Int
ern
at
i
onal
J
ourn
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
, pp.
646
~
653
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
1
.
pp646
-
653
646
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
A
r
evie
w of
w
earable
s
ens
ors
b
ase
d
m
onitorin
g wit
h
d
aily
p
hysical
a
ctivit
y
t
o
m
anag
e
t
ype 2
d
iabetes
Omar
A
lS
ho
r
man
1
,
But
hay
na
h
A
lS
ho
rm
an
2
,
Fa
hed
Al
ka
h
tani
3
1
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
Depa
r
tment,
Fa
cul
t
y
of En
gine
er
ing, Naj
ra
n
Univ
ersity
,
Sa
udi
Arabi
a
1
Al
Shrouk T
rad
i
ng
Com
pan
y
,
Na
jra
n
Univ
ersity
,
Saudi
Arabi
a
2
South Alt
ern
at
i
ve
Cen
te
r
for
Ph
y
sioth
era
p
y
and
Reha
bilit
at
ion
,
S
audi
Arab
ia
3
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
Depa
r
tment,
Fa
cul
t
y
of En
gine
er
ing, Naj
ra
n
Univer
sit
y
,
Sa
udi
Arabi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
i
cl
e hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
3
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
Jun
3
0
,
20
20
Accepte
d
J
ul
11
, 2
0
20
Global
l
y
,
the
aging
and
the
li
fest
y
l
e
lead
to
rab
id
l
y
in
cre
m
ent
of
t
he
num
ber
of
t
y
p
e
two
diabete
s
(T2D)
patient
s.
Cri
ti
c
al
l
y
,
T2D
conside
rs
as
one
of
the
m
ost
cha
ll
e
nging
hea
l
th
ca
r
e
issue.
Im
porta
ntly
,
ph
y
s
ic
a
l
a
ct
ivit
y
(PA
)
play
s
a
vital
r
ole
of
improvi
ng
gl
y
c
emic
co
ntrol
T2D
.
Ho
weve
r,
d
a
i
l
y
m
onit
oring
of
T
2D
using
wea
ra
ble
dev
ices/
sen
sors
have
a
cru
ci
a
l
rol
e
t
o
m
onit
or
gluc
ose
le
ve
ls
in
the
bl
ood.
Now
aday
s
,
dai
l
y
ph
y
si
ca
l
a
c
ti
vi
t
y
(PA
)
and
exe
r
ci
ses
h
ave
be
en
used
t
o
m
ana
ge
T2D.
The
m
ai
n
contributi
on
o
f
the
proposed
stu
d
y
is
to
r
evi
ew
t
he
liter
at
ure
abo
ut
m
ana
ging
and
m
onit
oring
T2D
with
dai
l
y
PA
through
wea
rab
le
d
evi
c
es
an
d
sensors
.
Final
l
y
,
challe
ng
es
and
futur
e tre
nds
are
a
lso hi
ghl
ig
hte
d.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Diabetes
Healt
hcar
e
Mon
it
ori
ng
Ph
ysi
cal
acti
vity
Sensor
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Om
ar A
lSh
orm
an,
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng D
e
par
t
m
ent
, and
AlS
hro
uk Tr
a
ding
Com
pan
y
,
Njra
n Un
i
ver
si
ty
,
Najra
n,
Saudi
Ar
a
bia.
Em
a
il
:
o
m
ar2
007_a
hu@yah
oo.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days,
de
creasin
g
chro
ni
c
diseases
by
changin
g
the
he
al
th
beh
a
vior
and
im
pr
ov
i
ng
li
festy
le
are
crit
ic
al
ly
req
ui
red
[
1,
2]
.
Im
portantl
y,
the
us
e
of
recent
tren
ds
an
d
ad
van
ce
d
te
ch
nolog
y
in
healt
hc
are
industries
ha
ve
gain
a
cru
ci
al
ro
le
[3
-
5]
.
