Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol.
5, No. 6, Decem
ber
2015, pp. 1500~
1
510
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
1
500
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Soci
opsychot
echnological Predi
c
tors of Individual’s Social
Loafing in Virtual Team
J
unema
n
Abra
ha
m, Melina
Trimutia
sa
ri
Department o
f
P
s
y
c
holog
y
,
B
i
na
Nusa
ntara Univ
ersity
, Jak
a
rta, In
donesia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received J
u
l
7, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
20
, 20
15
Accepte
d
Se
p 8, 2015
The r
a
pid d
e
velopment of techn
o
log
y
a
nd
the d
e
mands of the w
o
rkers to b
e
productiv
e hav
e
made eff
i
ciency
an
d
eff
e
ctiv
eness of v
i
rtual team
collaboration is becoming
increasingly
urg
e
n
t
lately
.
Ther
efore, it is
important to
identif
y
the v
a
riables undermining th
e eff
i
ciency
and
effec
tiven
ess. T
h
is study
a
i
m
e
d to investigat
e the role of
perceiv
e
d
usefulness, p
e
rceived
eas
e of
use,
and
per
c
eived play
fulness
of online
collaboration to
ol (as elements
of
technolog
y
acceptance) and xenophobia in
predicting social loafing (
a
t th
e indivi
du
al level)-a social ps
y
c
ho
logical
phenomenon that shows the declining
p
e
rformance of th
e ind
i
v
i
dual when
working in th
e
group. Th
e con
t
ribution of
this
resear
ch is
its
attempt to
combine
social ps
y
c
holog
ical an
d
tec
hnological factors in
exp
l
aining
human
performance
in
the con
t
ext o
f
the group
when inter
acting
with techno
log
y
.
The resea
r
ch d
e
sign was correla
tiona
l predi
c
tive
,
with m
u
ltiple lin
ear
regression data analy
s
is techniqu
e. Par
t
icipan
ts of
this stud
y
w
e
re
80 students
and emplo
y
ees
(43 males, 37 females;
mean o
f
age = 25.58
years of old,
standard d
e
viation of age = 4
.
92
y
ears) who wor
k
using onlin
e collabor
ation
tool in a virtual
team
. The res
u
lts
s
howed that the perceiv
e
d pla
y
fuln
es
s
,
perceived
ease
of use, and x
e
n
ophobia wer
e
able
to pred
ict an individu
al’s
social loaf
ing,
but th
e perceiv
e
d us
efuln
e
ss i
s
not ab
le
to
predic
t i
t
.
Im
plicat
ions
of t
h
e res
u
l
t
s
of res
earch
in ord
e
r
t
o
preven
t s
o
ci
al
loafi
ng ar
e
s
t
ated
in
the
Res
u
lts
and
Anal
ys
i
s
s
ection
.
Keyword:
Hu
m
a
n
-
co
m
p
u
t
er in
teraction
Psy
c
hot
ec
h
nol
ogy
Social loa
f
ing
Technol
ogy ac
ceptance
X
e
nop
hob
ia
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Jun
e
m
a
n Ab
ra
ham
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Psy
c
hol
o
g
y
,
Bin
a
Nu
san
t
ara Un
iv
ersity,
Jl
.
Kem
a
ng
gi
sanIl
i
r
II
I n
o
. 4
5
, Pal
m
erah,
D
K
I Jaka
rt
a 11
4
8
0
,
In
d
onesi
a.
Em
a
il: j
u
n
e
m
a
n
@
b
i
nu
s.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
Virtu
a
l team
i
s
a team
in
wh
ich
its
work
s an
d
in
teraction
s
b
e
tween
thei
r m
e
m
b
ers are prim
arily
mediated by i
n
form
ation a
n
d c
o
mm
uni
cation technol
ogy
(ICT
)
or does
no
t
occ
u
r fac
e
-to-face on
a share
d
physical space
in a certain freque
ncy [1].
Gibs
on
and C
ohe
n
[2] adde
d that the
virt
ual tea
m
has intricacy
com
p
ared wit
h
offline/coll
ocated
tea
m
in
fo
ur ways,
na
m
e
ly
(1
) ex
t
e
n
s
iv
e
d
i
v
e
rsity, (2
)
d
e
v
e
l
o
pmen
tal
i
d
i
o
sy
nc
rasi
es,
(
3
) t
h
e
dy
nam
i
c nat
u
re
of
w
o
r
k
,
an
d
(4
) t
e
chn
o
l
o
gi
cal
c
o
m
p
l
e
xi
ty
. Ext
e
nsi
v
e
di
versi
t
y
i
s
an
ele
m
ent that is
al
m
o
st inevitable in a virt
ual tea
m
. It
is because the
virtua
lity asp
ect allo
ws the involve
m
ent
o
f
m
a
n
y
p
e
o
p
l
e w
h
o
h
a
v
e
d
i
fferen
t
so
cial i
d
en
tities eith
er o
n
th
e
b
a
sis
o
f
race, relig
i
o
n
,
so
cio
-
economica
l
st
at
us, nat
i
o
nal
i
t
y
, cul
t
u
re, p
r
ofessi
o
n
, an
d
ot
he
r t
y
pes of
gr
o
u
p
,
whi
c
h
bri
ngs
di
ffe
re
n
t
“t
aci
t kno
wl
e
dge”.
Th
is
d
i
v
e
rsity b
r
i
n
gs to th
e n
e
x
t
v
i
rt
u
a
l t
e
a
m
id
en
tifying
m
a
rk
th
at i
s
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
tal id
io
syn
c
rasi
es. It
b
a
lan
ces th
e i
n
terd
ep
end
e
n
ce
lev
e
l and
th
e ri
sk
lev
e
l
ou
t of
a v
i
rt
u
a
l team
in
teractio
n, in
o
r
d
e
r to
b
r
i
d
g
e
and
coo
r
di
nat
e
t
h
e
exi
s
t
i
n
g
di
vers
i
t
y
. R
e
vi
ewi
n
g
fr
om
t
h
e
nat
u
re
of
i
t
s
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
t
e
a
m
i
nvol
ves
i
n
t
e
nsi
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Soci
o
p
s
ych
ot
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
c
al
Pr
edi
c
t
o
rs
of
In
di
vi
du
al
’s
S
o
ci
al
Lo
af
i
n
g i
n
Vi
r
t
ual
Te
a
m
(
J
u
n
e
ma
n
Abr
a
ha
m
)
1
501
d
i
alo
g
u
e
or
d
i
scu
ssion
, greater flex
ib
ility, and
a m
o
re
v
a
ried
n
e
two
r
k
structu
r
ing
.
Th
e co
llab
o
ration
can
tak
e
place either synchronously (r
eal time) or asynchronously.
Because vi
rt
ua
l tea
m
s
rely heavily on information
technology as a
m
eans of its collabor
ation, and there i
s
also a fact
ab
ou
t th
e m
o
re in
creasing need for
enri
c
h
i
n
g com
m
uni
cat
i
on an
d i
m
provi
ng
re
spo
n
se
, t
h
e
n
t
h
e u
s
e o
f
m
o
re adva
nce
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
i
s
so
m
e
t
h
i
n
g
t
h
at
i
s
bec
o
m
i
n
g
m
o
re p
o
p
u
l
a
r
i
n
t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
t
e
am
.Pool
e a
n
d
Zha
ng
[
1
]
p
o
i
n
t
e
d
out
t
h
at
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
m
e
m
b
ers
can
ex
ist in
the sa
m
e
ci
ty (o
r ev
en
in
th
e sa
m
e
b
u
ild
ing
)
an
d
h
a
s a v
a
ri
atio
n
of th
e freq
u
e
n
c
y d
e
g
r
ee in
th
e
physical m
eetings
betwee
n the
m
selves.
As a tea
m
, th
e v
i
rtu
a
l team
s
t
i
ll k
eep
s th
e characteristics o
f
a “trad
itio
n
a
l”
tea
m
. Attrib
u
t
es o
f
a tea
m
are (
1
)
has
a sh
ared
g
o
al
t
h
at
i
s
achi
e
ve
d t
h
r
o
ug
h i
n
t
e
rde
p
e
n
dence
co
nt
ri
bu
t
i
ons
of i
t
s
m
e
m
b
ers, (2
)
vi
ews t
h
e
tea
m
i
t
self as
wh
at is seen
by o
t
h
e
r
p
e
rson o
r
gro
u
p
as a
so
cial en
tity th
at h
a
s a h
i
gh
lev
e
l o
f
en
tiativ
ity o
r
tea
m
n
e
ss [3
]-[4
].Virt
u
a
lityo
f
a tea
m
, as
fo
rm
u
l
a
t
ed
b
y
Mi
h
h
a
ilov
a
[5
], is a
m
easu
r
e
m
en
t o
f
th
e
m
u
ltip
l
i
cation
bet
w
ee
n t
h
e ri
chne
ss of c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on channel
s
(“C
a
n t
h
e use
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
chan
nel
m
a
xi
m
i
ze
i
n
t
e
ract
i
on of t
h
e
fi
ve sen
s
es am
on
g t
eam
m
e
mbers
?
”
)
, f
r
e
que
ncy
of com
m
uni
cat
i
on (“
H
o
w oft
e
n i
s
t
h
e IC
T used as t
h
e
m
eans
of c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on
bet
w
ee
n m
e
m
b
ers
of t
h
e
t
e
am
?
”
), a
n
d
t
i
m
e
spent
o
n
com
m
uni
cat
i
on (“
H
o
w l
o
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
ICT u
s
ed
in
a tea
m
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e wo
rk
i
n
g
?
”). Th
e
h
i
gh
er sco
r
e resu
lted
fro
m
th
is
m
u
l
t
i
p
licatio
n
,
th
e hig
h
e
r
v
i
rtu
a
lity of a t
e
a
m
will b
e
.
To
ach
ieve th
e sh
ared
g
o
a
l
o
f
a v
i
rtu
a
l tea
m
, th
en
the efficient and effec
t
i
v
e co
nt
ri
b
u
t
i
on
of t
h
e
en
tire tea
m
me
m
b
ers is
well requ
ir
ed
.
Lewk
o
w
i
cz,
W
i
jn
h
ove
n,
and
Dr
a
g
hici [6] indicated that the
co
llab
o
rativ
e
work of th
e
v
i
rtu
a
l team
is a
p
r
o
ce
ss i
n
vo
l
v
ing
cogn
itiv
e asp
ects (m
e
m
b
e
rs’ cap
a
b
ility) and
affective
aspec
t
s (with the m
e
m
b
ers
m
o
tivating each ot
her). Very
often it i
s
not easy
beca
use i
n
fact
ual there
is a h
e
ter
o
g
e
no
u
s
b
ackgr
ound
o
f
its
m
e
mb
er
s. I
n
th
e gr
oup
p
s
ycho
log
y
, th
er
e ar
e
sy
m
p
to
m
s
th
at
ar
e
co
un
terp
rod
u
c
t
i
v
e
to
ward
the g
r
oup
co
llab
o
ration
;
o
n
e
o
f
th
em
is
so
cial lo
afin
g
.
So
cial lo
afing
is “th
e
t
e
nde
ncy
of m
e
m
b
ers t
o
d
o
l
e
ss t
h
an t
h
ei
r
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
,
as a
part
i
c
ul
a
r
l
y
seri
ous
pr
obl
em
pl
agui
n
g
g
r
ou
ps
” [7]
.
Soci
al
l
o
afi
n
g
i
s
i
ndee
d
f
o
un
d i
n
a
vi
rt
ual
t
e
am
[8-
1
0]
. Soc
i
al
l
o
afi
n
g
i
s
a
ki
n
d
o
f
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
gam
e
t
h
eory
.
It
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
a
d
eci
si
on
by
som
e
one
t
o
do
a d
e
fect
i
on
o
r
co
o
p
erat
i
o
n i
n
t
h
e
gr
o
up t
h
at
t
a
ke
s i
n
t
o
acc
o
unt
abo
u
t
t
h
e m
o
t
i
v
at
i
on of t
h
e
ot
he
r
m
e
m
b
ers of t
h
e gr
ou
p [
1
1]
.
Sym
p
t
o
m
s
of soci
al
l
o
afi
n
g
on t
h
e vi
rt
ual
t
e
am
d
e
scr
i
b
e
d
b
y
Tu
r
e
l and
Zh
ang
[1
2
]
ar
e as fo
llo
ws: “So
c
ial lo
af
in
g
i
n
v
i
rtu
a
l tea
m
s
ma
y b
e
ex
ecu
ted
th
ro
ugh
silen
ce (e.g
., a
tea
m
m
e
m
b
er
who
waits fo
r
o
t
h
e
rs to
g
e
n
e
rate th
eir inp
u
t
s, hop
ing
th
at they will b
e
su
fficient
)
o
r
resu
lt in
un
deliv
ered pro
m
ises
(
w
he
n
a t
e
a
m
m
e
m
b
er pr
o
m
i
s
es t
o
d
o
s
o
m
e
t
h
i
ng
but
d
o
e
s n
o
t
)
.”
Ch
id
am
b
a
r
a
m
an
d Tu
ng
[
7
]
fo
und
th
at t
h
e
gr
oup
m
e
m
b
er dispe
r
sion a
n
d
the gr
oup size
affect s
o
cial
lo
afing
i
n
techn
o
l
o
g
y
-supp
ort
e
d
g
r
ou
p
s
,
while also
rea
lizi
n
g (after
a literatu
re rev
i
ew) th
at th
e fo
llowing
factors also
play roles on the
gro
up
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce:
an e
v
al
u
a
t
i
on t
o
war
d
the
m
e
m
b
ers perform
a
nce, gender, the
co
m
p
lex
ity o
f
th
e task
, cowo
rk
ers
h
o
p
e
, an
d cu
ltu
re. Based
on
tho
s
e
d
e
scri
p
tio
ns, it
app
ears th
at
so
cial
lo
afing
is a co
n
s
t
r
u
c
t con
t
rary to
th
e
p
a
rticip
atio
n
i
n
an
o
n
lin
e
grou
p su
ch
as virtu
a
l team
.
