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m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
X
-
r
a
y
-
b
as
ed
co
m
p
u
ted
to
m
o
g
r
ap
h
y
(
C
T
)
,
u
ltra
s
o
u
n
d
s
ca
n
n
er
s
,
an
d
n
u
clea
r
m
a
g
n
etic
r
eso
n
an
ce
i
m
a
g
in
g
(
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
MRI)
w
er
e
ex
p
lo
it
ed
in
clin
ic
s
an
d
h
o
s
p
ita
ls
to
g
et
an
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
li
v
i
n
g
t
is
s
u
e,
th
e
y
co
u
ld
n
’
t
f
u
l
f
i
ll
th
e
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
u
tter
l
y
.
T
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
to
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
m
o
s
tl
y
s
h
o
w
n
lo
n
g
s
ca
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
ti
m
e
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
b
io
p
s
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
s
k
i
n
ca
n
ce
r
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
in
w
h
ic
h
o
n
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
k
in
liq
u
id
ate
a
n
d
t
h
en
s
e
n
t
to
t
h
e
lab
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
in
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
w
i
th
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
w
a
s
th
e
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
o
f
g
etti
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lt a
s
a
w
ee
k
[
13
].
MW
i
m
ag
i
n
g
u
s
ed
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
iate
th
e
m
ater
ial
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Fo
r
in
s
t
an
ce
,
th
e
y
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
h
ea
lt
h
y
a
n
d
u
n
h
ea
l
th
y
ti
s
s
u
es
to
d
etec
t
ca
n
ce
r
o
u
s
ce
ll
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
k
in
.
Us
u
all
y
,
o
u
r
s
k
in
h
a
s
th
r
ee
la
y
er
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
ep
id
er
m
is
,
d
er
m
is
,
a
n
d
th
e
e
x
ter
n
al
o
n
e,
a
n
d
th
eir
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
v
ar
ies
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
1
an
d
0
.
5
m
m
,
th
e
o
u
ter
m
o
s
t
la
y
er
i
s
ca
lled
th
e
ep
id
er
m
i
s
.
T
h
e
ep
id
er
m
i
s
o
w
n
s
a
n
e
x
ter
n
al
p
ar
t
w
h
ic
h
i
s
Stra
t
u
m
C
o
r
n
e
u
m
(
SC
)
w
it
h
v
ar
y
in
g
th
ic
k
n
es
s
o
f
1
5
an
d
1
5
0
μ
m
[
14
].
Sev
er
al
w
o
r
k
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
s
k
i
n
ca
n
ce
r
i
m
ag
i
n
g
i
n
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
lik
e
MW
,
m
illi
m
eter
w
a
v
es
(
m
m
-
w
a
v
e)
,
an
d
T
er
ah
er
tz
(
T
Hz)
w
av
e
s
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
b
o
d
y
s
u
c
h
as
s
k
i
n
an
d
b
r
ea
s
t
[
14
]
.
A
ll
th
o
s
e
d
ielec
t
r
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
u
s
ed
in
th
e
i
m
ag
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
er
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
li
k
e
f
o
r
s
k
in
ca
n
ce
r
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
m
il
li
m
eter
w
a
v
es.
Du
e
to
th
e
lo
n
g
er
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
MW
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e,
MW
i
m
ag
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
w
id
el
y
f
o
r
m
e
d
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
iall
y
ca
n
ce
r
d
iag
n
o
s
es.
T
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
0
0
MH
z
-
10
GHz
w
a
s
u
s
ed
,
a
n
d
s
o
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
u
s
ed
a
s
h
o
r
ter
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
3
0
-
300
GHz
[
15
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
p
ar
ts
w
er
e
i
n
a
r
e
g
i
m
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
6
m
m
a
n
d
1
.
2
m
m
[
16
]
.
E
ac
h
la
y
er
o
f
s
k
i
n
i
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
s
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
ese
la
y
er
s
ar
e
th
e
la
y
er
s
th
at
th
e
c
h
a
n
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
attac
k
ed
w
ith
ca
n
ce
r
o
u
s
ce
lls
i
s
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
i
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
a
b
r
ief
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
i
s
g
i
v
en
i
n
S
ec
tio
n
1
.
T
h
en
t
h
e
UW
B
.