Howev
e
r,
achie
ve
hig
h
safety
li
vin
g
[6
-
8]
for
el
der
ly
and
patie
nts
is
chall
enged
.
Th
us
,
hea
lt
hcar
e
m
on
it
or
ing
/t
ra
ckin
g
f
or
t
ho
se
people
are
vital
[9]
.
Acc
ord
i
ng
t
he
Wo
rl
d
Healt
h
O
r
ga
nizat
ion
(
WHO)
re
ports,
the
num
ber
of
T2
D
patie
nts
is
42
2
m
il
l
ion
i
n
2014.
Th
at
m
eans
8.5
%
of
a
du
lt
s
serv
e
f
r
om
diabetes.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
WH
O
e
xpect
s
that
the
nu
m
ber
will
arr
ive
to
50
0
m
illi
on
in
2030
[10]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
her
e
is
a
di
re
ct
con
tri
bu
ti
on
betwee
n
T2
D
an
d
s
om
e
conditi
ons,
in
cl
ud
in
g,
st
rok
e,
hear
t
disease,
den
ta
l
pro
blem
s,
pr
egn
a
ncy
pr
ob
le
m
s,
i
mm
un
e
syst
e
m
pr
ob
le
m
s,
ne
rvo
us
sys
tem
d
ise
ase,
ki
dn
ey
fail
ur
e,
blindne
ss,
a
nd
high
blo
od
press
ur
e
[
11
]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
dia
betic
pati
ents
treat
m
ent
create
s
huge
c
os
ts
for
insti
tuati
on
s
and
gove
rm
ents
[12]
.
Ph
ysi
cal
act
ivit
y
(P
A)
[
13
-
15]
play
s
an
im
p
or
ta
nt
r
ole
of
im
pr
ov
in
g
glyc
e
m
ic
con
trol
[
16
]
in
ty
p
e
2
diabetes
(T
2D)
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
1
[
17]
.
More
ov
e
r,
P
A
achieves
se
veral
healt
hcar
e
goal
s
su
c
h
as
[
18,
19]
,
reducin
g
th
e
r
isk
of
ca
rd
i
ovascular
diseas
e
(CV
D)
[
20,
21]
,
incre
asi
ng
the
vigo
ur
[
22
]
,
re
du
ci
ng
le
vels
of
tri
glyc
eride
-
rich
VL
DL
[
23
]
,
decr
easi
ng
the
ins
ulin
r
esi
sta
nce
[
24,
25
]
,
im
pr
ovin
g
the
blood
pressu
re
(BP)
[
26,
27]
,
pre
ven
ti
n
g
t
he
ob
e
sit
y
[28,
29]
,
reduci
ng
the
m
or
ta
li
ty
[3
0,
31
]
,
i
m
pr
ovin
g
physi
cal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A revie
w of we
ar
able
se
nsors
ba
s
ed
mon
it
or
ing w
it
h da
il
y
physi
cal
ac
ti
vi
ty
to man
ag
e
...
(
Omar Al
Shorm
an
)
647
fitness
[32,
33]
,
en
han
ce
c
ogniti
ve
pe
rform
ance
[
34
]
,
e
nh
a
nce
the
m
ood
[
35
]
,
an
d
increa
sin
g
th
e
ene
rg
y
exp
e
ndit
ur
e
[
36, 3
7]
.
In
rece
nt
ye
ar
s,
sever
al
gl
uc
os
e
-
m
on
it
ori
ng
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
hav
e
been
c
onduct
ed
[38
-
42]
.
Ba
sed
on
the
li
te
ratur
e,
s
ti
ll
there
is
a
la
ck
of
cl
arit
y
ab
ou
t wh
at
le
vel o
f
ph
ysi
cal
act
ivit
y
is
need
e
d
to
re
du
c
e
the
ri
sk
of
T2
D
[
43,
44
]
.
Howe
ver,
it
is
no
t
cl
ear
w
hich
ty
pe
of
PA
is
bette
r
in
re
duci
ng
T
2D
ris
k
tha
n
ot
her
s.
