Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
,
No.
6
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
8
, pp.
5127
~
51
33
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
5127
-
51
33
5127
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Effects o
f Relati
on
ship
Quality on
Citizen
Intentio
n Use o
f E
-
g
ov
er
nm
ent Ser
vices: A
n
E
mp
irical Stu
dy o
f E
-
g
ov
er
nm
ent
System
Be
rl
il
an
a
1
, T
aqw
a
H
arig
un
a
2
, M
in
Tsai L
ai
3
1,2
Depa
rtment
of
Inform
at
ion
S
y
s
te
m
,
STMIK
A
m
ikom Purw
oke
rto,
Indon
esia
3
Depa
rtment of
Business Adm
in
istra
ti
on
,
South
e
rn
Taiwan
Univ
e
rsit
y
of
Sc
ie
n
ce
and
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
Taiwan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 23
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
0
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug 4
, 2
01
8
Thi
s
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
explain
th
e
conc
ep
t
of
relati
onship
qua
li
t
y
on
c
it
i
zen
int
ention
use
of
e
-
Governm
ent
servic
e
.
W
e
ha
ve
built
5
h
y
po
the
ses.
Th
e
result
of
5
h
y
po
the
ses
is
posit
iv
e
and
significant
impact.
In
bu
ilding
citi
ze
n
rel
a
ti
ons
hip,
we
buil
d
two
antec
ed
ent
they
ar
e
per
ce
iv
ed
e
-
Governm
ent
usabil
ity
and
per
ce
iv
ed
e
-
Govern
m
ent
cre
d
ibi
l
ity
.
The
m
et
hod
we
use
in
thi
s
rese
arc
h
is
empiric
a
l, wit
h
366
v
al
id
responde
nts
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Ci
ti
zen r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
E
-
go
vernm
ent
Perceive
d
c
re
di
bili
ty
Perceive
d usa
bi
li
t
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Taq
wa Harig
una,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Info
rm
at
ion
System
,
STMIK
Am
ikom
Pu
rw
oke
rto,
Jl.
Po
l
S
um
arto,
W
at
um
as, P
urw
okerto
, J
a
wa
Ten
ga
h,
Ind
onesi
a.
Em
a
il
: t
aqw
a@am
iko
m
pu
r
woke
rto.
ac
.id
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
gen
e
ral,
el
ect
ronic
gove
rnm
ent
(e
-
G
over
nm
ent)
can
be
def
i
ned
as
a
m
edium
that
can
connect
the
interact
ion
bet
ween
ci
ti
zen,
bu
si
ness
act
or
s
or
gove
rn
m
ent
with
go
vernm
ent
by
util
i
zi
ng
in
form
at
i
on
a
nd
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
nolo
gy
[
1].
E
-
G
ov
e
r
nme
nt
exists
beca
us
e
the
pro
ble
m
s
in
so
ci
et
y
tod
ay
a
re
inc
re
asi
ng
ly
com
plex
an
d
require
fast
a
nd
preci
se
ha
nd
li
ng
[1
]
,
[
2].
The
existe
nc
e
of
e
-
Gove
rnm
ent
prov
i
des
m
any
ben
e
fits
to
ci
vil
so
ci
et
y,
but
onl
y
few
got
it
s
wo
rt
hine
ss
.T
he
pro
ble
m
s
faced
are
ver
y
va
ried
s
uch
as
theco
ntent
is
not i
nteresti
ng, t
he
syst
em
is n
ot
f
unct
io
ning
pro
per
ly
a
nd lac
k of
t
he
in
form
at
ion
[3
]
.
G
ene
rall
y
,
the
stud
y
of
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
is
div
ide
d
i
nto
t
ree
cl
assifi
cat
ion
s
they
are
,
fi
rst
is
the
evo
l
ution
of
t
he
e
-
governm
ent
wh
ic
h
incl
udes
the
process
of
de
velo
pm
ent,
seco
nd
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
an
d
thir
d
t
he
im
pact
or
a
doptio
n
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
us
e
[
4
]
,
[
5]
.
So
m
e
pr
e
vious
stu
dies
c
onf
irm
ed
that
e
-
gove
rnm
ent
de
velo
pm
ent
has
incr
e
ased
s
ig
nifican
tl
y
in
so
m
e
co
un
t
ries.
It
is
be
cause
t
he
im
pact
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
can
prov
i
de
be
nef
it
s
to
i
m
prov
e
se
rv
ic
e
qu
al
it
y,
to
grow
dem
ocr
acy
,
to
reduce
corrupti
on,
to
i
ncr
ease
t
ran
s
pa
ren
cy
,
t
o
re
du
ce
so
ci
al
ga
p,
to
i
m
pr
ove
c
om
pet
it
ive
bu
si
ness,
a
nd
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
the quali
ty
o
f
s
erv
ic
es i
n
th
e c
omm
un
it
y env
iro
nm
ent [
6
]
,
[
7
].
Ser
vice
is
an
i
ntan
gib
le
act
iv
it
y
bu
t
has
si
gnific
ant
co
ns
e
quences,
al
th
ough
in
a ser
vice
proces
s
the
r
e
are
m
any
co
m
plica
te
d
proce
dures.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
m
ark
et
ing
r
el
at
i
on
sh
i
p
qu
al
it
y
is
the
ro
ot
of
a
relat
io
ns
hi
p
betwee
n
the
ve
ndor
a
nd
t
he
c
us
tom
er
[
6].
S
om
e
of
li
te
ratu
re
s
a
bout
tra
diti
on
al
business
m
ark
et
ing
ge
ne
rall
y
fo
c
us
on
tw
o
thin
gs
,
nam
el
y
custom
er
sat
isf
act
ion
a
nd
tr
ust
in
the
ve
ndor
,
both
of
w
hich
a
re
us
e
d
as
a
key
dim
ension
in
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
qual
it
y.
This
co
nfi
rm
s
that
a
go
od
relat
io
nship
betwee
n
cust
om
ers
an
d
ve
ndor
s
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5127
-
5133
5128
necessa
ry.