On
line
p
a
rticip
ation
is a p
a
rt of th
e
pro
cesses th
at
occu
r i
n
a
vi
rt
ua
l
t
e
am
[1]
,
[
1
3
]
, whi
c
h s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e w
o
rk
dy
na
m
i
cs
o
f
th
e
v
i
rt
u
a
l tea
m
in
ach
iev
i
n
g
its go
als.
In h
i
s literatu
re stu
d
i
es, Marti
n
s
et al.
[1
3]
f
o
u
nd t
h
at
t
h
e f
o
l
l
o
wi
n
g
facto
r
s are
related
to th
e on
lin
e
p
a
rticip
ation
:
person
a
lity (ex
t
rav
e
rsion
)
, flex
i
b
ility o
f
p
a
rticip
ation
sch
e
du
le,
p
e
rcei
v
e
d
equality, co
llab
o
r
ativ
e co
nflict man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
st
yle, tech
n
i
cal sk
ills, to
leran
ce toward
tech
n
i
cal
unce
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
, a
n
d t
r
ust
.
Pi
eze
o
n
a
nd
Fer
r
ee
[8
]
fo
un
d t
h
at
pe
rcei
ve
d
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
v
e
just
i
ce i
s
negat
i
v
el
y
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
w
ith
so
cial loaf
ing
in
on
line lear
n
i
ng
gr
ou
p
s
, wh
ile th
e p
e
r
c
ep
tio
n
o
f
th
e d
o
m
in
an
t b
e
h
a
v
i
or
of
group
me
m
b
ers is p
o
sitiv
ely co
rrelated
with
so
cial
lo
afing
.
Been
en
et al.
[1
4
]
foun
d
that th
e level o
f
go
al sp
ecificit
y
and t
h
e
perce
p
t
i
on sal
i
e
ncy
ab
out
t
h
e u
n
i
q
ue
ness o
f
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’s co
nt
ri
but
i
on t
o
t
h
e
gr
ou
p
’
s per
f
o
rm
ance wi
l
l
d
e
grad
e th
e on
lin
e social lo
afing
.
Sin
[1
0] fo
und
th
at med
i
a rich
n
e
ss is p
o
s
itiv
ely co
rrelated
wi
th
t
h
e
m
o
t
i
v
a
tio
n
and ef
f
i
cien
cy of
d
ecision
-
m
ak
in
g of
t
h
e
v
i
r
t
ual tea
m
m
e
m
b
er
s.
Ho
isl,
A
i
gn
er, an
d Mik
s
ch
[
1
5
]
fo
u
nd t
h
at
soci
al
rewa
rdi
ng
s
y
st
em
t
h
at
i
s
em
bedded i
n
t
h
e
W
i
ki
ca
n i
n
c
r
ease t
h
e c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
part
i
c
ipat
i
o
n
i
n
co
n
t
ribu
tin
g and
ed
itin
g
articles.
As s
h
own a
b
ove,
researches
on online s
o
ci
al loaf
ing
ar
e
mu
c
h
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
(1
)
ch
ar
a
c
t
e
r
is
tic
s
o
f
th
e
group tas
k
, (2) characteristics of th
e group me
m
b
ers,
(3) ch
aracteristics o
f
t
h
e in
te
raction bet
w
een me
m
b
ers
o
f
th
e
group
,
an
d (4
) ch
aracteristics o
f
th
e techn
o
l
o
g
y
/s
yste
m
s
. Stu
d
i
es th
at id
en
tified pred
ictors
of
so
cial
l
o
afi
n
g
on
a vi
rt
ual
t
eam
was not
t
ouc
hi
n
g
v
e
ry
m
u
ch o
n
h
u
m
a
n i
n
t
e
ract
i
on
wi
t
h
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
(i
n t
h
i
s
ca
se:
an
onl
i
n
e
col
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
on t
o
ol
;
OC
T),
whe
r
eas t
h
e use
of t
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
i
s
o
n
e
of t
h
e di
st
i
n
ct
i
v
e
f
eat
ures
of t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
tea
m
, an
d
it is an
i
n
teg
r
al layer to
th
e work
co
n
t
ri
bu
t
i
o
n
of
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
m
e
m
b
ers. Ne
vert
hel
e
ss, t
h
er
e were
few st
u
d
i
e
s t
h
a
t
focuse
d
on t
h
ose i
n
t
e
ract
i
o
n
s
. Fo
r exam
pl
e, Turel
a
nd C
o
nnel
l
y
[1
6]
fo
u
nd t
h
at
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er
o
f
a pers
on
’s psy
c
hol
ogi
cal
col
l
ect
i
v
i
s
m
,
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er t
h
e pe
r
cei
ved use
f
ul
n
e
ss of t
h
e OC
T i
n
t
h
e ey
es
of t
h
e
p
e
op
lewill b
e
,
wh
ich
will in
crease h
i
s/h
e
r in
ten
tion
to
us
e th
e OCT. Th
e reason
is th
at th
e p
e
rson
sees th
e
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
t
o
be use
f
ul
t
o
o
p
t
i
m
i
ze t
h
e col
l
ect
i
v
e wor
k
s
of
hi
s t
eam
. Turel
a
nd Z
h
a
n
g [
12]
f
o
un
d t
h
at
an
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s pe
rcept
i
o
n ab
o
u
t
t
h
e soci
al
l
o
afi
n
g occ
u
r
r
en
ces in
h
i
s/h
e
rv
i
r
tu
al tea
m
will
cau
se th
e p
e
rceiv
e
d
usef
ul
ne
ss of
t
h
e OC
T decrea
sed
i
n
hi
m
/
her,
an
d hence
l
o
w
e
ri
n
g
hi
s/
her
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on
t
o
use
t
h
e OC
T.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1500 –
1510
1
502
Thi
s
prese
n
t
st
udy
i
s
di
f
f
ere
n
t
fr
om
t
h
e rese
arches
co
n
duct
e
d
by
T
u
rel
a
n
d
hi
s c
o
l
l
eague
s [
12]
,
[
16]
because it examined the infl
uence of technol
ogy acce
ptanc
e
m
odel (T
AM
) [17] dim
e
nsions t
o
wa
rd the
online
so
cial lo
afing
at th
e ind
i
v
i
du
al lev
e
l
in
a m
o
re
co
m
p
reh
e
nsiv
e
way.
TAM
is
a m
o
d
e
l
th
at
ex
p
l
ain
s
th
e
m
o
t
i
v
a
tio
n
of t
h
e techn
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
ers, and
it is also
ab
le to
p
r
ed
ict wh
et
h
e
r t
h
e u
s
er
will actu
a
lly u
s
e o
r
rej
ect a
sy
st
em
[18]
. TAM
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
s
appl
i
e
d i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
wer
e
r
e
gar
d
e
d
as pre
d
i
c
t
o
rs
of s
o
ci
al
l
o
afi
ng i
n
a
vi
rt
ual
t
e
am
. TAM
can be
use
d
t
o
i
n
t
e
rve
n
e i
n
o
r
de
r t
o
m
a
xim
i
ze
t
h
e w
o
r
k
p
r
od
uct
i
v
i
t
y
t
h
at
adopt
s t
h
e t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
by
enco
u
r
agi
n
g be
havi
oral
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on o
f
t
h
e i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
t
o
us
e t
h
e t
echnol
o
g
y
[1
9]
. To t
h
e
aut
h
o
r
s
’
kn
o
w
l
e
dge,
there
have
bee
n
no st
udies t
h
at specificall
y
link the T
A
M aspects wit
h
individual’s
social loafi
n
g. In t
h
is
p
r
esen
t stud
y, th
e au
tho
r
s
propo
sed th
at i
f
an ind
i
v
i
du
al d
o
e
s no
t
h
a
v
e
a
po
sitiv
e
attitu
d
e
and
/
or h
i
gh
in
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e o
n
lin
e co
llabo
ration
too
l
, it is d
i
fficu
lt to
e
xpect
fl
uency
,
cont
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
,
and e
ffect
i
v
e e
f
fo
rt
i
n
th
e co
llab
o
ratio
n
o
f
th
e v
i
rt
ual tea
m
s.
In
o
t
h
e
r word
s, lazin
e
ss or so
cial lo
afi
n
g
will h
a
ve a v
e
ry b
i
g
chan
ce to
hap
p
e
n
.T
he
va
ri
abl
e
i
n
vest
i
g
at
ed i
n
t
h
i
s
res
earch
i
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
percei
ve
d
us
eful
ness,
b
u
t
al
so
percei
ved
e
a
se o
f
use, a
n
d
perc
ei
ved
pl
ay
ful
n
ess o
f
t
ech
n
o
l
ogy
(o
nl
i
n
e c
o
l
l
a
bo
rat
i
o
n t
o
ol
).
Thi
s
st
ud
y
al
so has
di
f
f
ere
n
t
direction c
o
m
p
ared
with t
h
e
research
o
f
T
u
r
e
l
and
Zha
n
g
[
12]
.
It
di
d
not
exam
i
n
e t
h
e
pre
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
po
w
e
r o
f
collective social loafing on
percei
ved
usef
ul
ness
of t
ech
nol
ogy
b
u
t
rat
h
er t
h
e p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e po
wer o
f
t
h
e
percei
ved
use
f
ul
ness
o
n
t
h
e i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’s
soc
i
al
l
o
afi
n
g.
Based
o
n
a rev
i
ew
o
f
sev
e
ral literatu
res [1
7
]
,
[2
0
]-[25
], th
e elem
en
ts o
f
TAM i
n
this stu
d
y
are
defi
ned as f
o
l
l
o
ws:
(
1
)
Per
ceived useful
ness (performance expectanc
y
)
is
th
e d
e
g
r
ee to
wh
ich
th
e u
s
er
b
e
liev
e
s t
h
at
u
s
ing
a p
a
rticu
l
ar tech
no
logy w
ill i
m
p
r
ove th
e
p
e
rforman
ce; (2
)
Per
ceived pl
ayful
n
ess
(h
edo
n
i
c/in
trinsic mo
tiva
tion
)
is th
e d
e
g
r
ee t
o
wh
ich an
i
n
div
i
d
u
a
l
p
e
rcei
ves th
at th
e atten
tio
n
is
fo
cu
sed
on
h
i
s/h
e
r i
n
teract
io
n
with
techno
log
y
; h
a
v
e
curio
s
ity th
ro
ugho
u
t
th
e i
n
teract
io
n
,
and
fou
n
d
th
at in
teractio
n with
th
e techno
log
y
is p
l
easan
t
(en
j
o
y
ab
le)
o
r
in
teresting
,
so
th
at h
e
/sh
e
b
e
ca
m
e
stick
y
, very m
u
ch
invo
lv
ed,
at
t
r
act
ed, e
n
g
r
osse
d i
n
t
h
e t
echn
o
l
o
gy
, e
v
en
bei
n
g l
o
st
of
hi
m
/
hersel
f;
(
3
)
Perceive
d
e
a
se of use (effort
expectancy)
i
s
defi
ned
as t
h
e
deg
r
ee t
o
w
h
i
c
h
users
bel
i
e
v
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
use
o
f
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
w
oul
d
be f
r
ee
of
eff
o
rt
,
th
at tech
no
logy is co
n
t
ro
llable, o
b
v
i
ou
s, and
und
er
sta
n
d
a
b
l
e.Th
is stud
y h
ypo
th
esized
(H
1, H2
,
H3
)
t
h
at the
hi
g
h
er t
h
e
perc
ei
ved u
s
ef
ul
ne
ss, per
cei
ve
d p
l
ay
ful
n
ess
,
an
d
percei
ve
d eas
e of use
of t
h
e
OC
T, t
h
e l
o
w
e
r t
h
e
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
’
s social lo
afing
in
a v
i
rt
u
a
l team
will b
e
.
The second va
riable that is se
lected
b
y
th
e a
u
tho
r
as a p
r
edicto
r o
f
so
cial l
o
afi
n
g
in
a v
i
rt
u
a
l tea
m
is
x
e
nop
hob
ia.
Xen
oph
ob
ia
is th
e “f
ear
o
f
str
a
n
g
e
r
s
o
r
of
th
e u
nkno
wn
o
r
of
an
yth
i
n
g
th
at
is d
i
ff
er
en
t” [2
6
]
. By
u
s
ing
th
e con
c
ep
t of so
cial categ
o
rizatio
n
an
d
so
cial
id
en
tity (“u
s
v
e
rsus th
em
”), W
a
l
k
er [2
6
]
an
d
Ry
d
g
ren
[27
]
stated
t
h
at th
e x
e
no
pho
bia cau
sed
p
r
eju
d
i
ce
(n
eg
ative attitu
d
e
) and d
i
scrim
i
n
a
tio
n (in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
v
i
olen
ce)
ag
ain
s
t
ou
tg
rou
p
m
e
m
b
ers th
at were d
i
ssimilar b
i
op
sychoso
c
ially. Th
e t
a
rg
etted ou
tgro
up
m
a
y h
a
v
e
o
n
e
or
m
o
re d
i
fferen
t
b
a
ses as fo
llows: g
e
n
d
e
r, sex
u
a
l
o
r
ien
t
ation
,
race, n
a
tionality, reg
i
o
n
a
li
ty, p
o
litics, relig
io
n,
i
d
eol
o
gy
, s
o
ci
al
cl
ass, or ot
h
e
r fi
xe
d fact
o
r
s [2
6]
-[
2
9
]
.
Ki
vi
st
o [
28]
ad
d
e
d t
h
at
xe
no
p
h
obi
a em
phasi
zed t
h
e
di
m
e
nsi
on of “
e
m
o
t
i
onal
reac
t
i
on t
o
ot
her”,
i
n
or
der t
o
n
o
t
foc
u
s o
n
co
g
n
i
t
i
v
e aspect
s. Ho
we
ver
,
A
d
l
e
r [2
9]
stated
th
at th
e
reactio
n
is act
ually firstly th
e o
n
e
of th
e co
llectiv
ity in
wh
i
c
h
ind
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
me
m
b
er o
f
t
h
e g
r
ou
p
onl
y
r
e
p
r
o
duce
s
i
t
.