This
la
ckin
g
of
cl
arit
y
le
ads
to
the
con
trib
ution
of
the
pro
posed
stu
dy
[45
-
47]
.
The
m
ai
n
con
trib
ut
ion
of
the
pro
po
se
d
s
tud
y
is
to
m
anag
e
T2
D
by
usi
ng
wear
a
ble
dev
ic
es
a
nd
se
ns
ors
with
daily
ph
ysi
cal
act
i
vity
.
Figure
2
s
how
s
the
fl
ow
c
ha
rt
of
m
anag
in
g
an
d
m
on
it
or
ing
ty
pe
2
diabetes
us
i
ng
da
il
y
ph
ysi
cal
act
ivit
y
thr
ough
wea
r
able
sen
s
ors.
In
te
ns
it
y
an
d
du
rati
on
ar
e
the
m
ai
n
t
wo
m
easur
es
to
cl
assify
PA
[48]
.
The
m
et
abo
li
c
equ
i
valent
(
MET
)
is
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
the
intensit
y
of
PA
[
49,
50]
.
Table
1
sho
ws
daily
ph
ysi
cal
acti
viti
es an
d
their
M
ET.
Weara
ble
dev
i
ces
[
51
]
a
re
now
hi
gh
ly
us
e
d
for
hum
an
act
ivit
y
reco
gni
ti
on
[52]
.
T
he
y
are
us
e
d
a
s
a
pr
e
dicto
r
f
or
any
a
bnorm
al
healt
h
case
s
[
53,
54]
.
I
m
po
rtantl
y,
di
abetes
patie
nts
crit
ic
al
ly
need
24
/
7
m
anag
em
ent
[55]
.
M
on
it
ori
ng
the
blood
gl
uco
se
(BG
)
le
vel
us
i
ng
we
arab
le
se
nsors
has
a
vital
ro
le
i
n
diabetes tr
eat
m
ent r
e
voluti
on
nowa
days
[56
-
58]
.
Figure
1.
The
e
ff
ect
of r
e
gu
la
r
physi
cal
acti
vity
on
T2
D
Figure
2. The
fl
ow
c
ha
rt of m
anag
i
ng and m
on
it
ori
ng ty
pe
2 diabete
s
us
in
g
daily
ph
ysi
cal
a
ct
ivit
y th
r
ough
wear
a
bl
e sensor
s
Table
1.
Dail
y ph
ysi
cal
acti
viti
es an
d
their
M
ET
Daily
PA
MET
Ho
u
sewo
rk
1
.8
-
4
Ga
rden
in
g
3
.8
Sh
o
v
elin
g
6
Slo
w walkin
g
3
Fast W
alk
in
g
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2
088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
64
6
-
65
3
648
Table
2
s
how
s
wear
a
ble
sen
s
ing
te
ch
nolo
gi
es
[59
-
61]
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
st
udy
aim
s
to
rev
i
ew
wea
ra
bl
e
sensing
te
ch
no
log
ie
s
us
ed
t
o
m
ang
ae
an
d
m
on
it
or
T
2D
wi
th
PA
.
Mo
rove
r,
c
halle
ng
es
a
nd
f
utu
re
t
rend
s
are
highli
gh
te
d.
Table
2.
Wea
ra
ble se
ns
in
g
te
c
hnologies
Sen
so
r
ty
p
e
Exa
m
p
le
Inertial sens
o
r
[
6
2
,
6
3
]
Magn
etic f
ield
sen
so
rs
[
6
4
]
,
p
ressu
re
sen
so
rs
[
6
5
]
,
an
d
ac
celer
o
m
eter
[
6
6
]
I
m
ag
e s
en
so
r
[
6
7
]
Ca
m
er
a
[
6
8
]
Locatio
n
sen
so
r
[
6
9
,
7
0
]
GPS and
GI
S
[
7
1
]
Ph
y
sio
lo
g
ical sen
so
r
[
7
2
,
7
3
]
Galv
an
ic sk
in
[
7
4
]
,
p
u
ls rate
[
7
5
]
,el
ectroen
ceph
alo
g
ram
(
EE
G)
[
7
6
,
7
7
]
,
electrocardio
g
ra
m
(E
CG)
[
7
8
]
,
b
lo
o
d
press
u
re
sen
so
r
[
7
9
]
,
elect
roo
cu
lo
g
raph
y
(
EO
G)
[
8
0
]
,
a
n
d
sp
iro
m
ete
r
[
8
1
]
2.