Sati
sfacti
on
ref
le
ct
s
the
ci
rcu
m
stan
ces
res
ulti
ng
from
custo
m
er
evaluati
on
of
past
perf
or
m
ance
by
vend
or
s
,
w
hile
trust
re
flect
s
buye
rs
'
trust
in
perf
or
m
a
nce
by
ve
ndor
s
.
T
hu
s
,
cu
stom
er
and
ve
nd
or
relat
ion
s
hip
s
c
an
be
value
d
well
if
ve
nd
or
s
in
the
past
a
nd
f
uture
will
be
nef
it
.
T
his
c
onfirm
s
that
the
qual
it
y
of r
el
at
ionshi
ps res
ulti
ng from
trust and
sat
isfact
ion play
a
n
im
po
rtant
r
ole in in
c
reasi
ng
loya
lt
y.
In
the
c
onte
xt
of
e
-
go
vernm
e
nt
relat
ion
s
bet
ween
c
omm
un
it
ie
s
and
gove
r
nm
ents
can
be
represe
nted
by
us
i
ng
in
for
m
at
ion
syst
e
m
s,
s
uch
as
li
ce
ns
in
g,
aucti
ons
,
ta
x
paym
ents
an
d
in
f
or
m
at
i
on
distri
bu
ti
on
.
T
he
two
el
em
ents
of
relat
io
nship
qual
it
y
beco
m
e
par
t
of
the
be
nc
hm
ark
in
t
he
app
li
cat
io
n
of
e
-
go
vernm
ent
.
Trust
and
sat
isfact
io
n
are
use
d
by
the
com
m
un
ity
as
a
ben
chm
ark
to
e
nsure
and
e
valuate
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent serv
ic
es.
Th
us
,
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
has
bee
n
rec
ogniz
ed
by
pr
e
vi
ou
s
re
searc
he
rs
as
an
el
em
ent
that
can
ser
ve
as
a
be
nch
m
ark
f
or
the
s
ucce
ss
of
a
relat
io
nship
t
o
achie
ve
e
-
go
vernm
ent
intenti
on
us
e
[2
]
,
[4]
,
[6
]
.
I
n
this
stud
y
we
us
e
tr
us
t
a
nd
sat
isfa
ct
ion
as
a
c
ons
truct
to
m
easure
relat
io
ns
hi
p
qu
al
it
y
in
e
-
governm
ent.I
n
ad
dit
ion,
in
this
stu
dy
w
e
us
ed
t
wo
a
nt
ecedents
t
hat
ha
ve
co
rr
el
at
io
n
to
relat
ion
s
hip
qu
al
it
y
and
ci
t
iz
en
intenti
on
us
ei
.
e
per
cei
ved
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
us
abili
ty
and
pe
rceive
d
governm
ent
cred
ibil
it
y.In
this
st
udy
we
f
ocus
on
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
relat
ion
s
hip
qu
al
i
ty
,
and
e
xa
m
in
e
the
i
m
pact
of
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
on
ci
ti
zen
intenti
on
us
e
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
serv
ic
e,
bu
t
it
al
so
exam
ines
so
m
e
key
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
qual
it
y
antece
de
nts
co
ns
ist
ing
of
c
re
dib
il
it
y
and usa
bili
ty
.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
D
AN HIP
OTE
S
IS
2.1.
Perce
ived E
-
g
ov
er
nmen
t
Us
ab
il
ity
Perceive
d
e
-
go
vernm
ent
us
ab
il
ity
can
be
de
f
ined
as
f
ollo
w
s:
(a)
ease
of
unde
rstan
ding
t
he
str
ucture
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
by
t
he
c
omm
un
it
y,
(b
)
t
he
le
vel
of
ea
se
i
n
us
in
g
e
-
go
ve
rn
m
ent,
(c
)
the
sp
ee
d
i
n
acce
ssing
data
an
d
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
on
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent,
(d
)
the
us
e
of
eas
y
-
to
-
us
e
na
viga
ti
on
s
o
as
to
gen
e
rate
c
on
cl
us
io
ns
accor
ding
t
o
use
r
ne
eds
,
(
e)
c
onf
or
m
ity
con
t
ro
l
over
w
hat
is
bein
g
done
,
wh
e
re
ver
a
nd
a
t
any
tim
e
[2]
[
4]
[
6].
Usab
il
it
y
is
ke
y
factor
s
f
or
w
eb
ap
plica
ti
on
s
.
I
n
ad
diti
on
usa
bili
ty
m
akes
t
he
in
form
at
ion
syst
e
m
can
be
m
or
e
easy
to
us
e
.
T
he
m
ai
n
con
ce
pt
is
to
a
dju
st
to
the
nee
ds
of
us
e
rs.
[3
]
Def
i
ne
d
us
a
bili
ty
as
the
abili
ty
of
a
so
ft
war
e
prod
uc
t so
t
hat the
w
ebsite
can
b
e
und
e
rstoo
d,
stu
di
ed,
op
e
rated
, a
nd appeal
in
g
t
o user
s
[3].
In
softwa
re
e
nginee
rin
g
stu
dy
,
us
a
bili
ty
is
us
e
d
to
be
a
pa
th
of
a
syst
em
in
or
der
t
o
m
a
ke
the
syst
em
cl
ear
and
easy
to
us
e.
The
m
ai
n
con
cept
is
to
adj
us
t
th
e
need
s
of
use
rs.
I
n
an
oth
er
stud
y,
[3
]
de
scribe
d
us
a
bili
ty
as
a
capab
il
it
y
of
so
ft
war
e
w
hich
is
un
derst
an
da
ble
and
well
op
e
rated
[
3].
More
ab
out
softwar
e
eng
i
neer
i
ng
stud
y,
[
8]
,
[
9]
co
nf
irm
ed
us
a
bili
ty
as
on
e
of
t
he
m
et
ho
ds
t
o
ve
rify
the
s
of
t
w
are
de
velo
pm
e
nt
an
d
so
ft
war
e
im
ple
m
entat
ion
[7
]
,
[10]
.
