Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
3393
~
34
02
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
4
.
pp3393
-
34
02
3393
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Enh
ancement of
power q
uality us
ing mic
ropr
ocessor bas
ed
shun
t a
ctive p
ow
er
fi
lter
for
unb
alanc
ed load
Madhu
B
.
R
.
1
,
D
inesh
M
.
N
.
2
, Tsew
ang Th
inl
as
3
,
Deril
M
enez
es
4
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Jain
Univ
ersity
,
Indi
a
2,3,
4
Depa
rtment
o
f
Elec
tr
ical and El
e
ct
roni
cs
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
R
ashtree
y
a
Vid
y
a
l
a
y
a
C
o
ll
eg
e
of
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
14
, 201
9
Re
vised
Feb 1
,
2020
Accepte
d
Fe
b 9
, 2
020
Pow
er
qual
ity
is
the
m
ost
signifi
ca
n
t
factor
of
power
sec
tor.
Th
e
end
user
equi
pm
ent
such
as
induc
ti
on
m
otor,
inve
rt
ers,
recti
fiers
inj
ect
har
m
onic
s
int
o
power
s
y
stem
t
hat
inf
lue
n
ce
s
t
he
qualit
y
of
po
wer
del
iv
ere
d
.
The
pr
ese
nc
e
of
har
m
onic
s
forc
es
the
use
of
insta
nta
n
eou
s
rea
ct
iv
e
power
the
or
y
to
ca
l
cul
a
te
insta
nt
ane
ous
power
th
at
h
el
ps
in
findi
n
g
the
compensat
i
ng
cur
ren
ts
to
el
iminate
h
armonics.
The
cont
rol
action
req
uire
d
b
y
ac
t
ive
filter
is
ac
complishe
d
b
y
STM32F
303RET
6
m
ic
r
ocont
roller.
Si
ngle
phas
e
in
duct
ion
m
otor
is
used
as
a
d
y
nami
c
nonli
ne
ar
loa
d
in
one
of
the
three
phase
s
and
resi
stive
loa
ds
on
the
oth
er
two
phase
s.
TRIAC
base
d
RC
tri
gger
ing
ci
rcu
i
t
was
used
to
cont
rol
th
e
single
phase
induct
ion
m
otor.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sents
the
sim
ula
t
ion
and
har
dwa
re
implementa
t
i
on
of
shunt
ac
t
ive
power
filter
for
3
phase
4
wire
unb
ala
nce
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
he
har
dwar
e
result
s
show
tha
t
THD
in
th
e
source
side
has
bee
n
red
u
ce
d
f
rom
50.
7%
to
9.
6%
b
y
implementi
ng
the SA
PF
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
In
sta
ntane
ous rea
ct
ive powe
r
theo
ry
Shun
t
act
iv
e
powe
r fil
te
r
(S
A
PF
)
STM3
2F303R
ET6
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
Thr
ee
phase
thr
ee le
g I
GBT
inv
e
rter
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ma
dhu
B
.
R
.
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
Eng
i
neer
i
ng,
Jai
n Un
i
ver
sit
y,
Be
ng
al
uru,
56
0001
-
India.
Em
a
il
:
m
adh
u3
rao@gm
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
nat
ur
e
of
energy
co
nvey
ed
to
the
e
nd
cl
ie
nt
is
influ
e
nced
by
dif
fere
nt
facto
rs
s
uc
h
as
volt
ag
e
and
f
re
qu
e
ncy
var
ia
ti
on
s
,
fa
ults,
black
outs
and
so
forth.
These
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
issues
red
uc
e
the
li
fe
tim
e
and
pro
duct
ivi
ty
of
the
el
ect
r
ic
al
equ
ipm
ent
[1
-
4]
.
A
la
rg
e
portio
n
of
t
he
loads
are
li
ke
wise
sem
ic
on
duct
or
base
d.
H
ow
e
ve
r
the
loa
ds
c
on
ta
ining
sem
ic
o
nducto
r
a
re
no
nlinear
in
natu
re
a
nd
draw
s
non
-
sin
usoidal
c
urren
t
from
the
sup
ply
[5
]
.
F
ur
t
herm
or
e
the
sem
i
cond
ucto
r
dev
i
ces
are
util
iz
ed
f
or
co
nversi
on
of
p
owe
r
from
AC
t
o
DC
or
vice
versa.
This
c
onve
rsion
of
po
wer
la
rg
el
y
co
ntains
s
witc
hing
operati
ons
wh
ic
h
is
the
m
ai
n
reas
on
they
dr
a
w
no
n
sinu
s
oid
al
c
urr
ent.
I
n
or
der
to
keep
up
the
st
and
a
r
d
of
po
w
er
trans
ferre
d,
the
har
m
on
ic
s sh
oul
d
be
reduce
d.