B
y
usi
n
g t
h
e
evol
ut
i
ona
ry
p
s
y
c
hol
ogy
a
p
p
r
oac
h
, i
t
i
s
k
n
o
w
n t
h
at
xe
no
p
h
o
b
i
a
i
s
a
uni
ver
s
al
l
y
speci
fi
c feat
ur
e i
n
h
u
m
a
n i
nhe
ri
t
e
d t
h
r
o
u
gh
h
u
m
a
n hi
st
ory
,
a
nd a
p
p
eared i
n
h
u
m
a
n be
ha
vi
o
r
f
a
vo
ri
n
g
in
teractio
n
with
in
group
m
e
m
b
ers [2
8
]
. Adler [29
]
rein
fo
rced
th
is ex
p
l
anatio
n
b
y
statin
g
th
at x
e
nop
hob
ia is a
p
s
ycho
log
i
cal
mech
an
ism
th
at is bu
ilt u
p
in
th
e h
i
st
o
r
y
o
f
th
e ad
ap
tation
p
r
o
cess to
surviv
e b
y
streng
t
h
en
ing
t
h
e t
i
e
s of ki
nshi
p.
Ho
we
v
e
r, t
h
i
s
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
cal
approac
hha
s bee
n
de
ni
ed rece
nt
l
y
by
t
h
e fi
n
d
i
n
g t
h
at
x
e
nop
hob
ia is
th
e r
e
su
lt of
social co
n
s
t
r
u
c
ti
o
n
b
ecau
s
e (1
)
so
m
e
cases sho
w
th
at
x
e
noph
ob
ia can
b
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
co
nstru
c
tiv
ely
so
it
d
o
e
s no
t
g
e
n
e
rate
fear
an
d h
a
t
r
ed [28], and
th
at
(2
) x
e
n
oph
ob
ia is m
o
re fun
c
tion
a
l t
o
en
su
re so
lid
ari
t
y an
d
so
cial co
h
e
sion
[29
]
. In
add
itio
n, Ryd
g
ren
[27
]
stated
th
at ho
stiles o
n
th
e
x
e
n
oph
ob
ic
p
e
rson
s will be activ
ated
and
don
e if th
e
o
u
t
g
r
ou
p
“are
b
e
liev
e
d to
threaten
th
e id
en
t
ity (b
eliefs, practices,
m
o
res, and
trad
itio
n
a
l
v
a
lu
es)
o
r
t
h
e m
a
terial in
terest
s
o
f
th
e in-
g
r
oup
.”Thu
s
, accor
d
i
ng
to Rydg
r
e
en [2
7
]
,
x
e
nop
hob
ia is
a f
e
ar
an
d hatred
t
o
w
a
r
d
th
e
unw
a
n
t
e
d
stran
g
e
rs
wh
ich is th
e
resu
lt of so
cial p
e
rcep
tion
.
As
m
e
nt
i
oned
a
b
ove
, e
x
t
e
nsi
v
e
di
ve
rsi
t
y
i
s
one
o
f
t
h
e
fe
at
ures
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
ke t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
licated
. Th
e
d
i
v
e
rsity of th
e cu
ltural co
n
t
ex
ts,
i
n
cludin
g
lang
u
a
g
e
s
an
d th
e em
o
t
i
o
n expr
ession
s, can
nat
u
ral
l
y
creat
e a p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
sh
ock
an
d c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
am
ong
g
r
o
u
p
m
e
m
b
ers [1]
.
B
y
com
b
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e
wi
t
h
vari
ous
p
r
evi
o
us e
xpl
a
n
at
i
o
n
s
, t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
hy
pot
hesi
zed
(H
4
)
t
h
at
t
h
e
hi
g
h
e
r
l
e
vel
s
o
f
xen
o
p
h
obi
a i
n
a p
e
rso
n
,
th
e h
i
g
h
e
r t
h
e i
n
d
i
v
i
du
al’s
so
cial lo
afing
in a
v
i
rtu
a
l team
will b
e
.
Wh
en
it is d
e
scrib
e
d
in
a h
ypo
th
etical ch
art, th
en
t
h
e f
r
am
ewo
r
k of t
h
i
s
st
udy
i
s
as sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1. The e
n
tire predictors are hypothe
si
zed
to
b
eab
le sim
u
lta
n
e
ou
sl
y
p
r
edi
c
t
an i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s social loafing (H5).
The fram
ework shows that social lo
afing
in
v
i
rtu
a
l team
s
is a
so
ciop
sychotechnological m
a
tters, whic
h
involves
hum
an aspects (xe
n
ophobia
)
and hum
an-tec
hnology interaction (tec
hnology acceptance model
’
s
com
pone
nt
s).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Soci
o
p
s
ych
ot
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
c
al
Pr
edi
c
t
o
rs
of
In
di
vi
du
al
’s
S
o
ci
al
Lo
af
i
n
g i
n
Vi
r
t
ual
Te
a
m
(
J
u
n
e
ma
n
Abr
a
ha
m
)
1
503
No
tes
. (+) p
o
si
tive
p
r
ed
ictiv
e co
rrelatio
n
(-)
n
e
g
a
tiv
e pred
ictiv
e co
rrelatio
n
OCT
= On
lin
e co
llab
o
ration
t
o
o
l
Fi
gu
re 1.
The
hy
p
o
t
h
et
i
cal
m
odel
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
2.
1. Par
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
ts an
d Desi
g
n
Part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
of
t
h
i
s
st
udy
we
re 8
0
em
pl
oy
ees and st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(4
3 m
a
l
e
s, 37 fem
a
l
e
s;
m
e
an o
f
age =
25
.5
8 y
e
a
r
s
of
ol
d,
st
an
da
rd
d
e
vi
at
i
o
n
o
f
a
g
e
=
4.
92
y
ears
)
wh
o
w
o
r
k
o
r
st
udy
i
n
c
o
m
p
an
i
e
s or
uni
versi
t
i
e
s i
n
Sp
ecial Cap
ital Reg
i
o
n
of
Jakar
t
a, th
e cap
ital city o
f
I
n
donesia, an
d
i
n
th
e su
rr
oun
d
i
n
g
ar
eas (
B
o
g
o
r
, Dep
ok,
Tang
er
an
g, Bek
a
si)
.
Tho
s
e
wh
o
m
e
t th
e cr
iter
i
a o
f
wo
rk
ing
in
th
e
v
i
r
t
u
a
l tea
m
s, w
h
eth
e
r
th
ey ar
e involv
e
d
in
syn
c
hr
ono
us or
asyn
ch
ron
ousw
o
rk
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
v
i
r
t
u
a
l team
me
m
b
er
s, wer
e
r
e
cr
u
ited
by p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
e sam
p
l
i
ng
tech
n
i
qu
e to
be th
e
sam
p
le o
f
th
is stud
y.
To
test t
h
e
reliab
ility an
d
v
a
li
d
ity o
f
th
e m
e
asu
r
em
en
t in
st
ru
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
i
s
st
udy
re
cr
ui
t
e
d 6
0
em
pl
oy
ees and st
ude
nt
s besi
des t
h
e
fi
el
d resea
r
ch
part
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
t
r
y
-
o
u
t
pha
se.
Th
e
d
e
si
g
n
of th
is st
u
d
y
was pred
ictiv
e co
rrelati
o
n
a
l
d
e
sig
n
with m
u
lt
ip
le lin
ear regression
d
a
ta
anal
y
s
i
s
t
ech
n
i
que.
P
r
edi
c
t
o
r
vari
a
b
l
e
s i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
a
r
e t
h
e
pe
rcei
v
e
d
usef
ul
ness
o
f
OC
T,
pe
r
cei
ved
pl
ay
ful
n
ess
of
OC
T,
pe
rcei
ve
d ease
o
f
use
of
OC
T
,
a
n
d
x
e
no
p
h
o
b
i
a
. C
r
i
t
eri
o
n
va
ri
abl
e
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
i
s
t
h
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s s
o
ci
al
l
o
afi
n
g i
n
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
.
2.
2.
M
a
teri
al
s
an
d Pr
oced
ur
e
Part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
w
e
re
gi
ve
n a
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
ai
re c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
ng
of
s
o
m
e
psy
c
hol
ogi
ca
l
scal
es i
n
I
n
d
one
si
an.
T
h
e
criteria fo
r
d
e
t
e
rm
in
in
g
th
e
reliab
ility is th
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
in
tern
al con
s
isten
c
y (Cronb
ach
’
s
Alph
a
≥
0.600)
. The
criteria fo
r d
e
t
e
rm
in
in
g
th
e
valid
ity o
f
scale
ite
m
s
are th
e ind
e
x of co
rrected
item
-
to
tal co
rrelatio
ns
≥
0.25
0.
Psy
c
hol
o
g
i
cal
scal
e m
easuri
ng i
n
di
vi
dual
’
s
soci
al
l
o
a
f
i
n
g i
n
a
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
i
s
adapt
e
d
f
r
om
Geo
r
g
e
[30
]
. Th
is m
e
asu
r
em
en
t in
stru
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
ist
s
o
f
10
item
s
with
respon
se o
p
tion
s
rang
ing
fro
m
“
St
ron
g
l
y
Disa
gree
”(
score o
f
1)
to
“
St
rongly Agree
” (score o
f
6
)
. Th
e prelimin
ary in
form
atio
n
o
n
th
is scale is as
fo
llows:“
Vi
rt
u
a
l
Te
am
i
s
a
gro
u
p
t
hat
h
a
s
a
p
u
r
pose
o
r
go
al
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
t
h
e me
m
b
ers
w
o
rk t
o
get
h
er
onl
i
n
e
usi
n
g
devi
ces
of
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
an
d c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
at
i
o
n
t
ech
nol
ogi
es (
I
C
T
)
su
ch
as w
i
de
ar
ea
net
w
orks,
vi
deo
conf
ere
n
ce, e
-
mai
l
,
i
n
st
ant
mess
agi
ng
, a
n
d
so f
o
rt
h, w
h
et
her t
h
e i
n
di
vi
du
al
s are
onl
y separ
at
e
dby
roo
m
or
co
n
tin
en
t.Wh
en
I was wo
rki
n
g
with
th
e virtu
a
l
team, th
en I wo
u
l
d
....
”
The exam
ples
of item
s
of this scale
are: (1) I de
ferred re
sponsibilities I shoul
d assum
e
to ot
her virtual team
m
e
m
b
ers, (2) I put forth less
effort
whe
n
ot
he
r vi
r
t
ual
t
e
am
m
e
mbers e
x
i
s
t
e
d
or
were a
b
l
e
t
o
do t
h
e w
o
rk
, (
3
)
I sp
ent
l
e
ss
t
i
m
e
worki
ng
on t
h
e
pr
o
j
ect
i
f
ot
he
r
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
m
e
m
b
ers were
avai
l
a
bl
e, (
4
)
I ga
ve l
e
ss eff
o
rt
t
h
a
n
ot
her
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
mem
b
ers,
(5
) I a
v
oi
de
d
per
f
o
r
m
i
ng ad
di
t
i
onal
t
a
sk
s i
n
t
h
e
pr
o
j
ect
a
s
m
u
ch as p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
, (
6
)
I
un
derest
i
m
at
ed the w
o
r
k
an
d let th
e
o
t
her
v
i
rtu
a
l team m
e
m
b
ers work
ed on
it, and
(7)
I was lik
el
y to
vo
lun
t
eer
to
do
a task if
an
o
t
h
e
r
v
i
rtu
a
l team
me
m
b
er av
ailab
l
e o
r
were ab
le to
d
o
th
e
work
.Reliab
ility a
n
d
v
a
lid
ity testin
g
showed
that th
e
i
nde
x o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ach
’s
Al
p
h
a i
s
0.
7
78
wi
t
h
t
h
e co
rre
ct
ed i
t
e
m
-
t
o
t
a
l
correl
a
t
i
ons ra
n
g
e
d
fr
om
0.30
2 t
o
0.
67
1,
with
ou
t an
y item
th
at n
e
ed
s to b
e
abo
r
ted
.
Psy
c
hol
o
g
i
cal
scal
e
m
easuri
n
g pe
rcei
ve
d O
C
T usef
ul
ness
was ada
p
t
e
d f
r
o
m
t
h
e R
e
vi
sed Scal
e fo
r
Percei
ve
d
Use
f
ul
ness
[
18]
w
h
i
c
h wa
s m
odi
fi
ed f
r
o
m
Davi
s
[3
1]
. T
h
i
s
m
e
asurem
ent
i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
consi
s
t
s
of
1
0
i
t
e
m
s
wi
t
h
res
p
ons
e
opt
i
o
ns
ra
ngi
ng
f
r
om
“
Strongly Disagre
e
” (sc
o
re
o
f
1)
to “
St
r
o
ngl
y A
g
ree
” (sc
o
re o
f
6
)
.
Th
e in
itial in
form
at
io
n
of p
e
rceiv
e
d
u
s
efu
l
ness, p
l
ayfu
ln
ess, and
ease of
u
s
e techno
log
y
is: “
On
line
col
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n t
ool
s
are eq
ui
p
m
ent
t
h
at
al
l
o
w
a gro
u
p
of
peo
p
l
e
t
o
co
op
erat
e or col
l
a
bor
at
e o
n
l
i
n
e
an
d t
o
exchange ide
a
s without being in t
h
e s
a
me room and/
or at
the
same
time.
Examples of
onli
n
e collaborati
on
t
ool
: Vi
de
o co
nf
erenci
ng (
S
k
y
pe, V
S
ee, etc
.
)
,
teleconferencing, we
b
conferenci
ng (A
dobe C
o
nnect, Click
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1500 –
1510
1
504
Meetin
g
,
etc.)
,
in
stan
t messag
i
ng
(Yaho
o
Messeng
er, eB
u
d
d
y
, Han
gou
ts, S
k
yp
e, etc.)