In
te
rm
of
com
pu
te
r
be
hav
i
or,
us
a
bili
t
y
is
us
ed
to
asses
s
us
er
loya
l
ty
of
the
we
bs
it
e
[
11]
.
Crosb
y
et
al
.
c
onfirm
ed
that
us
a
bili
ty
can
af
fect
the
ease
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
us
e
a
nd
wil
l
ultim
at
ely aff
e
ct
the conti
nue
d use
of ser
vic
es in e
-
go
vern
m
ent
[12]
.
Ferna
ndez
et
a
l.
,
Kim
and
Eom
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
th
at
us
abili
ty
was
an
im
po
rtant
facto
r
in
ac
hieving
use
r
sat
isfact
ion
[
8]
,
[13]
.
Ferna
nde
z
et
al
.,
Madit
in
os
and
The
odori
dis
s
how
ed
that
the
qu
al
it
y
of
the
interface
a
nd
the
qu
al
it
y
of
inf
orm
ation
pr
ov
i
de
d
to
c
ons
um
e
rs
(t
wo
key
as
pects
of
web
sit
e
us
abili
ty
)
ha
d
a
si
gn
ific
a
nt
eff
ect
on the le
vel
of
us
er
sati
sfacti
on
[9]
,
[
14
]
. Ac
cordin
g
t
o
al
l t
hese i
deas, we
pro
po
se
the
f
ollow
in
g hyp
othe
sis:
H1. P
e
rceive
d e
-
go
vernm
ent u
sa
bili
ty
h
as a
po
sit
ive
inf
l
ue
nce
on e
-
gove
r
nm
ent r
el
at
ionship
quali
ty
.
H2. P
e
rceive
d e
-
go
vern
m
ent u
sa
bili
ty
h
as a
po
sit
ive
inf
l
ue
nce
on cit
iz
en
i
ntentio
n use
of e
-
governm
ent.
2.2.
Perce
ived E
-
g
ov
er
nmen
t Cr
edibi
li
ty
The
f
unda
m
ent
al
prov
isi
on
of
cred
i
bili
ty
is
t
he
qual
it
y
and
reli
ance.
In
t
he
area
of
hu
m
an
com
pu
te
r
beh
a
vior,
cre
di
bili
ty
is
utiliz
edto
el
ucidate
the
act
ivit
y
betwee
n
syst
em
s
and
inf
orm
at
ion
[15]
.
Def
i
ne
d
cred
i
bili
ty
as
t
he
trust
of
inf
orm
ation
on
the
web
sit
e
[16]
.
In
the
la
st,
cre
dib
il
it
y
was
the
piece
of
plau
sibil
it
y
[17]
.
Fi
gure
d
c
red
i
bili
ty
as
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
fact
or
an
d
ha
d
relevan
ce
to
pe
rce
ptu
al
m
ann
er
t
o
est
a
blish
a
ff
e
ct
ive
idea
for
co
nsu
m
ers
[18]
.
In
t
he
li
ne
of
com
pu
te
r
grap
hics
,
cred
ibil
it
y
is
util
iz
e
fo
r
an
a
ct
ivit
y
that
is
us
e
d
t
o
te
st
the
per
cep
ti
on
eff
ect
on
the
ap
plica
ti
on
disp
la
y
of
the
us
ers
of
the
j
unct
ion
[1
3]
.
Ot
her
stu
dies
des
crib
e
d
the
im
po
rtant
r
ole
of
cre
dib
il
i
ty
in
sh
a
ping
pe
rcep
ti
ons
for
stud
e
nts
who
use
d
sci
e
ntific
web
sit
es
with
r
egard
to
the
inform
a
ti
on
they
g
o
t
[14]
,
[19]
.
As
sert
ed
that
cre
dib
il
it
y
and
trust,
an
im
po
rtant
par
t
of
dig
gi
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
on
li
ne,
wa
s
us
ed
as a c
ogniti
ve heu
risti
c pro
of
[15]
.
Hari
guna
et
al.
Ex
plain
ed
t
he
re
was
a
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
of
e
xisti
ng
fe
at
ur
es
an
d
pe
r
cepti
ons
of
cred
i
bili
ty
on
a
web
ap
plica
ti
on
[
2]
. A
est
hetic
s
an
d
cre
dib
il
it
y
in
web
sit
e de
sign
was
es
se
ntial
to
e
nsure
sal
es,
or
t
o
prov
i
de
good
se
r
vice
[
16]
.
I
n
te
rm
s
of
web
ap
plica
ti
on
disp
at
ch
,
c
re
dib
il
it
y
was
th
e
ti
gh
t
of
relat
ion
s
hi
p
to
dynam
is
m
t
hat
inclu
de
d
un
pr
e
dict
facto
rs
su
c
h
as
desi
gn
and
ae
stheti
cs
[17]
.
Se
ver
al
researc
h
has
ut
il
iz
ed
sever
al
sta
nda
rd
s
to
delineat
e
cre
dib
il
it
y,
wh
ic
h
e
nab
le
s
a
m
or
e
br
oad
pe
rcep
ti
vity
[
20
]
.
C
om
pr
ess
ed
th
e
crit
eria
of
cre
di
bili
ty
,
and
el
ucidate
it
as
reliab
il
it
y,
con
fid
ence,
com
petency,
preci
sion,
and
qual
it
y
[2
1
]
.
In
the
te
rm
of
e
-
gove
r
nm
en
t,
con
firm
that
a
w
ebsite
is
belie
vab
le
was
a
dec
ent
and
fun
da
m
ental
[3
]
.
Howev
e
r
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eff
ect
s o
f Rel
at
ion
s
hip Q
uali
ty
on Ci
ti
zen In
t
ention U
se
of
E
-
g
over
nment
Services:
…
(
T
aq
w
a Hari
guna
)
5129
the
ar
gu
m
ent
ci
ti
zens
did
not
belie
f
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
serv
ic
es
was
because
of
t
he
ins
uffici
ency
of
wa
rr
a
nty
in
on
li
ne
act
ivit
y
fo
r
st
or
i
ng
pri
vate
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
al
th
ough
cy
ber
re
gu
la
t
ion
s
[
1].
