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
p
er
io
d
ic
all
y
an
d
tr
y
to
s
en
d
o
u
t
g
en
er
a
ted
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets to
s
o
m
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
.
So
m
e
n
o
d
es
in
M
ANE
T
b
eh
a
v
e
w
it
h
s
el
f
is
h
n
e
s
s
,
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
y
w
an
t
to
m
a
x
i
m
ize
t
h
eir
b
en
ef
its
w
i
th
least
co
s
t
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
t
h
eir
e
n
er
g
ie
s
as
m
u
ch
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
en
tire
n
et
w
o
r
k
if
m
a
n
y
n
o
d
es
b
eh
av
e
li
k
e
th
at.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
b
en
ef
it
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
,
w
e
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
allo
w
s
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
tin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
o
u
tin
g
i
n
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
y
m
o
d
eli
n
g
it
as
a
co
alitio
n
al
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
,
a
s
ea
ch
p
la
y
er
i
n
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
g
am
e,
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
at
te
m
p
t
to
co
m
b
in
e
t
h
eir
f
o
r
ce
s
a
n
d
d
ec
id
e
to
ac
t to
g
eth
er
,
s
o
th
at
t
h
is
f
o
r
m
ed
co
alitio
n
g
i
v
es t
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
co
m
m
o
n
p
a
y
o
f
f
.
3
.
2
.
B
rief
Rev
ie
w
o
f
O
L
SR R
o
uting
P
ro
t
o
co
l
OL
S
R
(
Op
ti
m
ized
L
i
n
k
St
ate
R
o
u
tin
g
)
,
[
30
]
,
is
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
er
e
n
o
d
es
p
er
io
d
ically
ex
c
h
an
g
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
es
ta
b
lis
h
a
r
o
u
te
to
a
n
y
d
esti
n
atio
n
i
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
is
an
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
a
p
u
r
e
l
in
k
s
tate
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
o
in
t
r
ela
y
s
(
MP
R
s
)
.
First,
u
s
in
g
m
u
l
tip
o
in
t
r
ela
y
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
es
s
ag
e
s
:
r
ath
er
t
h
an
d
ec
lar
in
g
its
e
n
tire
lin
k
s
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
n
o
d
e
d
ec
lar
es
o
n
l
y
th
e
s
et
o
f
li
n
k
s
w
it
h
it
s
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
s
elec
te
d
it
as
―m
u
l
tip
o
in
t
r
ela
y
‖.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
MP
R
s
als
o
m
i
n
i
m
izes
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
tr
af
f
ic
.
I
n
d
ee
d
o
n
l
y
m
u
lti
p
o
in
t
r
ela
y
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
es.
T
h
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
etr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
es.
OL
S
R
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
m
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ities
:
a
)
Neig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
d
is
co
v
er
y
.
E
ac
h
n
o
d
e
ac
q
u
ir
es
th
e
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
o
f
its
o
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e
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h
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p
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d
t
w
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b
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es
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s
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I
t
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
s
elec
ts
i
ts
o
w
n
s
e
t
o
f
m
u
ltip
o
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t
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ela
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s
(
MP
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s
)
,
a
m
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g
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e
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h
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p
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b
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s
in
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w
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it
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co
v
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in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
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io
r
an
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e)
all
its
t
w
o
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p
n
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g
h
b
o
r
s
.
b
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T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
.
E
ac
h
n
o
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e
also
m
ai
n
tai
n
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to
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m
es
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g
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t b
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R
n
o
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es.
E
ac
h
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co
m
p
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s
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g
tab
le
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e
Dij
k
s
tr
a
al
g
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r
ith
m
.
T
h
i
s
tab
le
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
h
o
r
tes
t
r
o
u
te
(
i.e
.
th
e
r
o
u
te
w
ith
t
h
e
s
m
alle
s
t h
o
p
n
u
m
b
er
)
to
an
y
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
3.
3
.
H
ed
o
nic C
o
a
litio
n F
o
r
m
a
t
io
n G
a
m
e
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
e
in
tr
o
d
u
c
e
th
o
s
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
h
ed
o
n
ic
co
alitio
n
al
f
o
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m
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g
a
m
e
u
s
ed
in
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r
p
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p
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s
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s
ch
e
m
e.
Hed
o
n
ic
co
alitio
n
al
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
e
s
e
n
tail
s
e
v
er
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n
ter
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s
tin
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
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n
o
t
o
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l
y
i
n
ec
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n
o
m
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p
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liti
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b
u
t
also
in
w
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et
w
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w
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ll
d
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s
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k
.
