Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020,
pp.
2128
2138
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v10i2.pp2128-2138
r
2128
Asymmetric
quasi
impedance
sour
ce
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
Muhammad
Ado
1
,
A
wang
J
usoh
2
,
T
ole
Sutikno
3
1,2
School
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Uni
v
ersiti
T
eknologi
Malaysia,
Malaysia
1
Department
of
Ph
ysics,
Bayero
Uni
v
erity
,
Kano,
Nigeria
3
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Uni
v
ersitas
Ahmad
Dahlan,
Y
ogyakarta,
Indonesia
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Sep
11,
2019
Re
vised
No
v
3,
2019
Accepted
No
v
15,
2019
K
eyw
ords:
Buck-boost
con
v
erters
Con
v
erters
DC-DC
con
v
erters
Quasi-Z-source
con
v
erter
Z-source
ABSTRA
CT
An
impedance
source
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
(BBC)
prototype
for
rene
w
able
ener
gy
(RE)
application
in
the
transportation
industry
is
proposed.
Its
functions
include
stabilizing
the
v
ariabl
e
output
v
oltage
of
the
RE
sources
such
as
fuel
cells
and
photo
v
oltaic
cells.
The
con
v
erter
utilized
a
topology
of
DC-DC
quasi-impedance
source
con
v
erters
(q-ZSCs)
to
achie
v
e
the
g
ain
curv
e
of
the
BBC.
W
ith
BBC
g
ain
curv
e,
the
con
v
erter
earned
adv
antages
o
v
er
the
tw
o
other
classes
of
non-isolated
DC-
DC
q-ZSCs.
These
adv
antages
include
ef
ficient
b
uck-boost
capability
at
the
ef
ficient
duty
ratio
range
of
0
:
35
0
:
65
and
continuous
and
non-zero
g
ain
at
the
ef
ficient
duty
ratio
range.
The
con
v
erter’
s
q-ZSC
topology
implies
using
tw
o
capacitors
and
tw
o
inductors.
These
tw
o
capacitors
and
induc
tors
formed
tw
o
separate
LC
filters
that
pro
vides
second
order
filtering
compared
to
the
first
order
filtering
in
BBC.
Its
other
adv
antages
o
v
er
the
traditional
BBC
include
elimination
of
dead
and
o
v
erlap-time,
simple
contol
and
perm
itting
higher
switching
frequenc
y
operation.
The
con
v
erter
is
capable
of
utilizing
high
switching
frequenc
y
and
asymmetric
components
to
achie
v
e
BBC
g
ain
by
using
smaller
components
to
reduce
cost,
weight
and
size.
Its
simu-
lation
response
and
that
of
a
corresponding
BBC
for
some
gi
v
en
specifications
were
compared,
presented
and
analyzed.
An
e
xperimental
scaled-do
wn
prototype
w
as
also
de
v
eloped
to
confirm
its
operation.
Analysis
of
the
con
v
erters
responses
confirmed
the
prototype’
s
second
order
filtering
as
ag
ainst
the
first
or
der
filtering
in
traditional
BBC.
Copyright
c
2020
Insitute
of
Advanced
Engineeering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
A
w
ang
Jusoh,
School
of
Electrical
Engineering,
Uni
v
ersiti
T
eknologi
Malaysia.
Email:
a
w
ang@utm.my
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
T
ransportation
industry
recorded
the
only
sector
increase
(0.8%)
of
carbon
IV
oxide
CO
2
emission
in
2017
and
has
been
producing
the
highest
since
late
1990s
[1].
Petroleum
and
other
liquids
accounted
for
the
highest
ener
gy-related
(CO
2
)
emission
by
fuel
in
the
U.S.
since
1990
and
are
projected
to
remain
the
w
orld’
s
highest
source
for
ener
gy
consumption
up
to
the
year
2040
[1,
2].
CO
2
emission
causes
air
pollution
and
90%
of
humans
breathing
polluted
air
.
Pollut
ed
air
contrib
utes
about
43%
of
lung
cancer
diseases
and
deaths
[3].