Af
ter
w
ar
d
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
a
n
d
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
Sectio
n
2
a
n
d
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
p
ap
er
co
n
clu
d
es i
n
S
ec
tio
n
4
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
ellip
tical
p
atch
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
an
d
th
e
s
i
m
p
lest
s
h
ap
e
o
f
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
U
W
B
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
ich
h
elp
in
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
BW
(
FB
W
)
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
te
n
n
a
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
a
v
er
tical
ellip
tical
p
atch
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
a
tr
u
n
ca
ted
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
s
tu
b
s
,
s
h
o
r
tin
g
p
in
s
f
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
,
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
s
h
ap
e
E
B
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
A
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ellip
tical
p
atc
h
is
d
esig
n
ed
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
1
5
GHz
in
it
iall
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
e
(
T
L
)
m
e
th
o
d
an
d
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
2
0
]
to
g
et
t
h
e
to
tal
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
an
d
t
h
e
p
atc
h
.
T
h
e
p
atch
i
s
a
v
er
tical
ellip
tical
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
an
t
en
n
a
w
it
h
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
o
f
s
e
m
i
-
m
aj
o
r
ax
is
b
an
d
s
em
i
-
m
i
n
o
r
ax
is
a,
th
e
f
o
ci
ar
e
at
x
=±
c
a
n
d
c
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
o
ci
o
f
t
h
e
el
lip
tical
p
at
ch
[
1
6
,
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
is
d
es
ig
n
ed
o
n
t
h
r
ee
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
la
y
er
s
a
R
o
g
g
er
s
5
8
8
0
(
=2
.
2
,
h
=0
.
7
8
7
m
m
)
,
a
PT
FE
lay
er
(
=2
.
5
5
,
h
=2
.
5
m
m
)
as
a
co
v
er
,
an
d
lay
er
o
f
I
T
O
I
T
O
(
h
=0
.
1
μ
m
)
in
b
et
w
ee
n
.
Af
ter
in
v
esti
g
ati
n
g
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
n
t
en
n
a,
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
as
w
ell
as
h
a
v
in
g
r
es
o
n
an
ce
at
lo
w
er
b
an
d
s
w
h
il
e
n
o
t
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
Hen
ce
,
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
B
W
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
to
p
b
an
d
s
lev
e
l
in
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
esu
lt
w
h
ic
h
m
i
g
h
t
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ize
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
t
h
e
GND
is
tr
u
n
ca
t
ed
to
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
al
m
o
s
t
λ
/8
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
A
f
ter
w
ar
d
,
to
tr
an
s
f
er
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
B
W
to
th
e
lo
w
er
b
an
d
an
d
k
ee
p
th
e
s
ize
u
n
c
h
a
n
g
ed
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
t
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
is
lo
ad
ed
w
it
h
a
s
t
u
b
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ee
d
li
n
e
an
d
th
e
p
atch
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
len
g
th
o
f
th
i
s
s
t
u
b
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
th
e
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
at
2
.
4
GHz
.
A
d
d
in
g
th
i
s
s
t
u
b
to
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
b
en
e
f
it
s
u
s
to
r
eso
n
ate
at
a
f
r
ee
lice
n
s
e
d
b
an
d
as
I
SM.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
e
f
f
icien
c
y
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
av
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
co
u
p
lin
g
w
h
en
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
b
is
ad
d
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
t
h
ese
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
av
e
s
an
d
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
th
i
s
d
ec
r
em
e
n
t.
As
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
,
th
e
s
t
u
b
le
n
g
t
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
at
t
h
e
lo
w
er
b
a
n
d
t
h
at
it
i
s
d
esire
d
to
r
eso
n
ate
at
2
.
4
GHz
[
7
,
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
tu
b
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
at
2
.
4
GHz
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
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h
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u
p
lin
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d
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r
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in
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ter
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n
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s
t
u
b
.