,
co
llab
o
ra
tive
writin
g
(
G
oo
gl
e
Dri
ve,
Pri
m
ary P
a
d,
Zo
ho
D
o
cs,
et
c
.
)
,
doc
ume
n
t
s
h
ari
n
g (
A
do
be
Acro
bat
,
G
o
og
l
e
Dri
ve, et
c.)
.
”
The exam
pl
es of i
t
e
m
s
of pe
rcei
ve
d OC
T usef
ul
ne
ss scale on this resea
r
ch are: (1)
Using online
co
llab
o
ration
to
o
l
im
p
r
ov
es th
e qu
ality o
f
th
e wo
rk
I do
,
(2
)
Using
on
line co
llab
o
ration to
o
l
g
i
v
e
s m
e
g
r
eater
cont
rol over
my
work, (3) Online
colla
borati
on tool e
n
ables
m
e
to accom
p
lish tasks
m
o
re quickly,
(4)
Online
col
l
a
bo
rat
i
o
n t
ool
s
u
pp
o
r
t
s
c
r
i
t
i
cal
aspect
s
of m
y
jo
b,
and
(5) Ov
erall I fi
n
d
th
e
on
lin
e co
llab
o
ration
too
l
u
s
efu
l
in m
y
j
o
b
.
Reliab
ility an
d v
a
lid
ity testin
g
sho
w
ed
t
h
at th
e ind
e
x of
Cron
b
a
ch’s
Alp
h
a
is 0.951
with
th
e
co
rrected
item
-
to
tal co
rrelation
s
rang
ed
fro
m
0
.
65
0 to
0
.
89
3, w
ithou
t an
y it
e
m
th
at n
e
ed
s t
o
b
e
ab
or
ted.
Psychol
ogical scale
m
easuring pe
rceive
d OCT play
fu
ln
ess is ad
ap
ted
from
the Perceive
d Enjoym
en
t
Scale [32] a
n
d the Pe
rceive
d
Playfuln
es
s Sc
ale [33]. T
h
is
measurem
ent inst
r
u
m
e
nt
cons
i
s
t
s
of
1
0
i
t
e
m
s
wi
t
h
r
e
spon
se o
p
tion
s
r
a
ng
ing
f
r
om
“
St
rongl
y Di
sa
gree
”
(sc
o
re
o
f
1
)
t
o
“
S
t
rong
ly Ag
ree
” (sc
o
re
o
f
6
)
. T
h
e
ex
am
p
l
es o
f
item
s
o
f
p
e
rceiv
e
d
OCT
p
l
ayfu
l
n
ess scale in
t
h
is stud
y are: (1
)
When
in
teractin
g
with
th
e
o
n
lin
e
collaboration t
ool, I am
not
aware
of the ti
me as it el
ap
ses, (2
)
Wh
en
in
teracting
with on
lin
e co
llab
o
ratio
n
to
o
l
, I am
n
o
t
aware of d
i
stractin
g
n
o
i
se,
(3) Using
on
lin
e co
llabo
rati
o
n
too
l
in
vo
lves in
th
e en
joyab
l
e
pr
ocess
,
(
4
)
U
s
i
ng
onl
i
n
e c
o
l
l
abo
r
at
i
on t
ool
i
s
i
n
t
e
res
tin
g
,
(5) Usi
n
g
on
lin
e co
llaboration
too
l
is a g
ood
way
to
sp
en
d
m
y
l
e
isu
r
e tim
e, a
n
d
(6)
A v
a
riety serv
ices in
on
lin
e co
llab
o
ration
too
l
arou
se m
y
cu
rio
s
ity.
Reliab
ilit
y an
d v
a
lid
ity testin
g
showed
th
at t
h
e Cro
n
b
a
ch
’s
Alph
a ind
e
x
is
0
.
8
2
2
wit
h
th
e
co
rrected
item
-
to
tal
cor
r
el
at
i
ons
ra
nge
d
fr
om
0.2
7
7
t
o
0
.
7
6
1
,
wi
t
h
2 i
t
e
m
s
abort
e
d
fr
om
t
h
e scal
e.
Psychol
ogical scale m
easuring
percei
ved
OCT
ease
of use
was adapt
e
d f
r
om
t
h
e R
e
vi
sed Scal
e for
Percei
ve
d Eas
e
of
Use [
1
8]
whi
c
h was m
odi
fi
ed
fr
om
Davi
s [
31]
. T
h
i
s
m
easurem
ent
inst
r
u
m
e
nt
con
s
i
s
t
s
of
1
0
ite
m
s
with
th
e respon
se
o
p
tio
n
s
rang
ing
fro
m
“
Strongly Disagree
”
(sc
o
re o
f
1) t
o
“
Strongly A
g
ree
” (score
of
6)
.T
he exa
m
pl
e of i
t
e
m
s
of
perc
ei
ve
d O
C
T ease o
f
u
s
e
scal
e i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
a
r
e:
(
1
)
I f
i
nd i
t
cum
b
ers
o
m
e
t
o
u
s
e th
e on
lin
e co
llab
o
ration
to
o
l
(
unf
av
ora
b
l
e i
t
e
m
, the respo
n
se wa
s rev
e
rsely
code
d: ‘
1
’ to be
‘6
’, ‘
2
’ to be
‘5
’,
‘3
’ to
be ‘
4
’
,
‘
4
’ t
o
be
‘
3
’, ‘
5
’ to
be ‘
2
’
,
and
‘
6
’ t
o
be
‘
1
’
)
,
(2
) Lea
r
ni
ng t
o
ope
rat
e
t
h
e o
n
l
i
n
e c
o
l
l
a
bo
rat
i
o
n
to
o
l
is easy
for m
e
, (3) Th
e
o
n
lin
e co
llab
o
ratio
n too
l
is rig
i
d
an
d inflexib
le to
in
teract with
(
unf
avor
abl
e
item
), (4
)
It is easy fo
r m
e
to
rem
e
m
b
er ho
w t
o
p
e
rform
task
s u
s
ing
th
e on
lin
e co
llab
o
ration
too
l
,(5)
In
teracti
n
g
with
th
e
o
n
lin
e co
llab
o
ration
too
l
requ
ires a lo
t o
f
m
y
m
e
n
t
al effort (
unf
a
v
or
abl
e i
t
e
m
)
,
(6
)
M
y
in
teractio
n
with
th
e
o
n
l
i
n
e collab
o
r
ation
tool is clear an
d
un
d
e
rstand
ab
le,
(7) I
find
it takes a lo
t o
f
effort to
b
eco
m
e
sk
illful at u
s
i
n
g on
line co
llabo
rati
o
n
to
o
l
(
unf
av
ora
b
l
e
i
t
e
m
). Reliab
ility an
d
v
a
li
d
ity testin
g
sho
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e i
nde
x
of
C
r
on
bac
h
’s
Al
p
h
a i
s
0.
8
8
3
wi
t
h
t
h
e c
o
r
r
el
at
i
ons
o
f
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d i
t
e
m
-
t
o
t
a
l
ran
g
e
d
fr
om
0.42
8 t
o
0
.
7
6
9
,
withou
t
an
y ite
m
th
at need
s t
o
b
e
ab
orted
fro
m
th
e scale.
Psychol
ogical scales
m
easuring
xenophobia was ada
p
ted from
Van de
r Veer
et al.
[3
4]
. Thi
s
m
easurem
ent
inst
r
u
m
e
nt
con
s
i
s
t
s
of
9 i
t
e
m
s
wi
t
h
res
p
on
s
e
opt
i
o
ns
ran
g
i
ng
fr
om
“
St
rongl
y Di
sa
gree
” (score
o
f
1
)
t
o
“
St
r
o
n
g
l
y
Agree
” (sco
re of 6).Th
e
preli
m
in
ary in
form
at
io
n
on
th
is scale is
as fo
llo
ws: “
Th
e d
e
fin
ition
o
f
‘strang
er’ i
s
p
e
op
le who
s
e eth
n
i
citya
n
d
/
o
r
relig
ion
a
n
d
/
o
r
ra
ce
a
n
d
/
o
r
na
tion
a
lity is/a
re d
ifferen
t
fro
m
you
rs. W
h
at
i
s
mea
n
t
by t
h
e
‘
n
et
w
o
rk
’ o
r
t
h
e ‘net
w
o
rki
n
g’
i
s
an
y pe
rso
n
or
gro
u
p
t
h
at
i
s
co
nnect
e
d
w
i
t
h
yo
u
,
or
a
n
y
act
i
v
i
t
i
es of
c
o
nnect
i
n
g w
i
t
h
ot
he
rs
”. The
exam
ple ite
m
s
of this
s
cale: (1) T
h
e e
x
istence
of strange
rs
causes i
n
creas
e i
n
cri
m
es, (
2
)
St
ra
nge
rs t
a
ke
jo
bs
fr
om
pe
opl
e
wh
o a
r
e he
re al
rea
d
y
i
n
m
y
net
w
or
k,
(
3
)
Int
e
ract
i
ng wi
t
h
st
ran
g
er
s
m
a
kes m
e
unea
s
y
,
(4) I
wo
rr
y
t
h
at
st
range
rs m
a
y
spread
un
usual
be
ha
vi
o
r
al
d
i
sord
ers, (5
)
I wo
rry th
at in
case of war
o
r
p
o
litical ten
s
ion
s
strang
ers wi
ll b
e
lo
yal to
their so
cial
n
e
two
r
k
o
r
g
r
ou
p
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
, (6)
W
ith
in
creased
nu
m
b
er o
f
strang
ers
I fear th
at ou
t way o
f
life will ch
ang
e
for th
e worse,
(7) I dou
b
t
th
at stran
g
e
rs will p
u
t
in
terest of
m
y
so
cial
g
r
ou
p
s
i
n
my so
ci
al n
e
twork
fi
rst, an
d
(8
)
I am afraid
th
at
m
y
o
w
n
cu
ltu
re
will b
e
lo
st with
in
crease in
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
st
rang
ers in
to
my so
cial n
e
two
r
k
.
Reliab
ility
an
d
v
a
lid
ity testin
g
sh
owed
th
at th
e Cro
n
b
a
ch
’s
Alph
a i
n
d
e
x i
s
0.
8
66
wi
t
h
t
h
e c
o
r
r
elations of c
o
rrected ite
m
-
to
tal rang
ed
fro
m
0
.
41
2 to
0
.
7
5
9
,
with 1 item
ab
o
r
ted
from
th
e scale.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
Dem
ogra
phic
characte
r
istics of the
parti
c
ipants
are as fo
llo
ws:
The lev
e
l edu
c
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
part
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
we
re:
seni
or
hi
gh
sch
ool
(1
8
)
,
Di
pl
om
a/
D3 (
2
)
,
B
achel
or
(
5
9),
and
M
a
st
er
(1
)
.
M
o
st
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
(6
5)
we
re
pri
v
at
e em
pl
oy
ees,
2
pe
opl
e
were
ci
vi
l
ser
v
ant
s
,
an
d
13
pe
o
p
l
e
were
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
The t
y
pe
s
of
wo
rk
in
vo
lv
ed
in
the v
i
rtu
a
l team
in
clu
d
e
p
r
oj
ect au
d
it, on
line learni
ng
officer, syste
m
analyst, syste
m
engineer,
soft
ware de
vel
ope
r, we
b b
u
i
l
d
er
, bu
si
ness
anal
y
s
t
s
, gra
p
hi
c desi
g
n
er
, hum
an reso
urc
e
s st
aff, IT he
l
pdes
k
,
t
e
l
ecom
offi
cer,
a
n
d ju
ni
o
r
con
s
ul
t
a
nt
.
O
n
st
ude
nt
s, vi
rt
ual
t
eam
occurs
i
n
t
h
e p
r
oces
si
n
g
of cou
r
s
e
assig
n
m
en
ts o
r
th
e wo
rk
relat
e
d
with
a
stud
en
t org
a
n
i
zation. On the em
ployees, wo
r
k
i
n
g expe
ri
ence d
u
r
a
t
i
ons
of
t
h
e
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
i
s
:
0
-
1 y
e
ar (
1
7)
,
2-
5 y
e
ars
(3
0)
,
6
-
10
years (3
), an
d
th
e rest
do
no
t tell th
eir work
ing
du
rat
i
o
n.
The classical
assum
p
tion
of regressi
on test sh
o
w
ed
t
h
at th
e d
a
ta is no
rm
al, an
d free fro
m
h
e
tero
sced
asticity an
d
m
u
ltic
o
llin
earity. Multip
le lin
ear
reg
r
essi
on
an
aly
s
is sh
owed
th
e resu
lts
o
f
F
(4
, 7
9
)
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Soci
o
p
s
ych
ot
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
c
al
Pr
edi
c
t
o
rs
of
In
di
vi
du
al
’s
S
o
ci
al
Lo
af
i
n
g i
n
Vi
r
t
ual
Te
a
m
(
J
u
n
e
ma
n
Abr
a
ha
m
)
1
505
4.
80
6,
p
=
0
.
00
2,
R
2
= 0.204
.
Th
is m
ean
s th
at th
e en
tire pred
icto
rs si
m
u
lt
aneou
s
l
y
have
co
nt
ri
but
i
ons
o
f
20
.4
% o
n
t
h
e
hi
g
h
an
d l
o
w l
e
vel
of a
n
i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
’s s
o
ci
al
l
o
afi
n
g. T
h
u
s
,
H5
was su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d by
t
h
e em
pi
ri
cal
dat
a
.
More s
p
ecifica
lly, perceive
d playful
n
ess (
ß
=
-0 27
8,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
an
d
percei
ved ease
of
use
of OC
T (
ß
=
-
0
.374
,
p
<0
.01) are ab
le to
pred
ict in
d
i
v
i
dual’s so
cial lo
afing in the ne
gative direction (see Table 1). This
means that the
higher t
h
e
perceived
pl
ayful
n
ess
of t
h
e OC
T, the lowe
r of th
e individual
’s s
o
cial loafing will
be.
