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l J
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urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
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ute
r
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ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
~
5
2
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
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.
1
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Ana
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r Co
ntrollers
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se
d f
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Co
nnected
P
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t
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in
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nh
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KIIT
Un
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In
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an
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2
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e
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t
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tri
c
a
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re
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ra
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e
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re
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g
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e
rg
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
it
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ired
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d
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m
e
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lt
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te
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rc
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x
c
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p
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e
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e
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d
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V
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les
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ra
ti
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o
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e
r
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y
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e
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ted
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th
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ri
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a
l
in
f
ra
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c
tu
re
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s
m
o
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f
th
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rid
in
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ra
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c
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re
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se
s
e
it
h
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r
2
3
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l
t
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e
re
f
o
re
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o
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tro
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ice
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ted
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e
twe
e
n
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V
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n
d
g
rid
.
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o
r
d
e
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m
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k
e
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ti
v
e
m
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rk
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t
b
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twe
e
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th
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n
e
w
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g
e
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e
ra
ted
p
o
w
e
r
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n
d
c
o
n
v
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n
ti
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n
a
l
w
a
y
o
f
g
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n
e
ra
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g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
it
is
r
e
q
u
ired
to
d
e
s
ig
n
a
c
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st
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ffe
c
ti
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rter,
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t
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p
u
re
sin
u
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d
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l
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h
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rm
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re
e
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t
h
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p
a
p
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r
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c
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m
p
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ra
ti
v
e
a
n
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l
y
sis
a
m
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th
e
v
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rio
u
s
l
in
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a
r
c
o
n
tro
ll
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rs
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re
p
re
se
n
ted
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ro
p
o
s
e
d
Op
ti
m
i
se
d
P
ID
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r
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re
se
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ted
th
ro
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g
h
M
A
TL
A
B
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im
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li
n
k
b
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se
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n
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n
m
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t.
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ey
w
o
r
d
:
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ti
m
i
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ed
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I
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co
n
tr
o
ller
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-
co
n
tr
o
ller
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co
n
tr
o
ller
So
lar
P
V
Sy
s
te
m
State
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
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c
ien
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e
.
All
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
ites
h
Das
h
,
Sch
o
o
l O
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
KI
I
T
Un
iv
er
s
i
t
y
,
B
h
u
b
an
e
s
w
ar
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail: r
d
as
h
ee
e@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
g
lo
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al
an
d
th
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b
y
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
in
th
e
P
V
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
C
.
F
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
is
m
a
in
l
y
to
cr
e
ate
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
y
s
to
r
in
g
A
s
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
cr
ea
tes
a
lo
t
s
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
so
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.D
u
e
to
i
n
cr
e
ase
i
n
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
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ltaic
p
r
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d
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ctio
n
v
o
lu
m
e
an
d
a
v
alab
ili
t
y
o
f
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ater
ial
a
n
d
g
o
v
t
i
n
ce
n
ti
v
es
t
h
e
p
er
u
n
it
g
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er
atio
n
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
m
o
v
i
n
g
in
d
o
w
n
w
o
r
d
ten
d
en
c
y
.
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en
e
w
ab
le
p
u
r
ch
a
s
e
o
b
lig
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n
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
h
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
o
a
g
r
ea
t
ex
te
n
t,
h
e
n
ce
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ar
e
n
o
w
te
n
d
in
g
to
w
ar
d
s
e
s
tab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
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n
e
w
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ased
p
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la
n
t
to
m
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t
h
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P
O.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
m
ax
i
m
u
m
al
lo
w
ab
le
g
r
i
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
io
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o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
m
o
s
t n
o
t i
n
cr
ea
s
e
3
0
% o
f
th
e
g
r
id
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
T
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
clea
r
l
y
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
ele
ctr
o
n
ics
i
n
v
er
ter
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
P
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
i
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
in
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
tw
o
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ta
s
k
s
s
u
c
h
as:
a.
T
o
am
p
li
f
y
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
DC
p
o
w
er
to
g
r
id
lev
el
a
n
d
t
o
co
n
v
er
t
it
in
to
AC
p
o
w
er
b
ef
o
r
e
in
j
ec
tin
g
in
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
b.
