Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9
, pp.
1514
~
15
23
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
3
.
pp
1514
-
15
23
1514
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Intellig
en
t controlle
r bas
ed powe
r qualit
y im
provem
ent of
microgri
d
integr
atio
n
of
ph
otovo
l
taic po
wer
s
yste
m usin
g
new casc
ade mult
ilevel inv
er
t
er
Ga
d
da
l
a Jay
ar
aju
1
,
G
ud
apa
ti
S
ambasiv
a Rao
2
1
Resea
r
ch
S
cho
l
ar
,
EEE
D
ep
artm
ent
,
UCE
T
,
A
c
har
y
a
N
aga
rjun
a
Univer
sit
y
,
Ind
i
a
2
EE
E
Depa
r
tment,
R
.
V.R
.
&
J.C
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
27
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
2
0
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Dec
9
, 2
01
8
Now
a
da
y
the
p
ower
demand
ha
s
a
m
aj
or
prob
lem
for
deve
lop
in
g
count
ri
es
due
to
the
growth
of
popula
ti
on
,
industri
es
,
IT
companie
s
and
othe
r
nee
ds.
In
thi
s
pre
sent
si
tua
ti
on
the
foss
il
fue
l
-
base
d
pow
er
gene
r
ation
al
o
ne
does
no
t
support
the
con
sum
er
nee
ds,
poor
power
qual
ity
due
to
non
li
n
ea
r
func
ti
on
and
ver
y
har
m
f
ul
for
envi
ronm
ent
.
Th
e
m
ai
n
obje
ctive
of
th
is
pape
r
is
improving
the
p
ower
qual
i
t
y
of
grid
conn
ec
t
ed
photovol
t
ai
c
po
wer
s
y
stem
through
a
new
c
asc
ade
H
-
bridg
e
m
ult
il
evel
inve
r
te
r.
The
propose
d
rese
arch
work
has
bee
n
m
odel
le
d
and
co
ntrol
le
d
b
y
AN
FIS
int
ellig
enc
e
i
n
MA
TL
AB
sim
ula
ti
on
env
ir
onm
ent
.
Th
e
si
m
ula
ti
on
r
esult
s
are
anal
y
s
ed
u
nder
var
ious
oper
ating
conditions
for
improve
the
p
erf
orm
anc
e
of
proposed
s
y
st
em
.
Final
l
y
,
th
e
pro
posed
s
y
stem
T
HD
val
ue
of
si
m
ula
ti
on
r
esult
s
is
compare
d
with
IEEE
15
47
standa
rd
f
or
prov
e
the
eff
ective
n
ess
of
proposed
rese
arc
h
work.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c c
el
l
Power q
ualit
y
Mult
il
evel inv
e
rter
ANFIS
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights
reserv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Gaddala Jay
ar
a
j
u
,
Re
search
S
c
hola
r
,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent o
f
Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronics
En
gin
eeri
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
y C
ol
le
ge
of
E
ngine
erin
g
&
Tec
hnology,
Ach
a
rya
Nag
a
r
j
una
U
niv
e
rsity
,
Na
ga
r
j
una
Na
ga
r,
G
un
t
ur
-
52
2 510
,
An
dhra
Pr
a
desh,
India
.
Em
a
il
:
j
ay
araj
u200
6@gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
ye
ar
s
dram
atic
i
m
pro
vem
ents
in
energy
gen
e
r
at
ion
du
e
to
t
he
grow
t
h
of
popula
ti
on
,
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
ne
w
Ind
us
tri
es
and
oth
er
s
need
[1
]
.
T
he
power
gen
e
ra
te
d
by
us
in
g
f
os
sil
fu
el
s
cau
sing
env
i
ronm
ental
issues
an
d
produce
ve
ry
har
m
fu
l
gr
ee
nhouse
ga
ses,
finall
y
dep
le
ti
on
of
ene
rg
y
resou
rces
[
2]
,
[
3].