T
h
e hi
ghe
r
the percei
ved ease
of use of OCT,
t
h
e
lo
we
r of t
h
e indivi
dual
’
s s
o
cial loafi
n
g. T
h
us,
H2 and
H3
we
re s
u
pp
o
r
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
em
pi
ri
cal
dat
a
.
X
e
nop
hob
ia (
ß
= 0.240
,
p
<0
.0
5) is ab
le
to
p
r
ed
ict an
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
’
s so
cial lo
afi
n
g
i
n
a po
sitiv
e
d
i
rection
.
Th
is
m
ean
s th
at th
e h
i
gh
er th
e
xen
oph
ob
ia level in
a p
e
rso
n
, th
e h
i
gh
er the in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l’s so
cial
lo
afing
will
b
e
.Thu
s, H4
was su
ppo
rted
b
y
th
e
em
p
i
rical
data.
Percei
ve
d use
f
ul
ness
of OC
T (
ß
= 0
.
27
0,
p
> 0.
05
) i
s
n
o
t
abl
e
t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
an i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s soci
al
l
o
afi
n
g.
Th
us
,
H1
was
n
o
t
s
u
pp
o
r
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
em
pi
ri
cal
dat
a
.
Tab
l
e
1
.
M
u
ltip
le lin
ear reg
r
essio
n
an
alysis
p
r
ed
ictin
g Ind
i
v
i
du
al’s
So
cial
Lo
afing
(
n
=
80)
Predictor
B
SE
B
ß
t
p
Per
ceived usefulness of OCT
0.
228
0.
124
0.
270
1.
841
0.
070
Per
ceived play
fuln
ess of OCT
-
0
.
332
0.
165
-
0
.
278
-
2
.
009
0.
048
Per
ceived ease of use of OCT
-
0
.
327
0.
110
-
0
.
374
-
2
.
977
0.
004
Xenopho
bia 0.
195
0.
094
0.
240
2.
074
0.
042
No
te:
R
2
= 0
.
204
;
SE
= stan
d
a
rd
erro
r;
OCT = on
lin
e co
llaboratio
n too
l
Neg
a
tiv
e pred
ictiv
e correlatio
n b
e
t
w
een perceiv
e
d
pl
ay
ful
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
OC
T a
n
d
t
h
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s
social
loafi
n
g can be understood
.
A coop
eratio
n
activ
ities in
th
e v
i
rt
u
a
l
world
u
s
i
n
g v
i
rtu
a
l
d
e
v
i
ces, su
ch as
OCT,
will b
e
an
activ
ity th
at is “d
ry” and
“fl
a
t”, as stat
ed
by Fied
ler [35
]
.
In
t
h
is activ
ity, p
e
op
le lo
st a l
o
t of
o
ppo
rt
u
n
ities to
estab
lish
shared
v
a
lu
es, tru
s
t, sh
ared
exp
ectatio
n, and so
cial si
m
ilar
ity in
th
e
m
i
d
s
t of
v
i
rtu
a
lity situ
atio
n
th
at eli
m
i
n
ates “co
nv
ergin
g
on
similar
rates an
d
syn
t
actic co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
,
m
i
micry, w
a
rm
th
,
and at
t
e
nt
i
v
e
n
e
ss” and t
ouc
h (
“
t
r
ust
nee
d
s t
o
uch”;
Han
d
y
,
as cited
in
[36
]), wh
ich
is u
s
u
a
lly fo
u
n
d
in
face-to
-
face interaction. T
h
ere
f
ore
,
it is no
wo
nde
r
that, accordi
n
g to the re
sults
of
t
h
e em
pirical researc
h
this
tim
e
,
one
of t
h
e i
m
port
a
nt
t
h
i
ngs t
o
m
a
ke a soci
al
l
o
afi
n
g dec
r
eas
i
ng i
s
percei
ve
d pl
ay
f
u
l
n
ess
o
f
OC
T. T
h
i
s
fi
ndi
ng
i
m
p
lies th
at c
o
m
p
an
ies o
r
o
t
h
e
r in
stitu
tion
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
OCT wh
ich
desire to
bu
ild an
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p b
e
tter
t
e
am
wor
k
nee
d
s t
o
i
n
vest
m
o
re
i
n
c
o
nst
r
u
c
t
i
on
or
a
d
o
p
t
OC
T
desi
gn
envi
ro
nm
ent
t
h
at
i
s
fu
n,
pl
e
a
sura
bl
e,
enjoyable, e
ngageable, a
n
d c
a
use fl
ow e
x
pe
rience, as
on
e
of the m
a
in elements of
the
perceive
d playfulness
[20
]
. Csik
szent
m
ih
alyi (as cited
in
[37
]
)
an
d Jin
[38
]
stated
th
at th
e flow ex
p
e
rien
ce is th
e
resu
lt o
f
i
n
t
e
ract
i
on
bet
w
een t
h
e chal
l
e
ngi
ng act
i
v
i
t
i
es and t
h
e i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
s w
ho t
r
y
t
o
answe
r
t
h
e chal
l
e
nge
by
hi
s/
her
sk
ills.Wh
e
n
it is ap
p
lied
to
the u
s
e o
f
technolo
g
y
fo
r th
e coo
p
e
ration
o
f
a
tea
m
, th
e ch
all
e
n
g
i
n
g
activ
ity
m
u
st
first b
e
g
e
n
e
rated
b
y
techn
o
l
og
y su
ch
as OC
T, so
th
at
OCT is ab
le to
b
u
i
l
d
(1
) th
e
freedo
m
to
su
sp
end
reality,
(2
) i
n
t
r
i
n
si
c m
o
t
i
v
at
i
o
n
,
(3
) i
n
t
e
r
n
al
co
nt
r
o
l
ove
r t
h
e t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy
, a
n
d
(
4
)
aro
u
sal
of
ex
pl
orat
ory
beha
vi
or
[
39]
.
Suc
h
OC
T e
x
a
m
pl
e
i
s
Secon
d
Li
fe (w
w
w
.se
c
on
dl
i
f
e.c
o
m
)
, whi
c
h has a
pri
n
ci
pl
e o
f
“a f
r
e
e
i
ng
of t
h
e
im
agi
n
at
i
on”
[
40]
a
n
d
ha
s a
“ri
c
her
cha
n
ne
l
s
t
o
au
gm
ent
con
v
e
r
sat
i
on”
[4
1]
. Pe
rcei
ve
d
pl
ay
ful
n
ess
m
a
kes
som
e
one t
o
act
i
v
el
y
i
nvol
ve
t
h
em
sel
v
es i
n
t
h
e use o
f
OC
T, and t
h
i
s
i
s
t
h
e fi
rst
l
a
y
e
r t
h
at
psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
cal
ly
m
u
st be passe
d i
n
or
de
r t
o
col
l
a
bo
rat
e
wi
t
h
ot
her vi
rt
ual
t
e
am
m
e
m
b
ers wh
o al
so us
e t
h
e OC
T. I
f
o
n
e
feel
s
relu
ctan
t
of
u
s
in
g OCT, th
en
t
h
e
g
ood
team
coope
r
ation can not be
expecte
d
at all.
Thi
s
st
u
d
y
fo
u
nd t
h
at
pe
rcei
v
e
d ease of
use
(PEO
U)
of t
h
e OC
T i
s
abl
e
t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
an i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s
so
cial lo
afi
n
g
in
th
e
n
e
g
a
tiv
e d
i
rection
.
In
t
h
e con
t
ex
t of
a v
i
rtu
a
l team
co
llab
o
ration
,
PEOU turn
ed
o
u
t
t
o
pl
ay
a
m
u
ch
m
o
re im
port
a
n
t
rol
e
t
h
an t
h
e
percei
ved
use
f
ul
ness (
P
U
)
o
f
OC
T, a
n
d ha
s a di
rect
p
r
ed
i
c
t
i
v
e
co
rrelatio
n
wit
h
th
e work
ing
p
e
rform
a
n
ces o
f
a tea
m
th
at
u
s
e th
e OCT.Th
is find
ing
is n
o
t
in
lin
e with
th
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
of t
h
e
m
a
jori
t
y
o
f
st
u
d
i
e
s (as
ci
t
e
d i
n
[
4
2]
)
whi
c
h
fo
u
nd t
h
at
per
cei
ved
use
f
ul
n
e
ss has
a si
gni
fi
cant
and larger effe
ct size tha
n
the PE
OU
(i
n t
e
rm
s of
beha
vi
or
t
o
a
d
opt
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
at
i
t
sh
o
u
l
d
affect
firstly th
e
p
e
rceiv
e
d
u
s
efu
l
ness b
e
fo
re it
in
flu
e
n
ces th
e attitu
d
e
s toward
−
and
th
e in
ten
tion
t
o
u
s
e
−
th
e
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
. H
o
we
ve
r, a
m
e
ta-anal
y
si
s of t
h
e res
u
l
t
s
of st
udi
es co
nd
uct
e
d o
v
er 1
5
y
ears by
Yo
usa
f
zai
et
al
.
[
4
2, p
.
2
9
9
]
sho
w
e
d
t
h
at
f
o
r st
ude
nt
s an
d pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
s
i
n
ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
al st
udi
es (i
nst
e
a
d
o
f
fi
el
d st
udi
es i
n
real org
a
n
i
zatio
n
a
l settin
g
s
),
“PEOU
was
fo
und
to b
e
m
o
re im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
h
an PU in d
e
t
e
rm
in
in
g
th
e attitu
d
e
(t
o
w
ar
d t
echn
o
l
ogy
usa
g
e)”
.
They
ex
pl
ai
ne
d t
h
i
s
fi
n
d
i
n
g by
st
at
i
ng t
h
at
fo
r st
u
d
ent
s
,
p
e
rcei
ve
d use
f
ul
ness i
s
n
o
t
d
e
fin
e
d
b
y
th
e stu
d
e
n
t
s th
em
selv
es b
u
t
b
y
h
i
s/h
e
r in
stitu
tio
n
/
co
lleg
e
,
so
th
e
p
e
rcei
ved
u
s
efu
l
n
e
ss i
s
n
o
t
im
portant
fo
r them
; whereas
fo
r the la
bo
ratory
e
xpe
rim
e
nt part
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
, t
h
ei
r
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce i
s
bei
n
g m
e
asur
e
d
b
y
th
e tim
e criteria, so th
at PEOU is felt mo
re im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
h
an
t
h
e
pe
rcei
ved
use
f
ul
ness
beca
use t
h
ey
have
t
o
dem
onstrate a
n
efficient
pe
rform
a
nce.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1500 –
1510
1
506
Thi
s
pre
s
ent
st
udy
pr
o
v
i
d
e
s
ext
e
nsi
o
ns t
o
t
h
e m
e
t
a
-anal
y
si
s fi
ndi
ng
s
beca
use
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
wa
s
con
d
u
ct
ed
i
n
o
r
ga
ni
zat
i
onal
s
e
t
t
i
ngs t
h
r
o
u
g
h
fi
el
d s
u
r
v
ey
s, bu
t
with
additio
n
a
l feat
ures
, i.e.,
what is
being
assessed i
s
o
n
e
’s pe
rce
p
t
i
on
of
hi
s/
he
r pe
rf
orm
a
nce w
h
en
coo
p
e
r
at
i
ng
w
i
t
h
ot
he
rs wi
t
h
i
n
an
n o
n
l
i
n
e
gr
o
u
p
.
No
wl
an [4
3]
r
e
po
rt
ed hi
s
res
earch
resul
t
s
t
h
at
gro
u
p
s ha
vi
ng l
o
we
r
PEOU
show
wo
r
s
e
p
e
rform
a
nce than the
g
r
ou
p
s
that h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
r PEOU. He exp
l
ained
th
at th
e grou
p
with
a lo
w PEOU will be b
u
s
y in
strug
g
ling
,
m
odi
fy
i
ng t
h
e
t
echnol
ogy
i
t
s
el
f, m
a
ki
ng i
t
l
e
ss capabl
e
to di
rect
i
t
s
at
tent
i
on t
o
gr
ou
p t
a
sks t
h
at
us
e t
h
e
tech
no
log
y
, and
lo
se m
a
n
y
o
ppo
rt
u
n
ities to
learn
n
e
w sk
ills u
s
ing
th
e tech
no
log
y
.
Fu
rt
h
e
rm
o
r
e,
co
p
i
ng
p
oorly to
th
e
d
i
fficu
lty o
f
usin
g th
e tech
no
log
y
also reflects th
e poo
r con
f
lict m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sk
ills and
sub
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
pe
rf
orm
a
nce m
a
nagem
e
nt
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
[
43]
.
O
n
t
h
e
ot
her
ha
n
d
, i
n
t
h
e hi
g
h
e
r
PE
O
U
t
eam
,
hi
g
h
er c
o
m
f
or
t
resul
t
e
d f
r
o
m
t
h
e use of
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
co
ul
d e
xpe
ri
ence
gene
ral
i
zat
i
o
n
s
such as c
o
m
f
o
r
t
i
n
co
llab
o
rating
in
th
e v
i
rtu
a
l tea
m
wo
rk
. Th
e im
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
is find
ing
is th
at (1) th
e
OCT sho
u
l
d
b
e
d
e
sig
n
ed
and/
or m
odifie
d
from
the beginnin
g facets
of the
online c
o
llaboration im
ple
m
entation; the OCT should be
d
e
sign
ed
in such
away th
at it
h
a
s
h
i
gh
u
s
ab
ility o
r
, i
n
o
t
h
e
r
words, it
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
req
u
i
re com
p
lex
learn
i
ng to
u
s
e
it; while from
the use
r
side,
(2)
OCT usa
g
e
self-efficacy n
eeds to
be i
m
prove
d
so that
t
h
e individual’s social
lo
afing
b
e
co
mes
lower.
Percei
ve
d
usef
ul
ness
o
f
OC
T
i
s
fo
u
nd t
o
no
t
be abl
e
t
o
p
r
edi
c
t
an i
n
di
vi
dual
’
s s
o
ci
al
l
o
afi
n
g
.
