I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
31
2
1
~
31
30
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
6i
6
.
8
9
8
0
3121
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
Reducing
Rou
tin
g
O
v
erhea
d in
Ra
ndo
m
W
a
l
k
P
ro
toco
l
u
nder
M
P2P Ne
tw
o
rk
Aj
a
y
Aruna
cha
la
m
,
O
h
m
So
rnil
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
tatisti
c
s,
Na
t
io
n
a
l
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Ad
m
in
istratio
n
,
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
7
,
2
0
1
5
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
9
,
2
0
1
5
A
cc
ep
ted
No
v
23
,
2
0
1
5
Du
e
to
n
e
tw
o
rk
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
se
l
f
-
o
rg
a
n
izin
g
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
th
e
re
so
u
rc
e
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
e
ff
o
rt
in
c
re
a
se
s.
T
o
d
isc
o
v
e
r
o
b
jec
ts
in
u
n
stru
c
t
u
re
d
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
p
e
e
rs
re
l
y
o
n
trad
it
io
n
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s
li
k
e
f
lo
o
d
i
n
g
,
ra
n
d
o
m
w
a
l
k
a
n
d
p
ro
b
a
b
il
isti
c
f
o
rw
a
rd
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
.
W
it
h
in
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
p
a
th
s
,
t
h
e
p
e
e
rs
h
a
v
e
to
f
lo
o
d
th
e
q
u
e
ry
m
e
ss
a
g
e
w
h
ich
c
re
a
tes
in
c
re
d
ib
le
n
e
tw
o
rk
traff
ic
a
n
d
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
.
M
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
re
v
io
u
s
w
o
rk
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
ra
n
d
o
m
w
a
l
k
w
e
r
e
d
o
n
e
in
w
ired
n
e
t
w
o
rk
.
In
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t
ra
n
d
o
m
w
a
lk
w
a
s
b
e
tt
e
r
th
a
n
f
lo
o
d
in
g
.
Bu
t
u
n
d
e
r
M
A
NET
s
r
a
n
d
o
m
w
a
lk
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
b
e
h
a
v
e
d
d
if
fe
re
n
tl
y
in
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
,
d
u
e
to
f
re
q
u
e
n
t
li
n
k
f
a
il
u
re
s
in
c
u
rre
d
b
y
m
o
b
il
it
y
.
De
c
e
n
tralize
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
re
b
e
st
c
a
n
d
id
a
tes
to
ru
n
o
v
e
r
su
c
h
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
Iss
u
e
s
o
f
P
2
P
se
rv
ice
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
in
w
ired
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
w
e
ll
a
d
d
re
ss
e
d
in
se
v
e
ra
l
e
a
rli
e
r
w
o
rk
s.
T
h
is
a
rti
c
le
e
v
a
lu
a
tes
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
ra
n
d
o
m
w
a
l
k
b
a
se
d
re
so
u
rc
e
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
o
v
e
r
P
2
P
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
(M
P
2
P
)
a
n
d
su
g
g
e
sts
a
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
sc
h
e
m
e
to
su
it
M
A
NE
T
.
Ou
r
v
e
rsio
n
re
d
u
c
e
s
th
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
o
v
e
rh
e
a
d
,
lo
w
e
rs
th
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
m
in
im
i
zes
th
e
q
u
e
ry
d
e
la
y
w
h
il
e
p
ro
v
id
in
g
e
q
u
a
ll
y
g
o
o
d
su
c
c
e
ss
ra
t
e
.
T
h
e
p
ro
to
c
o
l
is
v
a
li
d
a
ted
th
ro
u
g
h
e
x
ten
siv
e
NS
-
2
si
m
u
latio
n
s.
It
i
s
c
lea
r
f
ro
m
th
e
re
su
lt
s
th
a
t
o
u
r
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sc
h
e
m
e
is
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
to
th
e
e
x
isti
n
g
o
n
e
s
f
o
r
su
c
h
h
ig
h
ly
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
b
il
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
sc
e
n
a
rio
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
MA
NE
T
Mo
b
ile
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
MP
2
P
P
eer
-
to
-
p
eer
R
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
R
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
S
ea
r
ch
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
6
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
j
a
y
A
r
u
n
ac
h
ala
m
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scie
n
ce
,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
A
p
p
lied
Statis
ti
cs,
Natio
n
al
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
De
v
elo
p
m
en
t
A
d
m
i
n
i
s
tr
atio
n
,
B
an
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
E
m
ail:
aj
a
y
.
ab
h
ila
s
h
.
2
8
@
g
m
a
il.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
MA
NE
T
s
ar
e
m
u
lti
h
o
p
s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ch
ar
a
cter
ized
b
y
w
ir
ele
s
s
li
n
k
s
,
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
an
d
m
u
lti
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
.
I
n
s
u
ch
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
L
a
y
er
2
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
a
y
er
3
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
D
u
e
to
co
n
ti
n
o
u
s
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
o
d
es,
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
in
s
u
c
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
.
Flo
o
d
in
g
a
n
d
R
a
n
d
o
m
w
al
k
[
1
]
ar
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
ical
s
ea
r
c
h
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
Flo
o
d
in
g
is
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
w
id
el
y
ac
ce
p
ted
m
eth
o
d
w
h
er
ein
th
e
q
u
er
y
is
f
lo
o
d
ed
to
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
W
h
i
le
in
R
a
n
d
o
m
w
al
k
th
e
q
u
er
y
i
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
to
s
o
m
e
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
f
lo
o
d
in
g
a
n
d
R
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
h
av
e
t
h
eir
o
w
n
l
i
m
i
tatio
n
s
th
e
s
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
ev
en
t
u
all
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
s
u
it
s
u
ch
s
e
lf
-
o
r
g
an
izin
g
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
2
P
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
in
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
w
ell
r
esear
c
h
ed
in
th
e
p
ast
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
co
n
te
n
t
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
in
s
u
ch
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
er
e
ev
al
u
ated
o
v
er
w
ir
ed
co
n
tex
t
a
n
d
f
i
x
ed
la
y
o
u
t
li
k
e
t
h
e
in
ter
n
e
t.
B
u
t
th
eir
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
b
e
v
alid
ated
ag
ain
s
t
M
A
NE
T
s
,
d
u
e
to
d
ef
icien
c
y
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
s
u
e
s
an
d
ch
u
r
n
.
[
2
]
s
u
m
m
ar
i
ze
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
s
er
v
ice
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
M
ANE
T
s
.