T
herefo
re,
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
pro
vid
er
s
nee
d
to
re
flect
cre
di
bili
ty
becau
se
of
t
he
per
cei
ve
d
cre
dib
il
it
y
on
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
serv
ic
es,
can
aff
ect
trust a
nd sati
sf
act
ion
.
In
a
no
t
her
st
udy,
[
22
]
A
ff
i
r
m
ed
that
the
cred
i
bili
ty
of
the
web
sit
e
an
d
us
er
be
ha
vi
or
ha
d
a
st
ron
g
relat
ion
s
hip
[2
3
]
.
The
s
ource
of
cr
edi
bili
ty
ha
d
al
s
o
bee
n
validat
ed
to
ha
ve
a
sig
nifican
t
i
m
pact
on
tru
st
an
d
sat
isfact
ion
[
24]
.
Descr
i
be
d
a
cred
ible
we
bsi
te
gen
erated
favor
a
ble
react
ion
s
f
ro
m
us
er
s
[19]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e
we
con
cl
ud
e:
H3. P
e
rce
ive
d e
-
go
vernm
ent cred
i
bili
ty
h
as
a posit
ive in
flu
ence
on e
-
gove
rn
m
ent r
el
at
ionship
quali
ty
.
H4. P
e
rceive
d e
-
go
vernm
ent cred
i
bili
ty
h
as
a posit
ive in
flu
ence
on p
e
rcei
ved e
-
gove
rn
m
ent usabil
it
y.
2.3.
E
-
g
ov
er
nmen
t
R
el
ati
onshi
p
Qua
li
t
y
Re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p
qual
it
y
can
be
inter
pr
et
ed
as
a
n
interact
io
n
that
has
be
en
done
by
two
dif
fer
e
nt
par
ti
es
and
ha
ve
a
n
i
m
pact
on
the
a
ct
ivit
y.
So
the
resu
lt
m
us
t
m
e
et
the
ex
pectat
ion
s
of
both
pa
rtie
s.
The
refo
re,
th
e
resu
lt
of
the
i
nt
eracti
on
betw
een
the
tw
o
m
us
t
m
eet
the
exp
ect
at
io
ns
of
bo
t
h
pa
rtie
s.
S
o
the
resu
lt
s
c
an
be
evaluate
d
base
d
on
s
uccess
or
a
fail
ur
e
.
I
n
the
view
of
[12]
if
the
relat
ion
s
hi
p
qual
it
y
of
the
firm
with
the
custom
er h
a
d
a
good b
ond, it
w
ould
ha
ve
a
n im
pact o
n
t
he
c
us
tom
er,
w
he
r
e the c
us
tom
er h
im
sel
f
tho
ught
that
sat
isfact
ion
wa
s
par
t
of
the
i
nteracti
on
with
the
com
pan
y,
bu
t
it
al
so
af
f
ect
ed
the
ef
fec
ti
ven
ess
of
the
sal
es
force in
term
s o
f
g
i
ving lo
ng
te
rm
ser
vice [
6]
.
A
nu
m
ber
of
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
s
uggeste
d
that
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
ha
d
im
portant
i
nd
ic
at
or
s
of
tr
us
t
,
sat
isfact
ion
,
a
nd
c
omm
itm
e
nt
as
a
be
nc
hm
ark
f
or
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y,
wh
il
e
trust
a
nd
sat
isf
act
ion
rem
ai
n
ed
key
ind
ic
at
ors.
Alth
ough
these
t
he
or
ie
s
d
id
not
con
cl
ud
e
sp
eci
fical
ly
that
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
qual
it
y
exer
t
s
a
stron
g
in
flu
ence
on
inten
t
in
the
fiel
d
of
e
-
G
ov
e
rnm
ent
us
e,
othe
r
stu
dies
al
s
o
prov
i
de
d
e
xp
li
ci
t
exp
la
natio
ns
th
at
relat
ion
s
hip
qu
al
it
y
af
fect
ed
the
inte
ntion
of
in
form
at
io
n
te
ch
nolo
gy.
Scie
ntist
s
ag
re
e
d
tha
t
the
chain
of
be
li
ef
-
sat
isfact
io
n
-
be
hav
i
or
ha
d
causali
ty
that
can
ulti
m
at
e
ly
i
m
pr
ove
be
ha
vi
or
f
or
t
he
use
r
,
an
d
sat
isfact
ion
wa
s
one
of the i
nfl
uen
ces
that ca
n be a
n
in
dicat
or.
Sati
sfacti
on
a
nd
trust
wer
e
tw
o
ind
ic
at
or
s
th
at
hav
e
bee
n
w
idely
us
ed
by
research
e
rs
to
c
onfirm
the
eff
ect
on
t
he
influ
e
nce
of
one'
s
intenti
on
s
especial
ly
in
in
f
or
m
at
ion
te
chnolo
gy
s
uc
h
as
te
ch
nolo
gical
acce
ptance
m
od
el
(T
AM)
,
IS
su
cce
ss
m
od
el
of
Del
one
an
d
Mc
Le
an
an
d
the
s
tud
y
of
ex
pe
ct
at
ion
confirm
at
ion
m
od
el
(ECM).
Pr
evi
ous
fin
di
ng
s
sug
gest
ed
a
su
bst
antia
l
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
s
at
isfact
ion
a
nd
us
er
intenti
on
u
se.
Me
a
nwhil
e,
so
m
e
oth
e
r
sch
olars
c
onfir
m
ed
that
ci
ti
zen
sat
isfact
io
n
has
a
bili
ty
to
increas
e
ci
ti
zen
intenti
on
in
t
he
fiel
d
of
te
c
hnology
adoptio
n
[
25]
.
Con
cl
ud
e
d
t
ha
t
us
er
sat
isfa
ct
ion
po
sit
ivel
y
has
relat
ion
s
hip wi
th user i
ntentio
n.