Al
ong
t
hese
li
nes
,
an
a
pp
a
ratus
nam
ed
filt
er
is
util
iz
ed
that
fi
ll
s
this
nee
d.
T
her
e
are
a
few
filt
er
topolo
gies
pr
es
ently
b
ei
ng
us
e
d
li
ke passi
ve,
act
ive and
hybri
d [6
]
.
Passive
filt
er
a
re
pro
ne
to
re
s
on
a
nce.
T
o
im
pro
ve
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
pa
ssive
filt
er
an
d
add
it
io
n
al
ly
the
powe
r
sys
tem
,
it
m
us
t
be
com
bin
e
d
with
act
ive
filt
er
to
f
or
m
hy
br
id
powe
r
f
il
te
r.
Var
i
ou
s
con
t
ro
l
strat
egies
are
s
tud
ie
d
an
d
a
na
ly
zed
in
li
te
ratur
e
.
T
he
ob
j
ect
ive
of
a
ny
co
ntro
l
strat
e
gy
is
to
de
vel
op
a
n
a
ct
ive
filt
er
that
inj
e
ct
s
a
current
t
hat
i
s
out
of
ph
a
se
with
t
he
har
m
on
ic
s
present
s
o
as
t
o
com
pen
sat
e
them
.
In
sta
ntane
ous
reacti
ve
power
theo
ry
prese
nts
a
to
ol
to
m
e
asur
e
the
pow
er
of
a
ny
ar
bitrary
wav
e
,
he
nc
e
thi
s
can
be
ver
y
powe
rful
to
ol
to
m
easur
e
the
power
c
onte
nt
of
ha
rm
on
ic
s.
Hyste
resis
c
ontr
oller
is
a
powe
rful
strat
egy
to
injec
t
cal
culat
ed
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urre
nt
[7
-
9].
It
dis
cusses
the
var
i
ou
s
c
ontrol
al
gorithm
s
to
ca
lc
ulate
the
re
fer
e
nce
c
urren
t.
T
he
vari
ou
s
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
s
uc
h
as
A
N
N
,
a
rtifi
ci
al
intel
li
gen
c
e
,
pr
e
dicti
ve
c
on
t
ro
l
on
act
ive
filt
er
to r
e
duce
har
m
on
ic
s
due t
o
nonlinear
loa
ds
[
10
-
13
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3393
-
3402
3394
Ther
e
are
var
i
ou
s
to
polo
gies
in
act
ive
power
filt
er
s
uc
h
as
se
ries
a
nd
shu
nt
act
ive
powe
r
filt
er.
They
va
ry
wit
h
res
pect
to
D
C
bu
s
volt
age,
rati
ng
of
the
inv
e
rter
re
quir
ed
an
d
c
os
t
[
14]
.
DC
bus
vo
lt
age
is
higher
i
n
ca
se
of
pu
re
act
ive
filt
ers.
DC
bu
s
capaci
ta
nc
e
value
has
a
s
ign
ific
a
nt
ef
fec
t
on
t
he
perfor
m
ance
of act
ive
powe
r
filt
ers [
15
]
.
These
days
se
ver
al
in
du
st
ries
are
m
aking
use
of
va
riable
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
dr
i
ve
s
fo
r
c
on
t
ro
l
of
in
du
ct
i
on
m
oto
r.
T
hese
var
ia
ble
f
requ
ency
dr
ive
s
pro
duce
diff
e
re
nt
ha
rm
on
ic
s
that
res
ults
in
m
al
fu
nctioni
ng
of
the
m
oto
r,
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
interfe
re
nce
int
rod
uction,
fau
l
ty
m
easur
em
e
nt
of
m
easur
i
ng
dev
ic
es
.
Harm
on
ic
distor
ti
ons
m
os
tl
y
happen
w
her
e
l
oa
ds
dr
a
w
non
-
sin
u
so
i
dal
cu
rr
e
nt
fro
m
the
netw
ork
.
It
is
m
os
tl
y
present
in
a
syst
e
m
wh
er
e
AC
is
trans
form
ed
into
DC
[16].
The
stu
dy
of
the
ef
fect
of
har
m
on
ic
s
on
the
perform
a
nce
of
inducti
on
m
oto
rs
has
bee
n
done
in
[
17
,
18
]
.
A
r
ound,
60%
of
loa
ds
aro
un
d
the
gl
ob
e
are
m
oto
r
loads
.
More
t
han
90%
of
t
hese
a
re
us
e
d
up
by
3
phase
i
nduction
m
oto
rs
with
a
hu
ge
util
ity
facto
r
betwe
en
0.
7
and
0.9
a
day.
Pu
lse
W
idth
Modula
ti
on
(
P
WM)
te
ch
niqu
e
is
pr
oven
to
be
an
eff
ect
iv
e
way
of
regu
la
ti
ng
sp
ee
d
of
a
n
inducti
on
m
oto
r
[
19
]
.