T
h
ey
s
t
u
d
y
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
v
er
s
u
c
h
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
31
2
1
–
31
30
3122
Fu
r
t
h
er
th
e
y
lis
t
o
u
t
s
e
v
er
al
is
s
u
es
p
er
tain
i
n
g
to
r
an
d
o
m
walk
w
it
h
m
aj
o
r
o
f
th
o
s
e
b
ein
g
n
ex
t
-
h
o
p
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia,
v
alid
ter
m
i
n
a
tio
n
c
h
e
ck
p
ar
a
m
eter
,
m
u
l
tip
le
q
u
er
y
w
al
k
,
u
n
icast
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
e
tc.
A
b
r
ief
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
is
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
[
3
]
.
P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
an
d
s
u
ch
s
y
s
te
m
s
co
n
s
tit
u
te
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
i
n
ter
n
et
tr
a
f
f
ic
[
4
]
d
u
e
to
its
f
lex
ib
le
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
c
h
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
Ov
er
t
h
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
es
P
2
P
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ep
lo
y
ed
o
v
er
i
n
ter
n
et
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
er
v
ice
s
m
ai
n
l
y
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
f
i
le
s
h
ar
in
g
,
telep
h
o
n
y
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
al
s
y
s
te
m
,
to
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
id
eo
co
n
f
er
e
n
ci
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
etc.
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
cla
s
s
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
its
d
esig
n
as
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
n
d
u
n
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
ed
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e.
I
n
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
e
p
ee
r
s
s
tr
ictl
y
ar
e
w
el
l
-
o
r
g
an
ized
w
it
h
ea
ch
p
ee
r
m
ai
n
tain
i
n
g
a
n
DHT
in
d
ex
.
T
h
e
f
a
m
o
u
s
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
b
ei
n
g
C
A
N,
C
h
o
r
d
,
P
astr
y
,
T
ap
estry
.
Sin
ce
in
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
tic
ip
atin
g
p
ee
r
s
p
o
s
itio
n
i
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
s
o
th
e
q
u
er
y
s
ea
r
ch
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t.
B
u
t
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
v
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
in
m
o
b
ile
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
it
y
a
n
d
o
v
er
h
ea
d
as
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
m
o
d
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
i
n
d
ex
p
o
in
ter
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
r
ap
id
m
o
b
il
it
y
.
O
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
i
n
u
n
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
s
tr
ict
r
eg
u
latio
n
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
p
ee
r
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
th
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
o
f
a
n
y
ce
n
tr
al
i
n
d
ex
in
g
f
o
r
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
te
n
ts
.
No
d
es
ca
n
j
o
in
an
d
leav
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
.
Am
o
n
g
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
P
2
P
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ef
er
r
ed
o
n
es
ar
e
G
n
u
te
lla,
Fas
tr
ac
k
,
K
azaa
,
Fre
en
et
etc.
W
h
e
n
w
e
s
a
y
P
2
P
it
m
ea
n
s
ea
c
h
p
ee
r
h
as
eq
u
al
r
o
le
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
a
f
u
ll
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
P
2
P
s
y
s
te
m
.
E
v
e
n
to
d
a
y
m
aj
o
r
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
es a
r
e
m
ai
n
l
y
ce
n
tr
alize
d
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
i
e
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
ce
n
tr
a
lized
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
to
s
etu
p
a
P
2
P
p
latf
o
r
m
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
atter
n
ca
n
s
u
it
a
n
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
w
ir
ed
,
w
ir
eles
s
an
d
ev
en
M
A
NE
T
s
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
P
2
P
MA
NE
T
s
o
r
Mo
b
ile
P2
P
(
MP2
P
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Du
e
to
s
i
m
ilar
iti
es
in
P
2
P
an
d
MA
NE
T
s
,
a
P
2
P
Ov
er
la
y
ca
n
r
u
n
o
v
er
Mo
b
ile
A
d
h
o
c
Net
w
o
r
k
.
B
u
t
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
th
eir
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
also
p
o
s
es
d
if
f
ic
u
lti
es
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
la
y
er
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
an
d
r
ap
id
m
o
b
ilit
y
in
M
ANE
T
s
[6
-
7]
.
W
e
b
r
ief
l
y
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
MA
NE
T
s
an
d
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
g
en
er
al
d
i
f
f
icu
l
ties
i
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
P
2
P
o
v
er
MA
NE
T
.
T
h
e
r
est o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as f
o
llo
w
s
.
I
n
Sectio
n
2
,
w
e
r
ev
ie
w
t
h
e
r
elat
ed
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
h
o
w
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
in
P
eer
-
to
-
P
ee
r
an
d
Mo
b
ile
P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Sec
t
io
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
Sectio
n
4
talk
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
a
n
d
f
i
n
all
y
Sect
io
n
5
co
n
cl
u
d
es
w
it
h
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
AN
D
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
T
h
is
Sectio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
ab
o
u
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
R
a
n
d
o
m
w
al
k
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
w
ir
ed
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
I
t a
ls
o
g
i
v
es
a
b
r
ief
ab
o
u
t v
ar
io
u
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
p
ast.
R
eso
u
r
ce
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
in
p
u
r
e
P
2
P
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
to
d
is
co
v
er
t
h
e
I
P
ad
d
r
ess
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
as
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
all
y
b
li
n
d
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ased
s
ea
r
c
h
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
u
n
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
s
u
ch
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
ee
r
s
c
h
u
r
n
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
.
T
w
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
f
o
r
s
u
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i.e
.
f
lo
o
d
in
g
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
w
h
er
e
th
e
q
u
e
r
y
r
eq
u
es
t
ar
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
b
lin
d
ly
to
th
e
n
ei
g
b
h
o
r
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
.
Ma
n
y
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
f
lo
o
d
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
w
er
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
u
ch
a
s
m
o
d
i
f
ied
B
FS
[
8
]
,
iter
ativ
e
d
ee
p
en
in
g
[
9
]
etc.
In
[
1
0
]
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
f
lo
o
d
in
g
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
u
n
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
ed
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Her
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
th
e
q
u
er
y
to
t
h
e
s
e
lecte
d
n
ei
g
b
h
o
r
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
d
i
s
tan
ce
m
e
tr
ic
ca
lcu
l
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
to
i
n
itiato
r
n
o
d
e.
B
u
t
h
er
e
w
e
f
ee
l
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
m
etr
ic
ca
lcu
latio
n
itel
f
i
s
an
o
v
er
h
ea
d
w
it
h
a
n
ee
d
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ller
n
o
d
e
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
GP
S
li
k
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
en
ab
led
to
g
et
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
w
ir
e
less
n
et
wo
r
k
.
V
ar
io
u
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
w
alk
w
er
e
al
s
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
p
ast.
T
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
't
lear
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
p
ast
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
er
y
.
Sear
ch
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
ased
o
n
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
n
atu
r
e
als
o
d
w
ell
i
n
th
e
p
ast
th
at
w
er
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
i
ch
i
n
clu
d
e
k
-
w
alk
er
r
a
n
d
o
m
w
al
k
[
1
1
]
,
t
w
o
-
lev
e
l
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
[
1
2
]
,
b
i
ased
r
a
n
d
o
m
w
al
k
[
1
3
]
etc.
