I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
5
7
8
5
~
5
7
9
2
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
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.
v
1
0
i
6
.
pp
5
7
8
5
-
5
7
9
2
5785
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o
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l ho
m
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p
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/I
JE
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Perf
o
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m
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co
mpa
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n of dif
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co
nt
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l strategi
es for
t
h
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g
u
l
a
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D
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a
s
s
a
n J
a
s
s
i
m
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o
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la
k
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Ah
med S.
Ra
hi
De
p
a
rtme
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t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
b
y
lo
n
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C
o
ll
e
g
e
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f
En
g
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e
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rin
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Ira
q
Art
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I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
6
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
y
3
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
y
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
In
las
t
y
e
a
rs,
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter
s
so
lv
e
th
e
m
o
st
issu
e
s
in
th
e
in
d
u
strial
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
a
re
a
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
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lec
tro
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ics
,
e
sp
e
c
iall
y
r
e
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e
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e
rg
y
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m
il
it
a
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p
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li
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a
ti
o
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s
a
n
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a
f
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il
iate
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
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ts.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
u
se
d
to
c
o
n
v
e
rt
th
e
DC i
n
p
u
t
t
h
a
t
u
n
re
g
u
late
d
to
re
g
u
late
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
e
rh
a
p
s larg
e
r
o
r
s
m
a
ll
e
r
th
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
a
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
th
re
e
p
rim
a
r
y
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o
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l
m
e
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o
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se
d
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o
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g
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ti
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t
S
u
p
e
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li
f
t
Lu
o
DC
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DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
T
h
e
se
m
e
th
o
d
s
in
c
lu
d
e
a
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
(
V
M
C),
c
u
rre
n
t
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
(CM
C),
a
n
d
S
li
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(S
M
C).
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h
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
th
is
a
rti
c
le i
s to
stu
d
y
a
n
d
se
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ted
a
n
a
p
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ro
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n
d
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p
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ri
o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
T
h
e
sim
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
e
e
ff
e
c
t
iv
e
n
e
ss
o
f
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li
d
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g
m
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e
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h
a
n
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in
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th
e
p
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o
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m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
A
lso
,
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
c
a
n
k
e
e
p
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
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lt
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g
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c
o
n
sta
n
t
u
n
d
e
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lo
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d
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o
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d
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t
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s
.
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i
m
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l
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t
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t
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A
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A
B
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im
u
l
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n
k
e
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v
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r
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n
m
e
n
t
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
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co
n
tr
o
l
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
No
n
li
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
Sli
d
in
g
-
m
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d
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co
n
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ltag
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p
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2
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In
stit
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te o
f
A
d
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n
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Al
l
rig
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ts re
se
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C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
Ah
m
ed
S.
R
ah
i,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
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lectr
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E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
B
ab
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lo
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lleg
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f
E
n
g
in
ee
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i
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g
,
B
ab
y
l
o
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,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
a
h
m
ed
.
s
w
ad
i7
9
@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
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th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
n
e
w
a
n
d
ch
ea
p
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
b
est
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
Nat
u
r
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
b
est
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g
e
n
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icit
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
a
s
m
a
n
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
c
h
as
lo
w
p
o
llu
ti
o
n
,
ch
ea
p
p
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ice,
an
d
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
,
it i
s
av
a
ilab
le
ev
er
y
w
h
er
e.
Her
e
w
e
tal
k
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
,
w
in
d
,
s
ea
w
a
v
es
an
d
o
t
h
er
n
at
u
r
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
,
2
]
.
B
u
t
th
e
s
u
n
is
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
av
ailab
le
e
v
er
y
w
h
er
e.
I
n
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
is
a
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e.
Sin
ce
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t
is
n
o
t
a
v
ailab
l
e
at
n
ig
h
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
n
e
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
ies
w
i
th
p
o
w
er
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Her
e
l
ies
t
h
e
n
ee
d
an
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
to
s
w
itc
h
f
r
o
m
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
to
ch
a
n
g
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
[
2
]
.
