I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
5
1
9
1
~
5
1
9
7
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
10
i
5
.
p
p
5
1
9
1
-
5
1
9
7
5191
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JE
C
E
La
SiO
3
Cl:C
e
3+
,Tb
3+
a
nd Mg
2
TiO
4
:
M
n
4+
:
qua
ntu
m
d
o
t
pho
spho
rs for i
mpro
v
ing
t
he optic
a
l properties o
f
WLE
Ds
Ng
uy
en
T
hi P
h
uo
ng
L
o
a
n
1
,
Ng
uy
en
Do
a
n Q
uo
c
Anh
2
1
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
2
,
P
o
sts
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s In
stit
u
te o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
ietn
a
m
2
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
T
o
n
Du
c
T
h
a
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
V
ietn
a
m
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
5
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
2
7
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
7
,
2
0
2
0
In
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
w
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
so
lu
ti
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
li
g
h
ti
n
g
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
th
e
h
e
a
t
re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
(W
L
EDs)
w
it
h
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
(QD
s).
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
re
c
e
iv
in
g
lo
ts
o
f
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
f
o
r
b
e
i
n
g
a
n
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
li
g
h
ti
n
g
so
lu
ti
o
n
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
in
d
e
x
,
th
e
p
o
te
n
ti
a
ls
o
f
WL
EDs
c
o
n
ju
g
a
ted
w
it
h
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
(QD
S
),
e
sp
e
c
ially
th
e
Q
Ds
-
phos
p
h
o
r
m
ix
e
d
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
o
n
e
s,
a
re
re
stra
in
e
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
lac
k
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
th
e
a
sp
e
c
ts
m
e
n
ti
o
n
e
d
a
b
o
v
e
.
T
h
e
c
ru
c
ial
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
to
p
ro
d
u
c
e
b
e
tt
e
r
W
L
EDs
is
f
in
d
in
g
so
lu
t
io
n
s
th
a
t
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
lac
k
in
g
a
sp
e
c
ts,
th
e
re
f
o
re
,
th
ro
u
g
h
o
b
se
rv
in
g
p
re
v
io
u
s
stu
d
ies
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
su
g
g
e
st
a
n
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
u
n
i
q
u
e
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
,
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
sites
QDs
-
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
lay
e
r
is
se
t
h
o
rizo
n
tally
to
th
e
WL
ED.
T
h
is
n
o
v
e
l
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
a
ll
o
w
WL
ED
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
term
s
o
f
li
g
h
ti
n
g
a
n
d
h
e
a
ti
n
g
to
re
a
c
h
it
p
e
a
k
s.
T
h
is
is
th
e
f
irst
ti
m
e
f
o
u
r
d
iff
e
re
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
WL
EDs,
sin
g
le
-
la
y
e
r
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r,
d
u
a
l
-
lay
e
r
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
w
it
h
y
e
ll
o
w
-
re
d
a
n
d
y
e
ll
o
w
-
g
re
e
n
,
a
n
d
tr
ip
le
-
lay
e
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r,
w
e
re
si
m
u
late
d
,
u
ti
l
ize
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
in
o
n
e
stu
d
y
to
d
e
c
id
e
th
e
b
e
st
WL
ED
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
t
h
e
tr
i
p
le
-
lay
e
r
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
im
p
ro
v
e
th
e
c
o
l
o
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
lu
m
e
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
e
tt
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
i
n
d
ex
Du
al
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
icac
y
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
t
h
eo
r
y
R
e
m
o
te
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
T
r
i
p
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
2
0
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ng
u
y
e
n
Do
an
Q
u
o
c
A
n
h
,
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
te
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lect
r
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
T
o
n
Du
c
T
h
an
g
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
No
.
1
9
Ng
u
y
e
n
Hu
u
T
h
o
Stre
et,
T
an
P
h
o
n
g
W
ar
d
,
Dis
tr
ict
7
,
Ho
C
h
i M
i
n
h
C
it
y
,
Viet
n
a
m
.
E
m
ail:
n
g
u
y
en
d
o
an
q
u
o
ca
n
h
@
td
tu
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
m
a
n
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
,
w
h
ite
lig
h
t
-
e
m
itti
n
g
d
io
d
es
(
W
L
E
Ds)
is
th
e
n
e
w
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
th
at
b
eg
in
s
to
r
ep
lace
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
l
ig
h
ti
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
i
n
d
ail
y
li
g
h
tin
g
,
b
ac
k
li
g
h
ti
n
g
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
a
tic
lig
h
ti
n
g
[
1
-
3
]
.
C
o
n
j
u
g
a
tin
g
GaN
L
E
D
c
h
ip
w
it
h
Y
3
Al
5
O1
2
:
C
e
3+
(
Y
AG:C
e
3+
)
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
let
t
h
e
l
ig
h
t
e
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
ese
t
w
o
s
o
u
r
ce
s
m
er
g
e
a
n
d
cr
ea
te
w
h
ite
li
g
h
t
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
f
ab
r
icate
W
L
E
Ds.