T
his
ha
s
le
d
to
an
incre
di
ble
gr
ow
t
h
of
con
ce
ntrati
on
i
n
photov
oltai
c
energy
-
base
d
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
s
tochasti
c
fluct
uation
of
PV
p
ow
e
r
pe
netr
at
es
into
t
he
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d,
ow
ing
t
o
dissim
il
arit
ie
s
ranges
of
s
olar
ir
rad
ia
ti
on
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ure.
T
he
casca
de
m
ult
il
evel
inv
e
rter
has
a
m
ajo
r
con
t
rib
ution
t
o
pe
netrate
th
e
distrib
uted
gen
e
rati
on
po
wer
int
o
m
ic
r
ogrid
[4
]
,
[5
]
.
The
tra
ns
f
orm
erless
mu
l
ti
le
vel
inv
erters
topol
og
ie
s
hav
e
play
ed
the
ver
y
i
m
po
r
ta
nt
ro
le
due
to
their
m
erit
s
su
ch
as
si
m
plici
t
y,
highly
eff
ect
iv
e,
low
s
witc
h
us
a
ge
an
d
occ
up
y
le
ss
sp
ace
[6
]
,
[
7].
The
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
inte
gr
at
io
n
of
ph
oto
volt
ai
c
powe
r
te
chnol
og
y
by
us
in
g
CM
HB
inv
erte
r
is
com
par
at
ively
of
hi
gh
m
erit
s
and
en
vi
ronm
ental
ben
efit
s
of
powe
r
co
nvers
ion
te
ch
nolo
gy
[8
]
,
[
9].
T
he
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
po
w
er
qual
it
y
issue
are
m
ajo
r
ch
al
le
ng
es
in
c
om
m
on
instal
la
ti
on
of
con
t
ro
l
desi
gn
su
c
h
as
act
ive
powe
r
filt
ers,
vo
lt
age
regulat
or
s
a
nd
a
uto
m
at
ic
cur
ren
t
re
gula
tor
,
et
c.
increasin
g
integrati
on
of
ren
e
wab
le
ge
ner
at
io
n
into
t
he
distri
bu
te
d
AC
powe
r
gri
d
can
ca
us
e
volt
age
fluctuati
ons
an
d
protect
io
n
issues.
T
hese
w
il
l
increase
th
e
chall
eng
e
of
util
ity
gr
id
re
li
abili
ty
and
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
[
10
]
,
[11]
.
T
his
pa
per
ha
s
been
di
s
us
e
d
as
f
ollows,
i
n
sec
ti
on
2
t
he
m
at
hem
ati
cal
m
od
el
of
photov
oltai
c
po
we
r
syst
e
m
has
been
prese
nt
ed.
In
sect
io
n
II
I
de
sig
n
an
d
si
m
ulati
on
of
pro
po
se
d
ni
ne
le
vel
new
CM
HB
in
ver
te
r
by
us
in
g
in
Ma
tl
ab.
Se
ct
ion
I
V
pres
ents
m
od
el
li
ng
o
f
A
NFIS
int
el
li
gen
t
con
tr
ol
le
r
for
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
In
te
ll
igent c
ontroll
er base
d p
ow
er qua
li
ty
im
pr
ov
eme
nt
of
micr
ogrid
inte
gr
ati
on o
f…
(
Gad
da
l
a
J
ayar
aju
)
1515
gr
i
d
integ
rati
on
of
phot
ovoltai
c
power
syst
e
m
by
us
in
g
pro
posed
in
ver
t
er.
Fi
nally
,
th
e
co
nclusion
of
this
pap
e
r has
bee
n disc
us
se
d
in
s
ect
ion
V.
2.
PV M
ATHE
MA
TI
C
AL MODEL
LIN
G
Ma
them
a
ti
cal
desig
n
of
P
V
el
ect
rical
chara
ct
erist
ic
s
is
con
si
der
e
d
t
o
de
sign
phot
ovol
ta
ic
m
od
ule
and sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
M
ATL
A
B en
vironm
ent.