Su
ch
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
b
ased
s
ea
r
ch
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
is
h
ig
h
l
y
b
en
ef
icia
l in
w
ir
ed
co
n
te
x
t
[
1
4
]
.
A
lter
n
ati
v
el
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
ith
a
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
b
o
th
d
eter
m
in
i
s
tic
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
n
atu
r
e
w
er
e
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
Se
v
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
er
e
al
s
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
u
d
e
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
lo
ca
l
f
lo
o
d
in
g
w
it
h
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
k
-
w
al
k
er
s
.
Star
t
in
g
w
i
th
f
l
o
o
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
i
s
ex
ten
d
ed
to
k
-
w
a
lk
er
'
s
u
n
til
th
e
q
u
er
y
i
s
r
eso
lv
ed
.
I
n
[
1
5
-
16]
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
w
a
y
w
it
h
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
s
i
m
p
le
an
d
tr
ee
-
b
ased
f
lo
o
d
in
g
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
h
ad
h
i
g
h
tr
ad
eo
f
f
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
co
s
t
in
cu
r
r
ed
f
o
r
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
tr
ee
li
k
e
s
u
b
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
is
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
[
1
7
]
pr
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
ea
r
c
h
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
tak
es
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
f
lo
o
d
in
g
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
an
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ea
r
ch
r
es
u
lt
s
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
b
io
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
s
w
ar
m
in
telli
g
en
ce
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
u
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
ir
w
o
r
k
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
id
eo
lo
g
y
o
f
n
at
u
r
e
i
n
s
p
ir
e
d
elep
h
an
t
’
s
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
lace
to
an
o
t
h
er
.
An
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
R
ed
u
ctin
g
R
o
u
tin
g
Ove
r
h
ea
d
i
n
R
a
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
P
r
o
to
co
l u
n
d
er MP
2
P
N
etw
o
r
k
(
A
ja
y
A
r
u
n
a
ch
a
la
m)
3123
A
P
S
s
ea
r
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ey
u
s
e
t
h
e
a
n
t
co
lo
n
y
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
b
o
t
h
th
e
f
ile
t
y
p
e
s
a
n
d
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
tili
zi
n
g
t
h
e
p
ast
s
ea
r
c
h
h
i
s
to
r
y
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
ile
t
y
p
e.
I
n
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
s
e
m
a
n
tic
o
n
to
lo
g
y
a
n
d
h
eir
ar
ch
ical
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
h
a
v
e
al
s
o
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
p
ast
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
o
lo
w
er
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
in
G
n
u
tel
l
a
-
f
lo
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
e
y
in
tr
o
u
d
u
ce
t
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
s
e
m
an
tic
o
n
to
lo
g
y
to
b
u
ild
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
q
u
er
y
r
eq
u
es
t
an
d
th
e
r
ep
ly
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
th
e
n
o
d
es
ch
u
r
n
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
o
s
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
ec
u
r
it
y
th
r
ea
t
s
b
y
i
n
t
r
u
s
io
n
o
f
m
a
licio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
n
o
d
e
r
ep
u
tatio
n
[
2
1
]
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
allev
iate
t
h
r
ea
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
u
c
h
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
o
v
er
all
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
B
u
t
f
o
r
a
Mo
b
ile
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
u
e
to
m
o
b
ilit
y
f
u
r
t
h
er
it
r
u
le
s
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
ed
s
ea
r
ch
m
e
th
o
d
as
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ast
ex
p
er
ien
ce
w
ill
n
o
t
b
e
al
w
a
y
s
f
ea
s
ib
le
in
s
u
c
h
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
So
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
b
ased
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
Mo
b
ile
P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
g
iv
e
n
at
ten
tio
n
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
2
P
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
W
h
ile
b
lin
d
s
ea
r
c
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ev
en
t
u
all
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
q
u
er
y
m
ess
a
g
e
co
s
t
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
.
Sel
f
-
o
r
g
an
izi
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
M
A
NE
T
an
d
P2
P
p
o
s
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
alle
n
g
es
as
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
w
ir
ed
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
Mo
s
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
s
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
as
b
asic
s
t
y
le
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
.
S
u
itab
ili
t
y
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
s
is
al
s
o
s
t
u
d
ied
in
p
a
s
t.
A
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ea
r
c
h
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
p
ee
r
to
p
e
er
o
v
er
la
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
w
it
h
'm
'
m
u
ltip
le
w
al
k
er
'
s
a
n
d
in
cl
u
d
e
r
ep
licatio
n
w
it
h
2
-
h
o
p
j
u
m
p
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
,
b
u
t
t
h
en
t
h
e
ir
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
b
ased
o
n
s
u
p
er
p
ee
r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
E
v
er
y
w
alk
er
ca
n
j
u
m
p
to
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
te
d
2
-
h
o
p
n
ei
g
h
o
r
s
u
p
er
p
ee
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
i
n
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
p
ee
r
s
u
s
e
ca
ch
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
en
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
A
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
u
n
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
Mo
b
ile
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
s
ea
r
c
h
s
c
h
e
m
e
th
a
t
u
s
es
ti
m
e
s
ta
m
p
to
v
al
id
ate
th
e
f
r
es
h
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
n
e
ig
b
h
o
r
p
ee
r
s
.
T
h
eir
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
also
is
b
ased
o
n
s
u
p
er
p
ee
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
itte
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
eig
b
h
o
r
p
ee
r
s
ar
e
p
r
io
r
itized
u
s
in
g
r
an
k
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
t
io
n
t
h
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
i
n
ter
est
a
n
d
m
o
v
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ee
r
[
2
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
s
el
f
-
a
w
ar
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
er
e
i
n
itial
l
y
th
e
r
an
k
i
n
g
o
f
n
o
d
es
i
s
d
o
n
e
b
ased
o
n
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
e
p
ly
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
a
n
d
th
e
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
u
c
h
n
o
d
es
th
o
s
e
t
h
at
h
av
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
u
b
j
ec
t
o
f
in
ter
est
f
o
r
m
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Fo
r
ev
er
y
s
u
ch
g
r
o
u
p
a
s
u
p
er
n
o
d
e
is
ass
o
ciate
d
w
h
ic
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
o
th
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
s
i
m
p
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
alg
o
r
it
h
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
s
u
p
er
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
Mo
b
ile
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
b
asic
id
e
a
o
f
th
eir
w
o
r
k
is
to
ch
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
w
ee
k
m
o
b
ilit
y
a
s
s
u
p
er
p
ee
r
an
d
allo
w
s
u
c
h
p
ee
r
to
tr
an
s
m
it
q
u
er
y
q
u
ic
k
l
y
.