Th
is
m
a
y
be caused
by
t
h
e p
r
esenc
e
of t
w
o
nat
u
re
s of
percei
ved
usef
ul
ne
ss i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
on t
o
soci
a
l
l
o
afi
n
g, w
h
i
c
h c
a
n
b
e
“b
en
eficial” (h
as
po
sitiv
e d
i
r
ection
)
an
d
“h
arm
”
(has n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
d
i
rectio
n), so
it ap
p
e
ars
h
a
v
i
n
g
no
cor
r
el
at
i
o
n
.
Pe
rcei
ve
d
usef
ul
ness i
n
a
pers
o
n
i
s
abl
e
t
o
b
r
i
n
g a con
t
en
tmen
t feeli
n
g to th
e tech
no
log
i
es th
at
can m
eet the needs
of
produ
ctivity, efficiency, a
n
d
perform
ance so th
at
peo
p
l
e
w
o
u
l
d co
nst
a
nt
l
y
use t
h
e
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
[4
4
]
-[4
5]
. The i
n
t
e
nt
i
on
of
usi
n
g
OC
T fai
t
h
f
u
l
l
y
whi
c
h i
s
ge
n
e
rat
e
d by
t
h
e p
e
rcei
ve
d use
f
ul
ness i
s
an
ind
i
sp
en
sable co
nd
itio
n for th
e
o
c
cu
rren
ce o
f
a
v
i
rtu
a
l tea
m
co
llab
o
ratio
n.
Howev
e
r, th
e lev
e
l
of p
e
rceiv
e
d
usef
ul
ne
ss t
u
r
n
s out
t
o
be al
s
o
co
rrel
a
t
e
wi
t
h
t
h
e s
o
ci
al
an
d cul
t
u
ral
co
nt
ext
i
n
va
ri
o
u
s
di
rect
i
o
ns [
4
6]
. Fo
r
ex
am
p
l
e, d
e
g
r
ee o
f
in
du
strializatio
n
an
d
deg
r
ee of relig
i
o
sity are p
o
s
itiv
ely co
rrelated
with
th
e p
e
rceiv
e
d
usef
ul
ne
ss of
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
;
whi
l
e
t
h
e de
gree o
f
soci
al
i
n
equal
i
t
y
, i
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm
, and u
n
cert
a
i
n
ty
avoi
dance
are
negat
i
v
el
y
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
e
d wi
t
h
t
h
e
percei
ved
use
f
ul
ness
.
Othe
r resea
r
ches found t
h
at social
l
o
afi
ng
i
s
al
so i
n
fl
uen
ced by
s
o
ci
al
-
c
ul
t
u
ral
c
ont
e
x
t
[4
7]
-[
49]
.
Although t
h
ese studies
occ
u
rred i
n
th
e
offline setting or face-
to-face.
The results of
t
h
ese pre
v
ious studies,
wh
en
t
h
ey are
in
in
teraction
with
o
n
e
an
o
t
her, im
p
l
y th
at the s
o
cio-cult
ural conte
x
t m
a
y
con
t
ribu
te to
med
i
ate
t
h
e rel
a
t
i
o
ns
hi
p
of
p
r
edi
c
t
i
v
e co
rrel
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
ween
pe
rcei
v
e
d
usef
ul
ne
ss
and
t
h
e i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s s
o
ci
al
l
o
afi
n
g
,
al
t
hou
g
h
t
h
i
s
con
j
ect
u
r
e re
q
u
i
r
es f
u
rt
her t
e
st
i
ng. I
f
t
h
e
hy
pot
hesi
s i
s
sup
p
o
r
t
e
d
by
em
pi
ri
cal
data o
n
su
bsequ
e
n
t
research, th
e th
esi
s
p
r
od
u
c
ed
will b
e
th
e ex
ten
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e co-con
stru
ctio
n
t
h
eory [50
]
-[51
], wh
ich
h
a
s th
e
p
r
op
ositio
n
th
at th
e t
h
ing
s
h
a
pp
en
in
offlin
e
wo
rl
d also
o
c
cu
rs in th
e on
lin
e world
.
In
add
itio
n to
th
e
descri
pt
i
o
n
set
f
o
rt
h
a
b
o
v
e,
t
h
e l
a
c
k
of
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e c
o
r
r
el
at
i
on
bet
w
e
e
n
t
h
e pe
rcei
ve
d
us
eful
ness
of
t
h
e
OC
T
and t
h
e i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
’s s
o
ci
al
l
o
a
f
i
n
g m
i
ght
al
so be ca
use
d
by
t
h
e am
bi
gous
i
n
t
e
rp
ret
a
t
i
on
of “
u
se
ful
n
ess
”
, t
h
at
“usef
u
l
n
e
ss” i
t
s
el
f w
h
i
c
h
has
a t
a
xo
n
o
m
y
, i
n
w
h
i
c
h t
h
i
s
co
nst
r
uct
co
nt
ai
n
s
t
h
e c
o
m
pone
nt
(s
) ab
o
u
t
w
h
at
, i
n
a
user
’s m
i
nd, m
a
kes a
t
ech
nol
ogy
-base
d
t
ool
o
r
sy
st
em
usef
ul
[
5
2]
.
Percei
ve
d use
f
ul
ness
wa
s
al
s
o
fo
u
n
d
t
o
be negat
i
v
el
y
c
o
r
r
el
at
ed wi
t
h
t
e
chn
o
l
o
gy
usa
g
e
[
53]
-
[
5
4
]
.
Particu
l
arly in
th
e co
n
t
ex
t of e-
co
llaboratio
n
techno
log
y
, Dasgup
ta
et al.
[5
4]
expl
ai
n t
h
at
t
h
e negat
i
v
e
co
rrelatio
n
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
g
a
p, in
t
h
eir
research
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
s
, b
e
t
w
een
p
e
rcep
tio
n and
actu
al con
d
ition
o
f
t
h
e
usefulne
ss
of t
h
e tec
h
nology
they face,
a
n
d t
h
is
gap is als
o
diffe
re
nt in term
s of its m
a
gnitude
betwee
n
novice
and
ex
pert
use
r
s. B
e
si
de w
e
need
t
o
pay
at
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
t
h
e
con
s
o
n
a
n
ceo
r
di
sso
na
nce
bet
w
een
pe
rcei
ve
d a
n
d
actual usefulness, we als
o
need t
o
consi
d
er se
riously
th
at a group
is a g
e
stalt, in
wh
ich
its b
e
hav
i
oral
t
e
nde
ncy
can
n
o
t
be
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
sol
e
l
y
base
d
o
n
t
h
e
sum
of
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’s
be
havi
oral
t
e
nde
nci
e
s
of t
h
e m
e
m
b
er
s
[5
5]
-[
5
6
]
.
Lew
i
n (as ci
t
e
d i
n
For
s
y
t
h [5
7]) s
t
ated that “A group is a Gestalt
−
a uni
fi
ed sy
st
em
wi
t
h
em
erge
nt
properties that cannot be fully unde
rs
tood by piece
m
eal e
x
am
ination when
indi
viduals m
e
rged int
o
a group
so
m
e
th
in
g
n
e
w was created an
d
th
at th
e new p
r
od
uct its
el
f had to
be the object of study”. T
h
is m
e
ans that
gr
o
up m
e
m
b
ers’
percei
ve
d
usef
ul
ne
ss o
f
OC
T m
i
ght
n
o
t
be sy
no
ny
m
ous wi
t
h
t
h
e gr
o
u
p
’
s
per
cei
ved
usef
ul
ne
ss of
OC
T.
The c
o
m
p
lexity of the
pe
rceived
use
f
ul
ness
constr
uct
,
as
well as the a
n
tecedents a
n
d c
ons
eque
nces
th
at su
rro
und
th
is con
s
tru
c
t, i
m
p
l
ies th
at we can
no
t assu
m
e
,
a p
r
i
o
ri, th
at t
h
e techn
o
l
o
g
y
(in
c
lud
i
ng
OCT) th
at
i
s
percei
ved
as
use
f
ul
by
t
h
e
i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
m
e
m
b
ers
o
f
a team
will
au
to
m
a
ti
cally im
prove the
overall
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce o
f
t
h
e t
eam
. Thi
s
i
s
one
of t
h
e
ori
g
i
n
al
co
nt
ri
but
i
o
ns
of t
h
i
s
st
udy
t
h
at
cal
l
s
at
t
e
nt
i
on o
f
de
ci
si
on
m
a
kers i
n
or
ga
ni
zat
i
ons
i
m
plem
ent
i
ng t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
es
. B
a
se
d
on
t
h
ese
di
sc
ou
rses,
t
h
ey
ne
ed t
o
t
h
i
n
k
o
f
at
l
east
th
ree m
u
lti-lev
e
l p
h
a
ses
wh
ich
m
i
g
h
t
d
e
liv
er th
e
p
e
rceived
u
s
efu
l
n
e
ss effects o
f
OCT
on
th
e so
cial loafi
n
g (o
r
gr
o
u
p
pe
rf
orm
a
nce)
, nam
e
ly
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s ps
y
c
hol
o
g
i
cal
dy
nam
i
cs
(di
sso
n
a
nce bet
w
ee
n percei
ved
an
d
act
ual
usef
ul
ne
ss)
, gr
ou
p dy
nam
i
cs, as wel
l
as t
h
e dy
nam
i
cs of the soci
o-c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
cont
ext
t
h
at
i
n
fl
ue
nce i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
and vi
rtual tea
m
as a whole.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Soci
o
p
s
ych
ot
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
c
al
Pr
edi
c
t
o
rs
of
In
di
vi
du
al
’s
S
o
ci
al
Lo
af
i
n
g i
n
Vi
r
t
ual
Te
a
m
(
J
u
n
e
ma
n
Abr
a
ha
m
)
1
507
Xenop
hob
ia is foun
d to
b
e
ab
le to
p
r
ed
ict an
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
’
s
so
cial lo
afi
n
g in
a
p
o
sitiv
e d
i
rectio
n
.
The
hi
g
h
er
t
h
e
xe
n
o
p
h
obi
a
l
e
vel
i
n
a
pe
rso
n
,
t
h
e
hi
g
h
er
t
h
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s s
o
ci
al
l
o
afi
n
g
w
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
OC
T. I
n
or
ga
ni
zat
i
ons
opt
i
m
i
z
i
ng t
h
e
OC
T a
n
d
vi
rt
u
a
l
wo
r
k
s
w
h
ere
enc
o
u
n
t
e
r
s
bet
w
een
t
eam
m
e
m
b
ers fr
om
di
ffere
nt
cu
ltu
resoften
b
eco
m
e
in
ev
itab
l
e, x
e
nop
hob
ia
or p
r
eju
d
ice to
ward
s strang
ers
will o
b
v
i
ou
sly m
a
k
e
a
coo
p
e
r
at
i
on t
o
be ha
rd
or c
o
m
p
l
i
cat
ed. Pr
eju
d
i
ce i
n
t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
en
vi
r
o
nm
ent
m
a
kes
a pers
o
n
kee
p
i
ng a
distance in social interaction or a
voi
ding others, either because they
f
eel threatene
d
of t
h
eir ide
n
tity or
because
they
fear
of judgment or
ne
gative appraisal
or eval
uation fro
m
others
[58]-[59]
. Avoi
da
nce or
beha
vi
o
r
s
o
f
k
eepi
n
g a
n
i
n
t
e
r
p
ers
o
nal
/
s
oci
a
l
di
st
ance
ar
e c
a
use
d
by the s
o
cial anxiety that create
de
fe
nsive
b
e
h
a
v
i
or
,
bo
th
v
e
rb
al and
nonv
erb
a
l, wh
ich
is n
o
t
f
a
vo
r
a
b
l
e f
o
r
a f
a
ir
co
oper
a
tio
n
u
s
ing
O
C
T b
e
t
w
een
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
tea
m
m
e
m
b
er
s. A
lthou
gh a
per
s
on
is wor
k
i
n
g in a
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
tea
m
w
h
er
e sign
s
o
f
th
e bod
y
eith
er
v
e
rb
al
or
n
o
n
-
verbal are m
u
ch elim
inated, but the
pe
rs
on’s
represe
n
tation as “avatar” in
t
h
e vi
rt
ual
en
vi
ro
nm
ent
can di
spl
a
y
spo
n
t
a
neo
u
s o
r
aut
o
m
a
t
i
c
defensi
v
e react
i
o
ns i
n
t
h
e fo
r
m
s of posi
t
i
o
n
,
ori
e
nt
at
i
o
n,
di
rect
i
o
n an
d m
o
ti
on
spee
d (f
o
r
exa
m
pl
e, sl
ow do
wn
, st
ay
away), as well as the tim
e
spent by av
atar (e.g
., stay sh
o
r
ter)
with
in
a
part
i
c
ul
a
r
vi
rt
ual
soci
al
spa
ce agai
nst
ot
her a
v
at
ars [
59]
, si
m
i
l
a
r
to w
h
at
ha
ppe
ns i
n
o
ffl
i
n
e
soci
al
envi
ro
nm
ent
.
Thi
s
e
xpl
a
n
at
i
o
n
al
so
ha
s a
bi
ol
o
g
i
cal
basi
s,
nam
e
ly
t
h
e
act
i
v
at
i
on
of
a
m
y
gdal
a
, s
u
b
cort
i
cal
part
s of
t
h
e br
ai
n
ass
o
ci
at
ed wi
t
h
negat
i
v
e
em
ot
i
ons,
t
h
at occurs when
a
person
has a
stereotype, pre
j
udice
and
di
scri
m
i
nat
i
v
e t
e
nde
nci
e
s
agai
nst
t
h
e a
p
peara
n
ce
of
pe
opl
e
wh
o are c
onsi
d
ere
d
as st
ran
g
er
or “
d
i
f
f
e
rent
people” c
o
m
i
n
g
from
other s
o
cial categorie
sthat differe
n
t
fr
om
him
s
el
f/
hersel
f
[5
8]
. T
h
e im
pl
i
cat
i
on o
f
t
h
ese
find
ing
s
is th
at th
e OCT n
e
ed
to
b
e
d
e
signed
su
ch
a way
th
at th
e av
atars d
i
sp
layed
do
es no
t trigg
e
r th
e
feelings
of t
h
re
atened i
n
a
n
yone.