U
se
of
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
in
du
ct
ion
m
oto
r
an
d
resist
ive
loa
ds
on
di
ff
e
ren
t
phases
m
akes th
e syst
e
m
u
nbal
ance
d. He
nce,
stu
dy
of 3 p
hase
4 wi
re
unbalance
d sy
stem
b
ecom
e
s cruci
al
[20
-
22]
.
Since
m
os
t
of
t
he
resea
rc
h
w
ork
has
bee
n
car
ried
ou
t
on
po
wer
qual
it
y
iss
ues
du
e
t
o
s
t
at
ic
nonlinea
r
load,
a
nd
not
m
any
hav
e
st
ud
ie
d
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
on
dy
nam
ic
no
nlin
ear
load
for
three
-
phase
fou
r
-
wir
e
unbalance
d
sy
stem
and
it
s
eff
ect
on
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
issues.
Since
m
any
of
t
he
do
m
est
ic
,
ind
us
t
rial
and
c
omm
ercial
loads
are
dy
nam
ic
nonlin
ear
loa
ds
li
ke
m
oto
r
dri
ves,
it
beco
m
es
ess
entia
l
to
st
ud
y
their
eff
ect
on
po
w
er
qual
it
y
due
to
ha
rm
on
ic
pr
oductio
n
in
th
e
syst
e
m
and
t
o
re
duce
t
heir
eff
ect
s
by
a
dopting
a pro
per ha
rm
on
ic
m
i
ti
gation m
et
ho
d.
2.
INS
T
AN
T
ANE
OUS
RE
A
CTIVE
PO
WER
THE
O
RY
F
OR
T
HREE
PH
A
S
E
FOU
R
WIRE
SY
STE
M
Figure
1
de
picts
the
blo
c
k
diag
ram
of
instanta
ne
ou
s
re
act
ive
powe
r
theo
ry
for
cal
culat
ion
of
com
pen
sat
ing
currents
at
PC
C
[2
3
-
25
]
.
U
s
ing
Cl
ar
ke’
s
t
ran
s
f
or
m
at
ion
the
3
phase
volt
ages
(
v
a
,
v
b
,
v
c
)
and
l
oa
d
cu
rr
e
nts (
i
a
,
i
b
,
i
c
)
a
r
e conve
rted
i
nto
sin
gle phase
i.e v
α
,v
β
,v
0
a
nd i
α
,i
β
,i
0
. Usin
g t
his the
insta
ntaneou
s
powe
r
ca
lc
ulati
on
blo
c
k
cal
culat
es
the
el
em
ents
of
act
ive
a
nd
reacti
ve
power
of
t
he
no
n
-
li
near
loa
d
t
ha
t
need
to b
e
r
em
un
er
a
te
d
by t
he fil
te
r.
Figure
1. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram
o
f
in
sta
ntane
ou
s
r
ea
ct
ive pow
e
r [19]
The
dc
-
vo
lt
a
ge
regulat
ion
bl
ock
c
onsist
in
g
of
P
I
co
ntr
oller
dete
rm
in
es
the
ad
diti
onal
quantit
y
of
powe
r
P
reg
that
causes
a
n
extra
flo
w
of
e
nergy
to
the
D
C
li
nk
to
m
ai
ntain
it
s
vo
lt
a
ge
arou
nd
t
he
re
fe
ren
ce
vol
ta
ge
V
re
f
.
T
his
P
reg
is
ad
de
d
to
the
c
ompen
sat
ing
act
iv
e
powe
r
Pc
al
ong
with
t
he
c
om
pen
sat
ing
r
eact
ive
powe
r
Q
c
,
are
passe
d
to
cal
culat
e
ref
ere
nce
cur
re
nt.
It
det
erm
ines
the
in
sta
ntane
ou
s
c
ounte
rv
ai
li
ng
re
fer
e
nce
current
from
t
he
un
wan
te
d
powe
rs.
T
he
n
by
a
pply
ing
inv
e
rse
Cl
ar
ke
’s
tra
ns
f
or
m
at
i
on
t
he
sin
gle
ph
a
se
is
conver
te
d
in
to
three
phase.
Figure
2
i
nd
ic
a
te
s
the
si
m
ulatio
n
m
od
el
of
in
sta
ntane
ou
s
re
act
ive
powe
r
theo
ry
in MAT
LAB
S
i
m
ulink
p
la
tf
or
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
En
hance
d
of power
qualit
y usi
ng m
ic
r
opro
c
essor b
as
e
d
s
hunt
activ
e…
(Ma
dhu
B
. R
.)
3395
Figure
2. Sim
ulink
m
od
el
of
i
ns
ta
nta
neous r
eact
ive
pow
er t
heory f
or s
hunt
curre
nt co
m
pe
ns
at
io
n
in
S
APF
3.