Desp
ite
h
a
v
i
n
g
its
ad
v
an
ta
g
e,
th
e
W
L
E
D
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
lac
k
i
n
g
r
ed
li
g
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t d
u
e
to
th
e
in
ab
il
it
y
o
f
Y
A
G
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
to
g
en
er
ate
r
ed
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
in
f
er
io
r
C
R
I
an
d
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
th
e
QD
s
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
ites
W
L
E
D
s
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
w
i
d
ely
u
s
ed
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
h
at
a
d
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
t
h
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
w
er
e
u
ti
lized
to
co
m
b
in
e
w
it
h
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
ea
r
n
ed
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
e
x
ten
s
i
v
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
d
ee
p
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
,
w
h
ich
i
s
ab
o
v
e
6
5
0
n
m
,
lo
ca
tes
o
u
t
s
id
e
th
e
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
e
y
es
ca
u
s
in
g
h
ar
m
to
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
(
L
E
)
[
5
–
8
]
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
co
ll
o
id
al
q
u
an
tu
m
d
o
ts
(
QDs)
a
r
e
b
ei
n
g
u
s
ed
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
1
9
1
-
5197
5192
an
alter
n
ati
v
e
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
al
m
at
er
ials
to
y
ield
ch
r
o
m
atic
li
g
h
t
s
,
w
it
h
d
esira
b
le
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
c
h
as
s
m
all
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
an
d
lar
g
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
th
e
QDs a
r
e
p
r
ed
icted
t
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
is
s
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
io
r
m
ater
ial
[
9
-
1
2
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
c
h
,
C
d
Se,
I
n
P
,
C
u
I
n
S
2
,
C
,
C
H
3
NH
3
P
b
B
r
3
,
C
s
P
b
B
r
3
an
d
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
k
in
d
s
o
f
QDs
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
m
a
n
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
i
n
ter
ests
.
C
d
s
e
QD
s
,
an
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
in
g
r
o
u
p
I
I
-
VI
,
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
o
n
es
o
u
t
o
f
all
QDs
an
d
h
as
h
i
g
h
m
ar
k
e
t
v
alu
e
f
o
r
p
o
s
s
ess
i
n
g
h
y
p
er
q
u
an
t
u
m
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
v
er
9
5
%,
f
u
ll
w
id
t
h
at
h
al
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
(
FW
HM
)
f
r
o
m
2
0
-
3
0
n
m
an
d
ca
n
co
v
er
th
e
w
h
o
le
co
g
n
iti
v
e
r
an
g
e
b
y
cu
s
to
m
izi
n
g
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
p
ar
ticles.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
es
o
f
C
d
Se
QDs,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
w
er
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
C
d
Se
QDs
to
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
th
e
ea
r
lies
t
QDs
W
L
E
Ds
o
n
th
e
m
ar
k
et
[
1
3
,
1
4
]
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
C
d
Se
QD
s
W
L
E
D
s
ar
e
w
id
e
s
p
r
ea
d
f
r
o
m
co
m
m
o
n
lig
h
ti
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
b
ac
k
li
g
h
t
in
g
,
its
p
o
ten
tial
i
s
li
m
ited
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
co
n
tai
n
in
g
C
d
,
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
th
at
i
s
h
ar
m
f
u
l
to
h
u
m
a
n
[
1
5
]
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
C
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
as
w
el
l
as
f
i
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
r
ep
lace
m
en
t,
as
a
r
esu
l
t,
I
n
P
,
C
u
I
n
S2
a
n
d
ca
r
b
o
n
QDs
ar
e
th
e
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
co
n
ten
d
er
s
f
o
r
th
i
s
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
w
i
th
I
n
P
an
d
C
u
I
n
S2
QDs
is
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
ar
e
n
o
t
as
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
a
n
d
h
a
v
e
b
r
o
ad
er
FW
HM
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
o
th
e
C
d
Se
QD
s
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
ca
r
b
o
n
QDs
s
h
o
w
s
i
n
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
in
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
lar
g
e
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
co
lo
r
s
u
ch
a
s
r
ed
em
itted
li
g
h
t
[
1
6
–
1
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
er
o
v
s
k
i
te
QDs
w
it
h
l
u
m
in
e
s
ce
n
ce
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
ex
ce
lle
n
t
c
h
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
esp
ec
iall
y
g
r
ee
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
C
H
3
NH
3
P
b
B
r
3
an
d
C
s
P
b
B
r
3
a
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
a
n
e
w
co
lo
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
m
ater
ial
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
i
te
QDs
w
i
th
n
ar
r
o
w
er
FW
HM
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
it
in
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
b
y
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
i
s
an
u
p
g
r
ad
e
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
t
h
e
C
d
Se
Qd
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
QDs
is
u
n
s
tab
le
u
n
d
er
air
y
co
n
d
itio
n
,
esp
ec
iall
y
th
o
s
e
r
ed
an
d
b
lu
e
p
er
o
v
s
k
it
e
QDs [
2
0
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
all
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
it
s
ee
m
s
th
at
C
d
Se
QDs
r
e
m
ain
as
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
o
p
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
ab
ilit
y
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
m
o
s
t
W
L
E
Ds
w
it
h
QDs
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
w
o
r
k
w
ell
w
i
th
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
et
u
p
th
at
cr
ea
tes
a
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
QDs
la
y
er
an
d
th
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
,
th
is
f
ea
t
u
r
e
allo
w
s
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
q
u
an
t
u
m
p
ar
ticles,
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
h
ea
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
is
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
tu
d
y
in
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
e
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
in
f
lat
d
u
al
-
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
FDR
P
)
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
co
n
ca
v
e
d
u
al
-
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
C
D
R
P
)
,
an
al
y
zi
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
in
tr
ip
le
-
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
f
SrB
aSiO4
:Eu
2+
p
ar
ticle
s
in
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
W
L
E
Ds