A
v
atar
is an
ex
ten
s
i
o
n
o
f
our
ph
ysical b
ody, su
ch
as tex
t
, ico
n
, and
g
r
ap
h
i
c,
wh
ich
can
und
ergo
rest
o
r
at
i
o
n
,
es
capi
n
g,
i
m
provem
e
nt
, an
d
r
e
wo
r
k
i
n
g i
n
t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
w
o
r
l
d [
6
0]
-[
61]
.
The as
sum
p
t
i
ons
of
a
careful avatar
design i
n
a
virtual t
eam
wo
rk
co
n
t
ex
t m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
ab
ov
e is th
at “so
c
ial interactio
n
s
and
so
cial
rel
a
t
i
ons ca
n
b
e
enc
ode
d i
n
i
m
ages” (K
ress
& va
n Lee
u
we
n,
as cited in
[6
2
]). Av
atar, th
at is a v
i
rt
u
a
l
self and
that can be sel
ected or e
v
e
n
created
by
t
h
e
sub
j
ect
(s
uc
h as OC
T use
r
)
,
interact and communicate with othe
r
avat
ars/
sel
v
es
.
The
com
m
uni
cat
i
o
n
an
d i
n
t
e
ract
i
o
n
occ
u
r
al
so i
n
t
h
e co
ope
rat
i
o
n
am
ong
vi
rt
u
a
l
t
e
am
me
m
b
ers. In this avatar c
r
ea
tion,
in
ord
e
r to
an
ticip
ate the ad
v
e
rse e
f
f
e
cts o
f
x
e
nop
hob
ia ag
ainst a vir
t
u
a
l
tea
m
p
e
rform
a
n
ce, th
en
, in
li
n
e
with
th
e
resu
lts o
f
th
is stud
y, th
e av
atars in
th
e OCT need
to
b
e
d
e
si
g
n
e
d
in
suc
h
a
way s
o
that the
form
/a
ppea
r
a
n
ce,
ges
t
ures, and t
h
e s
t
yle represe
n
t t
h
e
owne
rshi
p
of
socially preferable
traits, and
n
o
t
streng
th
en
n
e
gativ
e stereo
types th
at are
ha
rm
ful to the any social
groups
of the team
me
m
b
ers
(e.
g
. [
63]
)
.
N
o
net
h
el
ess, t
h
e pol
i
c
y
of a
n
o
r
gani
zat
i
o
n w
h
e
r
e OC
T i
s
use
d
sho
u
l
d
al
so
n
o
t
rest
rai
n
free
d
om
of
u
s
er in
im
ag
i
n
ing
,
con
s
tru
c
tin
g
,
and
exp
r
essin
g
av
atar th
at reflects th
e on
lin
e id
en
tity an
d
p
r
esen
ce of
hi
m
/
hersel
f i
n
t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
.
In the
OCT
that ena
b
les ric
h
ness i
n
t
h
e
des
i
gn an
d
de
vel
o
pm
ent
of
avat
a
r
s,
f
o
r
exam
pl
e OC
T
usi
n
g
v
i
rtu
a
l
reality (e.g
. Seco
nd
Life), th
e asp
ects th
at n
e
ed
consid
eration
i
n
desig
n
i
n
g
an avatar in
a situ
atio
n
of
“conce
p
tual tensions” m
e
ntioned a
b
ove is “the way avatar
s
look, what they can do,
the
way they can be used
fo
r com
m
uni
cat
i
on, t
h
e c
ont
ext
i
n
w
h
ich t
h
ey are create
d
, how m
a
ny
avat
ars ca
n be
created and in unde
r
what
ki
n
d
of
g
ove
r
n
ance
, w
h
o o
w
ns t
h
e a
v
a
t
ar, an
d
ho
w t
o
pl
an a
v
at
ar
de
si
gn”
[6
1]
. T
h
e
s
e co
nsi
d
e
r
at
i
o
ns are
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
b
e
n
o
t
ed
(esp
ecially in
v
e
ry d
i
v
e
rse env
i
ron
m
e
n
ts in
wh
ich
x
e
n
oph
ob
ic attitu
d
e
s are estim
at
ed
to
be m
o
re easily trigge
red) be
c
a
use afte
r all, the avata
r
includes s
o
cial expectations
and s
o
cial critiques
[61],
an
d it is im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ach
i
ev
e a cond
itio
n
o
f
in
terp
erso
n
a
l t
r
u
s
t
in
i
n
teracting
av
at
ars
[64
]
in a
v
i
rtu
a
l
team
wor
k
usi
n
g the
OCT. P
r
ecisely, trust in this c
ont
e
x
t is [64]
: “... a
n
ticipated c
o
oper
ation ..
.. C
o
operation
here s
h
o
u
l
d
be
un
derst
o
o
d
as a beha
vi
or (
o
r choi
ces be
t
w
ee
n co
urses
of ac
t
i
on) t
h
at
i
s
benefi
ci
al
t
o
som
e
on
e
el
se. Th
us, t
r
u
s
t
i
s
prese
n
t
t
o
t
h
e ext
e
nt
t
h
a
t
som
e
body
ac
t
s
i
n
a way
t
h
at
im
pl
i
e
s an expect
at
i
o
n
of
f
u
t
u
re
coope
r
ation from
so
m
e
one else”.
Trust is an
elemen
t th
at is a
m
u
st
in
v
i
rtu
a
l
te
am
s where t
h
e achi
e
vem
e
nt
of t
h
e
gr
ou
p
i
s
gene
rat
e
d
by the performance of its m
e
m
b
ers wh
ich interdepe
n
ds each othe
r. T
h
ere
f
or
e, an
organi
zation that use
s
OCT
can i
n
vi
t
e
e
x
p
e
rt
s o
f
vari
ou
s di
sci
p
l
i
n
e
s
,
suc
h
as
psy
c
h
o
l
o
gy
, l
i
n
gui
st
i
c
s, ant
h
r
o
p
o
l
ogy
,
com
m
uni
cat
i
o
n
sci
e
nce, sem
i
ot
i
c
s, and s
o
ci
ol
ogy
[
6
0]
, [
62]
,
not
o
n
l
y
IC
T
expe
rt
s, t
o
desi
gn
OC
T e
nvi
r
onm
ent
t
h
at
su
pp
o
r
t
s
t
r
ust
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
s t
h
e
ne
gat
i
v
e
im
pact
of
xe
n
o
p
h
obi
a.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
This study concluded that s
o
cial loafing
−
in
th
e in
d
i
v
i
du
al lev
e
l
−
occ
u
ri
ng i
n
t
h
e
vi
rt
ual
t
eam
collaborations
can be pre
d
icted by xe
nophobia and tw
o of the three compone
n
ts
of tec
h
nology acceptance,
nam
e
ly
percei
ved
pl
ay
ful
n
es
s and
percei
v
e
d ease of
use
of
onl
i
n
e c
o
l
l
a
bo
rat
i
o
n t
ool
.
The resea
r
c
h
f
i
ndi
n
g
in
d
i
cates th
at
so
cial lo
afing
is no
t on
ly con
t
ribu
ted b
y
t
h
e group
an
d task
d
y
n
a
m
i
cs (as fo
und
i
n
p
r
ev
iou
s
st
udi
es
), b
u
t
fi
rst
l
y
, befo
re al
l
,
by
t
h
e dy
na
m
i
cs wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
t
h
at
i
n
t
e
ract
wi
t
h
t
h
e OC
T t
echnol
ogy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1500 –
1510
1
508
(p
erceiv
e
d
p
l
ayfu
ln
ess an
d perceiv
e
d
ease
o
f
u
s
e) and
t
h
e d
ynam
i
cs o
f
th
e attitu
d
i
n
a
l
pred
isp
o
sitio
n th
at
in
teract with the so
ci
al
wo
rl
d (xe
n
op
h
obi
a)
.
Onl
i
n
e
co
nt
ext
on
a vi
rt
ual
t
e
am
col
l
a
borat
i
on a
n
d t
h
e e
n
g
a
gem
e
nt
of t
h
e
soci
o
p
sy
c
hot
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
cal
v
a
riab
les m
e
n
t
io
n
e
d
abov
e are in
d
e
ed
th
e con
t
ribu
tion
of this p
r
esen
t study co
m
p
ared
w
i
th
o
t
h
e
r “trad
itio
n
a
l”
st
udi
es
on
so
ci
al
l
o
afi
n
g
,
whi
c
h m
o
st
l
y
di
scus
sed i
t
in
th
e con
t
ex
t o
f
t
h
e offline world. Th
e au
tho
r
s
e
m
phasize that in research
on social
l
o
afi
n
g
,
hum
an i
s
not
eno
u
gh t
o
b
e
analyzed sepa
ra
tely from the
use
d
tech
no
log
y
. Ho
wev
e
r, research
on
so
cial l
o
afi
n
g
in
a
v
i
rtu
a
l tea
m
will
b
e
m
o
re co
m
p
reh
e
n
s
iv
e
wh
en
it is
i
n
t
e
grat
i
n
g t
h
e
fi
ndi
n
g
s
of e
x
i
s
t
i
ng st
u
d
i
e
s
(e.g. t
a
s
k
ch
aract
eri
s
t
i
c
s, t
y
pes of
vi
rt
ua
l
t
e
am
coope
r
a
t
i
on,
d
u
ration
and
freq
u
e
n
c
y of o
n
l
in
e co
llab
o
ratio
n, typ
e
s o
f
me
m
b
ers, and
cultu
ral d
i
v
e
rsities) with
th
e v
a
riab
les
in
vo
lv
ed
in
th
i
s
stu
d
y
. Th
is stu
d
y
is also
li
mited
in
te
r
m
s o
f
th
e nu
m
b
er o
f
recru
ited
samp
les. Th
is is b
e
cau
se
at the tim
e this
study wa
s c
o
nducte
d, it is quite hard
t
o
gain access a
n
d
permission of t
h
e
com
p
anies or
othe
r
or
ga
ni
zat
i
ons
wh
ose m
e
m
b
ers car
ry
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
o
st
vi
rt
ual
co
l
l
a
borat
i
o
ns
.
Th
is st
u
d
y
can b
e
po
sition
e
d as a precond
i
tio
n
o
f
th
e app
licatio
n
o
f
the prev
i
o
us
research resu
lts
wh
ich
seek
s to b
u
ild efficien
t an
d
eff
ective
social interactions
, s
u
ch a
s
in
a shared learning
process
[65] and
in citizen e
nga
gem
e
nt for pre
v
ention
of cyber crim
e [66].
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
M
.
S
.
P
oole and H. Zhang, “
V
irt
u
al Te
am
s
,
”
in
The Handbook of Group Research and Practice
, S
.
A. W
h
eelan, Ed
.
Thousand Oaks:
SAGE Pub
lications, pp. 365-385
, 2005
.
[2]
C. B. Gibson and S. G. Coh
e
n
,
“The
La
st Wo
rd: Conclusions
and Implicatio
ns,”
in
Virtua
l
Teams That Work:
Creating Conditions for Virt
ual Team
Effectiven
ess
, C. B. Gibson, and S. G
.
Coh
e
n, Eds San Francisco: John W
iley
& Sons, In
c., pp
. 403-421, 2003.
[3]
S. G. Cohen and D. E. Bailey
,
“
W
ha
t Makes Teams
Work: Gro
up Effectiven
ess
Research from
The Shop Floor
to
The Exe
c
utiv
e
S
u
ite
,”
Journal o
f
Management
, V
o
l. 23
, pp
. 239-2
90, 1997
.
[4]
J. R. K
a
tzenbach and
D. K.
Smith,
“The Di
scip
line of
Teams,”
Harv
ard Business Re
v
i
e
w
, Vol.
71, No.2
, pp
. 11
1-
120, 1993
.
[5]
G. Mihhailova,
“Fro
m Ordinar
y
to Vi
r
t
ual Teams: A Model fo
r Measuring
the
Virtua
lit
y
of A
Te
am
W
o
rk,”
in
Pr
oceed
ings
of
t
h
e Fr
ont
ier
s
of
e
-
Bus
i
nes
s
Res
e
a
r
ch Confer
en
ce
, 2006.
[6]
M. Lewkowicz, F. Wijnhoven, and A.
Dragh
i
ci, “Misunderstandings in Gl
o
b
al Virtual Eng
i
neer
ing Teams:
Definitions
, Cau
s
es, and Guidelines for
Knowledge Sharing and
Interac
tion
,
” in
Methods and Tools for Effective
Knowledge Life-
C
ycle-Managem
e
nt
, A. Bern
ard
and S.
Tichk
i
ew
itch
,
Eds.
Heid
elberg: Spring
er-
V
erlag, pp. 145-
157, 2008
.
[7]
L. Ch
idambaram and L. L.
Tung, “Is Out of
Sight, Out of
Mind
?
An
Emp
i
rical
Stud
y
of Social
Loaf
ing in
Techno
log
y
-supported Groups,”
Information Sy
ste
m
s Re
se
arc
h
, V
o
l. 16
, No
. 2
,
pp
. 149-168, 2005.
[8]
S. L. Piezon
an
d W. D. Ferr
ee, “Perceptions of
Social
Lo
afing
in Onlin
e
Lear
ning Groups: A Stud
y
of Public
Universit
y
and
U.S. Naval W
a
r
Colleg
e
Stude
nts,”
Internatio
nal Review
of
Research in
Open and Distance
Learning
, Vol. 9
,
No. 2, pp. 1-17, 2008.
[9]
J. Suleiman
and
R. T. Watson
, “Soc
ial Loaf
ing
in Technolog
y
-
S
upported
Team
s. Computer Supp
orted Coop
erativ
e
Work,” Vol. 17,
pp. 291-309
, 20
08.