In
the
fiel
d
of
e
-
g
over
nm
ent
[2
6
]
,
[2
7
]
,
[2
]
ind
ic
at
e
d
that
us
er
sat
isfact
i
on
was
a
n
im
po
rtant
facto
r
for
the
conti
nu
ed use
of e
-
gove
rn
m
ent ser
vices, a
nd for e
-
gove
r
nm
ent su
ccess o
r fai
lure
[2
]
,
[
4].
H5. E
-
G
over
nm
ent r
el
at
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y has
a posit
ive in
flu
ence
on cit
iz
en
i
ntentio
n use
of e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
3.
RESEA
R
CH DESIG
N
This
re
searc
h
util
iz
es
qu
a
ntit
at
ive
m
e
tho
d.
Data
colle
ct
by
quest
ionnaire
and
util
iz
e
ref
e
ren
ces
f
ro
m
pr
e
vious
stu
dy
[2
]
,
[2
0
]
.
In
t
his
stud
y,
util
iz
ed
five
li
ker
t
scal
e:
strongly
disagr
ee
(
1)
di
sagr
ee
(
2)
neut
ral
(3
)
agr
ee
(
4)
a
nd
strongly
agr
e
e
(5
)
,
the
qu
e
sti
onnaire
util
iz
e
was
div
ide
d
into
three
gro
up:
dem
og
ra
ph
ic
,
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
in
f
or
m
at
ion
and
num
ber
of
data.
Ta
ble
1
figure
ou
t
the
dem
og
ra
ph
ic
s
of
the
res
p
on
den
t
s
and
F
ig
ure
1
el
ucidate t
he hyp
oth
esi
s
fr
am
ewo
r
k.
Table
1.
Dem
og
ra
phic
s of t
he
sam
ple
Ch
arac
teristics
Frequ
en
cy
Percent
(%)
Gen
d
er
Male
156
4
2
.6
Fe
m
ale
210
5
7
.4
Ag
e
21
–
3
0
y
ears ol
d
82
2
2
.4
31
–
4
0
y
ears ol
d
170
4
6
.4
4
1
y
e
ars old
or
abo
v
e
114
3
1
.1
Edu
catio
n
level
Hig
h
sch
o
o
l ce
rtif
icate or lowe
r
d
eg
ree
66
1
8
.0
Un
d
ergradu
ate
deg
ree
180
4
9
.2
Master
or hig
h
er
d
eg
ree
120
3
2
.8
Exp
eriences
L
ess
than
3 ti
m
es/yea
r
75
2
0
.5
3
-
5
ti
m
e/
y
ear
121
3
3
.1
More than
5 ti
m
e
/
y
ears
170
4
6
.4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5127
-
5133
5130
Figure
1. Re
se
arch f
ram
ewo
r
k
4.
RESU
LT
S
O
F THE
DA
T
A
ANA
L
YS
I
S
In
this
st
ud
y,
we
ad
de
d
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
as
m
ediat
ion
to
ci
ti
zen
intenti
on
us
e
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
serv
ic
e,
a
nd
w
e
integrated
cr
edibili
ty
and
usa
bili
ty
as
ante
ceden
t
rat
her
than
r
el
at
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
and
ci
ti
zen
intenti
on
use
.
Thro
ugh
t
his
c
on
ce
pt,
t
his
st
ud
y
has
high
va
lue
an
d
high
or
i
gin
al
it
y
fro
m
the
previ
ou
s
stud
y
.
Most
of
the
s
cho
la
rs
desc
ribed
a
nd
us
e
d
TAM,
ECM
an
d
IS
s
ucce
ss
m
od
el
s
in
order
to
m
easur
e
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent
per
f
or
m
ance
su
c
cess,
but
un
ti
l
now
no
ne
of
the
stu
dies
fo
c
us
on
the
relat
ion
s
hip
qu
al
it
y
as
the
antece
de
nt
of
c
it
iz
en
intenti
on
u
se
of e
-
go
vernm
ent.
In
t
his
resea
rc
h,
we
util
iz
e
so
ft
war
e
of
Sm
artPLS
t
o
e
la
borate,
t
o
e
xam
i
ne
data
an
d
hypo
t
heses.
Th
e
te
chn
iq
ue
util
i
zes
in
PLS
was
structu
ral
eq
ua
ti
on
m
od
el
ing.
PLS
w
as
util
iz
ed
to
el
ab
or
at
e
the
m
od
el
wi
th
two
process in
dicat
or
s sim
ultaneo
us
ly
they are r
eflect
ive an
d
f
or
m
at
ive. Moreov
e
r,
PL
S can be u
ti
li
zed to
analy
ze
data
with
la
r
ge
or
sm
al
l
nu
m
ber
,
el
aborat
e
m
od
el
of
c
om
plex
predic
ti
on
s,
an
d
hel
p
m
ulti
colli
near
ity
pro
blem
s.
Ou
te
r
m
od
el
was
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
the
relat
ion
s
hip
betwee
n
in
dicat
or
s
an
d
la
te
nt
co
ns
tr
uction
on
PLS.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
a
n
i
nn
e
r
m
od
el
w
a
s
util
i
ze
d
to
assess
the
path st
ru
ct
ur
es
betwee
n
c
onstr
ucts
[
22]
[2
4
]
[2
5
]
.
4.1.
Out
er
M
od
el
s
Tw
o
te
sts
re
qu
ired
i
n
ou
te
r
m
od
el
s:
it
em
s
con
str
uct
an
d
c
on
struct
validit
y
[
28
]
.
Ju
sti
fy
t
ha
t
the
it
em
s
const
ru
ct
util
iz
e
cron
bac
h
α
a
nd
com
po
sit
e
r
el
ia
bili
ty
as
an
ind
ic
at
o
r,
w
he
re
the
num
ber
m
us
t
be
higher
than
0.7,
the
n
the
const
ru
ct
io
n
a
chieve
d
acce
pt
ed
an
d
reli
abl
e
[2
7
]
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
to
m
ea
su
re
c
on
st
ru
ct
validit
y
util
iz
e w
it
h
tw
o ways, c
onve
r
gen
t
validit
y t
est
, and discri
m
i
nan
t
validit
y t
est
. Based o
n
[
28
]
, it was
confi
rm
ed
a
co
ns
tr
uctio
n
can b
e
ac
hieve
d
c
onve
rg
e
nt val
idit
y
if
the
lo
adin
g
facto
r
of
each
in
dicat
or
highe
r
tha
n
0.