Automobile
and
a
viation
industries
are
inte
grating
rene
w
able
ener
gy
(RE)
sources
such
as
fuel
cells
and
photo
v
oltaic
cells
in
conjunction
with
batteries
and
super
-capacitors
as
ener
gy
storage
systems
(ESS)
to
reduce
pollutant
emissions
[4,
5].
RE
sources
accounted
for
28%
of
global
electricity
generati
on
in
2018,
of
which
96%
w
as
produced
from
the
top
three
RE
sources
(solar
,
h
ydropo
wer
and
wind)
[6,
7].
RE
systems
require
DC-DC
con
v
erters
to
re
gulate
their
v
ariable
output
v
oltage
to
a
gi
v
en
set
point
because
sources
lik
e
fuel
cells
and
photo
v
oltaic
cells
ha
v
e
unre
gulated
outputs
[8-10].
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijece
.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2129
DC-DC
impedance
source
con
v
erters
(ISCs
or
ZSCs)
are
a
class
of
ISCs
[11-15].
ISCs
couple
con
v
erter’
s
main
circuit
to
its
po
wer
source,
thus
pro
viding
features
not
obtained
in
the
traditional
v
oltage-
source
and
current-source
con
v
erters
in
addition
to
their
adv
antages
[16].
The
y
are
immune
from
shoot-
through
(ST)
ef
fects
in
v
oltage-fed
ISCs
by
allo
wing
shorting
of
output
terminals.
The
y
are
also
immune
from
open
circuit
(OC)
ef
fects
in
current-fed
ISCs
by
allo
wing
terminal
current
interruption
[17].
ST
occurs
when
complementary
switches
of
a
common
le
g
of
an
H-bridge
are
both
ON
while
open
circuit
occurs
when
the
y
are
both
OFF
.
During
ST
,
inductors
are
used
to
store
ener
gy
to
be
released
during
non-ST
state
[18].
ZSCs
are
controlled
by
PWM
with
or
without
ST
.
Q-ZSCs
[19]
were
pr
o
pos
ed
in
four
v
ariations
to
solv
e
constraints
in
V
oltage-Fed
ZSCs
(VF-ZSC)
and
Current-Fed
ZSCs
(CF-ZSCs).
These
Problems
include
the
requirement
for
inductors
to
sustain
high
currents
in
(CF-ZSCs),
sust
enance
of
high
capacitor
v
oltage
during
boost
mode
in
(VF-ZSCs)
and
discontinuous
input
current
[19].
Reference
[14]
e
xtended
ZSC
and
q-ZSC
concepts
to
DC-DC
application.
T
ransf
o
r
mer
-based
impedance
ISCs
were
proposed
to
increase
g
ain
and
isolation
at
the
e
xpense
of
increased
size,
cost
and
weight
[20-22].
Reference
[11,
12]
proposed
DC-DC
q-ZSCs
with
BBC
g
ain.
These
con
v
erters
utilized
the
topologies
of
DC-DC
q-ZSCs
to
achie
v
e
the
v
oltage
g
ain
of
traditional
BBC.
The
con
v
erters
usage
of
q-ZSC
topology
implies
using
tw
o
capacitors
and
tw
o
inductors
connected
in
such
a
w
ay
that
each
capacitor
-inductor
pair
(C
1
L
1
)
and
(C
2
L
2
)
form
an
LC
filter
.
The
tw
o
separate
LC
filters
pro
vided
second
order
filtering
in
these
con
v
erters
as
ag
ainst
the
first
order
filtering
in
traditional
BBC.
T
raditional
BBC
topology
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
Other
adv
antages
of
these
DC-DC
q-ZSCs
o
v
er
the
traditional
BBC
include
higher
frequenc
y
operability
and
elimination
of
dead-time
and
o
v
erlap-time,
b
ut
their
tw
o
capacitors
and
tw
o
inductors
increased
components
count
when
compared
with
the
traditional
BBC.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
use
of
asymmetric
capacitors
and
inductors
in
q-ZSCs
could
enhance
performance
and
reduce
weight,
cost
and
size
[23,
24].