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
w
it
h
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ie
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
lig
h
ti
n
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
h
ile
n
e
g
lecti
n
g
o
t
h
er
q
u
alit
y
i
n
d
icato
r
s
an
d
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
o
v
er
all
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
p
ti
ca
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
f
r
o
m
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
er
to
tr
ip
le
-
la
y
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
w
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
th
at
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
f
o
r
o
p
tical
q
u
alit
y
ev
al
u
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
1
,
2
2
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
lig
h
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
la
y
er
th
at
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
a
n
d
QDs
u
s
u
all
y
h
as
is
s
u
es
w
it
h
th
e
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
s
h
o
w
i
n
ad
eq
u
ate
lig
h
tin
g
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
o
cc
u
r
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
QDs
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
W
L
E
Ds
o
p
tical
an
d
th
er
m
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
a
n
d
th
e
QD
s
p
lat
e
ar
e
p
lace
d
s
ep
ar
ately
i
n
a
v
er
tical
p
o
s
itio
n
,
th
i
s
is
t
h
e
v
er
ticall
y
p
ac
k
a
g
i
n
g
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
t
h
at
is
ap
p
lied
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
x
ed
-
t
y
p
e
W
L
E
Ds
[
1
8
–
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
h
a
s
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
as
it
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
q
u
an
t
u
m
y
ield
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
QDs
w
h
e
n
p
u
ttin
g
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
b
esi
d
e
th
e
L
E
D
c
h
ip
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
co
lo
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
also
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
la
y
er
n
ex
t
to
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
D
w
i
th
QDs
-
on
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
ex
ce
lle
n
tl
y
a
n
d
s
h
o
w
s
in
cr
ed
ib
le
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
L
E
,
C
R
I
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
m
i
x
ed
-
t
y
p
e
o
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
on
-
QD
s
t
y
p
e
in
b
o
th
o
cc
asio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
m
o
te
QDs
-
In
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
as
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
ch
o
ice
to
cr
ea
te
h
i
g
h
q
u
al
it
y
W
L
E
Ds
.
T
h
is
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
s
g
o
o
d
at
m
a
n
y
a
s
p
ec
ts
y
et
u
n
a
b
le
to
er
ad
icate
r
ea
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
as
th
e
r
ed
QDs
s
til
l
ab
s
o
r
b
th
e
g
r
ee
n
a
n
d
y
el
lo
w
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
p
ass
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
it.
An
o
th
er
co
n
ce
r
n
is
th
at
L
E
D
h
as
a
L
a
m
b
er
tia
n
in
t
en
s
it
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
an
d
th
e
in
te
n
s
it
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
an
d
g
r
ad
u
all
y
f
alli
n
g
t
o
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
s
id
e.
T
h
ese
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
es
th
at
n
ee
d
i
m
m
ed
iate
atte
n
tio
n
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
e
r
e
n
o
v
ated
t
h
e
p
ac
k
a
g
i
n
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
d
ec
id
ed
to
ar
r
an
g
e
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
h
o
r
izo
n
t
all
y
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
r
ea
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
an
d
i
n
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tall
y
la
y
er
ed
QDs
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
n
a
n
o
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
ab
ilit
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lig
h
ti
n
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
is
ap
p
lied
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
ac
h
iev
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
s
.
Fo
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
t
y
p
es
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
e
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
d
u
al
-
la
y
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
it
h
y
el
lo
w
-
r
ed
an
d
y
el
lo
w
-
g
r
ee
n
,
an
d
tr
ip
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
er
e
as
s
e
m
b
le
d
a
n
d
ap
p
lied
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
m
at
h
e
m
at
ic
eq
u
ati
o
n
s
an
d
d
etailed
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ar
ticle.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
itab
le
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
to
f
u
l
f
ill
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
La
S
iO
3
C
l:
C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
a
n
d
Mg
2
TiO
4
:
Mn
4+
:
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
... (
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
5193
2.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
AND
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
DE
T
A
I
L
S
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n
o
f
ph
o
s
ph
o
r
m
a
t
er
ia
ls
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
a
s
u
t
il
ized
L
aSiO
3
C
l:
C
e
3+
,
T
b
3+
to
s
ti
m
u
late
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
li
g
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
i
n
W
L
E
Ds
lead
i
n
g
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
a
n
d
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
.
T
h
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Mg
2
T
iO
4
:Mn
4+
w
it
h
r
ed
e
m
is
s
io
n
ab
ilit
y
is
an
ess
e
n
tia
l
ele
m
e
n
t
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
W
L
E
Ds
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
i
n
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es to
f
ab
r
icate
th
ese
t
w
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
:
T
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
L
aSiO
3
C
l:
C
e
3+
,
T
b
3+
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
7
s
tep
s
th
at
n
e
ed
ed
to
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
ex
ac
t
o
r
d
er
o
f
m
i
x
in
g
,
d
r
y
i
n
g
,
f
ir
in
g
,
r
e
-
f
ir
i
n
g
t
w
i
ce
,
w
a
s
h
in
g
,
an
d
d
r
y
in
g
ag
ai
n
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
q
u
a
lit
y
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
First
o
f
all,
m
i
x
i
n
g
th
e
m
ate
r
ials
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
i
n
w
a
ter
ad
d
ed
w
it
h
NH
3
u
n
ti
l
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
s
l
u
r
r
y
.