THREE
PH
A
SE FO
UR WI
RE SHU
NT
A
CTIVE
POW
ER FILTE
R
CONTR
OLL
ER
Figure
3
sho
w
s
the
blo
ck
diagr
am
of
a
3
phase
4
wire
shu
nt
act
ive
powe
r
filt
er
fo
r
harm
on
ic
cur
ren
t
com
pen
sat
ion
.
It
has
po
we
r
ci
rc
uit
an
d
com
p
ensati
on
ci
rcu
it
.
Si
ng
le
phase
in
duct
ion
m
oto
r
a
nd
tw
o
resist
ances
in
each
phase
are
connecte
d
to
m
ake
a
load
unbala
nced.
V
ol
ta
ge
co
ntro
ll
er
in
ph
ase
A
is
us
e
d
in
series
with
i
nd
uction
m
oto
r
that
in
j
ect
s
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
in
the
li
ne.
V
olt
age
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
a
T
RIAC
based
,
t
hat
us
es
RC
trigg
eri
ng
ci
rcu
it
to
ge
ne
rate
gating
pu
l
ses.
Fig
ur
e
4
s
hows
the
MA
TLAB
Sim
ulink
m
od
el
of
co
m
ple
te
SA
P
F. It co
nta
ins
3 ph
ase
s
ource,
m
easur
em
ent unit
, loa
d a
nd co
m
pen
sat
i
ng circ
uit.
Figure
3. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
3
-
phase
4
-
wire
s
hunt
act
ive
po
wer fil
te
r
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Figure
4. Sim
ulink
m
od
el
of
3 p
hase
4
w
ire
S
AP
F
4.
THREE
PH
A
SE U
NBAL
A
NC
E
D
LO
A
D
S
Sing
le
phase
0.5HP
inducti
on
m
oto
r
with
1500r
pm
is
connecte
d
in
ph
ase,
a
nd
r
esi
sti
ve
load
(10
0
ohm
s)
in
oth
e
r
2
phases
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gure
5.
The
si
m
ula
ti
on
m
od
el
is
si
m
ula
te
d
in
the
disc
rete
m
od
e.
The
el
ect
rical
m
achines
are
nonlinea
r
lo
ads
si
m
ulate
d
as
c
urren
t
s
ources
.
The
refor
e
,
the
se
el
e
m
ents
ca
no
t
be
at
ta
ched
to
an
ind
uctiv
e
net
work
unle
ss
and
un
ti
l
a
resist
ive
or
ca
pacit
ive
com
po
ne
nt
is
con
nected
acro
s
s
the
m
achine
te
rm
inals.
So
,
a
pa
rasit
ic
res
ist
ive
load
is
connecte
d
acr
os
s
t
he
m
oto
r
to
a
void
nu
m
erical
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s.
T
he
siz
e
of
t
he
par
asi
ti
c
l
oa
d
dep
e
nds
upon
the
siz
e
of
the
m
oto
r.
T
he
m
otor
is
co
nnect
ed
in
series
with TR
IA
C c
onve
rter
to g
e
ne
rate ha
r
m
on
ic
s.
Figure
5. TRI
AC
volt
age
contr
oller w
it
h
m
otor a
nd r
esi
sti
ve
loa
d
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opro
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essor b
as
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e…
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.)
3397
5.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
5.1.
Wavef
orm
and
%
THD o
n
s
ou
rce
side w
it
ho
u
t
S
AP
F
The
Fig
ur
e
6
sh
ows
the
vo
lt
age
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt
wav
ef
or
m
without
com
pen
s
at
ion
.
Fig
ure
7
rep
res
ents
the p
e
rce
ntage of
curre
nt T
H
D
is
14.75%
.
Figure
6. V
oltage a
nd curre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
Figure
7.
%T
H
D
in
sou
rce c
urren
t
5.2.
Wavef
orm
and
%
THD o
n
s
ou
rce
side w
it
h SAPF
The
F
ig
ur
e
8
sho
ws
the
vo
lt
age
a
nd
current
wa
vefor
m
with
S
A
PF.
Fig
ur
e
9
re
pr
ese
nts
the
per
ce
nta
ge
of
cu
rr
e
nt
T
HD
is
3.7
2%
.
The
FFT
a
na
ly
sis
of
load
current
with
50Hz
as
fun
da
m
enta
l
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
re
ve
al
s
that
THD
of
the
current
on
source
side w
i
thout
filt
er
is
14
.
75%
.T
he
THD
o
f
the
cu
rr
e
nt
on
so
urce
side
with
filt
er is r
e
duc
ed
to
3.72
%
.
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, No
.
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,
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Figure
8. V
oltage a
nd curre
nt
wav
e
f
or
m
Figure
9. %T
H
D
is s
ource
cur
ren
t
6.
HARD
WA
RE
IM
PLE
MEN
TATION
of
S
APF
The
T
a
ble
1
in
dicat
es
the
rati
ng
of
SAPF
f
or
3
-
phase
4
-
wi
re
unbala
nce
d
load.