T
h
ese
s
to
p
b
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d
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ar
e
r
em
o
v
ed
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
E
lectr
o
n
i
c
B
an
d
Gap
(
E
B
G)
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
0
:
1
4
2
2
-
1429
1424
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
r
o
p
o
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ed
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
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t
h
e
r
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d
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
s
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w
n
th
e
s
h
o
r
ti
n
g
p
o
in
t lo
ca
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n
s
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
cu
r
r
en
t d
is
tr
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tio
n
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ad
d
in
g
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h
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ec
ta
n
g
u
lar
E
B
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
,
b
o
th
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
y
b
an
d
an
d
t
h
e
s
i
n
g
le
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
is
s
h
if
ted
to
th
e
lo
w
er
b
an
d
;
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
th
e
s
to
p
b
an
d
s
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
as
w
ell
[
21
-
2
3
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
atch
an
d
t
h
e
f
ee
d
lin
e,
t
h
e
E
B
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
lo
ca
ted
s
y
m
m
e
tr
icall
y
to
h
av
e
a
s
y
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m
etr
ica
l
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
af
ter
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h
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k
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g
t
h
e
r
e
s
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l
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a
ch
iev
ed
f
r
o
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t
h
e
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p
o
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ed
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ten
n
a,
i
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at
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esp
ite
ap
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ly
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ct
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e
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ai
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cl
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r
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v
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(
t
h
e
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o
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ts
in
Fi
g
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r
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1
.
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T
h
ese
s
h
o
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ti
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i
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h
av
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n
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atch
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u
ct
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r
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d
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g
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n
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u
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e
E
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G
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ct
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r
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n
d
th
e
lo
c
atio
n
s
w
it
h
n
et
E
-
f
ield
s
[
2
4
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Af
ter
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
T
L
m
e
th
o
d
,
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
an
ten
n
a
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
a
t
y
p
ical
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atc
h
an
ten
n
a
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
(
2
.
4
GHz
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
2
5
×
1
2
5
mm
2
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
a
n
te
n
n
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
len
g
th
o
f
λ
,
λ
⁄2
,
an
d
λ
⁄4
ar
e
1
2
5
m
m
,
6
2
.
5
m
m
,
a
n
d
3
1
.
2
5
m
m
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
(
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
m
o
n
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p
o
le
an
ten
n
a
b
ased
o
n
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
)
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
v
alu
e
s
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Min
ia
tu
r
iz
ed
U
W
B
ellip
tica
l p
a
tch
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in
g
.
.
.
(
S
.
A
la
n
i)
1425
ea
ch
p
ar
a
m
eter
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
E
ac
h
p
ar
am
eter
is
o
p
ti
m
ized
to
g
e
t
th
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es
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r
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u
lt
o
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th
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ia
tio
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ar
ac
ter
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Ho
w
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er
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io
n
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o
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te
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h
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λ
/4
,
b
u
t
g
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o
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s
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ilit
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e
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15
Fig
u
r
e
3
i
llu
s
tr
ates
t
h
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ef
le
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e
f
f
ic
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t
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lt
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h
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g
n
.
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h
e
r
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lts
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r
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ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
w
h
en
t
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n
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h
as
it
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n
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en
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u
ct
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r
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s
ev
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r
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n
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h
en
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u
n
ca
ted
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co
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e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
to
m
ak
e
p
as
s
b
an
d
,
esp
ec
iall
y
a
t
th
e
lo
w
er
t
h
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2
0
GHz
.
A
f
ter
war
d
,
th
e
I
T
O
lay
er
is
ad
d
ed
to
s
h
i
f
t
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
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e
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an
d
,
in
cr
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s
e
th
e
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n
ef
f
icien
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d
t
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m
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ce
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W
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f
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ten
n
a
(
th
e
g
a
p
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n
th
e
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r
ec
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g
u
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u
ct
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r
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e
s
h
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in
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t
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e
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u
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o
t
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a
n
ce
t
h
e
u
n
w
a
n
ted
co
u
p
lin
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)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
ef
lect
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n
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f
icie
n
t r
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lt o
f
t
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p
o
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lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
s
h
i
f
ted
to
t
h
e
lo
w
er
b
a
n
d
,
s
o
m
e
s
to
p
b
an
d
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
co
u
p
lin
g
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
E
B
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ad
d
ed
at
t
h
e
b
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
ten
n
a
to
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u
p
p
r
ess
th
e
b
ac
k
r
ad
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n
,
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
S
AR
v
al
u
e,
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
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ad
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n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
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an
te
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th
r
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g
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n
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c
tiv
e
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d
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p
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e
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f
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ts
t
h
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x
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s
t
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n
ev
er
y
p
er
io
d
ic
s
tr
u
ct
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r
e
(
L
i
k
e
P
B
G,
HI
S,
FS
S)
[
2
5
-
2
8
]
.