A
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29
co
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a
m
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is
c
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to
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w
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s
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d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
,
ta
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
[
3
1
]
.
Defin
itio
n
.
1
:
A
co
a
liti
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
r
a
co
a
liti
o
n
p
a
r
titi
o
n
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
s
et
{
}
w
h
ic
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
s
t
h
e
p
la
y
er
s
s
e
t
N
,
i.e
.
,
ar
e
d
is
jo
in
t c
o
alitio
n
s
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
.
Defin
itio
n
.
2
:
Giv
en
a
p
ar
titi
o
n
o
f
N
,
f
o
r
ev
er
y
p
la
y
er
w
e
d
en
o
te
b
y
,
th
e
co
alitio
n
,
s
u
ch
t
h
at
.
I
n
a
h
ed
o
n
ic
co
alit
io
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
g
a
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
,
ev
er
y
p
lay
er
h
a
s
to
b
u
ild
p
r
ef
er
e
n
c
es
o
v
er
i
ts
o
w
n
s
et
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
alitio
n
s
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
ch
o
o
s
e
w
h
ich
co
alit
io
n
h
e
p
r
ef
er
s
b
ein
g
a
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
.
Fo
r
ev
a
lu
at
in
g
t
h
ese
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
la
y
er
s
o
v
er
th
e
c
o
alitio
n
s
,
w
e
d
e
f
in
e
th
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
o
r
o
r
d
e
r
as f
o
llo
w
s
[
3
1
]:
Defin
in
tio
n
.
3
:
Fo
r
an
y
p
la
y
er
,
a
p
r
eferen
ce
r
ela
tio
n
o
r
o
r
d
er
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
a
co
m
p
lete
,
r
ef
lex
i
v
e,
an
d
tr
a
n
s
it
i
v
e
b
in
ar
y
r
ela
tio
n
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
all
c
o
alitio
n
s
t
h
at
p
la
y
er
ca
n
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
f
o
r
m
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
s
et
{
}
.
Hen
ce
f
o
r
a
p
la
y
er
,
if
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
co
alitio
n
s
an
d
s
u
ch
th
at
an
d
,
m
ea
n
s
th
at
p
la
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pr
ef
er
s
to
b
e
p
ar
t
o
f
co
alitio
n
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o
v
er
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ein
g
p
ar
t
o
f
co
alitio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
ca
n
b
e
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
m
an
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
p
a
y
o
f
f
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
la
y
er
s
r
ec
ei
v
e
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
co
alitio
n
.
A
h
ed
o
n
ic
co
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
e
i
s
f
o
r
m
all
y
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
[
3
1
]:
Def
i
n
itio
n
.
4
:
A
h
ed
o
n
ic
co
alit
io
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
e
i
s
a
co
alit
io
n
al
g
a
m
e
t
h
at
s
ati
s
f
ie
s
t
h
e
t
w
o
h
ed
o
n
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
p
r
escr
ib
ed
,
an
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
air
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
s
et
o
f
p
lay
er
s
,
an
d
is
a
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
i.e
.
,
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
s
(
,
.
.
.
.
,
|
|
)
d
ef
in
ed
f
o
r
ev
er
y
p
la
y
er
in
.
3.
4
.
S
y
s
t
e
m
M
o
delin
g
Af
ter
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
h
ed
o
n
ic
co
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
es,
w
e
ad
o
p
t
th
is
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
u
i
tab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
w
ar
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
n
M
A
NE
T
.
Hen
ce
t
h
e
MA
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
m
o
d
eled
as
a
h
ed
o
n
ic
g
a
m
e,
w
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
is
a
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
th
at
w
e
w
ill d
e
f
in
e.
T
o
ass
ess
n
o
d
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
a
w
ei
g
h
t
i
s
ass
ig
n
ed
d
y
n
a
m
ic
all
y
to
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
(
)
,
w
h
ich
ta
k
es
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
;
th
e
s
e
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
,
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es,
as
w
ell
a
s
,
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
W
e
co
m
b
i
n
e
t
h
ese
m
e
tr
ics
w
i
th
s
o
m
e
m
u
ltip
licati
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
to
co
m
p
u
te
a
w
e
ig
h
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
,
is
t
h
e
r
esid
u
a
l e
n
er
g
y
at
ea
c
h
t
i
m
e
,
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
th
at
b
elo
n
g
t
o
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
o
f
,
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
th
e
M
AC
q
u
e
u
e
an
d
is
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
co
n
s
id
er
ed
MA
C
q
u
eu
e
s
ize
o
f
.
B
y
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
ti
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
w
e
ca
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
m
etr
ic
s
.