LIT
ERATUR
R
EV
IEW
Seve
ral
stud
ie
s
and
resea
rc
he
s
hav
e
bee
n
cond
ucted
to
stud
y
the
relat
ion
s
hip
bet
w
e
en
physi
cal
act
ivit
y and
T
2D.
That i
nclu
de
:
-
In
te
r
net
of
thin
gs
(IoT
)
[
82]
-
Bi
g
data a
naly
ti
cs
[83]
-
Sign
al
proces
sing ba
sed
tech
ni
qu
es
[
84
]
-
Im
age p
r
ocessi
ng b
a
sed
tech
ni
qu
es
[
85
]
-
In
te
ll
igent tec
hniq
ues
[86]
-
Data f
us
io
n
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
[
87]
-
Data m
ining
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
[
88]
-
Ex
per
t Sy
ste
m
s
[
89
]
Table
3
s
hows
the li
te
ratur
e
of the
prop
os
e
d st
ud
y
.
Table
3
.
R
ece
nt
ad
va
nces
on PA a
nd T
2D
Ref
erence
Co
n
tribu
tio
n
Hig
h
lig
h
ts
[
9
0
]
Co
m
b
in
ed
diet an
d
ph
y
sical activ
it
y
p
ro
m
o
t
io
n
pro
g
ra
m
s
to
prev
en
t ty
p
e 2 d
iab
etes
Red
u
ce
d
iab
etes ri
sk
and
decrease bo
d
y
weigh
t and
g
ly
ce
m
i
a
[
9
1
]
Ph
y
sical ac
tiv
ity
/e
x
ercise
an
d
diab
ete
s
Blo
o
d
glu
co
se
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
[
9
2
]
Ph
y
sical ac
tiv
ity
a
n
d
sed
en
tary
beh
a
v
io
r
with
T
2
D
Relatio
n
sh
ip
o
f
age, gen
d
er,
du
ration
of
diab
etes, sy
sto
lic
b
lo
o
d
press
u
re
an
d
ph
y
sical activ
it
y
[
9
3
]
Relatio
n
sh
ip
s b
etw
een h
ealth
liter
a
cy
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
and
d
iet and
p
h
y
sical a
ctiv
ity
with
T2D
Au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
was asso
ciated with
ph
y
sical
activ
ity
[
9
4
]
Ho
w diet, ph
y
sical
activity
and
ps
y
ch
o
so
cial well
-
b
ein
g
in
terac
t in
wo
m
en
with
ges
tatio
n
al diab
etes
m
elli
tu
s
Red
u
cin
g
adv
erse im
p
acts o
f
ges
tatio
n
al diab
etes
m
ellit
u
s
[
9
5
]
Ph
y
sical ac
tiv
ity
p
referen
ces o
f
elder
ly
peo
p
le with
T2D
Deter
m
in
e the leve
l of
ph
y
sical activ
i
ty
of
elderl
y
peo
p
le
with
ty
p
e 2 d
iab
ete
s
[
9
6
]
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t of
wear
ab
le ph
y
sio
lo
g
ic
m
o
n
ito
ring
d
ev
ices f
o
r
u
se in
diab
etes
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
Enh
an
ce c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s g
lu
co
se
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
9
7
]
Desig
n
in
g
an
in
ternet
-
of
-
th
in
g
s
(I
o
T)
and
sen
so
r
-
b
ased
in
-
h
o
m
e
m
o
n
ito
rin
g
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
ass
istin
g
diab
etes p
atien
ts
I
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
of
an
in
ternet
-
of
-
th
in
g
s
(I
o
T)
and
wir
el
ess
sen
so
r
syste
m
wh
i
ch
patien
ts u
se in
their own
ho
m
es to
capt
u
re
d
aily
activi
ty
[
9
8
]
Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