Her
e
th
e
f
lo
o
d
ed
r
eq
u
est
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
q
u
er
y
a
m
o
n
g
e
v
er
y
o
th
er
s
u
p
er
p
ee
r
.
A
n
i
n
ter
esti
n
g
w
a
y
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
i
n
Mo
b
ile
P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
tr
ied
in
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
m
es
s
ag
e
to
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
o
r
s
e
t o
f
n
o
d
es th
e
au
t
h
o
r
u
s
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
R
ev
er
s
e
Nea
r
e
s
t
Neig
b
h
o
r
(
R
NN)
.
An
R
NN
q
u
er
y
r
etu
r
n
s
all
o
b
j
ec
ts
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
q
u
er
y
o
b
j
ec
t
as
th
eir
n
ea
r
est
n
ei
g
b
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
th
a
t
m
ak
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
all
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
ee
r
s
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ed
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
p
o
l
y
g
o
n
b
ein
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
by
t
h
o
s
e
p
ee
r
s
t
h
a
t
w
er
e
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
g
o
n
.
[
2
7
]
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
Mo
b
ile
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Du
e
to
ch
u
r
n
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
M
ANE
T
s
an
d
w
it
h
s
ca
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
e
P
2
P
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
b
ec
o
m
e
s
v
er
y
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt.
T
h
e
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
a
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
j
o
in
in
g
an
d
lea
v
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
tr
ee
also
w
h
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
In
[
1
]
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
p
r
o
to
co
l is i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
r
ep
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
er
y
at
m
u
l
tip
le
in
s
t
an
ce
s
a
n
d
ad
d
in
g
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
at
th
e
O
v
er
la
y
n
et
wo
r
k
.
An
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
8
]
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
w
al
k
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
is
d
o
u
b
led
b
y
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
q
u
er
y
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
P
2
P
co
n
ten
t
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
n
Mo
b
ile
A
d
h
o
c
Net
w
o
r
k
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
v
alu
a
ted
in
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
ey
co
n
cl
u
d
e
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
w
i
th
an
cr
itical
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
w
h
ic
h
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
p
r
o
to
co
ls
w
o
r
k
b
etter
u
n
d
er
MA
N
E
T
.
W
e
n
o
ticed
th
at
m
o
s
tl
y
al
l
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ea
r
c
h
s
ch
e
m
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
Mo
b
ile
P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
er
e
m
ai
n
l
y
b
ased
ar
o
u
n
d
an
s
u
p
er
p
ee
r
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e,
i.e
,
u
tili
ze
d
s
u
p
er
n
o
d
es
t
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
q
u
er
y
[2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
0
]
-
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
w
o
r
k
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
it
s
el
f
i
s
co
m
p
le
x
.
W
e
ai
m
to
p
r
esen
t
a
l
ig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ea
r
c
h
d
esi
g
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
.
W
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
ll
y
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
p
u
r
e
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
i.e
.
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
n
o
t
b
o
u
n
d
ar
o
u
n
d
an
y
s
p
ec
ial
n
o
d
e.
W
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
a
f
la
t to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
a
t sh
o
u
ld
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
o
u
t a
n
y
h
ier
ar
ch
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
I
n
th
is
Sect
io
n
,
w
e
g
i
v
e
a
b
r
i
ef
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
o
u
r
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
P
2
P
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
s
ed
f
lo
o
d
in
g
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
w
alk
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
r
eso
lv
e
a
q
u
er
y
.
So
to
b
eg
in
w
i
th
w
e
f
ir
s
t
e
v
al
u
ated
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
v
er
M
AN
E
T
an
d
s
tu
d
ied
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
tr
ict
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
u
c
h
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ce
n
a
r
io
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
w
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
at
a
n
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
u
n
d
er
la
y
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
to
co
m
p
li
m
e
n
t
th
e
M
A
NE
T
n
et
w
o
r
k
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
s
.
A
n
d
also
f
u
r
th
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
31
2
1
–
31
30
3124
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
w
e
n
ee
d
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
d
u
p
licatio
n
.
Fo
r
u
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
a
s
in
[
3
8
]
v
i
s
ited
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ee
r
s
w
it
h
in
less
ti
m
e
an
d
g
en
er
ate
le
s
s
q
u
er
y
m
es
s
ag
e.
W
h
ile
o
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
a
r
y
i
n
o
u
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
i
ch
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
v
is
i
tin
g
les
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tu
al
p
ee
r
s
w
it
h
i
n
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
u
r
ati
o
n
.
I
n
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
elec
t
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
f
o
r
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
r
eq
u
est,
a
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
u
n
icast
b
ased
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
n
d
er
MA
NE
T
h
as
s
ev
er
al
is
s
u
e
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
s
ea
r
ch
d
elay
,
s
ea
r
c
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
etc.
m
ai
n
l
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
ch
a
n
g
e.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
r
an
d
o
m
w
alk
m
et
h
o
d
w
i
th
a
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
co
n
d
itio
n
al
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
an
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
d
eliv
er
y
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e.
3
.
1
.
Sea
rc
h M
ec
ha
nis
m
Fo
r
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
q
u
ick
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ea
r
ch
w
e
s
u
g
g
est
an
co
n
d
i
tio
n
al
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t b
ased
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
d
ela
y
an
d
u
t
iliz
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
d
o
in
g
1
h
o
p
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
h
ello
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
o
estab
lis
h
a
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
w
it
h
e
x
is
ti
n
g
n
o
d
es
th
e
n
e
w
l
y
ar
r
iv
ed
n
o
d
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
th
e
HE
LL
O
m
es
s
ag
e
w
it
h
i
n
1
-
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
u
p
o
n
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
HE
LL
O
m
ess
a
g
e
r
ep
lies
w
it
h
an
HE
L
LO
R
E
S
P
ON
S
E
m
ess
a
g
e.
I
n
t
h
is
w
a
y
th
e
n
ei
g
h
o
r
lis
t
i
s
u
p
d
ated
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
in
t
h
e
o
v
er
la
y
.
B
u
t
d
o
in
g
i
t
t
h
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
w
a
y
w
i
ll
a
g
ai
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
So
w
e
u
s
e
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
h
ich
is
a
v
ailab
le
w
ith
A
ODV
[
3
9
]
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
g
et
th
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
2
P
ap
p
licatio
n
.
No
w
to
r
eso
lv
e
a
r
eq
u
est,
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
i
n
itiato
r
n
o
d
e
s
elec
ts
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
lis
t
th
at
i
s
g
o
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
la
y
er
n
eig
h
b
o
r
lis
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
f
ir
s
t
ch
ec
k
s
if
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
is
alr
ea
d
y
s
ee
n
.