Fo
r
o
u
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
,
w
e
g
av
e
=
=
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
w
e
m
a
d
e
in
OL
S
R
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
to
em
b
ed
th
e
n
o
d
es’
w
ei
g
h
t
v
al
u
e
to
th
e
Hello
m
es
s
ag
e
s
t
h
at
ar
e
p
er
io
d
icall
y
g
en
er
ated
b
y
ea
ch
n
o
d
e.
So
Hello
p
ac
k
et
is
ex
te
n
d
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
a
f
ield
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
p
d
ated
w
ei
g
h
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
ar
titi
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
to
co
alitio
n
s
an
d
d
ef
i
n
e
a
s
et
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
co
a
liti
o
n
co
o
r
d
in
a
to
r
(
C
C
)
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
d
ec
lar
es
its
n
eig
h
b
o
r
w
h
ic
h
h
as
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
al
w
e
ig
h
t
v
al
u
e.
A
n
o
d
e
ca
n
also
d
ec
lar
e
its
elf
,
i
f
it
h
a
s
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
al
w
ei
g
h
t
v
a
lu
e.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
u
s
e
th
eir
Hel
lo
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
to
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
th
eir
d
ec
lar
atio
n
s
.
Hen
ce
w
e
h
a
v
e
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
co
alitio
n
al
m
o
d
el,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
is
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
it
s
d
esig
n
ated
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
.
Af
ter
d
e
f
in
in
g
th
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
,
ea
ch
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
w
o
u
ld
ac
t
a
s
MP
R
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
i
ts
co
alitio
n
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
He
n
ce
,
th
ese
co
alit
io
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t
Hello
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
t
h
at
in
c
lu
d
e
th
eir
co
alitio
n
m
e
m
b
er
s
i
n
th
e
ir
MP
R
s
elec
to
r
s
et.
So
m
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
th
e
Hello
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
W
e
ad
d
an
in
d
icato
r
th
at
a
n
o
d
e
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ec
lar
ed
as
a
c
o
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
in
d
icato
r
th
at
a
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ec
lar
ed
as
a
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
i
n
ato
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
co
alit
io
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
d
ec
lar
atio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
to
all
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e
t
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
i
n
tr
a
-
co
alitio
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
i
n
te
r
-
co
alitio
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
in
tr
a
-
co
alitio
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
in
s
id
e
th
e
co
alit
io
n
t
h
e
co
alit
io
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
ca
n
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
e
v
er
y
m
e
m
b
er
n
o
d
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
o
n
l
y
th
e
co
alit
io
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
is
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
o
n
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ar
e
k
ep
t
o
n
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
26
–
33
30
Hen
ce
i
f
an
y
n
o
d
e
w
a
n
t
s
to
s
en
d
a
p
ac
k
et
to
o
n
e
o
f
s
leep
in
g
n
o
d
es,
it
ca
n
j
u
s
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
it
to
th
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
th
at
s
e
n
d
a
n
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
en
t
to
t
h
e
d
es
tin
at
io
n
,
an
d
i
t
c
h
an
g
es
its
m
o
d
e
to
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
p
ac
k
et,
a
f
ter
f
i
n
is
h
in
g
t
h
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
it
w
il
l
ag
ai
n
co
m
e
o
n
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
in
t
h
e
in
ter
-
co
ali
tio
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
p
ac
k
et
s
b
et
w
ee
n
an
y
s
o
u
r
ce
-
d
est
in
at
io
n
n
o
d
es
w
ill
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
t
h
eir
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
,
th
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
u
s
e
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
MP
R
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
p
ac
k
e
t
to
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
’
s
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
w
h
ic
h
w
o
u
ld
m
in
i
m
ize
th
e
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
n
o
d
es.
Fo
r
m
o
d
elin
g
t
h
e
M
A
NE
T
r
o
u
ti
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
as
a
h
ed
o
n
ic
c
o
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
a
m
e,
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
la
y
er
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
.
So
w
e
d
e
f
in
e
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
i
n
d
icati
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
f
n
o
d
es.
W
e
ass
u
m
e
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
i
s
co
m
m
o
n
f
o
r
all
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
h
en
ce
w
e
d
en
o
te
it
b
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
an
y
n
o
d
e
is
g
iv
i
n
g
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
2
)
.
⇔
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
t
w
o
co
alit
io
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
a
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
r
w
it
h
t
h
eir
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
(
in
p
r
in
cip
le
is
a
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
co
alitio
n
th
at
its
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
a
to
r
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
w
ei
g
h
t a
t d
ec
lar
atio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
ti
m
e)
.