m
o
n
ito
ring
of
daily
liv
in
g
activ
ities
Preven
tio
n
of
d
iab
etic
f
o
o
t ulcer
[
9
9
]
Glu
co
se
m
o
n
ito
ring
in in
d
iv
id
u
als with
d
iab
etes
Lon
g
-
ter
m
i
m
p
lan
t
ed
sen
so
r/tele
m
et
r
y
s
y
ste
m
an
d
m
o
d
el
are
u
sed
[
1
0
0
]
Sen
so
r
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
g
lu
co
se
m
o
n
ito
ring
Accurac
y
,
saf
et
y
a
n
d
acc
ep
tab
ility
o
f
the g
lu
co
se
m
o
n
ito
ring
syste
m
in
the p
aed
iatric
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is pro
p
o
sed
[
1
0
1
]
Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s g
lu
c
o
s
e
m
o
n
ito
ring
sen
so
rs
Past an
d
presen
t al
g
o
rith
m
ic
challen
g
es o
f
CGM
sen
so
rs ar
e
in
trod
u
ced
[
1
0
2
]
Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s g
lu
c
o
s
e
m
o
n
ito
ring
Use o
f
CGM
f
o
r
a
d
ju
st
m
en
t of
ins
u
lin
do
sin
g
,
an
d
au
to
m
at
ed
interp
re
tatio
n
[
1
0
3
]
Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s g
lu
c
o
s
e
m
o
n
ito
ring
Red
u
ce the r
isk
of
hypo
g
ly
ce
m
ia
[
1
0
4
]
T2D
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
Big
data techn
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
0
5
]
T2D
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
Predictiv
e
m
o
d
els
u
sin
g
big
data anal
y
tics
[
1
0
6
]
The re
latio
n
sh
ip
between
diet, ph
y
si
cal ac
tiv
it
y
,
an
d
T
2
D
Reg
u
lar
PA is
a pri
m
a
r
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t i
n
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t of
T2D
[
1
0
7
]
The re
latio
n
sh
ip
between
p
h
y
sical
ac
tiv
ity
and
T
2
D
lev
el of
ph
y
sical a
ctiv
ity
in p
eo
p
le w
ith
T
2
D is anal
y
ze
d
[
1
0
8
]
Ph
y
sical ac
tiv
ity
a
n
d
incid
en
t ty
p
e 2 d
iab
etes
m
ellitu
s
Do
se
–
resp
o
n
se
m
e
ta
-
an
aly
sis
of
pro
s
p
ectiv
e coh
o
rt
stu
d
ies
[
1
0
9
]
Ph
y
sical ac
tiv
ity
a
n
d
r
isk
of
diab
etes
PA is asso
ciated
w
ith
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in th
e r
isk
of
diab
eties
[
1
1
0
]
Sen
so
r
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
ring
of
PA
to
i
m
p
rov
e glu
co
se
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
No
n
-
in
v
a
siv
e sen
s
o
rs us
in
g
ph
y
sio
lo
g
ical para
m
eters
r
e
lated
to
PA
to
i
m
p
rov
e
g
lu
co
se
m
o
n
ito
ring
[
1
1
1
]
Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s g
lu
c
o
s
e
m
o
n
ito
ring
Mini
m
all
y
no
n
-
in
v
asiv
e Co
n
tin
u
o
u
s g
lu
co
se
m
o
n
ito
ring
b
io
sen
so
rs ar
e pro
p
o
sed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A revie
w of we
ar
able
se
nsors
ba
s
ed
mon
it
or
ing w
it
h da
il
y
physi
cal
ac
ti
vi
ty
to man
ag
e
...