5
[2
7
]
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
th
e
aver
a
ge
var
i
ance
ext
racted
(AVE)
m
us
t
be
higher
t
han
0.5
a
nd
t
he
num
ber
of
the
com
po
sit
e
reli
abili
ty
m
us
t
be
higher
t
han
0.7
.
Ta
ble
2
il
lustr
at
es
f
act
or
l
oad
s
,
re
li
abili
ty
te
s
ts
and
al
l
cons
tructi
ons
a
re a
pprop
riat
e w
it
h
[
2
8
]
.
In
a
ddit
ion
fro
m
Table
3
it
sh
ows
t
hat
the
square
r
oo
t
of
A
VE
was
gr
eat
er
tha
n
the
correla
ti
on
coeffic
ie
nt
of
t
he
co
ns
tr
ucts
was
te
ste
d
t
o
c
onfirm
discrim
inant
validit
y.
Accor
ding
to
Table
2
an
d
T
able
3,
the constr
ucts
exh
i
bited
discr
i
m
inant v
al
idit
y.
Table
2.
Rel
ia
bi
li
t
y analy
sis and co
nver
ge
nt
validit
y
Co
n
stru
ct
Measu
re
m
en
t
ite
m
s
Facto
r
load
in
g
/co
ef
f
icien
t
(t
-
v
al
u
e)
Co
m
p
o
site
reliability
AVE
Cro
n
b
ach'
s α
Perceived
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Usab
ility (PEU
)
PEU1
0
.65
0
.84
0
.64
0
.70
PEU2
0
.85
PEU3
0
.87
Perceived
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Cred
ib
ility
(
PEC)
PEC1
0
.77
0
.88
0
.70
0
.80
PEC2
0
.88
PEC3
0
.87
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Qu
ality
(E
RQ
)
TRU1
0
.86
0
.87
0
.53
0
.81
TRU2
0
.73
TRU3
0
.84
SAT1
0
.61
SAT2
0
.83
SAT3
0
.71
Citizen
I
n
ten
tio
n
Use o
f
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t (
C
IU)
CIU1
0
.78
0
.87
0
.69
0
.78
CIU2
0
.93
CIU3
0
.78
No
te:
Per
ceiv
ed
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Usa
b
ility
(P
EU
);
Pe
r
ceiv
ed
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
e
n
t
Cr
ed
ib
ility
(PE
C);
e
-
Go
v
ernm
e
n
t
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Qu
ality
(E
RQ
);
Cit
izen
I
n
ten
tio
n
Use
o
f
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t (
CIU).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eff
ect
s o
f Rel
at
ion
s
hip Q
uali
ty
on Ci
ti
zen In
t
ention U
se
of
E
-
g
over
nment
Services:
…
(
T
aq
w
a Hari
guna
)
5131
Table
3.
C
orrel
at
ion
m
at
rix
CIU
ERQ
PEC
PEU
CIU
0
.83
ERQ
0
.53
0
.73
PEC
0
.52
0
.72
0
.84
PEU
0
.72
0
.62
0
.60
0
.80
No
te:
Perceived
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Usab
ility
(P
EU)
;
Pe
rcei
v
ed
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Cred
ib
ility
(PE
C
)
;
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t Re
l
atio
n
sh
ip
Quality
(
ERQ);
Citi
zen Inte
n
tio
n
Use of
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t (
C
IU)
.
4.2.
Inner
M
od
el
In
t
he
P
LS
t
o
m
easur
e
the
si
gn
i
ficance
of
the
ben
c
hm
ark
hypothesis
us
e
d
is
th
e
pa
th
c
oeffici
ent
T
-
values
, in T
a
ble 4
desc
ribes
the
resu
lt
s
of th
e h
yp
oth
e
ses
of all
sig
nificant
and
posit
ive val
ues.
Table
4
. Sum
m
ary o
f hyp
oth
e
ses test
ing res
ul
ts
Hy
p
o
th
esis
Path
Stan
d
ardized
p
ath
coef
f
icien
t
T
-
v
alu
e
Su
p
p
o
rted
H1
PEU
-
ERQ
0
.57
*
*
*
8
.16
Yes
H2
PEU
-
C
IU
0
.98
*
*
*
1
9
.06
Yes
H3
PEC
-
ER
Q
0
.40
*
*
*
6
.25
Yes
H4
PEC
-
P
EU
0
.59
*
*
1
0
.32
Yes
H5
ERQ
-
CI
U
0
.43
*
*
*
5
.78
Yes
No
te
1
:
Pe
rceived
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Usa
b
ility (
PEU
);
Pe
rc
eiv
ed
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
e
n
t
Cred
ib
ility
(PE
C);
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t Re
l
atio
n
sh
ip
Quality
(
ERQ);
Citi
zen Inte
n
tio
n
Use of
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t (
C
IU).
No
te 2: *
*
p
-
v
alu
e <
0
.01
; **
*
p
-
v
alu
e
<
0
.00
1
4.3.
Te
sting o
f
Me
diat
i
on
E
ff
ec
t
s
In
this
stu
dy
th
ere
are
th
ree
m
ediat
ion
ef
fect
s
that
m
us
t
be
te
ste
d,
to
te
st
the
sig
nificance
of
al
l
three
us
e
d
Sobel
te
st
to
analy
ze,
wh
ic
h
to
get
a
sign
ific
ant
va
lue
then
z
-
value
m
us
t
be
w
or
t
h
1.96
or
m
or
e
[
29
]
[3
0
]
. In
this st
udy we
fo
und
t
ha
t t
he
th
ree
have m
e
t t
he
crit
er
ia
an
d si
gnific
a
nt v
al
ue,
a
s s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
5.