Af
ter
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
,
leav
e
th
e
m
ater
ials
to
d
r
y
in
air
y
p
lace
a
n
d
th
en
p
o
w
d
er
ize
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
ar
e
co
m
p
le
tel
y
d
r
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ir
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
lace
th
e
m
ater
ials
in
a
ca
p
p
ed
q
u
ar
tz
tu
b
e
f
illed
w
it
h
N
2
an
d
p
u
t
it
in
th
e
f
u
r
n
a
ce
at
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
l
y
5
0
0
°C
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
,
af
ter
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
o
l
ed
d
o
w
n
p
o
w
d
er
ize
it
to
o
b
tain
th
e
d
esira
b
le
f
i
n
e
p
o
w
d
er
y
s
tate.
R
e
-
f
ir
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ater
ials
i
n
ca
p
p
ed
q
u
ar
tz
tu
b
es
f
illed
w
it
h
N
2
f
o
r
an
h
o
u
r
b
u
t
th
is
ti
m
e
at
1
2
0
0
°C
b
ef
o
r
e
p
o
w
d
er
izin
g
.
R
ep
e
at
th
e
f
ir
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
e
las
t
ti
m
e
i
n
o
p
en
q
u
ar
tz
b
o
ats
f
illed
w
it
h
C
O
at
1
2
0
0
°C
f
o
r
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
a
n
d
f
i
n
is
h
b
y
p
o
w
d
er
i
zi
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
Af
ter
th
e
f
ir
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
w
as
h
i
n
g
th
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
in
w
ater
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
ti
m
es
to
r
em
o
v
e
u
n
w
a
n
ted
r
esi
d
u
es.
Fin
al
l
y
,
lea
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
u
n
ti
l
d
r
y
a
n
d
s
to
r
e
in
co
n
ce
aled
co
n
tain
er
.
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
Mg
2
T
iO
4
:Mn
4+
also
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
in
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
o
r
d
er
to
y
ield
th
e
b
est
r
esu
lt
as
ea
c
h
p
r
io
r
s
tep
is
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
o
n
e
s
.
T
o
cr
ea
te
Mg
2
T
iO
4
:Mn
4+
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
b
len
d
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
m
at
er
ials
in
to
w
ater
o
r
m
et
h
a
n
o
l
u
n
til
t
h
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
r
ea
ch
es
a
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
tate.
Dr
y
in
g
t
h
e
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
in
a
ir
y
co
n
d
itio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
p
o
w
d
er
ize
th
e
d
r
ied
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
en
p
r
o
ce
ed
to
f
ir
e
th
e
m
ater
ials
i
n
a
q
u
ar
tz
b
o
at
t
h
at
is
lef
t
o
p
en
to
let
th
e
a
ir
in
,
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
at
ab
o
u
t
1
3
0
0
º
C
an
d
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
,
p
o
w
d
er
ize
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
y
g
r
i
n
d
in
g
o
r
m
il
lin
g
it
o
n
ce
th
e
f
ir
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
o
n
e
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
b
ac
k
to
n
o
r
m
al
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
Firin
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
i
n
a
n
o
p
en
q
u
ar
tz
b
o
at
b
u
t
w
it
h
O2
at
5
7
0
°C
o
v
er
n
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
1
6
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
s
to
r
ed
in
co
n
ce
aled
co
n
tai
n
er
.
B
ef
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
th
e
o
p
tical
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
o
f
L
a
SiO
3
C
l:
C
e
3+
,
T
b
3+
an
d
Mg
2
T
iO
4
:M
n
4+
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
s
u
c
h
as
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
s
izes,
ex
citatio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
an
d
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
ex
a
m
in
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
au
t
h
en
t
icit
y
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
,
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
e
latin
g
to
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
a
ar
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
w
h
ile
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
s
ar
e
t
h
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
v
al
u
es
n
ee
d
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
r
io
r
r
ese
ar
ch
es,
th
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
ea
c
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
is
f
i
x
ed
at
an
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
1
4
.
5
µm
.
2
.
2
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
is
an
i
m
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
el
s
i
m
u
lat
ed
to
u
s
e
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
,
in
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tain
s
9
b
lu
e
c
h
ip
,
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
an
d
d
o
r
m
-
li
k
e
le
n
s
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
d
etaile
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
is
W
L
E
D
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
c)
,
1
(
d
)
,
1
(
e)
an
d
1
(
f
)
s
h
o
w
s
th
i
s
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
r
o
m
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
Du
al
-
la
y
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
it
h
YR
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
YG
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
tr
ip
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
is
alu
m
i
n
u
m
n
itrid
e
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
i
s
YAG:Ce
3+
,
th
e
C
C
T
s
ar
e
6
6
0
0
K
an
d
7
7
0
0
K
f
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
is
f
ix
ed
at
0
.
0
8
m
m
.
T
o
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
av
er
ag
e
co
lo
r
c
o
r
r
elate
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
A
C
C
T
)
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
th
at
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
A
G
:C
e
3+
m
u
s
t
ad
j
u
s
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
s
o
cc
u
r
in
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
o
r
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
A
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
AC
C
T
s
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
A
G:C
e
3+
also
v
ar
ies,
th
i
s
lead
to
d
is
tin
ct
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
ts
i
n
ea
ch
W
L
E
D
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
d
iv
er
s
e
li
g
h
t
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies.
B
y
an
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
e
m
i
tti
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YA
G
:C
e
3+
is
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
lev
el
i
n
th
e
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
s
tr
u
g
g
le
i
n
YR
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
at
all
A
C
C
T
s
.