(
Omar Al
Shorm
an
)
649
3.
CHALL
ENG
ES
This
sect
io
n
s
umm
arizes
cha
ll
eng
es
a
nd
fu
t
ur
e
tren
ds
f
or
wear
a
ble
se
nsors
ba
sed
m
on
it
or
in
g
with
daily
p
hysic
al
act
ivit
y t
o
m
an
age type
2 dia
be
te
s,
inclu
ding
[10
1,
10
2,
112
-
11
4]
:
-
PA
le
vel: y
et
, th
ere
is a lac
k o
f
cl
arit
y ab
out
wh
at
le
vel of
P
A
is
nee
ded to
reduce t
he
ris
k of T2
D.
-
PA
Dive
rsity
: def
i
niti
on
of th
e act
ivit
ie
s ch
a
racteri
sti
cs is c
halle
ng
i
ng issu
e.
-
Accuracy
:
doe
s
con
ti
nu
ous
gl
uco
se
m
on
it
ori
ng
is
accu
rate
en
ou
gh
to
be
reli
able
m
easu
re
f
or
glu
c
os
e
le
vel for d
os
in
g
in
su
li
n.
-
Pr
ivacy
a
nd se
cur
it
y:
h
el
at
car
e d
at
a is se
ns
it
ive
data.
-
Av
ai
la
bili
ty
: d
et
ect
f
ai
lures o
f
the
senso
r
is
ver
y c
ru
ci
al
.
-
Cost:
conti
nuous m
on
it
or
i
ng is v
e
ry co
stl
y process.
-
Pati
ent
acce
pta
nce:
the
wea
ra
ble
de
vice
soul
d
be
acce
pta
ble
and
c
om
fo
rta
ble
by
the
wea
rer
,
i
n
te
rm
s
of,
siz
e, sh
a
pe, de
sign, s
kin
plac
e
m
ent, and
sa
ft
y.
-
Sensor
cali
br
at
ion
:
reduce t
he
i
m
pact o
f
in
div
id
ual quasi
-
sta
ble f
act
or
s
is
crit
ic
al
.
-
Energy e
ff
ic
ie
ncy:
conti
nuou
s m
on
it
or
i
ng is
en
e
rg
y c
onsum
ing
.
-
No
ise
and
unc
on
t
ro
ll
ed
envir
on
m
ent: bac
kgrou
nd noise m
ay
aff
ect
perf
orm
ance,
accu
ra
cy
, precisi
on.
-
Bi
g
data,
Ba
ndwi
dth
,
an
d
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
t
i
m
e:
con
ti
nuous
m
on
it
or
i
ng
pro
vid
es
a
huge
am
ou
nt
of
data [
115,
116].
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Re
cent
adv
a
nc
es
in
the
healt
hcar
e
e
nh
a
nce
healt
hcar
e
in
du
st
ris
an
d
m
edical
serv
ic
es
.
Howe
ver,
the
la
te
st
adv
a
nces
of
te
c
hnol
og
y
a
nd
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
,
s
uc
h
as
i
nter
net
of
t
hings
(IoT)
ha
ve
a
vital
ro
le
i
n
disease
dia
gn
os
is
an
d
m
onit
or
in
g
.
Howe
ver,
the
inte
r
net
of
m
e
dica
l
thing
s
(IoM
T)
ha
s
an
a
bi
li
ty
to
con
ti
nu
ous
a
nd
rem
ote
real
-
tim
e
m
on
it
or
in
g
of
T
2D
.
Howev
e
r,
P
A
pla
ys
an
im
po
rta
nt
r
ole
of
im
pr
ovin
g
glyc
e
m
ic
con
trol
.
Im
bortantl
y,
wear
a
ble
de
vices/
sens
ors
hav
e
the
po
t
entia
l
to
m
on
it
or
co
ntin
uousl
y
and
non
-
in
vasively
T2
D.