2.1.
O
pen cir
cuit
vo
lt
age
The
PV
m
od
el
,
ope
n
-
ci
rc
uit
vo
lt
age
is
re
presented
i
n
V
OC
,
is
the
volt
age
cal
culat
e
d
in
P
V
cel
l
a
t
zero
cu
rr
e
nt. T
he follo
wing
(
1
)
is us
ed
for c
al
culat
ing
open
circuit
vo
lt
age
of PV cel
l.
=
−
+
1
V
olt
(1)
2.2.
Ligh
t ge
nera
ted
c
urre
nt
(radi
ati
on)
It
involve
s
tw
o
m
ajo
r
proce
sses.
T
he
fi
rst
process
is
t
he
pr
e
occ
up
at
i
on
of
inci
de
nt
photons
t
o
pro
du
ce
el
ect
r
on
-
ho
le
pai
rs.
A
seco
nd
proc
ess,
the
assem
bly
of
these
ca
rr
ie
rs
in
t
he
p
-
n
j
unct
io
n,
sto
ps
this
reco
m
bin
at
ion
by u
si
ng a
p
-
n
j
unct
io
n
to
s
pa
ti
al
l
y be isolat
e
d
the
elec
tro
n
a
nd the
hole
in
(
2
)
.
I
L
=
G
G
r
ef
∗
(
I
L
ref
+
α
I
sc
(
T
c
−
T
c
ref
)
)
(2)
2.3.
Rev
er
se
sa
t
urati
on cur
rent
The
f
ollow
i
ng
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
ha
s
bee
n
us
ed
f
or
c
al
culat
ing
re
ve
rse
sat
ur
at
io
n
curre
nt
of
PV
cell
.
I
o
=
I
or
∗
(
T
T
ref
⁄
)
3
exp
(
(
Q
E
g
KN
)
∗
(
1
T
r
−
1
T
)
)
(3)
and
I
o
=
I
or
∗
(
T
T
ref
⁄
)
3
exp
(
(
Q
E
g
KN
)
∗
(
1
T
r
−
1
T
)
)
(4)
2.4.
S
ho
r
t
ci
r
cuit curre
nt
Ish
=
I
L
.
It
is
the
extrem
e
value
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
pr
od
uced
by
a
PV
cel
l
at
ze
ro
volt
age
.
Th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
equ
at
io
n n
o 5 has
bee
n used f
or cal
cula
ti
ng s
hort circ
uit cu
r
ren
t
for
PV cel
l.
Irrad
ia
ti
on
:
G=
rad
ia
ti
on
W
/m
2.
I
sh
=
I
L
−
I
o
(
(
exp
(
Q
V
−
I
R
s
NK
T
)
−
1
)
(5)
2.5.
Inc
reme
nt
al
conduc
tio
n based
mpp
t on
PV
sy
s
tem
The
In
c
rem
ental
Condu
ct
a
nc
e
(INC)
m
et
ho
d
is
ve
ry
co
m
m
on
ly
us
ed
for
MPPT
te
chnolo
gy
f
or
photov
oltai
c
arr
ay
[12].
T
he
I
NC
te
ch
no
l
og
y
will
op
e
rate
ba
sed
on
t
he
rel
at
ion
be
twee
n
PV
te
rm
inal
vo
lt
ag
e
and
m
axim
u
m
pow
e
r
point
volt
age.
T
he
c
urre
nt
has
play
ed
the
im
po
rta
nt
ro
le
in
PV
outp
ut
pow
er
be
cause
the P
V
cel
l i
s c
urre
nt
source
a
nd outp
ut
pow
er is P=
V
*
I
.
=
1
+
(6)
The p
ho
t
ovoltai
c
arr
ay
ou
t
pu
t
char
act
e
risti
cs d
epe
nd
upon t
he follo
wing c
onditi
on
Wh
e
n
>
0.