[10]
K-H. P. Sin, “So
c
ial Loaf
ing in
Vi
rtual Collabor
ativ
e Decision
Making: Re
latio
nship among Media Richn
e
ss, Media
S
y
nchronicity
,
Group Performance, and
Indiv
i
d
u
al
Effo
rt,” Ph.D. dissertation
,
Walden Univ
ersity
, 2010
.
[11]
S. L. Piezon, “
S
ocial Lo
afing
and Free Ridin
g
in On
line Learning Groups,” Ph.D.
dissertation, College o
f
Communication
and Information, The
Florid
a State University
, 20
11.
[12]
O. Turel
and Y. J. Zh
ang, “Should I
E-collabor
ate with
This G
r
oup
?
A Mult
ilevel Model of
Usage Intentions
,”
Information &
Management
, V
o
l. 48
, pp
. 62-68
, 2011
.
[13]
L.
L. M
a
rtins,
L
.
L
.
Gilson
, and
M. T.
Ma
ynard
,
“
V
irtu
al T
eam
s
:
W
h
at Do W
e
Know and W
h
ere
Do W
e
Go F
r
om
Here?
,
”
Journal of
Managemen
t
,
Vol. 30
, No. 6, p
p
. 805-835
, 200
4.
[14]
G. Beenen
, K. K
i
ng, X. Wang, K
.
Chang,
D
.
Fran
kowski, P. Resnick, and R
.
E.
Kr
aut, “
U
s
i
ng S
o
ci
al P
s
y
c
ho
log
y
to
Motivate
Contr
i
butions to
Onli
ne Com
m
unitie
s,”
in
Proceedings of th
e 200
4 AC
M Con
f
er
ence
on Compu
t
er
Supported Coop
erative Work
,
C
S
CW’04,
Chicag
o, Illinois, US
A, pp. 212-221, 20
04.
[15]
B. Hoisl, W
.
Ai
gner,
a
nd S. Miksch, “Social Rewarding in Wiki
S
y
stems – Motivating
the Com
m
unity
,”
in
Online
Communities and Social Comp
ut, HCII,Lect
ur
e Notes in Co
mputer Scien
c
e
, vol.4564. D
.
Schuler
, Ed
. Ber
lin
Heidelb
e
rg: Springer-Verlag
,
pp
. 362-371, 2007.
[16]
O. Turel
and C. E. Conn
ell
y
,
“
T
eam
Spirit: T
h
e Infl
uen
ce of
Psychologi
cal
Collec
tivism
on the Usage of
E-
Collabor
ation
T
ools,”
Group Decision and
Negotiation
, Vol. 21
,
pp. 703-725
, 20
12.
[17]
F
.
D. Davis
an
d V. Venkates
h
, “
T
oward P
r
eprotot
y
pe
Us
er
Accept
a
nc
e Tes
ting of New Inform
ation S
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
Implications for Software
Project Management,”
IEEE Transacti
ons on Engineering Managemen
t
,
Vol.
51,
No.
1,
pp. 31-46
, 2004
.
[18]
M
.
Y. Chuttur,
“
O
verview of the Techno
log
y
Accep
tanc
e
M
ode
l: Origins
,
Deve
lopm
ents
and F
u
ture Dire
ctions
,”
Working Pap
e
rs
on Information S
y
stems
, Indiana
University
, USA: Spr
outs, Vol. 9
,
No. 37, 2009.
[19]
V. Venkatesh an
d H. Bala, “Technol
og
y
Acceptance Model 3 and a Res
earch Agenda on Interv
entions,”
Decis
i
on
Scien
ces
, Vol. 3
9
, No. 2, pp. 273
-315, 2008
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Soci
o
p
s
ych
ot
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
i
c
al
Pr
edi
c
t
o
rs
of
In
di
vi
du
al
’s
S
o
ci
al
Lo
af
i
n
g i
n
Vi
r
t
ual
Te
a
m
(
J
u
n
e
ma
n
Abr
a
ha
m
)
1
509
[20]
M. Roringpand
ey
and
Juneman. “Masih Rek
a
tkah
K
ita Dalam Bertetangga?
P
e
nga
ruh
Dimensi Penerimaan
Teknologi Mobile Phone Terhad
ap Kohesi Ber
t
etangga,”
Proceedings of In
ter
national
Conference: Susta
inab
le
Built En
vironment in The Tro
p
ics:
New Technology, New B
e
haviour?
School of Architecture, Taruman
a
g
a
r
a
University
, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2
012.
[21]
S. A. Brown an
d V. Venkatesh, “Model
of Adoption of
Techno
log
y
in th
e H
ousehold: A B
a
seline Model
Test
and
Extension
Incor
porating
Household Life C
y
cle,”
MIS Quarterly
,
Vol. 29
, No. 4, p
p
. 399-426
, 200
5.
[22]
V. Venkatesh
, J. Y. Thong,
and
X. Xu, “
C
onsumer Accep
tan
ce a
nd Use of Inform
ation Te
chnol
og
y
:
Extend
ing t
h
e
Unified Theor
y
of
Acceptan
ce
and Use of
Techn
o
log
y
,”
MIS Qu
arterly
, Vol. 36,
No. 1, pp. 157-1
78, 2012
.
[23]
M. Ogertschnig
and H. v
a
n der
Heijden
, “A Short-Form M
eas
ure of Att
itud
e
to
wards
Using a
Mobile Information
Se
rvi
c
e,
”
in
Pro
ceed
ings of
the
1
7
th
Bled
eC
ommerce Con
f
eren
ce
eGlobal
Bl
ed
, Slovenia, 2004.
[24]
S. Pahnil
a
and
J.
W
a
ts
ya, “
A
ssessing the Fa
ctors
that H
a
ve
an Im
pact
on Sti
c
kine
ss in Online G
a
m
e
Com
m
unities,”
in
Proceedings
o
f
th
e 16th
Pa
cific Asia
Confer
en
ce on
Informatio
n Systems
, Hoch
iminh City
, Vietnam, 2012.
[25]
F. B. Tan and
J. P. C. Cho
u
, “T
he R
e
lationship between
Mobile Se
rv
ice Quality
, Per
c
eived
Technolo
g
y
Com
p
atibili
t
y
,
a
nd Users’ Percei
ved Pla
y
fuln
ess in the Cont
ext of
Mobile Inform
a
tion a
nd En
ter
t
ai
nm
ent S
e
rvices
,
”
International Jo
urnal of Hu
man-
Computer Intera
ction
, Vol. 24
, N
o
. 7
,
pp
. 649-67
1, 2008
.
[26]
R. L. Walker
, “Xenophobia,”
in
Encycloped
i
a
of Counseling
, F. T. L. Leo
ng, Ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Publications, In
c., pp. 1390-1391
, 2008
.
[27]
J. R
y
dgren
, “Xenophobia,”
in
Encyc
lopedia of
Multicu
ltural Ps
ycholog
y
, Y. Jackson, Ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Publications, In
c., pp. 483-485, 2
006.
[28]
P. Kivisto, “Xenophobia,” in
Encycloped
i
a of Social Problems
, V. N. Parr
illo,
Ed. Thous
and Oaks: SAGE
Publications, In
c., pp. 1041-1044
, 2008
.
[29]
M. A. Adler, “Xenophobia,” in
Encycloped
i
a of Race,
Ethnicity, and Society
, R. T. Schaef
er, Ed
. Thousand Oak
s
:
SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 14
20-1421, 2008
.
[30]
J. M. George, “Extrinsic and
Intrinsic Origin
s
of P
e
rceived
S
o
cial Loaf
ing
in Organizat
io
ns
,”
Academ
y
of
Management Jo
urnal
, Vol. 35,
No. 1, pp. 191-2
02, 1992
.
[31]
F. Davis, “Perceived Useful
n
e
ss, Perceived
Ease of Us
e,
and User Acceptan
ce o
f
Information
Technolog
y
,
”
MIS
Quarterly
, Vol.
13, No. 3, pp. 31
9-340, 1989
.
[32]
C. H. Liao
, C.
W. Tsou, and Y
-
C. S
hu, “The R
o
les of Perceived Enjo
y
m
en
t
an
d P
r
ice P
e
r
cept
i
on in Det
e
rm
ini
ng
Accept
a
nc
e of Multim
edia-on-
Dem
a
nd,”
Inter
national Journal of Business and
Information
, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 27-
52, 2008
.
[33]
C
.
S
.
L
i
n
,
S
.
W
u
,
a
n
d
R
.
J
.
T
s
a
i
,
“
I
ntegra
ting Pe
rceiv
e
d Pla
y
fuln
ess into
Expectation-conf
irmatio
n Model for Web
P
o
rtal Con
t
ext
,
”
Information &
Management
, V
o
l. 42
, pp
. 683-6
93, 2005
.
[34]
K. van d
e
r Veer
, R. Ommundsen, O. Ya
kushko, L. Hig
l
er
, S. W
o
elders, and K
.
A. Hagen, “Psy
chometrically
an
d
Qualitativ
ely
Validating A Cr
oss-national Cumulativ
e Measur
e
of Fear-based X
e
nophobia,”
Qu
ality &
Quantity
,
Vol. 47
, No. 3, p
p
. 1429-1444
, 2
013.
[35]
M. Fiedler, “Cooperation
in
Virtual Worlds,”
S
c
h
m
alenbach
Business Review
(
S
BR)
, Vol. 61
, pp
.
172-194, 2009
.
[36]
A. I. Mockai
tis,
E. L. Rose
, and
P. Zett
inig, “
T
h
e
Powe
r of Individual Cultural
Valu
es in Globa
l Virtual
Team
s,
”
International Jo
urnal of Cross C
u
ltural Manag
ement
, Vol. 12
, N
o
. 2
,
pp
. 193-21
0, 2012
.
[37]
N. Baumann, “Autot
e
l
i
c
Pe
rsonali
ty
,”
in
Advances in Flow Research
, S.
Engeser
,
Ed. New York:
Springer, pp
. 16
5-
186, 2012
.
[38]
S. A. A. Jin, “Toward Integr
at
ive Models of Flow: E
ffects o
f
Perform
ance,
Skill, Chal
leng
e
,
Pla
y
fulness, a
n
d
P
r
es
ence on F
l
o
w
in Video Ga
m
e
s
,
”
Journal o
f
Broadcasting
&
E
l
ectronic M
e
dia
, Vol. 56
,
No. 2, pp
. 169-
186,
2012.
[39]
D. Reid
, “A Model of
Play
fuln
ess and Fl
ow in
Virtual
Rea
lit
y
I
n
tera
ctions,
”
Pr
e
s
ence
, Vol. 13,
No. 4, pp.
451-4
62,
2004.
[40]
C. G. Ly
nch
,
“C
ompanies Explor
e Virtu
a
l Worlds as Collabor
atio
n Tools,” 2008
.
[41]
C.
Loma
s, M.
Burke
,
a
nd C.
L. Page, “Collabor
ation Too
l
s,”
EDUCAUSE Learnin
g
Initiative
, pp
.
2, 2008
.
[42]
S
.
Y. Yous
afza
i,
G. R. F
oxa
ll
, a
nd J
.
G. P
a
l
lis
te
r, “
T
echno
log
y
Accept
a
nc
e: A
M
e
ta-an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
the
TAM
:
P
a
rt
2,
”
Journal of Modelling
in Manag
ement
, Vol. 2
,
No
. 3
,
pp
. 281-304
, 2007.
[43]
N. S. Nowlan, “Modeling The
Effect of
P
e
rce
i
ved Eas
e
of Us
e on Virtual
Te
am
P
e
rform
ance,” M
a
s
t
er’s
th
es
is
,
Department o
f
S
y
stems and
Computer
Engineer
in
g, Car
l
eton Univ
ersity
, Ottawa, C
a
nada, 2011
[44]
M. Anandarajan, M. Za
m
a
n, Q.
Dai, and B
.
Arin
ze, “
G
ener
ation
Y
Adoption of Instant Messagin
g
: An Examination
of the
Im
pact
o
f
S
o
cia
l
Us
eful
nes
s
and M
e
di
a
Richn
e
s
s
on Us
e Richn
e
s
s
,
”
I
EEE Transactions on Professio
nal
Communication
, Vol. 53, No. 2
,
pp. 132-143
, 20
10.
[45]
H.
Gangwar, H.
Date, and R.
Ramasw
amy
,
“Understanding
Deter
m
inants of
Clou
d Computing Adoption Using An
Integra
t
ed
TAM-TOE Model
,
”
Journal of
Enterp
rise Information
Management
, V
o
l. 28
, No
. 1
,
pp
. 107-130, 2015.
[46]
D. V. Parboteeah, K. P.
Parboteeah, J. B. Cullen
,
and C. Basu, “Per
ceived Usefuln
e
ss of Infor
m
ation Technolog
y
:
A
Cross-National Model,”
Journal of Globa
l In
formation Techno
lo
gy Managem
e
nt
, Vol. 8, No. 4
,
p
p
. 29-48
, 2005
.
[47]
A. Simm
s and
T. Nichols
,
“
S
ocia
l Loafing
:
A Review of the
Liter
a
ture
,”
Jo
urnal of Management Policy a
nd
Practi
ce
, Vol. 1
5
, No. 1, pp. 58-
67, 2014
.
[48]
W
.
K
.
G
a
bren
ya
, J
r
, B. L
a
t
a
né,
and Y. E. Wang,
“Social Loaf
ing
in Cross-cultural
Perspectiv
e,”
Journal of Cross-
Cultural Ps
ychology
, Vol. 14
, No
. 3
,
pp
. 368-384
, 1983.
[49]
D. M
.
He
ller
,
“
C
ultural
Divers
i
t
y
and
Te
am
P
e
rform
ance:
Tes
t
i
ng for S
o
ci
al
L
o
afing
Effe
cts
,
”
M
a
s
t
er’s
th
es
is
,
University
of
No
rth Texas, Dento
n
, Texas, 1997.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.