Table
5
. Me
dia
ti
on
e
ff
ect
s test
ing
Co
n
stru
cts
Co
n
stru
ct
relation
sh
ip
s
T
-
v
alu
e of
path
co
ef
f
icien
ts
So
b
eltest's
z
-
v
alu
e
PEU
-
ERQ
-
C
IU
PEU
-
ERQ
ERQ
-
CI
U
8
.16
5
.78
4
.71
*
*
*
PEC
-
ER
Q
-
CI
U
PEC
-
ER
Q
ERQ
-
CI
U
6
.25
5
.78
4
.24
*
*
*
No
te
1
:
Perceived
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Usa
b
ility
(PE
U
);
Perc
eiv
ed
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
e
n
t
Cred
ib
ility
(PE
C);
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t
Relatio
n
sh
ip
Quality
(
ERQ)
; Citizen
Inten
tio
n
Use of
e
-
Go
v
ern
m
en
t (
C
IU).
No
te 2: *
*
*
p
-
v
alu
e <
0
.00
1
5.
DISCU
SSI
ON
This
stu
dy
aims
to
m
easur
e
the
pe
rfor
m
anc
e
resu
lt
s
of
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
i
m
p
lem
entat
ion
ba
sed
on
us
er
per
s
pecti
ve.
I
n
this
resea
rch
t
he
ap
proac
h
use
d
is
em
pirical
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
as
a
m
ediat
or
in
asse
ssing
t
he
perform
ance
of
e
-
go
vernm
ent
to
determ
ine
ci
ti
ze
n
intenti
on
us
e
.
Assess
m
ent
us
ed
m
ul
ti
-
dim
ension
al
facto
r
,
ref
e
red
to
rese
arch t
hat
has b
een
done by
previo
us
researc
her
s
[2]
[
4]
[
6].
This
stu
dy
pro
vid
es
e
xpli
ci
t
i
m
pacts
fo
r
th
e
academ
ic
wo
rl
d
an
d
pr
a
ct
it
ion
ers
i
n
the
fiel
d
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent.
Ba
sed
on
the
a
na
ly
sis
resu
lt
s
f
ound
that
H
1
a
nd
H5
ha
ve
sig
nificant d
irect
im
pact
on
CIU,
wh
il
e
H1
an
d
H
3
a
re
sign
ific
a
nt
to
CIU
i
nd
i
rectl
y.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
H4
is
si
gn
i
ficant
to
P
EU
,
a
nd
al
so
si
gn
i
ficant
t
o
CI
U
ind
irect
ly
.
Me
anwhil
e
PEU
and
P
EC
are
the
two
m
ai
n
var
ia
ble
f
act
or
s
that
su
pport
ERQ
as
conf
irm
ed
by
[2
8
]
[
2].
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
c
ontrib
ution
of
t
his
resea
rch
ap
plies
the
con
ce
pts
of
PE
U
a
nd
PEC
to
add
relat
io
nship
qu
al
it
y
a
s
an
interm
ediar
y
var
ia
ble
to
bu
il
d
a
com
prehensi
ve
f
ram
ewor
k
f
or
a
nal
yz
ing
the
im
pact
on
t
he
co
nt
inu
in
g
intenti
ons
for
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent.
In
the
pr
oc
ur
em
ent
con
ce
pt
the
custom
er
or
us
er
wi
ll
al
ways
rep
eat
the
purc
hasin
g
be
hav
i
or,
buy
an
oth
e
r
pro
duct
from
the
sa
m
e
com
pan
y,
an
d
will
set
asi
de
the
infl
uen
ce
of
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5127
-
5133
5132
com
petit
or
.
Th
us
,
relat
io
nship
qual
it
y
ca
n
be
a
su
ccessf
ul
instru
m
ent
or
m
ark
et
ing
m
ec
han
ism
includin
g
th
e
us
e
of
e
-
go
vernm
ent.
The
in
flue
nce
of
ci
ti
zen
cre
dib
il
it
y
and
hi
gh
ci
ti
zen
usa
bili
ty
has
an
e
ff
ect
on
hi
gh
relat
ion
s
hip
qual
it
y
wh
ic
h
al
so
has
a
posit
iv
e
i
m
pact
on
lo
ya
lt
y
and
con
ti
nu
it
y
of
intenti
on.
Th
e
co
nte
xt
of
cause a
nd ef
fe
ct
can
be
a r
e
fe
ren
ce
f
or
t
he
de
velo
pm
ent o
f m
anag
erial
stra
te
gies for
e
-
go
vernm
ent o
r
ga
nizers.
Most
researc
h
fo
c
us
es
on
the
qu
al
it
y
of
e
-
gove
r
nm
ent
on
ly
.
This
stud
y
app
li
es
PE
U,
P
EC
and
exte
nds
it
to
include
relat
io
ns
hi
p
qual
it
y
a
s
an
interm
ediary
var
ia
ble
to
dev
el
op
a
co
m
pr
ehen
sive
fra
m
ewo
r
k
in
or
der
t
o
analy
ze the im
pact an
d
im
pact o
n co
ntin
ue
d i
ntentions
of
e
-
gove
rn
m
ent u
s
e.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Bél
ang
er
F.,
&
Cart
er
L
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,
“
Trust
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ent
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gi
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orm
ati
on
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Hari
guna
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a
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,
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al
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ver
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ent
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c
e
int
ention:
an
empirical
stud
y
”
,
In
t.
J. I
nnova
ti
on
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Dev
el
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t
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(
2/
3
)
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Z.
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&
Ben
y
ou
ce
f
M.
,
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li
t
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red
ibi
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ent
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rnm
ent
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rly
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ee
n
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i
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wledge
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t
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of
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ia
n
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titione
rs
”
,
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l
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i
n
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ec
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ngine
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A.,
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nad
A.,
“
Inte
rne
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thi
ng
s:
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y
s
for
m
ea
suring
hum
an
activitie
s
fro
m
eve
r
y
wher
e”,
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
Comput
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
7(
5),
2474
–
2482
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2017.
[6]
Aja
y
i
B.