T
he
m
ai
n
ai
m
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
rev
i
ew
st
ud
y
is
to
find
visible
s
olu
ti
ons
to
en
han
ce
the
healt
hca
re
li
vin
g
facil
it
ie
s
us
in
g
rem
ote
healt
h
m
on
it
ori
ng
(R
HM)
.
M
or
e
over,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
re
view
stud
y
highli
gh
t
ed
w
earable
s
ens
or
s
base
d
m
on
it
or
i
ng
with
dai
ly
ph
y
sic
al
ac
ti
vity
to
m
ana
ge
ty
pe
2
dia
betes
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
per
s
onal
iz
ed,
con
ti
nu
ous
,
pr
even
ti
ve
a
nd
proacti
ve
dia
be
te
s
m
anag
em
ent
is
al
so
propose
d
.
Finall
y, chall
e
ng
e
s a
nd futu
r
e tren
ds
a
re
dis
cusse
d
a
nd h
i
ghli
gh
te
d
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Afs
hin,
et
al
.
,
“
Inform
at
i
on
te
chnol
og
y
a
nd
li
fest
y
l
e:
a
s
y
stematic
eval
uat
ion
of
inter
net
and
m
obile
int
erv
ent
ions
for
improving
die
t,
ph
y
sic
al
activit
y
,
ob
esity
,
toba
c
co,
and
a
lc
ohol
use,
”
Journal
of
the
Ame
rica
n
Heart
Associatio
n
,
vol
.
5
,
p
.
e003
058,
2016
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[2]
K.
Bhagc
handa
n
i
and
D.
P.
Aug
ustine
,
“
IoT
base
d
hea
rt
m
onit
or
ing
and
al
er
ti
ng
s
y
stem
with
cl
o
ud
computing
and
m
ana
ging
t
he
tra
ffi
c
for
a
n
ambulanc
e
in
India
,
”
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
Computer
Engi
ne
ering
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
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9
,
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.
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pp.
5068
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507
4,
2019
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[3]
R.
Baile
y
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Rea
l
ising
th
e
bene
fi
ts
of
spo
rts
and
ph
y
sic
al
ac
t
ivi
t
y
:
th
e
hu
m
an
ca
pital
m
o
del
,
”
R
ETOS.
Nuev
as Tende
n
c
ias e
n
Educ
a
ci
ó
n
Fí
si
ca, De
port
e
y
R
ec
rea
ci
ón
,
pp.
147
-
154
,
20
15.
[4]
B.
A.
Le
wis,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Future
d
irec
ti
ons
in
ph
y
s
ic
a
l
activit
y
in
te
rv
en
ti
on
r
ese
ar
ch:
ex
pandi
ng
our
foc
us
to
sede
n
tar
y
beha
viors,
t
ec
hn
olog
y
,
and
d
issem
ina
ti
on,
”
Journal
of
beha
vi
oral
medi
ci
ne
,
vo
l.
40,
pp
.
112
-
126
,
2017.
[5]
D.
Gupta,
et
a
l.
,
“
Inte
gr
at
ed
he
al
th
ca
re
m
onit
or
ing
device
for
obese
adu
lt
s
usi
ng
int
ern
et
of
t
hings
(IoT
),
”
Inte
rna
ti
onal
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
&
Co
mputer
Engi
ne
ering
,
vol
.
10
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
1
239
-
1247,
2020
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[6]
H.
Yhdego,
et
al.,
“
Towa
rds
m
us
cul
oskel
et
a
l
sim
ula
ti
on
-
awa
re
f
a
ll
inj
ur
y
m
itigati
on:
tra
nsfer
l
ea
r
ning
with
deep
CNN
for
fall
de
t
ec
t
ion,
”
in
2019
Spring
Simulat
io
n
Co
nfe
ren
ce (
SpringSim)
,
pp.
1
-
12
,
2019
.
[7]
A.
Chan
,
e
t al
.
,
“
Fall
d
et
e
ct
ion
us
ing
m
ac
hin
e le
a
r
ning,
”
Google
Pate
n
ts,
2019
.