An
d
|
|
is
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
ef
i
n
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
’
s
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
alitio
n
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ef
in
e
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
r
elatio
n
,
th
e
p
la
y
er
s
ca
n
co
m
p
ar
e
t
w
o
co
alitio
n
s
an
d
to
ch
o
o
s
e
w
h
ich
o
n
e
to
b
e
m
e
m
b
er
in
.
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
to
th
is
m
o
d
el,
b
ein
g
a
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
o
b
lig
ates
th
i
s
p
la
y
er
to
ac
t
as
a
co
m
m
o
n
MP
R
f
o
r
th
e
o
th
er
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
th
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
av
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
s
er
v
ice
s
f
o
r
an
y
p
ac
k
et
s
o
u
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
.
T
h
e
p
ay
o
f
f
th
a
t
a
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
es
b
y
b
ei
n
g
in
a
c
o
alitio
n
is
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
th
at
ca
n
r
ea
ch
i
n
tr
a
-
co
alitio
n
an
d
in
ter
-
co
alit
io
n
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
o
n
e
MP
R
n
o
d
e
(
C
C
)
,
h
en
ce
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ab
le
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
MP
R
n
o
d
es
w
h
ich
e
v
e
n
tu
a
ll
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
ch
a
n
n
el
c
o
llis
io
n
s
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
th
e
e
n
er
g
e
tic
co
n
s
er
v
at
io
n
b
y
p
ass
in
g
to
s
leep
m
o
d
e.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
e
w
ill
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
et
u
p
a
n
d
r
esu
lt
s
u
s
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
o
u
r
m
o
d
if
ie
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
OL
SR
(
w
it
h
co
al
itio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
cla
s
s
ical
o
n
e,
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
N
S3
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
r
ee
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics to
ev
al
u
ate
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
itio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e:
a.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
elec
ted
M
P
R
n
o
d
es in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
b.
No
d
es lif
eti
m
e:
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
aliv
e
n
o
d
es b
y
t
i
m
e.
c.
P
ac
k
et
Deliv
er
y
R
at
io
(
P
DR
)
:
th
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
ck
ets
d
eli
v
er
ed
to
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
es
o
v
er
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets s
e
n
t b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es.
W
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
a
M
ANE
T
w
it
h
a
v
ar
ian
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es,
with
i
n
a
8
0
0
x
8
0
0
m
eter
s
q
u
ar
e
ar
ea
,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
g
e
n
er
at
in
g
p
ac
k
ets
is
1
0
2
4
b
y
tes,
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
m
o
v
e
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
b
ased
o
n
a
R
an
d
o
m
W
a
y
p
o
in
t
m
o
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
5
m
/
s
ec
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
t
i
m
e
i
s
s
et
to
4
0
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
P
a
r
am
e
ter
s
A
r
e
a
8
00
m
x
8
00
m
N
o
d
e
s
4
0
,
6
0
,
8
0
,
1
0
0
,
1
2
0
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
Ty
p
e
C
B
R
/
U
D
P
P
a
c
k
e
t
S
i
z
e
1
0
2
4
b
y
t
e
s
S
t
a
r
t
o
f
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
5
0
se
c
o
n
d
s
T
r
a
n
smissi
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
10
d
b
m
L
i
n
k
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
2
M
b
/
s
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
N
o
d
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
0
.
4
Jo
u
l
e
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
/
S
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
4
t
i
me
s
N
o
d
e
s’
sp
e
e
d
1
5
m/
se
c
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
i
me
3
0
0
se
c
o
n
d
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
C
o
a
liti
o
n
-
F
o
r
ma
tio
n
Ga
me
Mo
d
el
fo
r
E
n
erg
y
-
E
fficien
t R
o
u
tin
g
in
Mo
b
ile
A
d
-
ho
c
…
(
A
b
d
elka
b
ir
S
a
h
n
o
u
n
)
31
W
e
s
i
m
u
lated
a
MA
NE
T
w
it
h
v
ar
ia
n
t
n
o
d
es
’
n
u
m
b
er
,
w
e
ai
m
ed
to
ass
es
s
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
h
ea
d
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
ie
w,
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
s
elec
ted
MP
R
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ali
v
e
n
o
d
es
b
y
t
i
m
e,
an
d
P
DR
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
d
if
i
ed
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
OL
S
R
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
OL
S
R
w
it
h
co
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
b
v
io
u
s
l
y
m
i
n
i
m
ized
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
elec
ted
MP
R
n
o
d
es.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
MP
R
s
co
n
tain
t
h
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
,
th
at
b
eh
av
e
as
s
p
ec
ial
MP
R
n
o
d
es.
