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I
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3
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J
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201
8
:
1
8
9
3
–
1902
1894
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ap
es a
r
e
g
en
er
all
y
u
s
ed
to
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
[
8
].
T
h
e
r
ad
iatin
g
p
atch
a
n
d
th
e
f
ee
d
lin
es
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
p
h
o
to
-
etc
h
ed
o
n
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
Mic
r
o
s
tr
ip
p
atch
r
ad
iate
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
i
n
g
in
g
f
ield
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
atc
h
ed
g
e
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e.
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a
w
it
h
a
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
w
ill
b
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
,
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
f
ab
r
icate
d
.
P
I
N
d
i
o
d
es h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
R
F s
w
itc
h
in
g
o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
s
in
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
b
ile
a
n
d
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
,
ce
ll
u
lar
r
ad
io
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
r
ad
ar
ap
p
licatio
n
.
P
I
N
d
io
d
es
is
a
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
lled
d
ev
ice
th
at
o
p
er
ates
as
a
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
to
r
i
n
th
e
R
F
s
w
i
tch
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
P
I
N
d
io
d
es
h
av
e
m
a
n
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
ch
as
s
m
all
i
n
s
i
ze
,
h
i
g
h
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
w
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
lo
w
i
n
s
er
tio
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lo
s
s
,
g
o
o
d
is
o
latio
n
w
i
th
lo
w
p
o
w
er
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
an
d
lo
w
i
n
co
s
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ON
o
r
OFF
s
tates
o
f
t
h
e
P
I
N
d
io
d
es
.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
w
ill
o
p
er
ate
at
W
L
A
N
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
5
.
1
5
GHz
–
5
.
8
2
5
GHz
)
an
d
L
T
E
2
5
0
0
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
2
.
5
GHz
–
2
.
6
9
GHz
)
.
T
h
e
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Si
m
u
latio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Mic
r
o
w
av
e
S
tu
d
io
(
C
ST
MW
S)
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
is
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
an
d
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ten
n
a
is
f
ab
r
icate
d
o
n
a
FR
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4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
i
th
a
r
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v
e
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ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t,
ε
r
o
f
4
.
5
,
th
ick
n
e
s
s
,
h
o
f
1
.
6
m
m
an
d
lo
s
s
tan
g
e
n
t,
tan
of
0
.
0
1
9
.
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t a
t th
e
A
d
v
a
n
ce
d
P
r
in
ted
C
ir
cu
it B
o
ar
d
(
P
C
B
)
Desig
n
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
Ant
enna
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ig
n a
n
d c
o
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
C
ST
MW
S®
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
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lt
is
o
p
ti
m
ized
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
n
te
n
n
a.
T
h
en
,
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
is
d
esig
n
ed
in
an
o
r
d
er
ly
m
an
n
er
w
h
i
ch
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
t
w
o
s
tag
es.
First
l
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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ten
n
a
co
m
p
r
i
s
es
o
f
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ad
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g
p
lan
e
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
ed
b
y
a
m
icr
o
s
tr
ip
lin
e
w
i
th
a
s
t
u
b
f
o
r
i
m
p
ed
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ce
m
atch
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g
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n
d
l
y
,
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
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ad
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n
g
p
la
n
e
is
ad
d
ed
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
m
ai
n
r
ad
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g
p
la
n
e
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
B
AR
6
3
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0
2
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P
I
N
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io
d
e.
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h
e
m
ai
n
r
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s
o
n
to
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tr
o
d
u
ce
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ad
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g
p
la
n
e
is
to
alter
th
e
len
g
th
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
a
v
elled
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
w
h
ich
w
ill
i
n
r
etu
r
n
also
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
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n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
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ies.
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g
u
r
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1
s
h
o
w
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t
h
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s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
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t
h
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o
n
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ig
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r
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n
a.
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h
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m
en
s
io
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o
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ab
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u
r
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1
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a
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6
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0
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P
I
N
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io
d
e:
(
a)
W
ith
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
m
ai
n
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ad
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n
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lan
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ith
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e
m
ai
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d
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u
r
e
2
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h
e
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ig
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n
ten
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a
w
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a
B
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R
6
3
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I
N
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io
d
e:
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h
e
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t th
e
m
ai
n
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n
p
lan
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to
th
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d
itio
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e
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b
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E
q
u
iv
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n
t c
ir
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it
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t
h
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B
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6
3
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te
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th
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tate
2
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3
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f
a
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n
T
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
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s
is
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er
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o
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m
ed
at
th
e
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d
v
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n
ce
d
P
r
in
ted
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ir
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it
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o
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)
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n
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ab
o
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ato
r
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h
e
o
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tco
m
e
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o
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th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
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r
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n
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e
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ie
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ed
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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h
e
an
te
n
n
a
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ar
e
f
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icate
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o
n
a
FR
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4
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
i
th
a
r
elativ
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
o
f
4
.
5
,
th
ick
n
es
s
,
h
o
f
1
.
6
m
m
an
d
l
o
s
s
tan
g
e
n
t,
ta
n
of
0
.
0
1
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.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
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th
e
f
in
al
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r
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ty
p
e
o
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n
a
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6
3
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P
I
N
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io
d
e
an
d
th
e
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iasi
n
g
cir
c
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it.