V
ol
ta
ge
is l
ess tha
n
MPP
volt
age
V
m
ax
.
Wh
e
n
<
0.
V
ol
ta
ge
is m
or
e than M
PP v
oltage
V
m
ax
.
Wh
e
n
=
0. V
oltage is e
qual
to MPP
volt
ag
e V
m
ax
.
The
a
bove
c
o
ndit
ions
are
j
ud
ged
an
d
regulat
e
the
op
e
rati
ng
volt
ag
e
a
nd
a
chieve
t
he
m
axim
u
m
powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on u
si
ng INC.
Figure
1
s
hows
the
photov
oltai
c arr
ay
VI cha
racteri
ses
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1514
-
1523
1516
Figure
1. P
ho
t
ovoltai
c ar
ray
VI
cha
racteri
se
s
3.
NEW
9
LE
VE
L CASC
A
DE
H
-
BRI
D
GE
MU
LT
ILE
VE
L
IN
VERTE
R
F
OR PV
SYSTE
M
The
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
co
ns
ist
s
of
12
M
OS
F
ET
powe
r
el
ect
ronic
switc
hes
in
wh
ic
h
ei
gh
t
MOSFE
T
M1
to
M
8
co
nnect
to
the
f
our
sepa
rate
P
V
arr
ay
P
V1
to
P
V4
w
hich
for
m
s
the
4
le
vel
DC
to
DC
co
nverter
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
2b.
MOS
FE
T
1
t
o
MO
SF
E
T
4
f
or
m
the
H
-
B
rid
ge
Inv
erter
wh
ic
h
ca
scade
d
wit
h
th
e
DC
t
o
DC
co
nverter
.
The
trig
ge
rin
g
pulse
s
f
or
the
MOS
FETs
are
gi
ven
by
th
e
res
pecti
ve
pu
lse
ge
nerat
or
s.
The
switc
hi
ng
sta
tus
of
the
conve
rter
a
nd
the
H
-
Bri
dg
e
i
s
gi
ven.
T
he
9
Level
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
of
pr
opose
d
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
erter
is
prese
nted
in
Fi
gure
3
and
it
s
T
HD
va
lue
is
present
ed
in
Fi
gure
4.
V
oltage
Ra
ti
ng
of
Sing
le
PV ar
ra
y i
s 155 (
V). T
otal O
utput v
ol
ta
ge
is
PV1+P
V2
+
PV3+P
V
4 =
600(V
)
.
The
pro
posed
syst
e
m
the
s
ta
ircase
m
od
ul
at
ion
str
uctu
re
has
bee
n
us
e
d
for
CM
HB
inv
e
rter
is
pr
ese
nted
i
n
F
i
gure
2a
[
1].
T
he
sta
ircase
m
odulati
on
a
ppr
oach
us
es
t
he
a
dj
ace
nt
volt
age
le
vel
to
ge
nerat
e
the
desire
d
ref
e
re
nc
e
ph
ase
vo
lt
a
ge.
T
his
schem
e
is
easy
to
i
mp
le
m
ent
in
adv
ance
co
ntr
oller
and
this
sc
he
m
e
are
m
os
tly
us
ed
in
high
powe
r
lo
w
volt
age
m
ult
il
evel
inv
erter
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
T
he
sel
ect
ed
ha
r
m
on
ic
s
el
i
m
inati
on
P
W
M
eq
uatio
n
of
m
od
ulati
on
in
dex
m
a
can
be
cal
c
u
la
te
d
by
eq
uatio
n.
Ma
=α
/
H.
E
Wh
e
re,
H
–
N
um
ber
of
h br
i
dg
e
cell
s,
E
–
DC volt
age
for
eac
h
cel
l
.
Figure
2a
.