W
h
en
ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
AC
C
T
in
all
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
AG:C
e
3
+
g
et,
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
r
ea
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
lo
s
s
es
b
ec
o
m
e
ca
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
to
d
ec
lin
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
AG:C
e
3
+
also
i
n
d
u
ce
th
e
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
th
r
ee
co
lo
r
s
c
o
n
s
titu
tin
g
w
h
ite
lig
h
t,
r
ed
,
y
ello
w
an
d
g
r
ee
n
,
w
h
ich
i
s
d
etr
im
e
n
ta
l
to
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
w
h
i
te
lig
h
t
co
n
s
t
itu
e
n
t
co
lo
r
s
as
w
el
l
as
li
m
iti
n
g
th
e
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
tte
r
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
ar
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
in
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
an
d
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
s
e
g
o
als,
t
h
e
r
ed
e
m
is
s
i
v
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
it
h
r
ed
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
c
an
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
w
h
i
le
th
e
g
r
ee
n
li
g
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
in
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
an
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
P
o
s
s
ess
i
n
g
b
o
th
r
ed
an
d
g
r
e
en
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
th
e
tr
ip
le
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
b
en
e
f
icia
l
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
li
g
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
D
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
to
f
u
ll
y
d
eter
m
in
e
th
is
s
tate
m
en
t,
w
e
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
an
o
th
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
at
i
s
th
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
1
9
1
-
5197
5194
s
p
ec
tr
a
ar
e
ap
p
a
r
en
t.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a,
th
e
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
a
s
th
e
lo
w
est
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
at
all
A
C
C
T
s
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
th
i
s
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
b
tain
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
t
h
e
s
m
al
lest
w
h
ile
in
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
th
e
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
3
8
0
–
7
8
0
n
m
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
YG
an
d
th
e
YR
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
at
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
YG
i
s
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
Y
R
o
w
in
g
to
YG
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
i
g
h
er
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
in
te
n
s
it
y
in
th
e
w
av
ele
n
g
th
b
an
d
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
–
5
0
0
n
m
.
O
n
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
YG
i
s
lo
w
er
th
a
n
YR
in
th
e
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
b
an
d
f
r
o
m
6
5
0
–
7
5
0
n
m
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
a
t
YR
h
as
b
etter
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
i
n
g
i
n
d
ex
th
a
n
YG.
T
h
ese
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
in
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
itab
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
W
L
E
D
s
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
in
p
ar
t
3
also
n
ee
d
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
.
L
e
a
d
f
ra
m
e
:
4
.
7
mm
Je
n
t
e
c
h
S
i
z
e
-
S
L
ED
c
h
i
p
:
V
4
5
H
D
i
e
a
t
t
a
c
h
:
S
u
m
i
t
o
mo
1
2
9
5
S
A
G
o
l
d
W
i
re:
1
.
0
mi
l
Ph
o
sp
h
o
r:
I
T
C
N
Y
A
G
4
_
EL
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(
f
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
llu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es o
f
wh
ite
L
E
Ds:
(
a)
th
e
ac
tu
al
MCW
-
L
E
Ds a
n
d
(
b
)
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
; (
c)
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
d
u
al
-
la
y
er
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
w
ith
Y
R
(
d
)
an
d
YG
(
e)
,
an
d
(
f
)
tr
ip
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
-
e
m
i
tti
n
g
Y
AG:C
e
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
r
r
elatin
g
to
ea
ch
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es a
t d
if
f
er
e
n
t
AC
C
T
s
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
: (
a)
6
6
0
0
K
an
d
(
b
)
7
7
0
0
K
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
La
S
iO
3
C
l:
C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
a
n
d
Mg
2
TiO
4
:
Mn
4+
:
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
... (
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
5195
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
e
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
c
es
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
h
e
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
a
r
e
a
p
p
a
r
en
t
.
R
eg
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
w
i
d
th
o
f
th
e
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
p
ec
t
r
a
,
th
e
Y
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
h
as
th
e
lo
w
es
t
i
n
t
en
s
i
ty
a
t
al
l
A
C
C
T
s
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
o
t
h
e
r
s
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
es
,
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
b
t
a
in
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
is
t
h
e
s
m
a
ll
e
s
t
w
h
il
e
in
Y
R
G
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
,
t
h
e
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
in
te
n
s
ity
in
th
e
w
av
e
l
en
g
th
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
8
0
-
7
8
0
n
m
is
th
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
th
e
YG
a
n
d
t
h
e
YR
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
,
w
e
c
an
s
e
e
th
a
t
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
Y
G
is
h
ig
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
th
at
o
f
Y
R
o
w
in
g
t
o
Y
G
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
h
ig
h
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
in
t
en
s
i
ty
in
th
e
w
a
v
e
le
n
g
t
h
b
an
d
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
m
.
On
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
a
r
y
,
t
h
e
s
p
e
ct
r
u
m
in
t
en
s
i
ty
o
f
YG
is
l
o
w
e
r
th
an
Y
R
in
th
e
w
av
e
l
en
g
th
b
an
d
f
r
o
m
6
5
0
-
7
5
0
n
m
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
a
t
YR
h
as
b
e
t
t
e
r
c
o
l
o
r
r
e
n
d
e
r
i
n
g
in
d
ex
th
an
Y
G
.