A
s
w
ell
as
o
th
er
d
ev
ices
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
m
a
n
y
s
ta
g
es
t
h
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
s
o
n
ee
d
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
u
s
in
g
m
a
n
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
s
w
itch
in
g
in
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
ese
cir
c
u
it
s
ar
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
W
h
er
e
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tab
ilit
y
i
n
v
o
ltag
e,
L
o
w
r
ip
p
le,
an
d
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
A
s
w
ell
as
r
aisi
n
g
an
d
lo
w
er
i
n
g
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
E
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
at.
T
h
er
e
m
a
n
y
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
its
.
E
ac
h
o
n
e
h
a
s
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
a
n
d
s
p
ec
ial
u
s
e.
I
n
l
iter
atu
r
e,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
k
ee
p
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
s
t
ab
le.
I
n
[
3
,
4
]
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
ee
m
ain
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
in
g
a
Vo
lta
g
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
C
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
Sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
n
[
5
]
,
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
SM
C
w
it
h
n
e
g
ativ
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
u
p
er
-
li
f
t
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
NOS
L
C
)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
S
MC
i
n
t
h
is
ar
ticle
is
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
b
r
ain
e
m
o
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
w
it
h
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
lta
g
e
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
6
]
to
ac
h
iev
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
tr
o
l
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
es
v
o
lta
g
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
SM
C
w
it
h
b
u
c
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
5
7
8
5
-
5
7
9
2
5786
co
n
v
er
ter
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
7
]
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
ar
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ip
p
le.
I
n
[
8
]
th
e
d
u
al
-
lo
o
p
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
a
s
ed
an
d
o
p
t
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m
ized
f
o
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cu
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r
e
n
t
s
tab
lin
g
o
f
a
Z
eta
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n
v
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ter
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p
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o
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d
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co
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tin
u
o
u
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e.
A
ls
o
,
in
[
9
-
1
2
]
d
esig
n
a
u
n
if
ied
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
co
n
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W
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ased
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o
f
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
W
h
ile
in
[
1
3
]
th
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
s
o
f
v
ir
o
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
te
d
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
elec
t
th
e
ap
p
o
r
tu
in
te
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
.
I
n
[
1
4
],
th
is
ar
ticle
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
r
ev
ie
w
ab
o
u
t
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
i
n
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
is
o
l
ated
an
d
n
o
n
is
o
lated
f
o
r
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
s
u
p
er
lo
u
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
u
lter
a
s
u
p
er
li
f
t
co
n
v
er
ter
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
r
atio
t
h
u
s
t
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
v
er
y
b
en
f
icia
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
n
ee
d
h
ig
h
s
tep
u
p
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
[
51
]
,
th
e
n
e
w
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
f
o
r
d
esi
g
h
n
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
i
n
t
h
is
ar
tic
le
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
a
n
g
u
lar
v
elo
cit
y
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
ilid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
51
]
f
o
r
r
eg
u
late
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
[
51
]
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
t
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
P
I
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
p
ar
tical
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
an
d
g
r
av
ita
tio
n
al
s
ea
r
c
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
SM
C
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
51
]
.