I
f
s
ee
n
b
ef
o
r
e,
it d
r
o
p
s
th
e
q
u
er
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
d
d
r
ess
ed
B
r
o
ad
ca
s
t Ran
d
o
m
W
al
k
Sear
ch
A
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
(
A
B
R
W
)
T
h
e
m
ess
a
g
e
i
s
t
h
en
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
to
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
n
eig
h
b
o
r
o
v
er
an
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
is
1
-
h
o
p
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
d
e
w
h
er
ein
th
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
R
ed
u
ctin
g
R
o
u
tin
g
Ove
r
h
ea
d
i
n
R
a
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
P
r
o
to
co
l u
n
d
er MP
2
P
N
etw
o
r
k
(
A
ja
y
A
r
u
n
a
ch
a
la
m)
3125
n
eig
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
ill
p
r
o
ce
s
s
it
o
n
n
o
r
m
a
l
co
n
d
itio
n
,
b
u
t
all
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
at
r
an
g
e
ca
n
s
ee
th
a
t
m
es
s
ag
e
w
h
ile
f
u
r
th
er
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
w
il
l
o
n
l
y
b
e
r
es
u
m
ed
b
y
t
h
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
ad
d
r
ess
e
d
n
o
d
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
is
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
th
e
n
it
m
a
y
l
is
te
n
th
at
m
es
s
ag
e
a
n
d
th
e
r
eb
y
ev
e
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
w
ait
in
g
f
o
r
g
etti
n
g
t
h
e
m
es
s
a
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
th
at
is
i
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
q
u
e
r
y
ca
n
b
e
r
eso
l
v
ed
in
ter
m
ed
iatel
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
tin
u
es
t
h
i
s
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
n
til
q
u
er
y
is
s
o
l
v
ed
o
r
T
T
L
ex
p
ir
es.
Her
e
th
e
q
u
er
y
is
n
o
t
f
lo
o
d
ed
to
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
es
o
lv
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
iti
ated
q
u
er
y
is
h
i
g
h
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
q
u
er
y
ca
n
b
e
r
eso
lv
ed
b
y
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
in
ca
s
e
th
e
y
h
av
e
t
h
e
r
eq
u
es
ted
r
eso
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
v
er
h
e
ad
w
ill
also
g
et
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
i
n
c
e
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
is
j
u
s
t
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ted
to
1
-
h
o
p
.
O
u
r
m
et
h
o
d
is
n
o
t
at
a
ll
u
s
i
n
g
an
y
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
h
ile
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
es
s
ag
e,
s
o
th
e
m
o
b
il
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
lin
k
f
ai
lu
r
es
at
r
o
u
ti
n
g
la
y
er
w
i
ll
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
m
et
h
o
d
th
e
d
u
p
licate
r
eq
u
ests
t
h
at
m
a
y
b
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
o
v
er
s
ev
er
al
an
o
th
er
p
ath
s
ar
e
eli
m
i
n
ated
t
h
at
h
in
d
er
s
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
O
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
is
g
i
v
en
as a
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE E
VA
L
U
AT
I
O
N
I
n
th
i
s
Sectio
n
,
w
e
ev
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
W
e
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
in
NS2
v
2
.
3
5
f
o
r
6
0
,
7
0
,
8
0
an
d
9
0
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
a
s
2
5
0
m
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
m
o
v
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
y
p
o
in
t
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
p
ee
d
is
2
0
m
/
s
an
d
lo
o
k
u
p
in
ter
v
al
is
5
s
ec
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
an
d
P
2
P
ap
p
licatio
n
r
elate
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
i
n
[
4
0
]
.
4
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
ed
m
et
ric
s
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
w
e
ev
al
u
ate
it
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
m
etr
ics.
(
1
)
Su
cc
ess
r
ate
(
2
)
R
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
(
3
)
P
2
P
Net
w
o
r
k
O
v
er
h
ea
d
(
4
)
Ov
er
all
Dr
o
p
p
ed
P
ac
k
ets
(
5
)
A
v
g
C
o
n
s
u
m
ed
E
n
er
g
y
o
f
P
2
P
Netw
o
r
k
(
6
)
P
2
P
A
g
e
n
t
L
e
v
el
Ho
p
to
Ho
p
D
ela
y
(
7
)
P2
P
A
g
en
t
L
e
v
el
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
W
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
etr
ic
s
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
:
4
.
1
.
1
.
Su
cc
es
s
Ra
t
e
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
2
P
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t
is
a
r
atio
o
f
to
t
al
g
en
er
ated
r
eq
u
e
s
ts
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
r
ec
ei
v
ed
r
ep
lies
.
I
t
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Su
cc
ess
R
at
e
=
(
R
ep
/ Req
)
*
1
0
0
(
%)
w
h
er
e
R
eq
is
th
e
to
tal
g
en
er
ated
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
eq
u
ests
a
n
d
R
ep
is
th
e
to
tal
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
r
e
ce
iv
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
ep
lies
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
s
u
cc
e
s
s
r
ate
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ie
s
t
h
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
c
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Av
g
Respo
ns
e
T
i
m
e
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
i
s
also
a
n
o
th
er
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
2
P
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t
i
s
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
r
eq
u
est
g
e
n
er
atio
n
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
ep
ly
r
ec
ei
v
ed
ti
m
e.
I
t is ca
lc
u
lated
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
R
esp
o
n
s
e
t
i
m
e
=
T
Rep
-
T
Req
(
s
ec
)
T
h
e
lo
w
er
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
ti
m
e
s
i
g
n
if
ies
t
h
e
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
4
.
1
.
3
.
P
2
P
Net
w
o
rk
O
v
er
hea
d
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
w
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
Ov
er
h
ea
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
en
er
ated
an
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
m
es
s
ag
e
s
at
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
.
4
.
1
.
4
.
O
v
er
a
ll Dr
o
pp
ed
P
a
ck
et
s
P
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
in
a
MA
NE
T
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
m
etr
ic
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Gen
er
all
y
p
ac
k
ets
w
i
ll
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
i
n
a
w
ir
eless
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
c
en
ar
io
.
A
n
d
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
t
h
is
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
a
t
y
p
ical
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
ill
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
h
ig
h
s
i
n
ce
th
ese
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
w
il
l
u
s
e
lo
t
o
f
d
u
p
licate
s
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
n
tire
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
31
2
1
–
31
30
3126
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
w
ill
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
ca
u
s
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
o
ttle
n
ec
k
.
W
e
co
u
n
t
th
e
P
ac
k
ets
Dr
o
p
p
ed
at
all
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
la
y
er
s
o
f
all
t
h
e
P
2
P
n
o
d
es.
4
.
1
.
5
.
Av
g
Co
ns
u
m
ed
E
nerg
y
o
f
P
2
P
Net
wo
rk
Gen
er
all
y
th
e
C
o
n
s
u
m
ed
E
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
ca
lcu
la
ted
as
th
e
a
v
er
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
al
l
th
e
n
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
tire
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
I
t is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
J
o
u
les.