So
t
h
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
MP
R
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
a
les
s
en
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
(
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
)
th
an
i
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
OL
S
R
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
co
alitio
n
al
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
el
w
o
u
ld
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
es
s
ag
e
th
at
b
e
av
o
id
ed
,
h
e
n
ce
it
w
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
f
o
r
d
en
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
B
y
o
u
r
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
o
d
el
th
er
e
i
s
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
ab
o
u
t
2
2
%
o
f
MP
R
n
o
d
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
OL
S
R
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
o
u
r
m
o
d
i
f
ied
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
n
e
i
n
p
r
o
lo
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
eti
m
e,
f
ir
s
t
b
ec
au
s
e
w
e
h
a
v
e
less
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
MP
R
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
e
v
e
n
t
u
all
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
ch
an
n
el
co
llis
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
ea
s
o
n
i
s
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
k
ee
p
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
in
s
leep
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
s
er
v
ice
to
d
o
,
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
l
y
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
o
u
r
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
c
h
e
m
e
ac
h
iev
e
s
m
o
r
e
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
t
h
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
co
s
t a
n
d
M
A
C
q
u
e
u
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
co
s
t o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
d
ec
lar
in
g
t
h
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
MP
R
n
o
d
es
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
A
li
v
e
n
o
d
es
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
a
s
p
ec
ts
t
h
at
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
W
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
at
P
DR
h
as
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
r
ea
ch
to
u
p
to
4
%
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
o
u
r
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
el
O
L
S
R
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
q
u
eu
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
is
tak
e
n
i
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
as
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
cr
ite
r
ia
in
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
f
o
r
n
o
d
es,
b
ased
in
,
n
o
d
es
d
ec
lar
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
th
at
ac
t
a
s
a
s
p
ec
ializ
ed
MP
R
s
,
th
u
s
o
u
r
m
o
d
el
g
i
v
es
a
p
r
io
r
ity
to
n
o
d
es
th
at
les
s
co
n
g
e
s
ted
to
b
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e,
as
k
n
o
w
n
,
th
e
co
n
g
es
tio
n
i
n
n
o
d
es q
u
e
u
e
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t c
au
s
e
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
ca
u
s
es t
h
is
s
li
g
h
t i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
P
DR
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
R
at
i
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
26
–
33
32
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
a
f
ter
h
a
v
e
an
a
l
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esu
l
ts
,
w
e
ca
n
co
n
cl
u
d
e
th
at
t
h
e
co
alitio
n
al
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
m
o
r
e
ch
a
n
ce
to
ex
t
en
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
e
ti
m
e
d
u
e
to
it
s
p
r
o
p
r
iety
to
s
elec
t
less
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
MP
R
s
,
h
en
c
e
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
ch
a
n
n
el
co
ll
i
s
io
n
,
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
th
is
m
o
d
el
tak
e
s
in
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
ile
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
MP
R
s
,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
a
lar
g
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
w
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
el
in
M
A
NE
T
s
b
ased
o
n
co
alitio
n
al
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
g
a
m
e
th
eo
r
y
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
M
A
NE
T
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
to
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
l
y
f
o
r
w
ar
d
p
ac
k
et
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
MA
NE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
m
o
d
eled
as a
h
ed
o
n
i
c
co
aliti
o
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
g
a
m
e
a
m
o
n
g
n
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
m
d
is
j
o
in
t
co
alitio
n
s
.
T
o
f
o
r
m
th
e
c
o
alitio
n
s
,
w
e
ad
o
p
t
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
th
at
allo
w
s
d
ec
lar
in
g
a
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
b
y
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es b
ased
o
n
cr
o
s
s
la
y
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
;
th
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
n
et
wo
r
k
co
n
g
est
io
n
,
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es,
as
w
ell
as,
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
n
th
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
n
o
d
es
w
o
u
ld
j
o
in
o
r
leav
e
th
e
co
alitio
n
s
b
ase
o
n
t
h
eir
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
W
e
in
te
g
r
ate
th
is
m
o
d
el
to
O
L
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
co
alitio
n
co
o
r
d
in
at
o
r
s
ac
t
as
s
p
ec
ial
MP
R
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
w
e
co
m
p
ar
e
b
et
w
ee
n
o
u
r
m
o
d
if
ied
O
L
S
R
w
it
h
co
alitio
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
n
e.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
s
e
lecte
d
MP
R
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
aliv
e
n
o
d
es
b
y
ti
m
e,
a
n
d
th
e
P
ac
k
et
Deli
v
er
y
R
atio
.