Stai
rcase m
od
ulati
on sc
hem
e fo
r C
MHB
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te
ll
igent c
ontroll
er base
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ow
er qua
li
ty
im
pr
ov
eme
nt
of
micr
ogrid
inte
gr
ati
on o
f…
(
Gad
da
l
a
J
ayar
aju
)
1517
Figure
2b. Si
m
ulati
on
of
9
le
ve
ls C
MHB i
nv
erter
for
P
V p
ower
syst
em
Figure
3.
9 l
ev
el
s CM
HB in
ve
rter
for
P
V
po
wer sy
ste
m
o
utp
ut
volt
age
wa
vefor
m
Figure
4. TH
D
of
9
le
vels C
MHB i
nverter
for
P
V
Power
s
yst
e
m
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t J
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V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1514
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1523
1518
4.
GRID I
NTEG
RA
TI
ON OF
PHOTO
VOL
TAIC PO
WER S
YS
TE
M
T
hus,
the
sim
ulati
on
of
the
m
ic
rogr
id
c
onne
ct
ed
distrib
ut
e
d
PV
powe
r
syst
e
m
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
5.
Four
PV pa
nel
s ar
e c
onside
re
d
as
a
distrib
uted
s
olar ge
ner
a
ti
on
is c
onnect
ed
to
9 le
vel C
MHB i
nverter
.
Fi
g
ure
5. G
rid i
ntegr
at
io
n o
f 9 level CM
HB
inv
e
rter
for
P
V
pow
e
r
syst
em
The
A
NFIS
r
ul
e
set
s
are
fr
am
ed
to
m
ai
nta
in
the
PCC
volt
age,
i.e.
outp
ut
vo
lt
ag
e
of
t
he
9
-
le
vel
CM
HB
inv
erte
r
to
synch
roni
ze
with
the
gri
d
vo
lt
age
.
Th
e
si
m
ulati
on
m
od
el
con
sist
s
of
twel
ve
MOSFE
T
powe
r
el
ect
r
onic
s
switc
hes
in
w
hich
ei
ght
MOSFET
s
uch
as
M
1
t
o
M
8
a
re
c
onnected
t
o
th
e
f
our
se
pa
rate
P
V
arr
ay
s
P
V
1
to
PV4
wh
ic
h
f
or
m
s
the
4
le
vel
DC
t
o
DC
co
nv
e
rter.
M
OS
FE
T
1
to
MOSFET
4
f
or
m
t
he
H
-
Bri
dge
I
nv
e
rter
w
hich
casc
aded
with
the
DC
to
DC
c
onver
te
r
.
T
he
trig
ger
i
ng
pu
lse
s
f
or
the
M
OS
F
E
Ts
ar
e
giv
e
n
by
the r
e
sp
ect
ive pulse gen
e
rato
rs.
T
o
reduce
t
he
harm
on
ic
s
LC
filt
er
is
use
d.
Fi
na
ll
y
gen
erate
d
9
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
for
the
abo
ve p
rop
os
ed
syst
em
and
THD as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
3
a
nd F
ig
ure
4.
4.1.
An
fis
b
ase
d volt
age s
ourc
e co
nv
er
te
r contr
oller
The
propose
d
ANFIS
c
ontr
ol
le
r
of
vo
lt
age
so
urce
c
onve
rter
f
or
m
ic
rogr
i
d
integ
rati
on
of
9
le
vel
photov
oltai
c
inv
erter
s
is
pr
es
ented
i
n
Fi
gur
e
6.
The
pla
nned
c
on
tr
oller
ha
s
f
our
m
ajo
r
su
bdi
visions
s
uch
a
s
1.
Ph
ase
loc
k
Lo
op
2.
V
oltage
re
gula
tor
3.
Current
re
gu
l
at
or
4.
P
W
M
gen
e
rato
r.
Ph
a
se
Loc
k
L
oop
is
a
n
el
ect
ro
nic
ci
rc
uit
w
hich
has
a
volt
age
-
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
os
ci
ll
at
or
an
d
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
olled
osc
il
la
tor
as
s
hown
i
n
Figure
7.