W
h
ile
in
[
51
]
,
th
e
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
ictio
n
m
o
d
e
p
lan
e
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
r
ev
ie
w
s
o
f
d
esi
g
n
ed
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
c
d
c
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
f
o
r
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
v
e
h
icle
ap
p
licatio
n
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
i
n
[
2
0
-
2
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
th
e
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
r
ee
m
eth
o
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
cu
r
r
en
t
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
lid
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l)
w
it
h
NOS
L
C
to
ch
o
o
s
e
a
b
et
ter
m
et
h
o
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
a
lo
w
r
i
p
p
le,
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
a
s
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
g
e
in
lo
ad
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Mat
he
m
a
t
i
cal
m
ode
l
i
ng o
f
N
O
SL
L
C
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
w
itc
h
(
MO
SF
E
T
)
,
tw
o
u
n
co
n
tr
o
l
led
s
w
itc
h
d
io
d
es
(
D)
,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
L
)
,
t
w
o
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
)
an
d
lo
ad
r
esis
ta
n
ce
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
i
n
o
p
p
o
s
ite
s
ig
n
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
ar
it
h
m
e
tic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
o
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
a
tio
n
ca
n
ex
p
r
ess
a
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Neg
ati
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
u
p
er
-
li
f
t L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
(
NOSL
L
C
)
S
w
itc
h
ON
v
in
=
v
L
=
v
c
(
1
)
v
in
=
v
L
(
2
)
S
w
itc
h
OFF
v
o
+
v
c
−
v
L
=
0
(
3
)
v
in
=
v
c1
(
4
)
v
L
=
v
o
+
v
in
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
co
mp
a
r
is
o
n
o
f d
i
ffer
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l str
a
teg
ies fo
r
…
(
Ha
s
s
a
n
Ja
s
s
im
Mo
tla
k
)
5787
D
v
in
+
(
v
o
+
v
in
)
(
1
−
D
)
=
0
(
6
)
v
o
=
−
v
in
1
−
D
(
7
)
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
i
n
d
u
cto
r
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
eq
u
a
t
io
n
s
:
∆
=
(
1
−
d
)
(
8
)
∆
=
(
−
)
(
9
)
∆
=
(
)
(
1
0
)
2
.
2
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
m
o
de
co
ntr
o
l
(
VM
C
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
(
eq
u
al
to
d
esi
g
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e)
t
h
e
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
es
u
lt
w
il
l
b
e
a
m
p
li
f
ied
b
y
er
r
o
r
a
m
p
lif
ier
,
t
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
-
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
lated
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
is
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
er
r
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
a
s
a
w
-
to
o
th
r
a
m
p
s
i
g
n
al
[
3
,
2
4
]
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l N
OS
L
co
n
v
er
ter
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
ca
n
t
h
u
s
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
as f
o
llo
w
[
2
5
,
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l (
VM
C
)
2
.
3
.
I
nd
irec
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
o
de
co
ntr
o
l (
I
VM
C)
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
t
h
e
VM
C
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l (
C
M
C
)
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
I
VM
C
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
at
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
as
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
b
o
th
cir
cu
its
[
6
]
.
I
n
itiall
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
C
MC
is
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
w
ill
e
n
ter
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
cir
cu
i
t,
an
d
h
er
e
it
w
ill
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
ref
.
)
.
Af
t
er
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
is
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
v
al
u
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
t
h
at
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate.
Sig
n
al
w
ill
p
a
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
P
I
)
to
a
m
p
lify
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
P
I
)
is
a
v
o
ltag
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
an
in
te
g
r
al
r
esu
lt
a
n
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
e
n
ter
s
i
n
to
a
li
m
iter
cir
cu
it.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
l
i
m
its
.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
e
n
ter
s
th
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
(
P
W
M)
.
In
th
e
e
n
d
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
a
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
t
h
at
is
d
o
m
in
ated
at
an
y
S
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
g
e
in
lo
ad
,
th
e
n
it
en
ter
s
t
h
e
s
w
it
ch
,
th
e
r
es
u
lt
i
s
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
m
ain
tain
o
u
tp
u
t
is
s
tab
le
[
3
,
2
7
,
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
cir
c
u
it
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
is
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
r
ef
)
.
W
h
er
e
it
w
a
s
n
o
t
a
f
i
x
ed
n
u
m
b
er
as
b
ef
o
r
e,
b
u
t
r
ath
er
it
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
en
ter
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
it
h
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
i
s
a
n
er
r
o
r
v
alu
e
t
h
at
p
a
s
s
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
P
I
to
g
et
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
an
d
co
n
v
er
ted
to
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
th
en
to
a
li
m
iter
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
(
I
r
ef
)
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
s
co
m
b
i
n
a
tio
n
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
(
VM
C
)
an
d
(
C
MC)
[
4
,
6
,
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
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g
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,
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6
,
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u
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4
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
.