Also,
the
tw
o
inductors
could
be
coupled
together
to
decrease
weight
and
size,
pro
vide
isolation
or/and
increase
v
oltage
g
ain
[20,22,25-36].
BBC
has
adv
antages
o
v
er
the
Z-sourc
e
and
quasi-Z-source
con
v
erters
proposed
in
[14]
because
(a)
It
has
a
continuous
and
non-zero
ideal
g
ain
at
duty
ratio
(D)
of
0.5
while
the
the
Z-source
and
quasi-Z-
source
con
v
erters
proposed
in
[14]
ha
v
e
either
a
discontinuous
or
zero
ideal
g
ain
at
D
=
0
:
5
.
(b)
It
has
b
uck-boost
capability
at
the
ef
ficient
duty
ratio
range.
This
is
ag
ainst
the
boost
only
or
b
uck
only
capability
of
the
other
tw
o
classes
[37].
(c)
When
compared
with
the
ZSCs
and
qZSCs
with
single
g
ain
[14],
it
has
higher
g
ain
magnitude
at
boost
mode
[11].
Although
the
q-ZSCs
with
discontinuous
g
ain
ha
v
e
higher
g
ain
magnitude
during
boost
mode
than
the
BBC,
their
discontinuous
g
ain,
b
uck
mode
limitation,
lack
of
b
uck-boost
capability
at
ef
ficient
duty
ratio
range
(0.35
to
0.65)
and
abrupt
change
in
polarity
are
disadv
antages
[16,37-39].
This
paper
proposes
a
BBC
based
on
the
asymmetric
DC-DC
q-ZSC.
The
proposed
con
v
erter
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
2.
A
potential
application
of
the
con
v
erter
is
in
the
rene
w
able
ener
gy
based
transportation.
Its
capable
applications
include
re
gulating
the
v
ariable
output
v
oltages
from
fuel
cells
or
other
RE
sources
to
a
gi
v
en
reference,
char
ging
and
dischar
ging
of
ESSs
etc.
[40,9].
Figure
1.
T
raditional
Buck-Boost
Con
v
erter
T
opology
Figure
2.
Proposed
Con
v
erter
Asymmetric
quasi
impedance
sour
ce
...
(Muhammad
Ado)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2130
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
The
proposed
con
v
erter’
s
response
and
t
hat
of
a
corresponding
BBC
were
compared
by
simulation
for
b
uck
and
boost
modes
at
tw
o
dif
ferent
switching
frequencies.
Its
performance
w
as
e
xperimentally
v
erified
using
a
mini
prototype
at
50
kHz
switching
frequenc
y
.
Results
obtained
from
both
t
he
simulation
and
e
xperimental
v
erifications
confirmed
that
its
response
and
that
of
a
corresponding
BBC
are
similar
.
This
paper
also
confirmed
that
the
additional
capacitor
and
inductor
in
the
con
v
erter
pro
vides
addi-
tional
filtering.
Thus,
the
con
v
erter
pro
vides
second
order
filtering
as
ag
ainst
the
first
order
filtering
pro
vided
by
the
traditional
BBC.
Second
order
filtering
permits
the
use
of
smaller
reacti
v
e
components
than
in
first
order
filtering,
thus
sa
ving
more
weight
and
cost.
2.
CIRCUIT
AN
AL
YSIS
The
con
v
erter’
s
operation
w
as
analyzed
using
ideal
components
to
deri
v
e
the
g
ain
equation
from
(1)
to
(7).
Mode
I:
S
1
is
ON
while
S
2
is
OFF
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
3
with
duty
ratio
D.
U
L
1
=
U
O
U
C
1
(1)
U
L
2
=
U
g
(2)
Mode
II:
S
1
is
OFF
while
S
2
is
ON
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
4
with
duty
ratio
D
0
=
1-D.