Wh
i
ch
a
re
pro
du
c
ed
si
nu
s
oi
dal
ou
t
pu
t
sig
nals
an
d
c
ha
ng
e
s
it
s
fr
e
que
ncy
in
res
pons
e
to
th
e
a
m
plit
ud
e
va
ri
at
ion
s
of
the
input
sig
nals.
Vo
lt
age
re
gula
tor
ci
rc
uits
wh
ic
h
are
use
d
to
re
gu
la
te
vo
lt
age
dev
ia
ti
ons
with
r
espect t
o vari
at
ion
s of the
i
nput sig
nals.
Finall
y, the volt
age r
e
gu
la
t
or
ge
ner
at
es the
ref
e
ren
ce
value
of
the
di
r
ect
axis
c
urren
t
(I
d
)
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
8.
A
N
FI
S
co
ntr
oller
base
d
c
urren
t
r
egu
la
to
r
ci
rcu
it
has
been de
velo
pe
d
in
Mat
la
b pr
e
sented
in
Fig
ure
9.
Figure
6
.
D
esi
gn of
volt
age s
ource c
onve
rte
r’
s
co
ntr
oller
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In
te
ll
igent c
ontroll
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ow
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li
ty
im
pr
ov
eme
nt
of
micr
ogrid
inte
gr
ati
on o
f…
(
Gad
da
l
a
J
ayar
aju
)
1519
Figure
7. Desi
gn
of P
hase
loc
k
lo
op
Figure
8.
Desi
gn volt
age
re
gula
tor
for g
rid
i
nteg
rati
on of PV syst
em
Figure
9.
Desi
gn curre
nt
regu
la
tor
f
or
gr
id
in
te
gr
at
io
n of
P
V
syst
em
The
propose
d
con
t
ro
ll
er
ha
s
a
com
bin
at
ion
of
tw
o
m
a
j
or
c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
su
c
h
as
ANN
an
d
Fu
zzy
.
The
A
N
N
co
ntro
ll
er
has
bee
n
us
ed
for
trai
ni
ng
data
an
d
ge
ner
at
e
outp
ut
ba
sed
on
trai
ni
ng
an
d
ta
r
get.
Finall
y,
ANN
pr
oduce
Fu
zzy
in
pu
t
a
nd
outp
ut
m
e
mb
ers
hip
functi
ons
prese
nted
in
Figure
10.
T
he
ANN
trai
ni
ng
data
are
m
easur
ed
I
d
an
d
I
q
c
urre
n
ts
an
d
outp
ut
of
ANN
c
on
tr
oller
is
ge
ner
at
ed
the
re
gula
te
d
I
d
an
d
I
q
c
urre
nts
with
res
pected
to
trai
nin
g.
T
he
A
NN
c
on
t
r
oller
ge
ner
at
es
based
on
ou
t
put
sign
al
s,
th
e
fu
zzy
co
ntr
oller
input
m
e
m
ber
sh
ip
f
unct
ions
su
c
h
a
s
Id
a
nd
I
q
ar
e
create
d
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
11
a
nd
Fi
gure
12
.
Ba
se
d
on
input
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En
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V
ol.
9
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o.
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,
June
201
9
:
1514
-
1523
1520
m
e
m
ber
sh
ip
f
unct
ions
the
f
uz
zy
ou
tp
ut
has
been
de
velo
pe
d
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
13.
Fin
al
ly
,
with
respec
t
to
input
a
nd
outp
ut
m
e
m
ber
sh
ip
f
un
ct
io
n
the
f
uzzy
r
ules
a
re
f
or
m
ed
aut
om
at
ic
ally
u
sin
g
S
ugen
o
m
eth
od
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
14.
Fig
ure
10
. Des
ign
of
AN
F
IS
con
t
ro
ll
er
base
d
c
urren
t
re
gu
l
at
or
Fig
ure
11.