M
.
S
h
a
h
ir,
E.
Ba
b
a
e
i,
A
n
d
M
.
F
a
rsa
d
i,
"
V
o
lt
a
g
e
-
L
i
f
t
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
Ba
se
d
N
o
n
is
o
late
d
B
o
o
st
D
c
-
Dc
Co
n
v
e
rter:
A
n
a
l
y
si
s a
n
d
De
sig
n
,
"
In
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
on
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
5
9
1
7
-
5
9
2
6
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
B.
Ax
e
lro
d
,
Y.
Be
rk
o
v
ich
a
n
d
A
.
Io
in
o
v
ici,
"
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
-
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
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w
it
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h
e
d
-
In
d
u
c
to
r
S
tru
c
tu
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e
s
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o
r
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e
tt
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g
T
ra
n
s
f
o
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m
e
rles
s
H
y
b
rid
Dc
-
Dc
P
w
m
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
"
In
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
on
Circ
u
i
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Reg
u
l
a
r
Pa
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
8
7
-
6
9
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
F
.
W
a
n
g
,
J.
X
u
a
n
d
B.
W
a
n
g
,
"
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
S
tu
d
y
o
f
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
Dc
-
D
c
Co
n
v
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Co
n
tro
l
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,"
2
0
0
6
In
ter
n
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t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s,
Circ
u
it
s,
An
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
Gu
il
in
,
pp
.
2
7
1
3
-
2
7
1
7
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4
]
K.
W
a
n
,
J.
L
i
a
o
,
A
n
d
M
.
F
e
rd
o
w
si,
"
Co
n
tro
l
M
e
t
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o
d
s
in
DC
-
DC
P
o
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e
r
Co
n
v
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rsio
n
-
A
Co
m
p
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ra
ti
v
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S
tu
d
y
,
"
2
0
0
7
IEE
E
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
S
p
e
c
ia
li
sts Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Orla
n
d
o
,
F
l
,
p
p
.
9
2
1
-
9
2
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[5
]
K.
Ra
m
a
sh
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
Je
e
v
a
n
a
n
th
a
n
,
"
De
sig
n
o
f
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
Ou
tp
u
t
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e
m
e
n
tar
y
S
u
p
e
r
L
i
f
t
L
u
o
Co
n
v
e
rter
Op
e
ra
ted
in
Co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
C
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
,
"
2
0
1
0
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
Ra
m
a
n
a
th
a
p
u
ra
m
, p
p
.
1
3
8
-
1
4
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[6
]
S
.
Kh
o
r
a
sh
a
d
iza
d
e
h
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
h
d
ian
,
"
Vo
lt
a
g
e
T
ra
c
k
in
g
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
Dc
-
Dc
Bo
o
st
Co
n
v
e
rter
Us
in
g
Bra
in
Em
o
ti
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
"
2
0
1
6
4
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
n
tro
l,
In
stru
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
Au
t
o
ma
ti
o
n
(
Ic
c
ia
),
Qa
z
v
in
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
-
2
7
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
Him
a
n
sh
u
a
n
d
R.
Kh
a
n
n
a
,
"
V
a
rio
u
s
Co
n
tro
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
Dc
-
D
c
Bu
c
k
Co
n
v
e
rter,"
2
0
1
2
IEE
E
Fi
f
th
Po
we
r
In
d
i
a
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
M
u
rth
a
l,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
G
o
u
d
a
rz
ian
,
A
.
,
Kh
o
sra
v
i,
A
.
a
n
d
A
b
ja
d
i,
N.R.
,
“
In
p
u
t
-
Ou
t
p
u
t
C
u
rre
n
t
Re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
Zeta
Co
n
v
e
rter
Us
in
g
a
n
Op
ti
m
ize
d
Du
a
l‑L
o
o
p
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r
,
”
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
13
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
S
iew
-
Ch
o
n
g
T
a
n
,
Y.