W
h
ich
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
lead
s
,
in
g
en
e
r
al,
to
b
etter
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
class
ica
l O
L
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
L
.
Bu
tt
y
a
n
a
n
d
J.
Hu
b
a
u
x
,
"
S
ti
m
u
latin
g
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
S
e
lf
Org
a
n
izin
g
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
"
ACM
/Kl
u
we
r
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
two
rk
s a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
Oc
t
2
0
0
3
.
[2
]
K.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
K.
Na
h
rste
d
t,
"
iP
a
ss
:
An
In
c
e
n
t
ive
Co
mp
a
ti
b
le
A
u
c
ti
o
n
S
c
h
e
me
to
E
n
a
b
le
P
a
c
k
e
t
Fo
rwa
rd
in
g
S
e
rv
ice
in
M
a
n
e
ts,
"
P
r
o
c
.
2
4
t
h
IEE
E
In
t’l
Co
n
f
.
Distrib
u
ted
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
S
y
ste
m
s (ICDCS’
0
4
)
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
S
.
Z
h
o
n
g
,
L
.
L
i,
Y.
L
iu
,
a
n
d
Y.
Ya
n
g
,
"
On
De
sig
n
in
g
In
c
e
n
ti
v
e
Co
m
p
a
ti
b
le
Ro
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
F
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
i
n
W
irele
ss
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
—
A
n
In
teg
ra
ted
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
Us
in
g
G
a
m
e
T
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l
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n
d
Cr
y
p
to
g
ra
p
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ic
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
"
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c
.
ACM
M
o
b
iC
o
m
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
-
1
3
1
,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
S
.
Bu
c
h
e
g
g
e
r
a
n
d
J.
-
Y.
L
e
Bo
u
d
e
c
,
"
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
t
h
e
CONFIDANT
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l,
"
i
n
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
3
rd
A
CM
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sy
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
&
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(M
o
b
iHo
c
)
.
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
,
NY
,
USA
:
A
CM
,
2
0
0
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
6
–
2
3
6
.
[5
]
P
.
M
i
c
h
iard
i
a
n
d
R.
M
o
lv
a
,
"
Co
r
e
:
a
c
o
l
la
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
re
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
me
c
h
a
n
ism
to
e
n
f
o
rc
e
n
o
d
e
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
m
o
b
i
le
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,"
in
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
IF
IP
T
C6
/T
C1
1
S
ix
th
Jo
i
n
t
W
o
rk
in
g
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
S
e
c
u
rit
y
:
A
d
v
a
n
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e
d
Co
m
m
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n
ica
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s
a
n
d
M
u
lt
im
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ia
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e
c
u
rit
y
,
De
v
e
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ter
,
T
h
e
Ne
t
h
e
rlan
d
s,
2
0
0
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
–
1
2
1
.
[6
]
S
.
Ba
n
sa
l
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
k
e
r,
"
Ob
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
e
n
f
o
rc
e
m
e
n
t
in
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
Co
RR
,
v
o
l
.
c
s.NI/0
3
0
7
0
1
2
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
S
.
M
a
rti
,
T
.
J.
G
iu
li
,
K.
L
a
i,
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
k
e
r,
"
M
it
i
g
a
ti
n
g
ro
u
ti
n
g
mis
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
i
n
mo
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
s,
"
i
n
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
6
th
a
n
n
u
a
l
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
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l
e
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
(M
o
b
iC
o
m
)
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
,
USA
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
–
2
6
5
.
[8
]
R.
M
y
e
rso
n
"
G
a
m
e
T
h
e
o
r
y
:
A
n
a
ly
sis o
f
Co
n
f
li
c
t
"
Ha
rv
a
rd
Un
ive
rs
it
y
Pre
ss
,
1
9
9
7
.
[9
]
Dim
it
ris
E.
Ch
a
ril
a
s,
A
th
a
n
a
sio
s
D.
P
a
n
a
g
o
p
o
u
lo
s,
"
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
g
a
m
e
th
e
o
r
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
Co
mp
u
ter
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
Vo
lu
m
e
5
4
,
Iss
u
e
1
8
,
2
0
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
0
,
P
a
g
e
s 3
4
2
1
-
3
4
3
0
,
I
S
S
N 1
3
8
9
-
1
2
8
6
.
[1
0
]
J.
Ku
m
a
r,
"
Bro
a
d
c
a
stin
g
T
ra
ff
i
c
L
o
a
d
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
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l
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sis
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0
2
.