A
230V,
3
phase
AC
su
pply
is
giv
e
n
thr
ough
a
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
to
th
e
dynam
ic
load
(i.e.
si
ng
le
phase
in
du
ct
io
n
m
oto
r)
at
one
ph
ase
and
al
so
resist
or
s
in
oth
e
r
t
wo
phases
.
T
he
syst
em
com
pr
ise
s
of
3
ph
a
se
4
wire
syst
e
m
in
unba
la
nce
d
conditi
on
as
s
how
n
in
F
i
gur
e
10,
zer
o
se
quence
c
urre
nt
and
volt
age
al
so
play
s
a
vital
ro
le
.
Cu
rrent
sens
or
ACS71
2
is
us
e
d
f
or
cu
rr
e
nt
m
easur
em
ent
tha
t
giv
es
volt
age
outp
ut
com
patible
for
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
nalo
gu
e
s
to
cu
rr
e
nt.
F
or
Isa,
Isb
,
a
nd
I
sc
represe
nt
th
e
current
se
nsor
m
easur
in
g
s
ource
c
urren
ts
of
t
hr
ee
phase
s.
Ica
,
Icb
,
an
d
Icc
re
pr
ese
nt
the
c
urren
t
se
ns
or
m
e
asur
i
ng
t
he
th
r
ee
ph
as
e
com
pen
sat
ory
cu
rr
e
nts
bei
ng
in
j
ec
te
d
by
three phase in
ve
rter in
to the sy
stem
. Th
ese al
so
f
orm
the f
e
edb
ac
k
lo
op
for
hy
ste
resis co
ntr
oller. A
step
-
down
trans
form
er
is
util
iz
ed
to
ste
p
-
dow
n
the
vo
lt
age
of
230
vo
l
ts
(RMS)
to
24
volt
s
(p
ea
k
-
peak).
T
his
vo
lt
age
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hance
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of power
qualit
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ng m
ic
r
opro
c
essor b
as
e
d
s
hunt
activ
e…
(Ma
dhu
B
. R
.)
3399
is
then
fed
to
an
AC
volt
age
m
easur
ing
unit
wh
ic
h
giv
e
s
the
req
ui
red
DC
sh
ift
an
d
at
te
nu
at
es
the
sign
al
m
easur
ed
by
STM32F3
03RE
T
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r.
The
gate
dri
ver
p
r
ovides 1
5V
outp
ut
require
d
by
the
inv
erte
r
as
the
P
W
M
s
ign
al
s
f
ro
m
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
are
3.3V
si
gnal
s.
The
ex
perim
ental
set
up
of
S
AP
F
is
de
picte
d
in Figu
re
11.
Table
1
.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s
of
SAPF
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
R
a
t
in
g
2
3
0
V
L
o
a
d
3
-
P
h
a
s
e
4
-
w
i
r
e
u
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
ed
l
o
ad
s
.
P
h
a
s
e
A
h
a
s
0
.5
H
P
,
1
5
0
0
R
P
M
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
as
e
i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
.
P
h
a
s
e
B
a
n
d
C
h
a
s
r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
e
l
o
ad
s
e
a
c
h
o
f
1
0
0
o
h
m
s
.
A
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
T
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
V
S
I
in
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
s
i
x
I
G
B
T
’
s
Figure
10. Blo
ck diag
ram
f
or
hard
war
e im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
SA
P
F
Figure
11. E
xp
erim
ental
setup
of SAPF
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7.
THREE
PH
A
SE THREE
L
EG IGBT
I
N
VERTER
RA
TE
D
75
A/1200V
The
s
pecifica
ti
on
s of
three p
ha
se
inv
e
rter
are
ind
ic
at
ed
in
T
able
2.
I
nve
rter
m
od
ule
c
on
sis
ts
of
I
GBT
switc
hes
S
KM
75GB12
3D
(
3
No’s
),
diode
br
i
dg
e
recti
fier
PS
D
8316,
I
GBT
Gate
Dr
i
ver
s
SKYP
ER
32
R
and
DC
Lin
k
Ca
pacit
or
s
47
00
µ
F
(
2
N
o’s)
.
The
c
ontroll
er
in
S
AP
F
c
al
culat
es
the
r
efere
nce
c
urre
nts
f
or
hyste
resis
c
on
t
ro
ll
er t
hat w
il
l
be
in
j
ect
e
d
int
o powe
r
syst
e
m
b
y t
hr
ee p
ha
se IGBT i
nve
rter.
Table
2
.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s
of
t
hr
e
e phase i
nv
e
rte
r
Para
m
eter
Ratin
g
Ou
tp
u
t AC Voltag
e
4
1
5
V(con
trolled
)
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
2
0
KHz
Maxi
m
u
m
a
m
b
i
en
t te
m
p
er
atu
re
400
0
c
Co
n
trol
i
n
p
u
ts
5
V to 1
5
V
8.