U
L
1
=
U
g
U
C
1
(3)
U
L
2
=
U
O
(4)
Applying
v
olt-second
balance
on
L
1
and
L
2
yields
U
L
1
=
D
U
O
+
U
g
U
C
1
D
U
g
=
0
(5)
U
L
2
=
D
U
g
U
O
(
D
1)
=
0
(6)
Simplifying
(6)
yields
U
O
=
D
1
D
U
g
(7)
Equation
(7)
sho
ws
that
the
output
v
oltage
is
in
v
erted
and
can
be
less
than
or
greater
than
the
input
v
oltage.
This
output
equation
is
the
same
as
that
of
the
traditional
non-isolated
BBC.
It
implies
that
it
could
be
used
to
achie
v
e
the
operation
of
the
BBC.
Figure
3.
Proposed
con
v
erter’
s
operation
in
Mode
I
Figure
4.
Proposed
con
v
erter’
s
operation
in
Mode
II
3.
VERIFICA
TION
First,
the
responses
of
the
proposed
con
v
erter
were
compared
with
those
of
corresponding
BBC
by
si
mulation.
A
corresponding
BBC
w
as
obtained
by
making
its
capacitor
and
inductor
identical
with
the
con
v
erter’
s
output
capacitor
(C
2
)
and
inductor
(L
2
)
respecti
v
ely
.
A
mini-prototype
w
as
also
de
v
eloped
and
its
responses
are
presented.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2128
–
2138
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2131
3.1.
Simulation
F
or
simulating
the
response
ot
the
con
v
erters,
MA
TLAB
SIMULINK
w
as
used.
T
able
1
and
T
able
2
sho
w
the
specifications
used
for
the
simulations.
The
specifications
also
include
parasitic
resistances
R
1
and
R
2
,
for
the
capacitors
C
1
and
C
2
and
equi
v
alent
series
resistances
r
1
and
r
2
for
inductors
L
1
and
L
2
respecti
v
ely
.
The
BBC
has
a
single
capacitor
C
=
C
2
and
inductor
L
=
L
2
.
Their
response
for
the
switching
frequencies
of
f
=
50
kHz
and
f
=
100
kHz
were
compared.
The
con
v
erters
were
compared
for
b
uck
mode
at
D
=
0
:
3
and
boost
mode
at
D
=
0
:
7
for
each
of
the
frequencies.
T
able
1.
BB-qZSC
Specification
V
ariable
Unit
V
alue
U
g
V
4
R
O
220
C
1
F
0.01
C
2
F
0.9
L
1
H
22
L
2
H
470
R
1
m
1
R
2
m
20
r
1
0.6
r
2
6
T
able
2.
BB-qZSC
Specification
V
ariable
Unit
V
alue
U
g
V
4
R
O
220
C
1
20
-
C
2
F
0.9
L
1
H
-
L
2
H
470
R
1
m
-
R
2
m
20
r
1
-
r
2
6
The
simulation
response
of
the
con
v
erters
under
these
frequencies
of
50
kHz
and
100
kHz
and
duty
ratios
of
D
=
0.3
and
D
=
0.7
are
presented
in
Figure
5,
Figure
6,
Figure
7,
and
Figure
8.
Figure
5.
Buck
Mode
for
f
=
50
kHz
Figure
6.
Buck
Mode
for
f
=
100
kHz
Asymmetric
quasi
impedance
sour
ce
...
(Muhammad
Ado)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2132
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Figure
7.
Boost
Mode
for
f
=
50
kHz
Figure
8.
Boost
Mode
for
f
=
100
kHz
3.2.
Experimental
v
erification
The
prototype
w
as
de
v
eloped
by
using
the
specifications
in
T
able
1.
A
switching
frequenc
y
of
50
KHz
w
as
used
to
switch
t
h
e
transistors
of
the
con
v
erter
.
Similar
to
con
v
entional
BBCs,
tw
o
complementary
pulse
width
modulated
(PWM)
g
ate
signals
with
dead-time
of
3
s
split
between
the
pulses
were
used
as
switching
signals.