M
.
L
a
i
a
n
d
C.
K.
T
se
,
"
A
Un
if
ied
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
th
e
De
sig
n
o
f
P
wm
-
Ba
s
e
d
S
li
d
in
g
-
M
o
d
e
V
o
l
tag
e
Co
n
tro
ll
e
rs
f
o
r
Ba
sic
Dc
-
Dc
Co
n
v
e
rters
in
Co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
,
"
In
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
on
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Reg
u
l
a
r P
a
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
6
-
1
8
2
7
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
K.
R.
K
u
m
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
Je
e
v
a
n
a
n
th
a
n
,
"
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
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ix
e
d
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
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li
d
in
g
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o
d
e
Co
n
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ll
e
r
f
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g
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ti
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tp
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t
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e
m
e
n
tar
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ies
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12
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1
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L
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L
i,
"
A
d
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l
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3
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m
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6
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n
ter
n
a
ti
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l
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fer
e
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El
e
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trica
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n
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y
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ms
(
IC
EP
ES
)
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h
o
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a
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p
p
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7
5
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82
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[1
4
]
Ra
g
h
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ra
,
K.V
.
G
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
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A
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Re
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–
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n
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1
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[1
5
]
M
.
A
.
A
h
m
a
d
a
n
d
R.
M
.
T
.
R.
Is
m
a
il
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ta
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e
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2
0
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7
IE
EE
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
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Co
mp
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ter
Ap
p
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s
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,
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p
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8
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[1
6
]
M
u
sta
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a
A
.
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a
d
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l
A
l
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Qa
isi,
M
o
h
a
n
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d
A
.
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h
e
h
a
b
,
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m
a
r
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l
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i,
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o
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m
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e
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l
-
S
a
a
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i
,
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Hig
h
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e
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o
rm
a
n
c
e
DC/DC
b
u
c
k
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o
n
v
e
r
te
r
u
sin
g
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
ler,"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
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l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
6
-
1
8
1
4
,
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c
.
2
0
1
9
.
[1
7
]
M
.
T
h
iru
m
e
n
i
a
n
d
D.
T
h
a
n
g
a
v
e
lu
sa
m
y
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
h
y
b
rid
P
S
O
–
G
S
A
tu
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e
d
P
I
a
n
d
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M
C
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
DC
–
DC Cu
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter,"
in
IE
T
C
irc
u
it
s,
De
v
ice
s
&
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
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3
,
p
p
.
3
7
4
-
3
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4
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2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
M
o
u
ta
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ir
A
h
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A
b
d
e
lm
o
u
n
im
El
h
a
ss
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n
e
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A
b
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u
lf
a
tah
M
o
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a
m
e
d
,
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M
o
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e
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g
a
n
d
P
a
ss
iv
it
y
-
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se
d
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a
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n
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late
d
DC
-
DC
Co
n
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e
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in
a
F
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e
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Ce
ll
S
y
ste
m
,
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In
ter
n
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l
J
o
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rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
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ter
En
g
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n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
4
3
6
-
3
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3
,
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t.
2
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.
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9
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Ek
o
S
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ti
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wa
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n
d
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h
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o
Ho
d
a
k
a
,
"
A
No
v
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l
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
Co
n
tr
o
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o
f
Bo
o
st
Co
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u
sin
g
CCM
P
h
a
se
P
lan
e
,"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
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l
J
o
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rn
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E
lec
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6
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p
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4
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0
]
Ch
a
k
ra
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o
rty
,
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
DC
-
DC
Co
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o
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o
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g
ies
f
o
r
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e
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tri
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V
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icle
s,
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l
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in
Hy
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tri
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V
e
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a
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a
st
Ch
a
rg
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tatio
n
s: S
ta
te
o
f
th
e
A
rt
a
n
d
F
u
tu
re
T
re
n
d
s,
"
En
e
rg
ies
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v
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l.