STM
32
F
303R
ET
6
M
IC
ROCO
NTR
OLL
ER
A
co
de
is
des
ign
e
d
based
on
insta
ntane
ous
reacti
ve
power
t
heory
f
or
cal
culat
ing
c
om
pen
sat
i
ng
currents
in
S
AP
F
a
nd
im
ple
m
ented
us
in
g
Keil
MDK
µVisi
on
v.5
e
m
bed
de
d
pla
tfor
m
to
pr
og
ram
in
STM3
2F303R
ET6
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
er.
The
f
ollow
i
ng
a
re
the
ste
ps
to
im
plem
ent
the
IRP
a
lgorit
hm
in
SA
PF
f
or
three
phase
fou
r
wi
re
unbalan
ced
dynam
ic
load
us
in
g
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er.
9.
HARD
WA
RE
R
ES
ULTS
Figure
12
s
ho
ws
that
the
%
THD
of
the
s
ource
si
de
is
50
.7
%
with
ou
t
c
om
pen
sat
ion
f
or
unbala
nced
dynam
ic
load
as
m
easur
ed
with
ha
rm
on
ic
analy
ser
(fl
uk
e
m
ake)
.
Figure
13
s
hows
that
t
he
%TH
D
of
th
e
sourc
e
side
is
reduce
d
to
9.5%
f
rom
50
.
7%
wit
h
com
pen
sat
ion
for
un
balanc
ed
dy
nam
ic
load
a
s
m
easur
ed
w
it
h
har
m
on
ic
a
naly
ser.
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hance
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of power
qualit
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ng m
ic
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opro
c
essor b
as
e
d
s
hunt
activ
e…
(Ma
dhu
B
. R
.)
3401
Figure
12. %
T
HD
with
out co
m
pen
sat
ion
Figure
13.
%
T
HD w
it
h
c
om
pen
sat
io
n
10.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
S
AP
F
w
orks
well
with
dynam
ic
no
n
-
li
near
loa
d
an
d
i
m
pr
oves
the
powe
r
qual
it
y
of
the
powe
r
syst
e
m
.
Re
su
lt
s
of
sim
ulati
on
e
vid
e
nces
th
at
the
total
T
HD
pe
rce
ntag
e
in
t
he
s
ourc
e
cu
rr
e
nt
is
se
en
t
o
be
reduce
d
to
3.7
2%
f
ro
m
1
4.7
5%
b
y i
m
ple
m
e
nting
Shu
nt APF fo
r
a c
onve
rter contr
olled
sing
le
ph
ase i
nductio
n
m
oto
r
load.
E
xperim
ental
resu
lt
sh
ows
that
the
total
THD
con
te
nt
in
sour
ce
current
is
re
du
ce
d
to
9.6%
fr
om
50.7%
by
i
m
plem
enting
the
Sh
unt
APF
fo
r
a
co
nver
te
r
con
tr
olled
sing
le
phase
inducti
on
m
oto
r
load
.
Fu
rt
her
the
sa
m
e
syst
e
m
ca
n
be
te
ste
d
for
com
pen
sat
io
n
of
har
m
on
ic
s
in
a
syst
em
ha
ving
th
ree
ph
a
s
e
inducti
on m
oto
r.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
J.
Ghorbani
a
nd
H.
Mokhtari
,
“
Im
pac
t
of
har
m
onic
s
on
power
qual
ity
and
losse
s
in
power
distri
buti
on
s
y
st
e
ms
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
IJE
CE)
,
vol
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp
.
166
-
174,
2015.
[2]
V.
Kavi
th
a
and
K.
Subram
ania
n
,
“
Inve
stig
at
io
n
of
power
qu
a
li
t
y
issues
and
i
ts
soluti
on
fo
r
distri
bute
d
pow
er
s
y
st
em
,
”
Int
.
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
C
irc
uit
s P
ow
er
and
Computing
Tech
nologi
es
,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2017
.
[3]
A
.
Agarwal
,
S
.
Kum
ar,
and
S
.
Ali,
“
A
rese
arc
h
rev
ie
w
of
power
qual
i
t
y
prob
l
ems
in
el
ec
trica
l
power
s
y
stem,
”
MIT
Int
.
Journal
of El
e
ct
ri
cal
an
d
Instrum
ent
ati
o
n
Engi
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an
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“
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y
in
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lec
tri
c
al
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te
m
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,
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nt
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of
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d
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“
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er
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tor
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har
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ion
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e
ct
s
and
conside
r
at
io
ns
,”
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th
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.
Te
l
ec
omm
unic
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fe
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che
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nesh
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N
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theja
B
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M.