Its
responses
for
b
uck
mode
at
D
=
0
:
3
and
boost
mode
at
D
=
0
:
7
are
presented
in
Figure
9
and
Figure
10.
The
steady-state
output
v
oltage
for
each
mode
w
as
measured
directly
with
a
v
oltmeter
and
their
v
alues
were
found
to
be
1.55
V
for
b
uck
and
6.21
V
for
boost
mode.
4.
RESUL
TS
AND
DISCUSSION
The
results
obtained
from
both
the
simulation
and
e
xperimental
v
erification
are
presented
and
discussed
in
this
section.
4.1.
Simulation
r
esults
and
discussion
Figure
5
and
Figure
6
sho
w
comparisons
of
the
simulation
results
of
the
proposed
con
v
erter’
s
response
and
a
corresponding
BBC’
s
response
for
b
uck
mode
at
D
=
0
:
3
.
Figure
5
is
a
comparison
of
the
tw
o
con
v
erters’
b
uck
mode
response
at
D
=
0
:
3
and
f
=
50
kHz
while
Figure
6
is
a
comparison
of
their
response
at
D
=
0
:
3
b
ut
f
=
100
kHz.
Figure
7
and
Figure
8
sho
w
comparisons
of
the
simulation
results
of
the
proposed
con
v
erter’
s
response
and
the
corresponding
BBC’
s
response
for
boost
mode
at
D
=
0
:
7
.
Figure
7
is
a
compari
son
of
the
tw
o
con
v
erters’
boost
mode
response
at
D
=
0
:
7
and
f
=
50
kHz
while
Figure
8
is
a
comparison
of
their
response
at
D
=
0
:
7
b
ut
f
=
100
kHz.
The
simulation
results
of
Figure
5,
Figure
6,
Figure
7,
and
Figure
8
sho
w
that
the
responses
of
the
proposed
con
v
erter
and
a
corresponding
BBC
are
similar
.
This
similarity
is
noticed
for
both
b
uck
mode
and
boost
mode.
Ho
we
v
er
,
some
ripples
(oscillations)
are
observ
ed
in
all
the
four
figures.
The
oscillations
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2128
–
2138
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2133
decreased
both
in
frequenc
y
and
amplitude
when
the
switching
frequenc
y
w
as
increased
from
50
kHz
to
100
kHz.
This
ef
fect
of
frequenc
y
on
the
the
ripples
of
the
proposed
con
v
erter’
s
response
is
clearly
noticed
when
Figure
5
and
Figure
6
or
Figure
7
and
Figure
8
are
compared
together
.
Comparing
Figure
5
and
Figure
6
together
since
the
y
ha
v
e
identical
parameters
e
xcept
frequenc
y
sho
ws
that
by
doubling
the
switching
frequenc
y
,
the
c
ycles
of
the
ripples
are
halv
ed
and
their
amplitudes
reduced.
The
decrease
in
oscillation
c
ycles
with
increase
in
frequenc
y
sho
ws
that
at
higher
frequencies
the
ripples
observ
ed
in
the
proposed
con
v
erter’
s
w
a
v
eforms
diminishes,
thus
the
con
v
erter
becomes
stable.
This
oscillations
are
predicted
in
[23]
because:
(a)
Comple
x
conjug
ate
pairs
e
xist
in
all
the
small
signal
output
ca
p
a
citor
v
oltage
~
U
C
2
to
input
small
signal
transfer
functions
gi
v
en
by
(8),
(9)
and
(10)
when
(11)
holds.