1
1
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A
C
in
M
o
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il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(M
A
NE
T
)
Us
in
g
Ra
n
d
o
m
Wa
y
p
o
in
t
M
o
d
e
l
(RW
M
)
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
N
e
two
rk
S
e
c
u
rity
(
IJ
INS
)
,
V
o
l
1
N
o
3
,
2
0
1
2
p
a
g
e
s 2
2
3
-
2
2
7
.
[1
1
]
S
.
A
sh
o
l
Ku
m
a
r,
E.
S
u
re
sh
Ba
b
u
,
C.
Na
rg
a
ra
ju
,
A
.
P
e
d
a
G
o
p
i
,
"
A
n
Em
p
ir
ica
l
Crit
iq
u
e
o
f
On
-
De
m
a
n
d
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
a
g
a
in
st
Ru
sh
in
g
A
tt
a
c
k
in
M
A
NE
T
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
V
o
l
5
No
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
Y.
Yo
o
a
n
d
D.
P
.
A
g
ra
w
a
l,
"
W
h
y
d
o
e
s
it
p
a
y
to
b
e
se
l
f
ish
in
a
M
A
NET?
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
7
–
9
7
,
De
c
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
E.
Hu
a
n
g
,
J.
Cro
w
c
ro
f
t,
a
n
d
I.
W
a
ss
e
ll
,
"
Reth
i
n
k
in
g
in
c
e
n
t
ive
s
fo
r
mo
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
s,"
in
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
A
CM
S
I
G
COMM
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
ry
o
f
in
c
e
n
ti
v
e
s
in
n
e
tw
o
rk
e
d
s
y
ste
m
s
,
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
,
NY
,
USA
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
–
1
9
6
.
[1
4
]
J.
Hu
a
n
d
M
.
B
u
rm
e
ste
r,
"
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
in
Gu
id
e
to
W
ire
les
s
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
.
S
p
rin
g
e
r
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
4
3
–
57
.
[1
5
]
Ju
a
n
Jo
sé
Ja
ra
m
il
lo
,
R.
S
rik
a
n
t,
"
A
g
a
m
e
th
e
o
ry
b
a
se
d
re
p
u
tatio
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
to
in
c
e
n
ti
v
ize
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
i
n
w
irele
ss
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
8
,
Iss
u
e
4
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
0
,
P
a
g
e
s 4
1
6
-
4
2
9
,
I
S
S
N 1
5
7
0
-
8
7
0
5
.
[1
6
]
M
a
rc
e
la
M
e
ji
a
,
Né
sto
r
P
e
ñ
a
,
J
o
s
e
L
.
M
u
ñ
o
z
,
Os
c
a
r
Esp
a
rz
a
,
M
a
rc
o
A
.
A
lza
te,
"
A
g
a
m
e
th
e
o
re
ti
c
tru
st
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
on
-
li
n
e
d
istr
ib
u
ted
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
M
A
NET
s,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
two
rk
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
V
o
lu
m
e
3
4
,
Iss
u
e
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
1
,
P
a
g
e
s 3
9
-
5
1
,
IS
S
N
1
0
8
4
-
8
0
4
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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SS
N:
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8708
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(
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33
[1
7
]
M
.
F
e
leg
y
h
a
z
i,
J.
-
P
.
Hu
b
a
u
x
,
a
n
d
L
.
Bu
tt
y
a
n
,
"
Na
sh
e
q
u
il
ib
ria
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
f
o
r
w
a
rd
in
g
stra
teg
ie
s
in
w
irele
ss
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
6
3
–
4
7
6
,
m
a
y
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
E.
A
lt
m
a
n
,
A
.
A
.
Kh
e
ra
n
i,
P
.
M
ic
h
iard
i,
a
n
d
R.
M
o
lv
a
,
"
No
n
-
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
F
o
rwa
rd
in
g
in
A
d
-
h
o
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,
"
INRIA
,
T
e
c
h
.
Re
p
.
RR
-
5
1
1
6
,
F
e
b
2
0
0
4
.
[1
9
]
K.
R.
A
p
t
a
n
d
A
.
W
it
z
e
l,
"
A
g
e
n
e
ric
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
c
o
a
li
ti
o
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Ga
me
T
h
e
o
ry
Rev
iew
(
IGTR
)
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
0
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
–
3
6
7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
0
]
P
.
M
ich
iard
i
a
n
d
R.
M
o
lv
a
,
"
A
n
a
ly
sis o
f
c
o
a
li
ti
o
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
tw
.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
–
2
1
9
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
0
5
.
[2
1
]
V
.
S
r
in
iv
a
sa
n
,
P
.
N
u
g
g
e
h
a
ll
i,
C.
Ch
ias
se
rin
i,
a
n
d
R.