A
N
FI
S i
nput m
e
m
ber
s
hip f
unct
io
n for
Id
(c
urrent
)
Fig
ure
12. A
N
FI
S i
nput m
e
m
ber
s
hip f
unct
io
n for
Iq (
c
urrent
)
Fig
ure
13
. O
utp
ut m
e
m
ber
sh
i
p functi
on
of
c
urren
t
re
gu
la
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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om
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S
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88
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8708
In
te
ll
igent c
ontroll
er base
d p
ow
er qua
li
ty
im
pr
ov
eme
nt
of
micr
ogrid
inte
gr
ati
on o
f…
(
Gad
da
l
a
J
ayar
aju
)
1521
Fig
ure
14.
A
N
FI
S
r
ules fo
r
c
urren
t
re
gu
la
to
r
The
ANFI
S
outp
ut
is
co
nn
ect
ed
into
fee
d
f
orwa
rd
cu
r
ren
t
regulat
or
ci
rcu
it
of
t
he
co
nv
e
rter.
Ba
sed
on
the
i
nput
si
gn
al
cu
rr
e
nt
re
gula
tor
regulat
e
cu
rr
e
nt
and
this
regul
at
ed
cu
rr
e
nt
va
lue
is
c
onnecte
d
int
o
P
W
M
ge
ner
at
or,
wh
ic
h
is
he
lping
to
ge
ne
rate
trig
ger
i
ng
pulse
s
of
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
erte
r
f
or
sync
hro
nize
into
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d.
Fi
gure
s
15
a
nd
16
prese
nts
Volt
age
and
C
urren
t
W
a
ve
for
m
of
ANFI
S
con
t
ro
ll
er
-
bas
e
d
gri
d
integrati
on
of
PV
powe
r
syst
e
m
.
Finally,
the
total
har
m
on
ic
dis
tortio
n
val
ues
are
as
sh
own
i
n
Figures
17
an
d
18
res
pecti
vel
y.
The
TH
D
va
lues
for
the
pr
opos
e
d
syst
em
of
volt
age
sou
rce
is
0.
81%
a
nd
the
current
sou
rce
is
5.
57%
w
hich
ver
y
com
pared
with
IEE
E
1547
sta
nd
a
r
d.
Ba
sed
on
the
sta
nd
a
rd
value
of
gri
d
integrati
on
of
r
enew
a
ble
e
nergy
sou
rce
T
H
D
values
le
s
s
t
han
15
%
is
ac
ceptable.
The
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
THD
values
a
re
ve
r
y
le
ss
than
IE
EE
1547
sta
nd
ard.
The
im
prov
em
ent
of
t
he
power
syst
em
sta
bili
t
y
as
well
as
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
in
vo
lt
age
s
ource
and
c
urrent
so
ur
ce
T
HD
values
,
pr
ese
nt
ed
then
e
valua
te
d
with
IEEE
1547
sta
nd
a
rd
prese
nted
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Figure
15
. PV
i
ntegr
at
io
n o
f Dist
rib
uted g
rid
vo
lt
age
w
a
ve
form
Fig
ure
16.
PV
integrati
on
of
Distrib
uted g
rid
c
urren
t
wa
ve
form
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p
En
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V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1514
-
1523
1522
Fig
ure
17. T
H
D value
of
Distrib
uted gr
i
d
c
onnecte
d
P
V sy
stem
v
oltage
w
aveform
Fig
ure
18.
T
H
D value
of
Distrib
uted gr
i
d
c
onnecte
d
P
V sy
stem
cu
rr
e
nt
w
aveform
Table
1
.