,
“
Design
of
shu
nt
h
y
br
id
a
ct
iv
e
power
fil
t
er
to
r
educ
e
h
armonics
on
AC
side
due
to
non
-
li
ne
ar
l
oads
,
”
Int
ernational
Journal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ro
nic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
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IJP
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“
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C
ontrol
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es
for
shunt
ac
ti
v
e
power
fil
te
r
fo
r
power
quali
t
y
im
prove
m
ent
fro
m
non
-
li
nea
r
lo
a
ds,”
Int
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Journal of
E
le
c
tric
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En
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,
H.
Dani
y
al
,
and
Mohd
H
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Sulaim
an,
“
Advanc
e
d
te
chn
ique
s
in
har
m
onic
supp
ression
via
ac
t
i
ve
powe
r
fil
t
er
:
A
r
evi
ew
,
”
I
nt
ernati
onal
Journal
o
f
Powe
r
Elec
tro
nic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
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IJP
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Sahu
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“
ANN
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hy
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rid
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t
ive
powe
r
fil
te
r
for
h
armonics
el
imina
ti
o
n
with
distort
ed
m
ai
n
s
,
”
In
t
ernat
ional
Journal
of
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
m (
IJP
EDS)
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P.
Thi
rum
oorthi
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Rahe
ni
T
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D,
“
Adapti
ve
m
et
hod
for
pow
er
qual
i
t
y
improvem
ent
through
m
ini
m
iz
at
ion
o
f
har
m
onic
s
using
art
ifi
c
ial
int
e
ll
i
genc
e
,
”
Int
ernat
ional
Journ
al
of
Powe
r
El
ec
tron
ic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
m
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IJP
EDS)
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Im
prove
d
per
form
anc
e
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-
phase
shunt
ac
t
ive
power
filter
b
y
using
conse
r
vat
iv
e
power
theor
y
and
m
odel
p
red
ictive
cont
rol
,”
9th
Ann
ual
P
ower
E
le
c
tronics
,
Dr
iv
es
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m
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Technol
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D
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Jo
seph,
N.
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i
ara
si
,
and
K.
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“
A
n
ovel
r
efe
ren
ce
c
urre
nt
g
ene
ra
ti
o
n
al
gori
thm
for
thre
e
phase
shu
nt
ac
t
ive
pow
er
fi
lter,
”
Pow
.
El
e
c
.
a
nd
Re
n
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En
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ro
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kar
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nd
A.
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,
“
Thre
e
-
phase
a
nd
single
-
phase
p
-
q
the
orie
s
ap
pli
ed
to
thr
ee
-
p
hase
shunt
ac
ti
v
e
power
fil
t
er
und
er
diffe
r
ent
op
er
at
ing
condi
t
io
ns:
A
compara
t
ive
eva
lu
at
ion
,”
In
t
.
Journal
of
Em
erging
Elec
tri
c
Powe
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D.
M.
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ro,
et
al.
,
“
Perform
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e
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shunt
a
ct
iv
e
power
fil
t
er
base
d
on
insta
nta
n
eous
rea
c
tive
power
cont
ro
l
the
or
y
for
singl
e
-
phase
s
y
s
te
m
,
”
Int
.
Journal
o
f
R
ene
wabl
e
En
erg
y
R
ese
arch
,
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7,
n
o
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4
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
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V
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4
,
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ugus
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d
A
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M
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“
Reduc
ti
on
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har
m
oni
cs
in
induc
ti
on
m
otor
drive
using
har
m
onic
inj
ection
m
et
ho
d
,
”
IE
EE
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
Re
c
ent
Tr
ends
in
El
e
ct
ronics
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ati
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H.
Orae
e
and
A
.
E.
Emanue
l
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“
I
nduct
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m
otor
useful
li
f
e
and
p
ower
qualit
y
,”
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EE
E
Powe
r
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L.
Jing
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S.
Mekhilef
,
“
DS
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ion
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ada
pt
ive
s
pee
d
controll
er
f
or
thre
e
-
ph
ase
in
duct
ion
m
otor
,
”
TENCON
2008
I
EE
E
Re
g
ion
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Confe
renc
e
,
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y
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aba
d
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Z.
Yu,
A.
Moham
m
ed
,
and
I.
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,
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A
rev
i
ew
of
thre
e
PW
M
te
chni
ques
,
”
Ame
rican
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renc
e
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A.
Moran
,
J.
W
.
Dixon
,
and
R.
R.
W
al
l
as,
“
A
thre
e
-
phase
a
ct
iv
e
power
filte
r
oper
ating
with
fixe
d
sw
it
ch
ing
fre
quency
for
re
ac
t
ive
power
an
d
cur
ren
t
har
m
onic
compensa
ti
o
n
,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Industrial
Elec
.
,
vol
.
42,
no
.
4
,
pp.
402
-
408
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19
95.
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.
Jan
y
avula
an
d
S
.