Af
ter
d
eg
r
a
d
in
g
t
h
e
u
n
d
esire
d
s
to
p
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d
s
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d
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tin
g
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is
h
t
h
em
,
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e
s
t
u
b
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
E
B
G
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
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ten
n
a
u
s
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
ti
n
g
p
in
s
(
r
ed
p
o
in
ts
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
)
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
s
to
p
b
an
d
s
r
e
m
o
v
ed
b
y
lo
ad
ed
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
b
y
t
h
ese
s
h
o
r
tin
g
p
in
s
a
s
w
e
ll.
L
o
ad
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
b
y
t
h
ese
p
in
s
,
s
u
p
p
r
ess
b
o
th
th
e
s
to
p
b
an
d
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
v
es.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
th
e
an
ten
n
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
af
ter
f
ab
r
icatin
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t,
b
o
th
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ef
lectio
n
co
e
f
f
ic
ien
t r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
s
h
o
w
a
p
r
o
p
e
r
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
ar
-
f
ield
r
ad
iat
io
n
p
atter
n
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t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
f
o
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w
h
o
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
b
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
S
A
T
I
MO
Star
lab
n
ea
r
-
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ield
m
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s
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r
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te
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.
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ch
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e
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e
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atter
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e
m
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s
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o
le
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e
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RE
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NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
A
u
sto
n
,
“
P
ic
o
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o
n
d
Op
t
o
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lec
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ic
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it
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h
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a
n
d
G
a
ti
n
g
in
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i
li
c
o
n
,
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A
p
p
l
.
P
h
y
sic
s
L
e
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rs
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l.
2
6
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o
.
3
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p
p
.
1
0
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,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
T
.
S
a
e
id
i,
I.
Is
m
a
il
,
A
.
R.
H.
A
l
h
a
w
a
ri,
A
.
S
a
li
,
a
n
d
A
.
Is
m
a
il
,
“
Hig
h
G
a
in
Du
a
l
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B
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n
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Co
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p
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F
e
e
d
T
ra
n
sp
a
re
n
t
T
Hz
A
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
S
a
telli
te
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
in
IEE
E
Asia
-
Pa
c
if
ic
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
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Ap
p
li
e
d
El
e
c
tro
ma
g
n
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ti
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AP
ACE
2
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,
1
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1
3
De
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e
mb
e
r 2
0
1
6
,
L
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n
g
k
a
w
i,
Ke
d
a
h
,
M
a
lay
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a
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
15
.
[3
]
L
ieb
e
r
C
.
A
.
,
M
a
ju
m
d
e
r
S
.
K
.
,
Bil
lh
e
im
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r
D
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ra
m
a
n
M
icro
sp
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tro
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p
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S
k
in
Ca
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De
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in
V
it
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,
”
J
.
Bi
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me
d
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O
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13
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2
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0
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.
[4
]
L
a
ss
a
u
N
.
,
M
e
rc
ier
S
.
,
Ko
sc
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y
S
.
,
e
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a
l
.
,
“
P
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V
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Hig
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n
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ra
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P
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ra
ti
v
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A
s
se
ss
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n
t
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f
M
e
lan
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m
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s,”
A
J
R.
Am
J
.
Ro
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tg
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o
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,
v
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1
7
2
,
p
p
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4
5
7
–
4
6
1
,
1
9
9
9
.
[5
]
O
.
A
b
u
z
a
g
h
leh
,
B
.
D.
Ba
rk
a
n
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
a
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z
p
o
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r,
“
No
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v
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siv
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Re
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T
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A
u
to
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y
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Earl
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t
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ti
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d
P
re
v
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n
ti
o
n
,
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9
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2
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.
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.
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IEE
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pp.
4
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9
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.
[2
3
]
T
.
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.
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,
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a
r
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field
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ield
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ti
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,”
AI
P
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s,
V
o
lu
me
9
,
Iss
u
e
3
.
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r
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
(
EE
CS
I
2
0
1
4
)
,
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
2
0
-
2
1
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
1
4
.
[2
7
]
R
.
H.
T
h
a
h
e
r
a
n
d
N
.
B
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
“
P
ro
p
o
se
d
P
-
s
h
a
p
e
d
M
icro
str
ip
A
n
ten
n
a
A
rra
y
f
o
r
W
irel
e
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
T
E
L
KOM
NIKA,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
pp.