IEEE
1547 Sta
nd
a
r
d for T
otal Ha
rm
on
ic
Distract
io
n
Prof
ile
IE
E
E
–
1547
–
TH
D
–
Grid in
teg
r
atio
n
Prop
o
sed
des
ig
n
Vo
ltag
e
15%
0
.81
%
Cu
rr
en
t
15%
5
.57
%
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
m
od
el
li
ng
of
a
ne
wly
de
sign
e
d
m
ulti
l
evel
in
ver
te
r
topolo
gy
is
c
arr
ie
d
out.
The
m
at
he
m
a
tical
stud
y
of
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
s
is
analy
z
ed
an
d
sim
ula
t
ed
us
in
g
Ma
tl
ab.
T
he
stud
y
of
t
he
sta
ircase
m
od
ulati
on
schem
e
f
or
pro
pose
d
m
ulti
le
vel
i
nv
e
rter
switc
hi
n
g
m
et
hodo
l
ogy,
a
nd
a
naly
ses
wit
h
asym
m
e
tric
al
DC
sou
rce
c
onfi
gurati
on.
T
he
propose
d
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
penet
rati
on
of
ph
ot
ovoltai
c
powe
r
syst
em
thr
ough
a
new
l
y
design
e
d
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
erter.
An
analy
sis
of
AN
F
IS
intel
li
gen
t
co
ntr
oller
for
p
r
opose
d
a
bove
m
ic
ro
gr
i
d
sy
st
e
m
nd
it
s
pe
r
form
ance
unde
r
var
io
us
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
Th
e
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
of
the
powe
r
syst
e
m
sta
bili
ty
as
well
as
powe
r
qu
a
li
ty
in
vo
lt
age
so
urce
a
nd
cu
r
ren
t
s
ource
T
H
D
val
ues,
pres
ented
t
hen
eval
uated
with
IE
EE
1547
sta
ndar
d
pr
esented
i
n
T
a
ble
1
.
I
n
co
nc
lusio
n,
based
on
e
valuati
on
resu
lt
s
highli
ghte
d
of
pro
po
se
d
CM
BI
has
bee
n
eff
ect
ively
op
e
r
at
ed
by
us
in
g
AN
F
IS
co
ntr
oller
an
d
this
con
tr
oller
ha
s
bee
n
reco
m
m
end
ed fo
r
CM
HB
bas
ed
Mi
cr
ogrid
penetrat
io
n of P
ho
t
ovoltai
c po
wer sy
ste
m
.
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te
ll
igent c
ontroll
er base
d p
ow
er qua
li
ty
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h
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.
Tech
d
egr
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tr
ica
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c
s
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il
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e
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i
a
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5
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D
in
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li
t
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of
grid
conn
ec
t
ed
h
y
br
id
distri
bu
t
ion
using
power
el
e
ct
ron
ic
conv
ert
ers
at
Univ
er
sit
y
Coll
ege
of
Enginee
ring
&
Tech
nolog
y
Acha
r
y
a
Naga
rjun
a
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Naga
r
ju
na
Naga
r
,
Gunt
ur
-
522
510,
Andhra
Pra
desh,
Indi
a
.
He i
s a
l
i
fe
m
ember of t
he
Indi
an
So
ci
e
t
y
for
Techni
ca
l
Educat
io
n
.
Dr.
Gud
apati
Samb
asiva
Rao
rec
ei
v
ed
B.
E.
d
egr
ee
in
Elec
tr
ical
&
Elec
tron
ic
s
E
ngg.
,
M.
E.
d
egr
e
e
in
Pow
er
El
ec
tron
i
cs
&
Industria
l
Drive
s
and
his
doct
ora
te
in
indus
tri
al
dr
ive
s.
Sinc
e
2006,
he
has
bee
n
with
R.
V.R
&
J.
C.
Coll
ege
of
engi
ne
eri
ng,
Gu
ntur
-
522019,
In
dia
.
His
rese
arch
int
ere
sts
ar
e
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs,
El
e
c
tri
c
al
Driv
es,
FA
CTS c
ontro
ll
ers, Pow
er
Qual
ity
I
m
prove
m
en
t
.
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