E
x
tr
ac
tin
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
MP
PT
an
d
th
eir
b
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t le
v
el.
T
h
e
t
w
o
ta
s
k
s
as
d
ep
icted
ab
o
v
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
i
led
w
it
h
h
ig
h
est
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
a
lar
g
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
o
f
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
v
er
ter
u
s
ed
in
th
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
en
tire
li
f
e
s
p
an
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
P
V
m
o
d
u
le.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
e
n
d
ed
th
at
i
n
v
er
ter
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
li
f
e
s
p
a
n
o
f
2
5
y
ea
r
s
w
it
h
p
lu
g
a
n
d
p
lay
e
n
ab
le
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
id
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
v
er
ter
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
b
ef
o
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
5
1
3
–
5
2
0
514
in
j
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
AC
v
o
lta
g
e
i
n
to
th
e
g
r
id
b
ec
au
s
e
p
r
esn
ce
o
f
D
C
in
AC
ca
u
s
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
Au
s
tr
alia,
I
tal
y
,
E
n
g
la
n
d
,
an
d
j
ap
an
m
ad
e
it
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
to
u
s
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
h
ile
in
j
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
AC
p
o
w
er
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
2.
G
RI
D
SYNCH
RO
N
I
SA
T
I
O
N
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
ai
n
tas
k
w
h
ile
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
in
g
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
w
it
h
th
e
g
r
id
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
r
o
p
er
t
r
ac
k
in
g
o
f
th
r
e
e
p
h
ase
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
g
le
a
n
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
at
t
h
e
ter
m
in
al
o
f
in
v
er
ter
.
B
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
u
s
es
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
in
v
er
ter
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
r
p
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ls
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
e
d
o
v
er
h
er
e.
T
h
ese
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
as
l
in
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
L
i
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
ai
n
l
y
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
P
R
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
d
ea
d
b
ea
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
r
ep
etitiv
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cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
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s
n
o
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li
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ea
r
co
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f
ix
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
q
u
a
n
tit
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
cr
ea
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e
s
d
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Stab
ilit
y
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
all
t
h
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
w
ith
N
y
q
u
is
t p
lo
t to
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
s
tab
ili
t
y
.
B
est o
n
t
h
e
r
esu
lt P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
b
est o
n
e
u
n
d
er
n
o
n
tr
an
s
ien
t
co
n
d
itio
n
.
P
R
-
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
w
s
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
j
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tio
n
le
v
el
an
d
r
ea
l p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
AC
K
NOWL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
Au
t
h
o
r
s
w
o
u
ld
l
ik
e
to
g
i
v
e
t
h
an
k
s
to
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
elec
tr
i
ca
l
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t o
n
lin
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
REF
E
RENC
E
S
[1
]
R.
M
.
Esse
f
i,
M
.
S
o
u
issi
a
n
d
H
.
H.
A
b
d
a
ll
a
h
,
"
L
i
n
e
a
r
c
u
rr
e
n
t
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
ta
ic
sy
ste
m,"
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
o
f
Au
t
o
ma
t
ic
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
S
T
A)
,
2
0
1
3
1
4
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
S
o
u
ss
e
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
-
4
3
7
.
[2
]
H.H.
S
a
it
,
S
.
A
.
Da
n
iel,
“
N
e
w
c
o
n
tro
l
p
a
ra
d
ig
m
f
o
r
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic en
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s
w
it
h
u
ti
li
ty
n
e
t
w
o
rk
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
Vo
l.
3
3
(Iss
u
e
1
):8
6
-
9
3
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
G
.
S
h
e
n
,
D.
Xu
,
L
.
Ca
o
,
X
.
Z
h
u
,
“
A
n
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
S
trate
g
y
f
o
r
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
Vo
lt
a
g
e
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rters
W
it
h
a
n
L
CL
F
il
ter,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
V
o
l.
2
3
(Iss
u
e
4
):
1
8
9
9
-
1
9
0
6
,
Ju
ly
2
0
0
8
.