N
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Saxen
a
,
“
Unbala
nce
d
v
ari
ab
le
non
li
ne
a
r
loa
d
compensat
ion
using
m
ult
ipl
e
shunt
activ
e
fil
t
e
rs
,
”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
C
omputer
Engi
n
e
ering
(
IJE
CE)
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v
ol.
5
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n
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5
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96
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[22]
H
.
Akagi,
E
.
H
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W
at
ana
be
,
and
M
.
Arede
s,
“
I
nst
ant
an
eous
power
the
or
y
and
app
lications
to
power
condi
ti
on
ing
-
2
nd
e
dit
ion
,
”
IE
EE P
ress
,
John
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
In
c
.
,
20
17.
[23]
G.
A
.
Jy
o
thi
an
d
P.
V.
R.
L.
N
ara
sim
ham
,
“
Impl
ementation
of
insta
nta
n
eous
rea
c
ti
ve
power
t
heor
y
for
cur
r
en
t
har
m
onic
red
uc
t
ion
and
react
iv
e
power
compensat
ion
in
thr
ee
p
hase
four
wire
power
s
y
stem
,
”
IOSR
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
E
le
c
tronic
s E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
vol
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1
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ver
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[24]
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Manika
nd
an
and
R
.
R
.
Das
,
“
Anal
y
s
is
and
sim
ula
ti
on
of
shunt
active
po
wer
filter
under
unbalanc
ed
an
d
distort
ed
loa
d
co
ndit
ions
,
”
Int
.
J
.
on
Rece
nt
Tr
end
s in
Eng
ineering
&
Technol
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,
v
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[25]
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M.
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ro,
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C.
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Mem
on,
and
F.
Abbasi,
“
P
ower
qual
ity
improvem
ent
in
QU
CEST
La
rka
n
a
Campus
b
y
usi
ng
three
t
y
p
es
of
power
fi
lters
,
”
I
nt
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs
a
nd
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol.
8
,
no
.
4
,
pp
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1876
-
1885
,
2017
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Madhu
B.
R.
i
s
working
as
fa
cul
t
y
in
E
EE
d
e
par
tment
RVCE
,
Beng
al
uru
.
She
re
ce
iv
ed
B
.
E
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
&
Elec
tron
i
cs
Engi
neer
ing
from
VTU,
Bel
gaum
and
M.S
(AS
IC
Design)
from
Manga
lore
Univer
sit
y
.
He
r
rese
arc
h
int
er
e
sts
are
HV
DC
conve
rte
rs,
Pow
e
r
El
ectroni
cs,
Control
S
y
st
ems
,
Logic
Design,
AS
IC
Design.
S
he
is
pursuing
PhD
in
Acti
ve
Fi
l
te
rs
under
Jain
Univer
sit
y
,
Ben
gal
uru
.
E
-
m
ail:
m
adhubr
@rvce
.
edu.
com
M.
N.
Dinesh
,
born
in
Karna
t
a
ka,
Indi
a
in
196
5.
He
recei
v
ed
h
is
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
enginee
ring
d
egr
e
e
from
Banga
lor
e
Univer
sit
y
dur
in
g
1988,
His
M.E
degr
e
e
from
B
a
ngal
ore
Univer
si
t
y
during1994
and
obta
in
ed
Ph.
D
degr
ee
from
Visvesvara
y
a
T
e
chnol
ogi
ca
l
Uni
ver
sit
y
during
2
010.
Si
nce
1988
he
is
in
t
eachi
ng
,
pre
sent
l
y
worki
ng
in
the
D
epa
rt
m
ent
of
El
e
ct
r
ical
and
Elec
tron
ics
Engi
nee
r
ing,
RVColle
ge
Enginee
ring
,
B
anga
l
ore
59.
E
-
m
ail:dineshm
n@rvce
.
e
du.
in
Tse
w
ang
Th
inlas
,
born
in
Le
h
,
Jam
m
u
and
Kas
hm
ir,
India
in
19
95.
He
is
pre
sent
l
y
pursuing
h
is
B.
E
d
egr
ee
in
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
and
Elec
troni
cs
Eng
ineer
ing
(2015
-
19)
a
t
RVCE.
His
areas
of
intere
st
are
analog electr
onic
s, contro
l
s
ystems
and
power
s
y
st
ems
.
Em
ail
: t
sewangt.ee
15@
rv
ce
.edu
Der
il
Me
nez
es
,
born
in
Ka
rn
at
ak
a,
Ind
ia
in
1995.
He
recei
ved
dipl
om
a
in
E
lectr
i
ca
l
and
Elec
troni
cs
Engi
ne
eri
ng
f
r
om
SNM
Pol
y
t
ec
hni
c
in
2016
and
pre
sen
tly
pursuing
his
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
RVCE
(2016
-
19).
His
are
as
of
int
er
ests
are
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Mac
hin
es
and
Pow
e
r
El
e
ct
roni
c
d
e
vices.
Em
ai
l:
der
il
m
.ee16
@rvce.
edu.in
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