Ra
o
,
"
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
wire
les
s
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
s,"
i
n
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
te
r
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(INFOCOM)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
2
0
0
3
,
p
p
.
8
0
8
–
8
1
7
.
[2
2
]
M
a
n
a
m
V
KC,
M
a
h
e
n
d
ra
n
V
,
M
u
rth
y
CS
R
(2
0
1
4
)
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
D
T
N ro
u
ti
n
g
w
it
h
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s an
d
se
lf
ish
n
o
d
e
s,
"
W
ire
l
Ne
tw
2
0
(1
):
2
5
–
40
.
[2
3
]
W
a
n
g
Y,
S
in
g
h
a
l
M
(2
0
0
7
)
,
"
O
n
im
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
o
f
tr
u
th
f
u
l
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
M
A
NET
s
w
it
h
se
lf
ish
n
o
d
e
s,
"
Per
v
a
siv
e
M
o
b
Co
mp
u
t
3
(2
0
0
7
):5
3
7
–
5
5
9
.
[2
4
]
S
.
M
a
rti
,
T
.
J.
G
iu
li
,
K.
L
a
i,
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
k
e
r,
"
M
it
ig
a
ti
n
g
ro
u
ti
n
g
mi
sb
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
i
n
mo
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
t
wo
rk
s,"
in
P
ro
c
.
A
CM
/IE
EE
A
n
n
u
a
l
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
(M
o
b
ico
m
)
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
-
2
6
5
,
Bo
sto
n
,
M
A
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
0
.
[2
5
]
S
.
Bu
c
h
e
g
g
e
r
a
n
d
J.
-
Y.
L
e
Bo
u
d
e
c
,
"
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
th
e
CONFIDANT
p
ro
to
c
o
l
(
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
fn
o
d
e
s
:
fa
irn
e
ss
in
d
y
n
a
mic
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
s),"
in
P
r
o
c
.
A
CM
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
N
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(M
o
b
iH
o
c
)
,
p
p
.
8
0
-
9
1
,
L
a
u
sa
n
n
a
e
,
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
2
.
[2
6
]
P
.
M
ic
h
iard
i
a
n
d
R.
M
o
lv
a
,
"
A
g
a
me
t
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
e
v
a
lu
a
te
c
o
o
p
e
ra
t
io
n
e
n
f
o
rc
e
me
n
t
me
c
h
a
n
isms
i
n
mo
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
s,"
i
n
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E/
A
CM
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
i
n
M
o
b
il
e
,
A
d
Ho
c
,
a
n
d
W
irele
ss
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s (W
iOp
t)
,
S
o
p
h
i
A
n
ti
p
o
l
is,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
3
.
[2
7
]
T
a
n
u
m
a
y
M
a
n
n
a
,
Iti
S
a
h
a
M
isra
,
"
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
re
lay
b
a
se
d
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
sp
e
c
tru
m
se
n
sin
g
u
sin
g
c
o
a
li
ti
o
n
a
l
g
a
m
e
s
in
w
irele
ss
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
i
o
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
Co
mp
u
ter
s
&
El
e
c
t
ric
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Vo
lu
m
e
4
5
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
5
,
P
a
g
e
s
77
-
9
9
,
IS
S
N
0
0
4
5
-
7
9
0
6
.
[2
8
]
A
.
O
m
r
a
n
i
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
F
a
ll
a
h
,
"
A
g
a
m
e
-
th
e
o
re
ti
c
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
st
im
u
lu
s
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
l
in
M
AN
ET
s,
"
IAE
NG
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
c
o
mp
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
9
]
J.
Ca
i
a
n
d
U.
P
o
o
c
h
,
"
Al
l
o
c
a
te
fa
ir
p
a
y
o
f
f
f
o
r
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
w
ire
les
s
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
s
h
a
p
ley
v
a
lu
e
,
"
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
te
d
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
p
.
2
1
9
a
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
0
]
T
.
Clau
se
n
a
n
d
P
.
Ja
c
q
u
e
t,
"
Op
ti
m
iz
e
d
L
in
k
S
tate
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
(OL
S
R).
"
RF
C
3
6
2
6
,
IET
F
N
e
two
rk
W
o
rk
in
g
Gr
o
u
p
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
0
3
.
[3
1
]
A
.
Bo
g
o
m
o
n
laia
a
n
d
M
.
Ja
c
k
so
n
,
"
T
h
e
sta
b
il
it
y
o
f
h
e
d
o
n
ic
c
o
a
li
ti
o
n
stru
c
t
u
re
s,
"
Ga
me
s
a
n
d
Eco
n
o
mic
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
–
2
3
0
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
2
.
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