T
h
e
s
e
a
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
in
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
i
ta
b
l
e
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
,
h
o
w
ev
e
r
,
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
in
p
a
r
t
3
a
ls
o
n
e
e
d
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
ef
o
r
e
c
o
n
c
lu
d
in
g
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
th
e
C
R
I
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
Fro
m
th
i
s
g
r
ap
h
,
t
h
e
Y
R
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
C
R
I
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lt
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
C
R
I
at
all
A
C
C
T
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
also
s
h
o
w
an
o
t
h
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
in
d
i
n
g
r
elatin
g
to
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
R
I
in
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
th
at
is
th
e
C
R
I
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
w
ith
AC
C
T
an
d
r
ea
ch
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
in
d
ex
at
8
5
0
0
K.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
c
o
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
at
th
e
AC
C
T
ab
o
v
e
7
0
0
0
K
is
a
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
tas
k
,
th
e
Y
R
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
s
t
ill
ab
le
to
b
en
ef
it
th
e
C
R
I
b
y
a
d
d
in
g
r
ed
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Sr
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
:Eu
2+
,
S
m
2+
.
T
h
e
YR
G
is
p
lace
d
s
ec
o
n
d
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ac
h
iev
ab
le
C
R
I
an
d
C
R
I
in
YG
is
th
e
lo
w
es
t
a
m
o
n
g
all
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Fro
m
th
i
s
r
esu
lt,
it
i
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
Y
R
is
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
m
as
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
i
f
th
e
g
o
al
i
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
C
R
I
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
C
R
I
ca
n
o
n
l
y
as
s
es
s
a
f
e
w
asp
ec
ts
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
o
p
tical
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
w
h
i
le
th
er
e
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
er
an
d
h
ar
d
er
to
o
b
tain
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
c
h
as
C
Q
S
th
at
ca
n
f
u
ll
y
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
D.
B
y
ass
e
m
b
lin
g
th
r
ee
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
clu
d
in
g
C
R
I
,
v
ie
w
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
a
n
d
co
lo
r
co
o
r
d
in
ate,
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
(
C
QS)
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
a
r
ese
ar
ch
g
o
al
f
o
r
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
an
d
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
u
s
e
d
as
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
in
d
e
x
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
a
tic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
C
QS
th
e
b
etter
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
al
it
y
.
T
h
e
C
QSs
o
f
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Du
e
to
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
th
r
e
e
co
lo
r
s
r
ed
,
y
ello
w
an
d
g
r
ee
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
,
th
e
C
Q
S
ac
h
ie
v
ed
in
Y
R
G
is
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
4
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
.
T
h
e
lo
w
est
C
QS b
elo
n
g
s
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Y,
d
esp
ite
h
a
v
i
n
g
an
ad
v
an
tag
e
in
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
,
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
th
e
Y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
u
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
r
ed
an
d
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
s
,
th
e
t
w
o
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
in
g
r
ed
ien
t
s
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
lo
r
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
m
i
g
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
id
ea
l,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
in
ts
t
h
at
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
a
s
o
v
er
o
th
er
o
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
its
ea
s
y
-
to
-
h
a
n
d
le
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
m
all
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
c
o
s
t.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
,
t
he
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
if
t
h
e
tar
g
et
of
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
is
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
W
L
E
D
w
it
h
th
e
b
est
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
et
h
er
th
i
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
g
o
in
g
to
h
av
e
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
lu
m
i
n
es
ce
n
ce
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
r
n
o
t,
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
s
in
g
l
e
-
la
y
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
d
u
al
-
l
a
y
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
l
u
m
in
e
s
ce
n
ce
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
(
L
E
)
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ex
ce
l
s
at
all
AC
C
T
s
w
h
ile
Y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
s
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
al
o
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
t
h
e
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
is
a
ls
o
ab
le
to
y
ield
t
h
e
l
ar
g
est
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
w
it
h
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
b
o
th
r
ed
an
d
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
t
h
e
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
cin
g
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Y
A
G:
C
e
3+
an
d
as
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
l
ig
h
t
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
r
e
-
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
W
ith
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
Y
AG:C
e
3+
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
h
ip
s
ca
n
n
o
w
ea
s
il
y
p
as
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
an
d
r
ea
ch
o
th
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
in
ten
s
it
y
o
f
th
e
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
i
n
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
is
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es i
n
th
e
w
h
ite
l
ig
h
t
wav
elen
g
t
h
an
d
t
h
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
o
f
th
i
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
also
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
b
an
d
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
n
m
–
6
0
0
n
m
,
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
SrB
aSiO
4
:Eu
2+
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
YG
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
m
ak
i
n
g
it
h
ig
h
er
th
an
YR
an
d
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
i
g
h
est
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
YG
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
w
it
h
YR
G
w
ill
co
n
tai
n
g
o
o
d
o
p
tical
q
u
alit
y
in
b
o
th
C
Q
S
an
d
L
E
,
th
is
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
YR
G
is
an
o
u
t
s
ta
n
d
in
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
w
h
e
n
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
W
L
E
Ds.
B
esid
e
o
th
er
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
i
s
also
an
ess
en
tia
l
tar
g
et
w
h
e
n
d
is
cu
s
s
i
n
g
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
t
w
o
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
s
ca
tter
ed
-
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
p
ar
ticle
s
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
s
e
v
er
el
y
d
a
m
a
g
e
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Sr
w
F
x
B
y
O
z
:Eu
2+
,
S
m
2+
,
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
Sr
B
aSiO
4
:Eu
2+
an
d
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
s
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
s
c
atter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
w
h
ite
l
ig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
q
u
alit
y
w
h
ile
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
la
y
er
is
v
er
y
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
in
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
b
y
li
m
iti
n
g
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
l
ig
h
t
r
e
f
lecte
d
t
o
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
e
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es.