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I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
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&
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,
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8
,
No
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3
,
J
u
n
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201
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3
–
1902
1896
(
a)
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b
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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h
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f
ab
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icate
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g
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r
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n
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h
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B
AR
6
3
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0
2
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P
I
N
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io
d
e:
(
a)
W
ith
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
m
ai
n
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ad
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g
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la
n
e
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b
)
W
ith
th
e
m
ain
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d
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ad
d
itio
n
a
l r
ad
iatin
g
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lan
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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h
e
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ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
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le
a
n
ten
n
a
w
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h
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R
6
3
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0
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P
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th
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n
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i
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nte
nn
a
w
it
h t
he
m
a
i
n r
a
dia
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ing
pla
ne
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
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o
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r
ef
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tio
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ef
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icie
n
t
a
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d
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d
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o
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t J
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p
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I
SS
N:
2088
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8708
F
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S
[1
]
Bo
u
tejd
a
r,
A
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,
M
o
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m
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d
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A
.
,
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n
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n
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D.,
&
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l
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,
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0
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),
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sig
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n
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mp
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g
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tro
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o
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tro
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,
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o
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4
.
[2
]
De
b
o
g
o
v
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T
,
(2
0
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0
),
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s”
,
h
tt
p
:/www.
fer
.
h
r/_
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g
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v
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k
v
a
li
fi
k
a
c
i
jsk
i.
p
d
f
.
[3
]
Hs
ieh
,
H.
W
.
,
L
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e
,
Y.
C.
,
T
io
n
g
,
K.
K.,
&
S
u
n
,
J.
S
.
,
(2
0
0
9
),
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
M
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A
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ten
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f
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n
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IEE
E
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ten
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s P
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]
El
M
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O.,
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b
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,
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.
B.
,
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id
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.
,
&
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b
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lf
a
ta
h
,
N.,
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0
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),
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sin
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,
In
ter
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l
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rn
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n
d
C
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ter
En
g
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g
(
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,
v
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5
,
p
p
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2
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3
.
[5
]
Is
m
a
il
,
M
.
F
.
,
Ra
h
im
,
M
.
K.
A
.
,
&
M
a
ji
d
,
H.
A
.
,
(2
0
1
1
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r),
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T
h
e
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
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o
f
P
IN
D
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d
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S
w
it
c
h
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n
Re
c
o
n
f
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u
ra
b
le A
n
ten
n
a
”
,
In
RF
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n
d
M
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e
(
RF
M
),
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0
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1
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n
ter
n
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t
io
n
a
l
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
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2
3
7
,
IEE
E
.
[6
]
Ra
z
a
k
,
A
.
,
Ra
h
im
,
M
.
K.
A
.
,
M
a
ji
d
,
H.
A
.
,
&
M
u
ra
d
,
N.
A
.
,
(
2
0
1
7
),
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F
re
q
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e
n
c
y
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
le
Ep
silo
n
Ne
g
a
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1
5
,
h
e
r
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
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m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
in
2
0
0
4
,
a
n
d
h
e
r
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s)
f
ro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
2
0
0
1
.
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rre
n
t
ly
,
sh
e
is
a
S
e
n
io
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
Un
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rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
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r
m
a
jo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
t
e
re
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
o
p
t
im
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
re
so
u
rc
e
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
in
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
s an
d
m
u
lt
ip
le i
n
p
u
t
m
u
lt
ip
le o
u
tp
u
t
(
M
IM
O) t
ra
n
sm
issio
n
s
.
Fa
r
id
Z
u
b
ir
re
c
e
iv
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d
th
e
B.
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g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
m
a
jo
rin
g
i
n
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
s
we
ll
a
s
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
(Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
2
0
1
0
re
s
p
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
In
2
0
1
6
,
h
e
t
h
e
n
o
b
ta
in
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsi
t
y
o
f
Bir
m
in
g
h
a
m
,
UK
,
f
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
to
d
irec
t
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
a
m
p
li
f
iers
w
it
h
a
n
ten
n
a
s
in
m
icro
w
a
v
e
tran
s
m
it
te
rs.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
se
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
S
e
n
io
r
L
e
c
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
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e
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
i
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
n
d
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
a
re
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
RF
a
n
d
M
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w
a
v
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te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
c
lu
d
in
g
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lan
a
r
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rra
y
A
n
ten
n
a
s,
Die
lec
tri
c
Re
so
n
a
to
r
A
n
ten
n
a
s
(DRA
s),
Ac
ti
v
e
In
teg
ra
t
e
d
A
n
ten
n
a
(
A
I
A
),
M
icro
strip
Re
f
le
c
tarra
y
A
n
ten
n
a
(M
R
A
),
M
il
li
m
e
ter
w
a
v
e
A
n
ten
n
a
s,
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Ba
n
d
G
a
p
(E
BG
),
A
rti
f
ici
a
l
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Co
n
d
u
c
to
r
(A
M
C),
F
u
ll
-
i
n
teg
ra
ted
T
ra
n
s
m
it
ti
n
g
Am
p
li
f
iers
,
L
in
e
a
r
P
A
s,
Do
h
e
rty
P
A
s
a
n
d
Bias
De
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
Circu
it
s.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
4
0
a
rti
c
les
in
jo
u
r
n
a
ls,
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ter
s,
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs an
d
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
.
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