G
~
u
C
2
~
u
g
=
s
2
(
L
1
+
L
2
)
+
s
(
R
1
+
r
1
+
r
2
)
+
1
C
1
s
2
C
1
L
1
+
sC
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
)
+
1)(
sL
2
+
r
2
)
s
C
2
C
1
D
D
0
(8)
G
~
U
C
2
~
i
O
=
s
3
+
s
2
L
2
(
D
2
R
O
+
R
)+
L
1
(
R
O
D
2
+
r
2
)
L
1
L
2
+
s
R
O
C
1
D
0
2
R
+
r
2
C
1
(
R
+
D
2
R
O
)+
L
2
L
1
L
2
C
1
+
R
O
D
0
2
+
r
2
L
1
L
2
C
1
s
2
C
1
L
1
+
sC
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
)
+
1)(
sL
2
+
r
2
)
s
C
2
C
1
(9)
G
~
u
C
2
~
d
=
s
3
L
1
L
2
I
+
s
2
(
L
1
r
2
I
+
L
2
R
I
+
D
L
2
V
D
0
L
1
V
)
+
s
(
R
r
2
I
+
L
2
C
1
I
+
D
r
2
D
0
R
V
)
+
r
2
I
D
0
V
C
1
s
2
C
1
L
1
+
sC
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
)
+
1)(
sL
2
+
r
2
)
s
C
2
C
1
(10)
L
1
>
C
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
2
)
2
(11)
Substituting
the
v
alues
of
parameters
from
T
able
1
into
(11)
sho
ws
22
10
6
>
0
:
01
10
6
(
0
:
001
+
0
:
6
2
)
2
(12)
)
22
10
6
9
:
03
10
10
(13)
From
(13),
the
e
xistence
of
the
ripples
could
be
anticipated
due
to
the
oscillation
that
aris
e
because
of
the
e
xistence
of
comple
x
conjug
ate
pair
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
ef
fect
of
this
ripple
is
reduced
with
increase
in
frequenc
y
as
seen
when
the
frequenc
y
w
as
increased
from
50
kHz
to
100
kHz.
This
sho
ws
that
C
1
and
L
1
in
addition
to
C
2
and
L
2
ha
v
e
ef
fect
on
the
stability
of
the
proposed
con
v
erter
.
This
is
contrary
to
what
is
obtained
in
traditional
BBC
where
the
stability
is
controlled
by
t
he
lone
capacitor
(labelled
C
2
in
this
w
ork)
and
lone
inductor
(labelled
L
2
in
this
w
ork).
This
confirms
the
second
order
filtering
of
the
q-ZSCs
as
ag
ainst
the
first
order
filtering
of
the
traditional
BBC
[15].
(b)
Lar
ge
v
alues
of
L
1
push
the
poles
of
the
transfer
functions
(14),
(15)
and
(16)
close
to
the
origin
thereby
reducing
the
system’
s
stability
.
G
~
I
L
1
~
U
g
=
sC
1
(1
D
)
s
2
C
1
L
1
+
sC
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
)
+
1
(14)
G
~
I
L
1
~
I
O
=
sC
1
D
R
O
s
2
C
1
L
1
+
sC
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
)
+
1
(15)
G
~
I
L
1
~
d
=
sC
1
(
U
O
U
g
)
s
2
C
1
L
1
+
sC
1
(
R
1
+
r
1
)
+
1
(16)
Asymmetric
quasi
impedance
sour
ce
...
(Muhammad
Ado)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2134
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
The
roots
of
the
transfer
functions
in
(14),
(15)
and
(16)
are
gi
v
en
by
(17)
R
1
+
r
1
2
L
1
q
(
R
1
+
r
1
L
1
)
2
4
C
1
L
1
2
(17)
Substituting
the
v
alues
of
R
1
,
r
1
,
C
1
and
L
1
gi
v
en
in
T
able
1
into
(17)
gi
v
e
the
location
of
the
poles
as
s
1
;
2
=
1
:
3659
10
4
2
:
132
10
6
i
(18)
Equation
(18)
sho
ws
that
the
poles
are
ne
g
ati
v
e
b
ut
ha
v
e
comple
x
conjug
ate
pairs.
As
seen
from
(17),
the
position
of
the
real
part
of
the
poles
is
af
fected
by
the
v
alue
of
L
1
.
An
ob
vious
finding
is
that,
the
con
v
erter’
s
additional
capacitor
C
1
and
additional
inductor
L
1
pro
vides
additional
filtering
in
the
proposed
con
v
erter
.