I
n
th
is
f
i
g
u
r
e,
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
i
t
h
th
e
s
m
alle
s
t
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
in
d
ex
h
a
s
th
e
h
ig
h
es
t
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
5
1
9
1
-
5197
5196
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
t
h
e
b
est
co
r
r
e
latin
g
to
t
h
e
lo
w
est
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
s
o
cc
u
r
in
s
id
e
th
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e
b
ef
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
w
h
ite
li
g
h
t,
th
e
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
h
av
in
g
to
o
m
an
y
s
ca
tter
in
g
e
v
en
t
s
also
i
m
p
air
th
e
l
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
,
t
h
is
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
i
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
e
YR
G
s
ti
ll
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
w
h
ile
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
th
e
b
est
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
T
h
e
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
o
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
,
is
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
co
lo
r
d
ev
iati
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
at
all
AC
C
T
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
e
x
es o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
A
C
C
T
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
s
ca
le
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
A
C
C
T
s
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
L
u
m
i
n
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
A
C
C
T
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
r
r
ela
ted
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ev
iatio
n
(D
-
C
C
T
)
o
f
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
AC
C
T
s
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
In
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
e
YR
G
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
lo
r
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
lo
w
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
th
a
t
r
esu
lts
i
n
h
ig
h
e
s
t
co
lo
r
q
u
alit
y
,
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
,
a
n
d
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
Y
R
G
is
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
W
L
E
D
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
io
r
v
alu
e
s
in
e
v
er
y
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
is
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
w
h
ile
ch
o
o
s
i
n
g
s
et
u
p
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
YG
an
d
YR
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
h
av
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
o
p
tical
i
n
d
ices
w
h
ich
v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
Y
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
h
as
b
etter
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
th
an
t
h
e
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
ex
tr
a
g
r
ee
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
SrB
aSiO
4
:Eu
2+
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
l
u
m
in
e
s
ce
n
ce
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
co
lo
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
t
y
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
C
R
I
an
d
C
QS
i
n
t
h
e
YR
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
b
etter
th
a
n
Y
G
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
ed
l
i
g
h
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
.
T
h
e
Y
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
,
al
th
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
ex
c
el
l
in
g
in
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
q
u
al
i
ty
,
i
s
s
t
il
l
a
v
e
r
y
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
c
h
o
i
c
e
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
l
o
w
m
an
u
f
a
c
tu
r
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
,
s
im
p
l
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
ie
n
cy
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
esu
l
ts
a
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
th
a
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
th
e
o
p
t
ica
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
en
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
ly
u
s
e
d
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
es
,
Y
,
Y
G
,
YR
,
a
n
d
YR
G
,
an
d
t
h
e
n
v
e
r
if
i
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
M
i
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
an
d
t
h
e
L
am
b
e
r
t
-
B
e
e
r
l
aw
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
elev
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
h
i
g
h
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
es
t
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
W
L
E
D
b
u
t
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
i
tab
le
o
n
es
f
o
r
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
La
S
iO
3
C
l:
C
e
3+
,
Tb
3+
a
n
d
Mg
2
TiO
4
:
Mn
4+
:
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
... (
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
5197
o
cc
asio
n
s
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
ese
ar
e
v
alu
ab
le
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
t
h
at
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
i
n
ch
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
w
it
h
an
y
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
e
m
an
d
w
h
ile
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
al
it
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
o
l
w
h
it
e
l
ig
h
t
e
m
is
sio
n
f
ro
m
D
y
3+
a
c
ti
v
a
ted
a
lk
a
li
n
e
a
lu
m
in
o
sili
c
a
te
p
h
o
sp
h
o
rs,”
Op
t
ics
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
9
4
9
5
-
2
9
5
0
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
P
.
X
.
L
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
Im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
Dista
n
c
e
Be
tw
e
e
n
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
L
a
y
e
r
s
o
n
O
p
ti
c
a
l
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
T
rip
le
-
L
a
y
e
r
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
S
tr
u
c
tu
re
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
8
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
]
Y.
T
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
ica
c
y
f
o
r
L
ED
lam
p
s
b
y
in
tro
d
u
c
i
n
g
p
o
ly
a
c
r
y
lo
n
it
ril
e
e
lec
tro
sp
in
n
in
g
n
a
n
o
f
ib
e
r
f
il
m
,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
1
6
-
2
7
7
2
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4
]
H.
S
.
Ch
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
tw
o
-
sta
c
k
tan
d
e
m
-
t
y
p
e
a
ll
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
re
sc
e
n
t
w
h
it
e
o
rg
a
n
ic
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
f
o
r
a
c
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
c
o
l
o
r
re
n
d
e
ri
n
g
in
d
e
x
a
n
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
ff
ica
c
y
,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
6
1
-
2
4
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
Y.
P
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
L
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
fica
c
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
u
lt
ra
v
io
let
-
e
x
c
it
e
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
lt
il
a
y
e
r
e
d
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
las
s,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
4
9
3
3
-
4
9
3
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
Y.
R.
T
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
icro
str
u
c
tu
re
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
site
p
h
a
se
c
e
ra
m
i
c
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
r
w
h
it
e
L
EDs
w
it
h
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
lu
m
in
o
u
s e
ff
ica
c
y
,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
9
-
5
4
8
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
C.
B.
S
iao
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ultra
h
ig
h
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
o
f
w
h
it
e
Zn
x
Cd
1
-
x
S
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
ts
-
b
a
se
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
t
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
ia
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
4
9
-
7
5
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
S
.
H.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
in
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
w
h
it
e
v
e
rti
c
a
l
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
s
u
sin
g
lo
w
in
d
e
x
lay
e
r,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
3
5
3
-
6
3
5
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
A
.