I
t is ca
lcu
lated
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
i
N
i
i
Av
g
FE
IE
N
E
1
1
(
in
J
o
u
les)
w
h
er
e
E
Avg
is
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
lated
A
v
g
C
o
n
s
u
m
ed
E
n
er
g
y
o
f
P
2
P
Net
w
o
r
k
in
J
o
u
le
s
N
is
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
in
t
h
e
P
2
P
n
et
w
o
r
k
IE
i
is
th
e
in
i
tial b
atter
y
E
n
er
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
No
d
e
I
FE
i
is
th
e
f
i
n
al
b
atter
y
E
n
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
No
d
e
I
4
.
1
.
6
.
P
2
P
Ag
ent
L
ev
el
H
o
p t
o
H
o
p P
a
ck
et
Dela
y
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
i
s
a
r
ef
i
n
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
d
ela
y
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
.
Her
e
in
s
tead
o
f
ca
lcu
lat
in
g
d
ela
y
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
,
it
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
ac
k
ets
g
e
n
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
th
e
ti
m
e
tak
e
n
f
o
r
a
p
ac
k
et
to
r
ea
ch
ea
ch
h
o
p
d
u
r
in
g
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
r
eq
u
es
t.
I
t is ca
lcu
lated
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Ho
p
to
Ho
p
P
ac
k
et
D
elay
=
T
r
-
T
f
(
in
m
s
)
w
h
er
e
T
r
is
th
e
ti
m
e
at
w
h
ich
a
n
o
d
e
r
ec
eiv
es a
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
r
eq
u
est an
d
T
f
is
th
e
ti
m
e
at
w
h
ich
t
h
at
r
es
o
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
r
eq
u
est
w
a
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
h
o
p
.
4
.
1
.
7
.
P
2
P
Ag
ent
L
ev
el
T
hro
ug
hp
u
t
(
k
bp
s
)
No
r
m
a
lized
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
es
s
ag
es
o
r
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
l
y
d
eli
v
er
e
d
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
I
t
is
g
en
er
all
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
Kb
p
s
o
r
Mb
p
s
.
So
h
ig
h
er
v
al
u
e
w
ill
s
ig
n
i
f
y
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Her
e
th
e
P
2
P
A
g
en
t L
e
v
el
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t is ca
lc
u
lated
as f
o
lo
w
s
:
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t =
A
rs
/T
d
(
in
k
b
p
s
)
w
h
er
e
A
rs
i
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
al
l th
e
p
ac
k
et
s
izes r
ec
eiv
ed
at
t
h
e
P
2
P
A
g
en
t
L
ev
el
o
f
all
th
e
n
o
d
es in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
d
is
th
e
to
tal
ti
m
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
P
2
P
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
s
c
en
ar
io
4
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
a
n
d Discu
s
s
io
n
W
e
ch
o
o
s
e
tw
o
b
asic
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
i.e
.
f
lo
o
d
in
g
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
q
u
er
ie
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
a
r
atio
o
f
to
tal
g
e
n
e
r
ated
r
eq
u
ests
a
n
d
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
r
ep
lies
f
o
r
en
tire
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
eq
u
al
to
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
f
lo
o
d
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
p
o
o
r
l
y
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
q
u
er
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e
is
u
s
ed
as
m
etr
ic
to
v
alid
at
e
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
c
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
q
u
er
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
t
i
m
e
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
as
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
tes
t
ti
m
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
tak
es
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
er
y
to
b
e
r
eso
lv
ed
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
it
h
lea
s
t
q
u
er
y
d
ela
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ie
s
t
h
e
b
est
m
et
h
o
d
.
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
a
n
th
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
R
ed
u
ctin
g
R
o
u
tin
g
Ove
r
h
ea
d
i
n
R
a
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
P
r
o
to
co
l u
n
d
er MP
2
P
N
etw
o
r
k
(
A
ja
y
A
r
u
n
a
ch
a
la
m)
3127
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Qu
er
y
S
u
cc
es
s
R
ate
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sear
ch
R
esp
o
n
s
e
T
im
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ov
er
h
ea
d
G
en
er
ated
b
y
P
2
P
N
et
w
o
r
k
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
Net
w
o
r
k
Ov
er
h
ea
d
f
o
r
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
.
W
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
g
e
n
er
ated
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ac
k
et
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
f
o
r
o
u
r
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
v
er
y
lo
w
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
is
is
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
d
itio
n
al
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
.
I
n
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
p
r
o
to
co
l th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
is
h
ig
h
d
u
e
to
u
n
ica
s
t
m
ess
a
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
W
e
d
is
p
lay
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
et
co
u
n
t
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
W
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
ac
k
e
t
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
m
etr
ic
a
s
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
s
e
n
d
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
d
r
o
p
p
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
m
e
asu
r
ed
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
b
etter
th
a
n
all
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
d
u
e
to
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
w
h
ic
h
u
n
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
r
eso
u
r
c
e
d
is
co
v
e
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
is
p
la
y
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
in
M
A
NE
T
s
ar
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
ated
an
d
h
en
ce
p
o
w
er
s
av
i
n
g
b
ec
o
m
e
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
As
s
ee
n
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
n
s
u
m
es
les
s
b
atter
y
p
o
w
e
r
th
an
th
e
ex
is
t
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
p
o
o
r
l
y
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
h
o
p
-
b
ased
p
ac
k
et
d
ela
y
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
ev
al
u
at
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
P
2
P
p
r
o
to
co
l.
On
l
y
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
th
at
ar
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
d
eli
v
er
ed
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
alk
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
p
o
o
r
l
y
.
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
s
h
o
w
s
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
31
2
1
–
31
30
3128
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dr
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
ets co
u
n
t
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
B
atter
y
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ho
p
to
Ho
p
P
ac
k
et
Dela
y
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Net
w
o
r
k
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
A
g
o
o
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
co
n
s
u
m
es
le
s
s
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
(
i.e
.
less
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t)
an
d
also
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
eq
u
all
y
g
o
o
d
s
u
cc
es
s
r
ate.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
u
m
es lo
w
er
ed
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
b
u
t t
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
a
tr
ad
eo
f
f
i
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate.
Ou
r
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
p
r
o
to
co
l is th
e
b
est a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
o
th
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
n
es.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
f
f
icien
t
an
d
q
u
ick
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
th
e
h
o
u
r
.
Fo
r
an
u
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
ed
Mo
b
ile
P
ee
r
-
to
-
P
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
e
s
it
u
a
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
d
u
e
to
m
o
b
ili
t
y
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
.