This
claim
can
be
v
erified
by
testing
the
v
alidity
of
the
condition
gi
v
en
by
(
19
)
that
for
a
switched
circuit
with
a
resonant
netw
ork,
switching
ripples
are
minimized
if
switching
frequenc
y
(f
s
)
is
much
higher
than
the
natural
frequenc
y
(f
o
)
of
the
resonator
gi
v
en
by
(20)
[41].
f
s
f
o
(19)
f
o
=
1
2
p
LC
(20)
This
con
v
erter
has
tw
o
resonant
(filter)
netw
orks
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2.
The
first
filter
netw
ork
is
at
the
output
side
and
is
formed
by
L
2
and
C
2
.
The
output
filter
netw
ork
is
synon
ymous
to
the
filter
netw
ork
that
e
xists
in
the
traditional
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
.
The
second
filter
netw
ork
is
that
formed
by
L
1
and
C
1
and
could
be
called
the
optimizing
netw
ork.
The
v
alidity
of
(19)
w
as
tested
by
determining
the
natural
frequenc
y
of
each
of
the
tw
o
filter
netw
orks
and
comparing
it
with
the
switching
f
s
.
F
or
the
optimizing
filter
netw
ork
formed
by
L
1
and
C
1
,
its
resonant
frequenc
y
f
o
1
is
gi
v
en
by
f
o
1
=
1
2
p
L
1
C
1
(21)
Substituting
the
v
alues
from
T
able
1
into
(21)
sho
ws
that,
f
o
1
=
1
2
p
220
10
6
0
:
01
10
6
=
2
:
132
M
H
z
(22)
F
or
the
output
filter
netw
ork,
its
resonant
frequenc
y
f
o
2
is
gi
v
en
by
f
o
2
=
1
2
p
L
2
C
2
(23)
Substituting
the
v
alues
from
T
able
1
into
(23)
sho
ws
that,
f
o
2
=
1
2
p
470
10
6
0
:
9
10
6
=
7
:
738
k
H
z
(24)
Comparing
f
o
2
of
(24)
with
the
f
s
of
50
kHz
and
100
kHz
used
sho
ws
that
(19)
is
v
alid
for
both
switching
frequencies.
Thus
switching
ripples
should
be
minimized.
As
e
xpected,
the
switching
ripples
of
the
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
were
minimized
since
this
is
the
only
filter
netw
ork
that
e
xisted
i
n
this
con
v
erter
and
it
satisfies
the
condition.
Ho
we
v
er
,
some
ripples
were
observ
ed
in
the
q-ZSC.
These
ripples
could
be
better
e
xplained
after
analysing
the
ef
fects
of
the
second
(optimizing)
filter
netw
ork.
Comparing
f
o
1
of
(22)
with
the
f
s
of
50
kHz
and
100
kHz
used
sho
ws
that
(19)
is
not
v
alid
for
both
switching
frequencies.
In
f
act,
the
re
v
erse
occurred
where
f
s
f
o
1
.
This
implies
that
this
filter
does
not
minimize
ripples
with
the
c
urrent
specification.
This
can
be
link
ed
with
the
ripples
that
e
xisted
in
the
q-ZSC
b
ut
not
in
the
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
at
lo
wer
switching
frequencies.
The
ef
fect
of
the
second
(optimizing)
filter
on
the
con
v
erter’
s
performance
due
to
its
impact
on
the
ripples
in
the
w
a
v
eforms
confirmed
the
second
order
filtering
in
impedance
source
con
v
erters
(ISCs).
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
10,
No.
2,
April
2020
:
2128
–
2138
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
2135
This
sho
ws
that
rather
than
relying
solely
on
the
output
capacitor
C
2
and
the
output
inductor
L
2
for
filter
-
ing,
the
additional
capacitors
C
1
and
inductor
L
1
could
be
used
to
augment
their
functions.
The
ripples
in
the
simulation
results
of
the
output
current
and
output
v
oltage
of
the
con
v
erters
are
less
than
10%
of
their
a
v
erage
v
alues.