,
&
H
uss
in
H.,
“
Conce
ptua
lizing
Infor
m
at
ion
Te
chno
l
og
y
Governa
n
ce
Model
for
Hig
her
Educ
a
ti
on:
An
Abs
orpti
veCa
pa
ci
t
y
Appro
ac
h
”
,
Bul
letin
of El
ec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Informati
c
s
,
7(1
)
,
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-
124
,
2018
.
[7]
Achm
ad
K.A.,
Nugroho
L.
E
.
,
Djunae
di
A.
,
&
W
id
y
awa
n
,
“
Sm
art
ci
t
y
r
ea
d
in
ess
base
d
on
sm
art
ci
t
y
council’
s
rea
din
ess fra
m
e
work
”,
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
and
C
omputer
Engi
n
e
ering
,
8(1)
,
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–
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2018
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[8]
Ferna
ndez
A.
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&
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E.
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“
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c
m
appi
n
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We
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n
ce
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ec
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g
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egr
at
ed
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chn
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c
eptanc
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A
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sfac
ti
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evi
d
ence
f
rom
the
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E
”,
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rnational
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urnal
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an
c
ed
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g
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t
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i
on
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onl
ine
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ironments:
Th
e
use
of
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i
ti
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e
heur
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e
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f
th
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l
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per
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age
i
nform
at
ion
as
in
flue
nc
ed
b
y
the
sex
of
th
e
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n
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l
ity
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t
ive
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avi
oura
l
i
nte
n
t
”
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Lect
ure
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s
i
n
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nce
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inc
lud
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ct
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in
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f
ic
ia
l
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e
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ige
n
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“
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l
ity
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ion
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cre
d
ibi
l
ity
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form
ance
rat
ing
discre
p
an
c
y
on
r
eact
ions
t
o
m
ult
ipl
e
raters
”,
Journal
of
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ed
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ial Psy
ch
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eff
ect
s o
f Rel
at
ion
s
hip Q
uali
ty
on Ci
ti
zen In
t
ention U
se
of
E
-
g
over
nment
Services:
…
(
T
aq
w
a Hari
guna
)
5133
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F.,
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ei
ra
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i
va
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rs
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Hum
an
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avi
or
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sfac
ti
on
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cont
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use
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ention
of
e
-
learni
ng
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ce
i
n
Braz
i
li
an
publ
ic
orga
n
izati
ons
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l
uate
th
e
cre
dib
il
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t
y
o
fW
eb
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A
stud
y
with
over
2500
par
ticipa
n
ts
”,
Proce
ed
ings
of
the
2003
conf
ere
n
ce
on
designi
ng
fo
r
user e
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ri
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nte
c
ede
nts
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chi
ev
e
Custom
e
r
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Cust
om
er
Inte
nt
ion
t
o
Purcha
se
E
-
Co
m
m
erc
e
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ia
l
M
edi
a
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an
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l
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m
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”
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ti
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ble
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ia
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m
ea
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ent
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ti
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ti
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ea
s
t
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s
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suppl
y
ch
ai
n
m
ana
g
ement
rese
ar
ch”
,
Journal
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hasing
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a
ei
S.
,
“
Segm
ent
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ision
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aki
ng
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le
s
(CDM
S)
towar
d
m
ark
et
ing
pra
c
t
ic
e
:
a
par
tial
least
square
s (PLS) p
at
h
m
odeling
ap
proa
ch”,
Journal
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ta
il
ing
and
Consum
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Serv
i
ce
s
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22
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20
15.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Dr.
Berl
ilana
,
c
urre
ntly
l
ec
tu
rer
in
depa
rtment
of
informati
on
s
y
stem,
he
a
lso
cha
irmen
of
STMIK
Am
iko
m
Purw
oker
to.
Acti
ve
in
so
m
e
orga
nizati
o
n
such
as
AP
TISI,
Mas
y
ara
k
at
Ekonomi
S
y
aria
h
and
IEE
E
,
he
has
publi
sh
some
rese
ar
ch
artic
l
es
in
rep
uta
b
le
p
ubli
sher
such
as
Instit
ute
of
Advanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
and
Sci
enc
e
(IAES),
El
sev
ie
r
and
ACM
.
His
rese
arc
h
foc
us
on
Mana
gemen
t inform
at
ion
s
y
st
em,
e
-
busin
ess and hum
an
comp
ute
r
b
eha
vio
r.
Ta
qwa
Hari
gun
a,
Ph.D,
Curre
n
tly
lectur
e
r
in
depa
rtment
of
i
nform
at
ion
s
y
st
em
as
well
as
cha
irmen
of
the
depa
rtment
at
STMIK
Am
ikom
Purw
oker
to.
Gra
duat
ed
f
rom
Southern
T
ai
wan
Univer
sit
y
of
S
ci
en
ce
and
Tec
hnolog
y
,
Taiwa
n.
He
has
publi
sh
som
e
art
ic
le
in
rep
uta
b
le
publi
sher
such
a
s
Instit
ute
of
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
(IAES),
El
sev
ie
r
,
Inde
rsc
ie
n
ce
,
IEE
E
and
ACM
.
His
rese
arc
h
f
ocus
on
Mana
g
ement
informat
i
on
s
y
stem,
e
-
bu
siness,
hum
an
computer
beh
avior,
IT
/IS
Stra
te
gi
c
and
IT
/IS
for
g
over
nm
ent
.
P
rof.
Dr.
Min
T
sai
La
i
,
Curre
n
tly
Vic
e
Presiden
t
of
Southern
Ta
i
wan
Univer
sit
y
of
Scie
nc
e
and
Te
chno
log
y
,
Taiwan.
He
has
p
ubli
sh
som
e
article
in
rep
u
ta
bl
e
publ
isher
suc
h
as
E
lsevi
e
r
,
Emera
ld,
Sprin
ger
,
T
a
y
lor
&
Franc
is
and
I
nder
scie
n
ce.
Hi
s
rese
arc
h
foc
u
s
o
n
Stat
isti
c
,
Mana
gement
S
cienc
e
and
Industr
ia
l
Mana
gemen
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.