12
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o
.
8
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1
]
Ko
rth
P
e
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ira
F
e
rra
z
,
P
.
a
n
d
Ko
wa
l,
J.
,
"
A
Co
m
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a
ra
ti
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e
S
tu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
DC/DC
-
Co
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v
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r
In
d
u
c
e
d
Hig
h
F
re
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e
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y
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n
t
Rip
p
le
o
n
L
it
h
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m
-
Io
n
Ba
tt
e
ries
,
"
S
u
sta
in
a
b
il
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ty
,
v
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l.
1
1
,
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o
.
2
1
,
p
p
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1
-
1
7
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2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
L
e
e
,
I.
-
O.
,
a
n
d
L
e
e
,
J.
-
Y.
,
"
A
Hig
h
-
P
o
w
e
r
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
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rter
T
o
p
o
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g
y
f
o
r
Ba
tt
e
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y
Ch
a
rg
in
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
17
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
3
]
F
a
n
g
L
in
L
u
o
a
n
d
Ho
n
g
Ye
,
"
Ne
g
a
ti
v
e
Ou
tp
u
t
S
u
p
e
r
-
L
if
t
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
"
In
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
io
n
s
on
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
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l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
3
-
1
1
2
1
,
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e
p
.
2
0
0
3
.
[2
4
]
X
.
Jia
,
C.
Hu
,
S
.
Du
,
M
.
Ch
e
n
,
P
.
L
in
a
n
d
D.
Xu
,
"
Dc
-
L
in
k
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Co
n
tro
l
S
trate
g
y
o
f
a
Bi
-
Dire
c
ti
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n
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l
DC/DC
Co
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v
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f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s,"
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
Co
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
Exp
o
siti
o
n
(
ECCE
)
,
M
o
n
trea
l,
Qc
,
p
p
.
9
2
-
99
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
5
]
K.
S
h
a
rm
a
a
n
d
D.
K.
P
a
lw
a
li
a
,
"
De
sig
n
o
f
Dig
it
a
l
P
ID
Co
n
tr
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ll
e
r
f
o
r
V
o
lt
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
Co
n
t
ro
l
o
f
Dc
-
Dc
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
"
2
0
1
7
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
De
v
ice
s,
Ci
rc
u
it
s,
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICM
DCS
)
,
V
e
ll
o
re
,
In
d
ia,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
6
]
T
.
A
.
S
m
it
h
,
S
.
Dim
it
rij
e
v
a
n
d
H.
B.
Ha
rriso
n
,
"
Co
n
tro
ll
in
g
A
Dc
-
Dc
Co
n
v
e
rter
b
y
Us
in
g
th
e
P
o
w
e
r
M
o
sf
e
t
a
s
A
V
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lt
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g
e
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
Re
sisto
r,
"
In
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
on
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Fu
n
d
a
me
n
t
a
l
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
-
3
6
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
0
.
[2
7
]
J.
B.
Ro
b
i
n
a
n
d
V
.
C
h
a
m
u
n
d
e
e
sw
a
ri,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
A
n
a
l
y
sis,
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
In
o
slc
(Im
p
ro
v
e
d
Ne
g
a
ti
v
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Ou
tp
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t
S
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r
-
L
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t
L
u
o
Co
n
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rter)
Us
in
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P
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Co
n
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ll
e
r,
"
2
0
1
6
S
e
c
o
n
d
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
on
S
c
ien
c
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
En
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
(
ICONS
T
EM
)
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
I
n
d
ia,
p
p
.
4
7
5
-
4
8
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
M
a
ll
ick
,
P
.
K.
,
Ba
las
,
V
.
E.
,
B
h
o
i
,
A
.
K.,
Zo
b
a
a
,
A
.
F
.,
"
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,"
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
CIS
C
2
0
1
7
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r Na
tu
re
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
re
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