I.
A
lh
a
ss
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y
g
r
e
e
n
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s
w
it
h
A
lG
a
N
c
a
p
la
y
e
r,
”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
6
8
-
1
7
8
7
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
F
.
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
ti
m
izin
g
sp
e
c
tral
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
s
o
f
m
u
lt
ich
a
n
n
e
l
L
ED
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
s
b
y
IES
c
o
lo
r
f
id
e
li
ty
in
d
e
x
a
n
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s e
ff
ica
c
y
o
f
ra
d
iatio
n
,
”
A
p
p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
2
-
1
9
7
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
M
.
Ca
n
t
o
re
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
f
ro
m
sin
g
le
c
r
y
sta
l
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
las
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
w
h
it
e
li
g
h
ti
n
g
sy
ste
m
,
”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
A
2
1
5
-
A
2
2
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
T
.
X
.
L
e
e
a
n
d
C.
F
.
Ch
o
u
,
“
Id
e
a
l
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
ica
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
r
sp
a
ti
a
l
u
n
if
o
rm
it
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
-
f
re
e
L
ED
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
p
a
c
k
a
g
in
g
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
a
ted
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
O
p
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
2
7
,
p
p
.
7
6
8
8
-
7
6
9
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
S
.
M
.
L
e
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
A
u
x
il
iary
El
e
c
tro
d
e
W
id
th
in
A
C
P
la
s
m
a
Disp
la
y
P
a
n
e
ls
w
it
h
A
u
x
il
ia
ry
El
e
c
tro
d
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Disp
l
a
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
-
6
1
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
Q.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
t
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
sta
b
il
it
y
o
f
g
las
s
-
in
-
L
u
AG
c
e
r
a
m
ic
f
o
r
las
e
r
-
d
io
d
e
-
p
u
m
p
e
d
g
re
e
n
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r,
”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
t
ter
s
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
5
6
6
-
3
5
6
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
J.
H.
Oh
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hig
h
l
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t,
tu
n
a
b
le
g
re
e
n
,
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
L
EDs
u
sin
g
a
lo
n
g
-
p
a
ss
d
ic
h
ro
ic
f
il
ter
a
n
d
a
se
ries
o
f
o
rth
o
sili
c
a
te p
h
o
sp
h
o
rs f
o
r
tri
-
c
o
lo
r
w
h
it
e
L
EDs,”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
0
1
,
p
p
.
A
1
-
A
1
2
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
Y.
Na
ru
k
a
w
a
,
“
W
h
it
e
-
L
ig
h
t
L
ED
S
,
”
Op
ti
c
s &
Ph
o
to
n
ics
Ne
ws
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
-
2
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
7
]
T
.
Erd
e
m
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
f
o
r
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
n
a
n
o
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
rs
o
n
l
ig
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
5
-
3
2
9
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
V
.
A
.
Bo
l’sh
u
k
h
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ill
u
m
in
a
to
rs b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
site
L
EDs
f
o
r
m
u
lt
if
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
l
h
ig
h
-
lu
m
in
a
n
c
e
a
c
ti
v
e
-
m
a
tri
x
li
q
u
i
d
-
c
ry
sta
l
d
isp
lay
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
t
ica
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
4
4
4
-
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
9
]
N.
T
.
T
ra
n
a
n
d
S
h
i
F
G
,
“
S
t
u
d
ies
o
f
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
Co
n
c
e
n
trati
o
n
a
n
d
T
h
ick
n
e
ss
f
o
r
P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
Ba
se
d
W
h
it
e
L
ig
h
t
-
E
m
it
ti
n
g
-
Dio
d
e
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
i
g
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
5
6
-
3
5
5
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
0
]
G
.
H.
He
a
n
d
L
.
H.
Zh
e
n
g
.
“
Co
lo
r
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
tu
n
a
b
le
w
h
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
l
ig
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
i
o
d
e
c
l
u
ste
rs
w
it
h
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
re
n
d
e
rin
g
i
n
d
e
x
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
O
p
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
p
.
4
6
7
0
-
4
6
7
6
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
T
.
T
.
T
ra
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
t
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
W
L
EDs
w
it
h
f
lat
d
u
a
l
-
lay
e
r
re
m
o
te
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
g
e
o
m
e
tr
y
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
5
2
7
-
2
5
3
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
T
.
T
.
T
ra
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
a
n
d
c
o
l
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
it
y
o
f
d
u
a
l
-
la
y
e
r
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
sc
tru
c
t
u
re
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
6
4
3
-
2
6
4
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
3
]
S
.
N.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
r
ti
e
s
o
f
d
e
n
sif
ied
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
in
-
g
las
s
L
ED
e
n
c
a
p
su
lan
ts
b
y
sp
a
rk
p
la
s
m
a
sin
terin
g
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
M
a
ter
i
a
ls E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
3
0
4
-
4
3
1
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
J.
R.
O
h
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
w
h
o
le
p
a
lette
o
f
c
o
lo
rs
i
n
a
g
re
e
n
g
a
p
b
y
m
o
n
o
c
h
r
o
m
a
ti
c
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rted
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
d
io
d
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
1
8
8
-
4
1
9
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
5
]
G
.
X
.
He
a
n
d
L
.
H.
Zh
e
n
g
,
“
A
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
L
ED
sp
e
c
tra
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
d
riv
e
c
u
rre
n
ts,”
C
h
in
e
se
Op
ti
c
s
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
0
-
1
0
9
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.