[8]
F
.
J.
Thi
lo,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Us
abi
li
t
y
of
a
wea
rab
l
e
fall
det
e
ct
ion
proto
t
y
pe
from
the
pe
rspec
ti
v
e
of
olde
r
peopl
e
–
A
real
fie
ld
te
st
ing appr
oac
h,
”
Journal
o
f
c
li
ni
cal
nurs
in
g
,
vol
.
28
,
pp
.
31
0
-
320,
2019
.
[9]
M.
A.
Al
-
Dhah
eri
,
et
al.
,
“
Noninvasive
b
lood
gluc
ose
m
onitoring
s
y
st
em
base
d
on
ne
ar
-
in
fra
red
m
et
hod
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
&
Co
mputer
Engi
ne
ering
,
vol
.
10
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
1
736
-
1746,
202
0.
[10]
G.
Cappon,
e
t
al
.
,
“
W
ea
rab
l
e
cont
inuous
glucos
e
m
onit
oring
sensors
:
a
re
v
olut
ion
in
d
ia
b
et
es
tr
ea
tment
,
”
El
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
6,
p.
65,
2017.
[11]
J.
A.
Hawle
y
an
d
J.
R.
Zi
er
at
h
,
“
Phy
sic
al
activit
y
and
t
y
p
e
2
di
abe
t
es:
th
era
peu
ti
c
e
ffe
ct
s
and
m
ec
hani
sm
s
of
ac
t
i
on
,”
Hum
an Kinet
i
cs,
2008
.
[12]
A.
Vilj
oen
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Eva
luation
of
the
long
‐
t
erm
cost
‐
eff
e
ct
iv
ene
ss
of
once
‐
wee
k
l
y
sem
agl
uti
de
ver
s
us
dula
glut
id
e
for
treatment
of
t
y
pe
2
d
ia
b
et
es
m
el
li
tus
in
the
UK
,
”
Diabetes,
Obesity
and
M
e
tabol
ism
,
vol
.
2
1,
pp.
611
-
621
,
2019.
[13]
H.
People,
“
Ph
y
sica
l
activit
y
,
”
W
ashingt
on,
DC
:
US
Depa
rtmen
t
of
He
al
th
&
Hum
an
Servic
es
,
2
020.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2
088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
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p
En
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to
Support
the
Inte
r
oper
abi
li
t
y
of
Ph
y
sic
al
Acti
v
i
t
y
Data
,
”
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f
medi
cal Int
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Mea
suring
Hu
m
an
Acti
vities
from
Eve
r
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wh
ere,
”
Inte
rnational
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e
ct
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c
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Co
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pe
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ra
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A
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c
Surger
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/e
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sic
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adhe
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o
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it
err
anean
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et
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th
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l
-
ca
use
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i
n
olde
r
adults:
t
he
PR
Eve
n
ci
ó
n
con
DIet
a
MEDi
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ase
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orta
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r
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ca
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Acti
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P
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sic
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Fitn
ess:
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Com
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Di
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Exe
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Fitne
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t
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”
Journal
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ati
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l
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sic
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ivi
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m
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r
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m
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i
c
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in
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”
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”
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rnat
i
onal
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e
ct
rica
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A revie
w of we
ar
able
se
nsors
ba
s
ed
mon
it
or
ing w
it
h da
il
y
physi
cal
ac
ti
vi
ty
to man
ag
e
...
(
Omar Al
Shorm
an
)
651
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a
sy
st
ematic
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vie
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a
nd
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ing
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ic
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lim
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e
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a
bet
es
m
ellit
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:
a
s
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s
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m
at
i
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r
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y
sic
al
a
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ity
i
n
per
sons
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y
pe
2
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A
sy
st
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vie
w
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m
et
a
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ana
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y
sis
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iz
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ro
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e
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te
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Πανεπισ
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Σχολή
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In
t J
Elec
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p
En
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IS
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.