W
ith
th
e
s
e
li
m
ita
tio
n
s
ad
o
p
tin
g
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
P
2
P
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
ir
ec
tly
o
v
er
M
ANE
T
is
u
n
d
es
ir
ab
le.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
a
r
an
d
o
m
w
a
lk
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
is
co
v
er
y
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
f
o
r
s
u
ch
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
d
.
I
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
d
is
cu
s
s
f
e
w
o
p
en
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
o
r
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
c
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
u
n
d
er
MA
NE
T
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
al
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
w
e
h
av
e
to
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
q
u
asi
-
f
l
o
o
d
in
g
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
i
t.
O
u
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
w
ill
f
o
cu
s
o
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
it
h
d
y
n
a
m
ic
T
T
L
ad
ap
tatio
n
an
d
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
lo
n
g
j
u
m
p
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
G
k
a
n
tsid
is
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ra
n
d
o
m
wa
lk
s
in
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
T
we
n
ty
-
th
ird
A
n
n
u
a
l
J
o
in
t
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
o
c
ieties
INFOCOM
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
12
,
2
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
R
ed
u
ctin
g
R
o
u
tin
g
Ove
r
h
ea
d
i
n
R
a
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
P
r
o
to
co
l u
n
d
er MP
2
P
N
etw
o
r
k
(
A
ja
y
A
r
u
n
a
ch
a
la
m)
3129
[2
]
A
.
M
ian
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
d
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
O
p
e
n
P
r
o
b
lem
s
in
Ra
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
b
a
se
d
S
e
rv
ice
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
in
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IICS
,
v
o
l.
1
6
5
,
p
p
.
91
-
1
0
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
]
A
.
H
e
l
m
y
,
“
E
ff
icie
n
t
re
so
u
rc
e
d
i
sc
o
v
e
r
y
in
w
ir
e
les
s
A
d
Ho
c
n
e
t
wo
rk
s:
Co
n
tac
ts
d
o
h
e
l
p
,”
Ch
a
p
ter
in
:
R
e
so
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
in
W
ire
les
s Ne
two
rk
in
g
S
e
rie
s: Ne
two
rk
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
p
p
.
4
1
9
–
4
7
1
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
]
R.
S
c
h
o
ll
m
e
ier
,
“
P
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
in
m
o
b
il
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
1
2
t
h
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
m
p
u
ter
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
–
1
2
7
,
2
0
0
3
.
[5
]
S
.
A
n
d
ro
u
tse
ll
is
-
t
h
e
o
to
k
is
a
n
d
D.
S
p
in
e
ll
is
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Co
n
te
n
t
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,”
ACM
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
S
u
rv
e
ry
s (
CS
UR)
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
36
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
–
3
7
1
,
2
0
0
4
.
[6
]
M.
W
.
H
.
D
.
Ch
o
i
a
n
d
H
.
H
.
P
a
rk
,
“
A
n
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
G
n
u
tella
f
o
r
Ad
-
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
IC
S
NC
,
v
o
l.
3
,
2
0
0
6
.
[7
]
M
.
G
e
rla,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
2
P
M
A
NET
’s
-
Ne
w
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
Iss
u
e
s
,”
in
Pee
r
-
to
-
Pee
r
M
o
b
il
e
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s,
v
o
lu
me
0
5
1
5
2
o
f
Da
g
stu
h
l
S
e
min
a
r
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
les
Beg
e
g
n
u
n
g
s
-
u
n
d
Fo
rs
c
h
u
n
g
sz
e
n
tru
m
fü
r
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
k
(
IBF
I),
S
c
h
lo
ss
D
a
g
st
u
h
l,
Ge
rm
a
n
y
,
p
p
.
1
–
25
,
2
0
0
5
.
[8
]
V
.
Ka
l
o
g
e
ra
k
i
,
“
A
lo
c
a
l
se
a
rc
h
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
e
lev
e
n
th
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
p
p
.
300
-
307
,
2
0
0
2
.
[9
]
Z.
Zh
u
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hy
b
rid
p
e
rio
d
ica
l
f
lo
o
d
in
g
i
n
u
n
str
u
c
tu
re
d
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
in
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
P
a
ra
l
lel
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
R.
G
a
e
t
a
a
n
d
M
.
S
e
re
n
o
,
“
G
e
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
li
stic
F
l
o
o
d
in
g
i
n
Un
st
ru
c
t
u
re
d
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Pa
r
a
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Dis
trib
u
ted
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
22
(
12
)
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
5
–
2
0
6
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
Q.
L
v
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
re
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
u
n
stru
c
tu
re
d
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
1
6
t
h
in
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
u
p
e
rc
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
IC
S
,
p
p
.
84
–
95
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
2
]
I.
Ja
w
h
a
r
a
n
d
J.
W
u
,
“
A
Tw
o
-
L
e
v
e
l
Ra
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
S
e
a
r
c
h
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
p
p
.
1
–
5.
[1
3
]
Y.
Ch
a
w
a
th
e
a
n
d
S
.
Ra
tn
a
sa
m
y
,
“
M
a
k
in
g
g
n
u
tella
-
li
k
e
p
2
p
sy
ste
m
s
sc
a
lab
le
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
a
rc
h
i
tec
tu
re
s,
a
n
d
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
c
o
mp
u
ter
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
S
IGCO
M
M
,
p
p
.
4
0
7
-
4
1
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
4
]
T
.
F
.
O
.
Ra
tsi
m
o
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
ll
ia:
a
l
li
a
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
se
rv
ice
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
f
o
r
a
d
-
h
o
c
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
c
o
mm
e
rc
e
WMC
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
5
]
S
.
Jia
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
ig
h
tf
lo
o
d
:
a
n
e
ff
icie
n
t
f
lo
o
d
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
f
il
e
se
a
rc
h
in
u
n
stru
c
t
u
re
d
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s
,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Pa
r
a
ll
e
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
p
p
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
6
]
S
.
Jia
n
g
a
n
d
L
.
G
u
o
,
“
L
i
g
h
t
F
lo
o
d
:
M
i
n
im
izin
g
Re
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
M
e
ss
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
M
a
x
i
m
izin
g
th
e
S
c
o
p
e
o
f
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
S
e
a
rc
h
,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distrib
u
ted
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
19
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
–
14
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
7
]
T
.
L
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dy
n
a
m
ic
S
e
a
rc
h
Alg
o
rit
h
m
in
Un
st
ru
c
t
u
re
d
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distrib
u
ted
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
20
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
6
5
4
–
6
6
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
8
]
S
.
M
.
T
h
a
m
p
i
,
“
El
e
p
h
a
n
ts
Jo
u
rn
e
y
to
w
a
rd
s S
u
c
c
e
ss
f
u
l
Re
so
u
rc
e
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
in
Un
stru
c
tu
re
d
P
2
P
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
.”
[1
9
]
M
.