The
highest
ripples
are
observ
ed
during
b
uck
modes.
Also,
the
ripples
could
be
further
reduced
by
using
a
much
higher
switching
frequenc
y
.
This
is
because
using
a
switching
frequenc
y
(f
s
)
much
higher
than
the
natural
frequenc
y
(f
o
)
of
L
1
C
1
gi
v
en
by
(21)
minimizes
ripples
[41].
Since
the
con
v
erte
r’
s
performance
impro
v
es
with
increase
in
switching
frequenc
y
,
this
mak
es
them
suitable
for
application
in
rene
w
able
ener
gy
based
transportation
v
ehicles.
This
is
because
increase
in
switching
frequenc
y
permits
the
usage
of
smaller
reacti
v
e
components.
Usage
of
smaller
reacti
v
e
components
results
in
reducing
weight
and
sa
ving
cost.
4.2.
Experimental
r
esults
and
discussion
Figure
9
and
Figure
10
sho
w
t
he
e
xperimental
prototype’
s
response
for
b
uck
mode
at
D
=
0
:
3
and
boost
mode
at
D
=
0
:
7
.
Each
of
the
output
v
oltages
displayed
by
the
oscilloscope
has
to
be
multiplied
by
50
to
get
the
actual
reading.
The
multiplication
is
necessary
because
the
dif
fer
ential
v
oltage
probe
used
(T
ektronix
P5200)
has
a
scaling
f
actor
and
the
scaling
f
actor
of
1:50
w
as
used.
Thus,
the
approximate
output
v
oltages
for
the
b
uck
and
boost
mode
are
33
mV
50
=
1
:
65
V
and
120
mV
50
=
6
V
.
Figure
9.
W
a
v
eform
of
e
xperimental
v
erification
for
Buck
mode
Figure
10.
W
a
v
eform
of
e
xperimental
v
erification
for
Boost
mode
4.3.
Discussion
In
a
recent
publication
[42]
the
design
equations
for
this
con
v
erter’
s
components
se
lection
were
presented.
These
equations
will
assist
designers
in
r
educing
the
ripples
by
choosi
ng
the
appropriate
components
for
the
con
v
erter
for
optimal
performance
for
a
gi
v
en
specification.
The
results
in
this
paper
sho
w
that
the
potential
of
asymmetric
q-ZSCs
to
reduce
size,
weight
and
cost
mak
e
them
suitable
for
RE
transporta-
tion
applications
because
weight,
size
and
cost
are
v
ery
crucial.
The
reduction
in
size
w
as
pro
v
ed
by
using
small
capacitors
of
0.9
F
and
0.01
F
due
to
higher
frequenc
y
and
asymmetry
.
The
0.01
F
capacitor
is
1.11
%
of
the
output
capacitor
thus
sa
ving
weight
and
size.
Figure
9
and
Figure
10
confirmed
that
by
v
arying
D
from
0.3
to
0.7,
the
input
v
oltage
U
g
could
be
v
aried
from
1.65
V
to
6.00
V
signifying
41.25
%
to
150
%
b
uck-boost
capability
.
Asymmetric
quasi
impedance
sour
ce
...
(Muhammad
Ado)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
2136
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
5.
CONCLUSION
An
impedance
source
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
(BBC)
for
rene
w
able
ener
gy
application
has
been
pro-
posed.
It
utilized
quasi
Z-source
con
v
erter
(q-ZSC)
t
o
achie
v
e
the
g
ain
curv
e
of
the
BBC
and
earn
adv
antages
o
v
er
other
classes
of
q-ZSCs.
Its
second
capacitor
and
inductor
edge
it
o
v
er
a
corresponding
BBC
through
second-order
filtering,
elimination
of
dead
time
and
permitting
higher
frequenc
y
operation.
The
capability
of
q-ZSCs
to
achie
v
e
DC-DC
and
DC-ac
con
v
ersion
gi
v
e
it
adv
antage
o
v
er
the
traditional
BBC.
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