-1
-
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
3
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6
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0
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B
6
d
B
4
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B
2
d
B
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d
B
2
0
d
B
1
0
d
B
6
d
B
4
d
B
2
d
B
S
y
s
t
e
m
:
H
R
e
a
l
:
-
0
.
3
4
7
I
m
a
g
:
-
2
.
0
2
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
r
a
d
/
s
)
:
-
0
.
0
0
0
4
1
5
N
y
q
u
i
s
t
D
i
a
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r
a
m
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l
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x
i
s
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s
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B
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B
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2
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0
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B
6
d
B
4
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B
2
d
B
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y
q
u
i
s
t
D
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m
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e
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l
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x
i
s
I
m
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g
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n
a
r
y
A
x
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
5
1
3
–
5
2
0
520
[4
]
S
.
F
u
k
u
d
a
,
T
.
Yo
d
a
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
c
u
rre
n
t
-
trac
k
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
a
c
ti
v
e
f
il
ters
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
sin
u
so
i
d
a
l
in
tern
a
l
m
o
d
e
l"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
A
p
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
8
8
-
8
9
5
,
M
a
y
/Ju
n
.
2
0
0
1
.
[5
]
M
.
L
ise
rre
,
R.
T
e
o
d
o
re
sc
u
,
F
.
Blaa
b
jerg
,
"
S
tab
il
it
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
a
n
d
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
n
e
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
in
v
e
rters
f
o
r
a
larg
e
se
t
o
f
g
rid
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
v
a
lu
e
s"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
-
2
7
2
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
6
.
[6
]
M
.
L
ise
rre
,
F
.
Blaa
b
jerg
,
S
.
Ha
n
se
n
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
a
n
L
C
L
-
f
il
ter
b
a
se
d
a
c
ti
v
e
re
c
ti
f
ier
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
1
-
1
2
9
1
,
S
e
p
.
/Oc
t.
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
M
.
L
ise
rre
,
R.
T
e
o
d
o
re
sc
u
,
F
.
Bl
a
a
b
jerg
,
"
M
u
lt
ip
le
h
a
rm
o
n
ics
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
g
rid
c
o
n
v
e
rter
s
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
th
e
u
se
o
f
P
I
-
RE
S
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
in
a
ro
tatin
g
f
ra
m
e
"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
3
6
-
8
4
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
6
.
[8
]
D.
N.
Zm
o
o
d
,
D.
G
.
Ho
lm
e
s,
G
.
H.
Bo
d
e
,
"
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
-
d
o
m
a
in
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
li
n
e
a
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
g
u
lato
rs"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
1
-
6
1
0
,
M
a
r.
/A
p
r.
2
0
0
1
.
[9
]
R.
Zh
a
n
g
,
M
.
Ca
rd
i
n
a
l,
P
.
S
z
c
z
e
sn
y
,
M
.
Da
m
e
,
"
A
g
rid
sim
u
lato
r
w
it
h
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
sin
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
D
-
Q ro
tatin
g
f
ra
m
e
"
,
Pro
c
.
PE
S
C
'
0
2
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
3
6
,
2
0
0
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Rite
sh
D
a
s
h
h
o
ld
s
a
n
M
.
T
e
c
h
in
P
o
w
e
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
f
ro
m
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
re
se
a
r
c
h
sc
h
o
lar
a
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
s
L
in
e
a
r
&
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
In
v
e
rter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le s
y
ste
m
s.
S
a
r
a
t
C
h
a
n
d
r
a
S
w
a
in
h
o
l
d
s
a
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
lctrrica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
so
o
c
iate
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
w
it
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KIIT
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
o
s.
o
f
p
a
p
e
r
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
A
I
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
Co
n
v
e
rt
e
r
f
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
a
n
a
l
y
sis.
S
a
n
h
ita
M
ish
r
a
h
o
ld
s
a
n
M
.
T
e
c
h
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
V
S
S
UT
,
B
u
rla
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
re
se
a
rc
h
s
c
h
o
lar
a
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
KII
T
U
n
iv
e
rsity
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s L
o
a
d
f
lo
w
stu
d
ies
,
Eco
n
o
m
ic l
o
a
d
d
isp
a
tch
a
n
a
ly
sis,
a
n
d
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.