2
5
9
7
-
2
6
0
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
.
[2
8
]
I.
H.
Id
ris,
M
.
R.
Ha
m
id
,
K.
Ka
m
a
rd
in
,
a
n
d
M
.
K.
A
.
Ra
h
im
,
“
W
id
e
to
M
u
lt
i
b
a
n
d
El
li
p
ti
c
a
l
M
o
n
o
p
o
le
Re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
A
n
ten
n
a
f
o
r
M
u
lt
im
o
d
e
S
y
ste
m
s
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o.
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
3
-
1
6
6
9
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
a
m
e
e
r
Ala
n
i
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Ira
q
,
in
1
9
8
9
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B
.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
w
irele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ro
m
T
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
lay
sia
(UK
M
),
in
2
0
1
7
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
th
e
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
n
ten
n
a
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
rti
f
icia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
t
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Za
h
r
il
a
d
h
a
Z
a
k
a
r
ia
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
M
a
la
y
sia
in
1
9
7
5
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
.
a
n
d
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
siti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
M
e
la
k
a
(U
T
e
M
),
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
0
4
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
m
icro
w
a
v
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
L
e
e
d
s
in
2
0
1
0
.
F
ro
m
1
9
9
8
t
o
2
0
0
2
,
h
e
w
a
s
w
it
h
S
T
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
w
h
e
re
h
e
w
a
s
a
P
ro
d
u
c
t
En
g
in
e
e
r
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
a
Co
o
rd
i
n
a
to
r
w
it
h
th
e
Ce
n
tre
f
o
r
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
(UT
e
M
),
w
h
e
re
h
e
tea
c
h
e
s
e
lec
tro
n
ic
s
y
ste
m
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
p
rin
c
i
p
les
,
m
icro
w
a
v
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
w
irele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
sig
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
v
a
riet
y
o
f
m
icro
w
a
v
e
d
e
v
ice
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
su
c
h
a
s
p
lan
a
r
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
p
lan
a
r
m
icro
w
a
v
e
f
il
ters
,
re
so
n
a
to
rs,
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
a
n
d
a
n
ten
n
a
s.
He
a
lso
i
n
v
e
stig
a
tes
d
a
ta
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
ra
d
i
o
w
a
v
e
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
in
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s.
H
e
h
a
s p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
0
0
sc
ien
ti
f
ic
p
a
p
e
rs
in
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s,
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
-
c
h
a
p
ters
.
He
h
o
ld
s
e
ig
h
t
i
n
tellec
tu
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rty
rig
h
ts
a
n
d
h
e
h
a
s
re
c
e
iv
e
d
se
v
e
ra
l
a
w
a
rd
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
G
o
ld
M
e
d
a
l
d
u
ri
n
g
se
v
e
ra
l
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
e
x
h
ib
it
io
n
s
a
t
th
e
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lev
e
l,
su
c
h
a
s
U
T
e
M
EX
2
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
2
0
1
5
,
M
a
lay
sia
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ex
p
o
(M
T
E
2
0
1
2
-
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
2
0
1
6
),
IT
EX
2
0
1
6
,
th
e
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
ra
d
e
F
a
ir
Id
e
a
s
In
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
Ne
w
P
r
o
d
u
c
ts
(iE
NA
2
0
1
2
),
Nu
re
m
b
e
rg
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
S
e
o
u
l
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
I
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
F
a
ir
(
S
ii
F
2
0
1
3
),
S
e
o
u
l,
S
o
u
th
K
o
re
a
.
As
m
a
l
a
b
in
A
h
m
a
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
A
p
p
.
S
c
i
n
G
e
o
p
h
y
sic
s
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s M
a
lay
sia
(USM
)
in
1
9
9
6
,
M
S
c
.
in
L
a
n
d
S
u
rv
e
y
in
g
(
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
)
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
A
p
p
l
ied
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
)
f
ro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
h
e
ff
ield
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
in
2
0
1
2
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iat
e
p
ro
f
e
s
so
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
e
lak
a
(U
T
e
M
).
He
is
a
lso
th
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
f
o
r
Ce
n
tre
f
o
r
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
C
-
A
C
T
),
U
T
e
M
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
re
m
o
te
se
n
si
n
g
,
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
rti
f
ici
a
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
e
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s.
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