S
h
o
jaf
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
e
ff
icie
n
t
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
ted
f
il
e
se
a
rc
h
in
u
n
st
ru
c
tu
re
d
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
Pee
r
-
to
-
Pee
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
0
]
C.
W
e
i
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
e
a
rc
h
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Co
m
b
in
in
g
S
e
m
a
n
ti
c
Grid
a
n
d
C
lu
ste
rin
g
,”
T
E
L
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
11
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
4
8
0
3
–
4
8
0
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
J.
Ha
n
a
n
d
S
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
Us
in
g
th
e
Re
p
u
tati
o
n
S
c
o
re
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
fo
r
Co
n
stru
c
ti
n
g
F
a
ir
P
2
P
F
i
le
S
h
a
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
,”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l/
i
ss
u
e
:
11
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
3
2
0
0
–
3
2
0
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
2
]
B.
S
h
a
h
a
n
d
K.
I
.
Kim
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
S
e
a
rc
h
i
n
g
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
Un
stru
c
tu
re
d
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Ov
e
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
W
ire
l
e
ss
Pe
rs
onal
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
7
7
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
7
–
1
1
8
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
3
]
K.
S
.
B
o
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Re
so
u
rc
e
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
w
it
h
Da
ta
Diss
e
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
v
e
r
Un
stru
c
t
u
re
d
M
o
b
il
e
P
2
P
N
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
KS
II
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
.
In
ter
n
e
t
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
.
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
6
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
815
–
8
3
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
4
]
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
J.
L
iu
,
“
Ef
f
icie
n
t
S
e
a
rc
h
S
c
h
e
m
e
in
M
o
b
il
e
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
,”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
5
–
1
2
3
8
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
5
]
J.
L
iu
,
“
T
h
e
Re
se
a
r
c
h
o
f
Re
so
u
rc
e
S
e
a
rc
h
in
g
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
in
M
o
b
i
le
P
2
P
Ne
tw
o
rk
,”
in
Fo
u
r
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
8
1
1
–
8
1
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
T
.
P
.
Ng
h
iem
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bich
ro
m
a
ti
c
Re
v
e
rse
Ne
a
re
st
Ne
ig
h
b
o
rs
in
M
o
b
il
e
P
e
e
r
-
to
-
P
e
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Per
v
a
siv
e
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s (
Per
C
o
m)
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
–
1
6
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
7
]
M
.
K.
S
b
a
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
M
e
m
b
e
rsh
ip
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
M
o
b
i
le
P
2
P
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
in
M
o
b
il
it
y
’0
9
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
6
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
&
S
y
ste
m
s
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
8
]
R.
Be
ra
ld
i
,
“
Ra
n
d
o
m
w
a
lk
w
it
h
lo
n
g
j
u
m
p
s
f
o
r
w
irel
e
ss
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
7
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
294
–
3
0
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
9
]
D.
N.
d
a
Ho
ra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
in
g
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
c
o
n
ten
t
d
isc
o
v
e
ry
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
o
v
e
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
Co
mp
u
t
er
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l/
i
ss
u
e
:
32
(
13
–
14
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
5
–
1
4
5
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
0
]
M
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
so
u
rc
e
D
isc
o
v
e
r
y
Us
in
g
M
o
b
il
e
A
g
e
n
ts
,”
2
0
1
0
F
if
th
In
t
.
Co
n
f.
Fro
n
t.
Co
mp
u
t.
S
c
i.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
p
.
72
–
77
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
1
]
H.
W
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
re
so
u
rc
e
d
isc
o
v
e
r
y
stra
te
g
y
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
p
e
e
r
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
in
Pro
c
.
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
42
–
46
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
2
]
D.
Qu
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
l
o
c
a
li
ty
f
o
r
re
so
u
rc
e
d
isc
o
v
e
ry
o
v
e
r
m
o
b
il
e
P
2
P
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IET
In
t.
Co
mm
u
n
.
Co
n
f
.
W
ire
l.
M
o
b
.
Co
m
p
u
t
.
(
CCW
M
C)
,
p
p
.
4
2
5
–
4
2
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
3
]
J.
H.
L
e
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
En
e
rg
y
-
E
ffe
c
ti
v
e
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
M
o
b
i
le
P
2
P
S
y
ste
m
s
,”
4
th
In
t.
S
y
mp
.
W
ire
l.
Per
v
a
siv
e
Co
mp
u
t
.
in
g
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
4
]
P
.
D.
L
in
h
,
a
n
d
T
.
S
a
to
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
G
IA
b
a
se
d
P
2
P
F
il
e
S
h
a
ri
n
g
in
M
o
b
il
e
Ce
ll
u
lar
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
2
0
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
31
2
1
–
31
30
3130
[3
5
]
J.
Ha
n
a
n
d
K.
L
e
e
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
p
e
e
-
to
-
p
e
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
su
p
e
r
p
e
e
rs
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts
,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
fo
r
ma
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
6
]
D.
Ha
n
a
n
d
J.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
Op
ti
m
iz
e
d
G
n
u
tella
-
li
k
e
P2
P
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
in
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ne
two
r
ks
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
7
(
9
)
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
4
–
1
4
7
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
7
]
A
.
A
ru
n
a
c
h
a
la
m
a
n
d
O.
S
o
rn
il
,
“
Iss
u
e
s
o
f
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
Ra
n
d
o
m
W
a
l
k
a
n
d
G
o
ss
ip
Ba
se
d
Re
so
u
rc
e
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
P
2
P
M
A
NETs
&
S
u
g
g
e
stio
n
s
f
o
r
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
,”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
57
,
p
p
.
5
0
9
–
5
1
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
8
]
K.
Oik
o
n
o
m
o
u
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Diss
e
m
in
a
ti
o
n
Un
d
e
r
M
u
lt
i
p
le
Ra
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
e
rs
a
n
d
Re
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
s
,
”
p
p
.
1
1
8
–
1
2
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
9
]
C.
E.
P
e
rk
in
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ad
-
h
o
c
O
n
-
De
m
a
n
d
Dista
n
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
Ro
u
t
in
g
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
S
e
c
o
n
d
IEE
E
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
W
M
CS
A
,
p
p
.
90
-
1
0
0
,
1
9
9
9
.
[4
0
]
A
.
A
ru
n
a
c
h
a
la
m
a
n
d
O.
S
o
r
n
il
,
“
A
n
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
e
Ov
e
rh
e
a
d
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
i
n
F
lo
o
d
in
g
,
Ra
n
d
o
m
W
a
lk
a
n
d
G
o
ss
ip
Ba
se
d
Re
so
u
rc
e
Disc
o
v
e
r
y
P
ro
to
c
o
ls
in
M
P
2
P
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
Fi
ft
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(
ACCT
)
,
p
p
.
2
9
2
–
2
9
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.