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ized
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ted
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2.
T
H
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RO
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M
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T
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ased
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d
Mc
L
ea
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I
S
s
u
cc
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s
s
m
o
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el
[
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
is
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la
y
s
t
h
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p
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o
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[6
,
1
4
-
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en
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2
0
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3
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m
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el
w
a
s
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p
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ated
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r
e
s
u
cc
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s
m
ea
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u
r
e
m
en
ts
[
2
0
-
22]
.
T
h
e
p
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m
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s
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m
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UA
E
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y
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o
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el
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as
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
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p
r
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p
o
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c
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n
ce
p
tu
al
m
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d
el
2
.
1
.
Serv
ice
qu
a
lity
(
SE
RQ
)
Ser
v
ice
q
u
a
lit
y
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
f
u
l
f
il
m
e
n
t
o
f
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er
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p
r
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v
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to
m
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c
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s
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er
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ee
d
s
,
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
W
ith
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
I
S,
i
n
th
eir
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estru
ct
u
r
ed
I
S
s
u
cc
ess
m
o
d
el,
Delo
n
e
an
d
Mc
L
ea
n
[
2
4
]
h
av
e
d
e
f
i
n
ed
s
er
v
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q
u
a
lit
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s
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th
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:
r
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ta
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s
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n
d
e
m
p
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.
Delo
n
e
&
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L
ea
n
[
2
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
th
e
s
er
v
ice
q
u
a
li
t
y
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f
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p
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,
r
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s
an
d
e
m
p
ath
y
[
2
4
]
.
Ok
tal
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al.
[
2
5
]
ex
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m
in
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th
e
i
m
p
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t
o
f
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al
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m
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t
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tated
it
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m
p
o
r
ta
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ce
o
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b
o
th
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
s
[
2
5
]
.
A
s
a
r
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lt,
t
h
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b
elo
w
h
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t
h
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H1
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q
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alit
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s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
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t
l
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in
f
l
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ce
s
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.
H2
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v
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q
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alit
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s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
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t
l
y
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f
l
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n
ce
s
p
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f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
ac
t
.
2
.
2
.
User
s
a
t
is
f
a
ct
io
n
(
SAT
)
User
s
atis
f
ac
tio
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is
co
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s
id
er
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d
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
asp
ec
ts
in
I
S
d
is
cip
lin
e
[
2
6
-
30]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
test
ed
e
x
te
n
s
iv
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y
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t
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d
y
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t
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e
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s
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o
f
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
User
s
at
is
f
a
ctio
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s
d
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in
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a
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th
e
attit
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y
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te
m
/
ap
p
licati
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n
h
e
in
ter
ac
ts
w
it
h
[
3
1
]
.
I
t
is
th
e
ex
te
n
t
to
w
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ic
h
th
e
u
s
er
th
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k
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ap
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/
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f
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/h
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eq
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ts
.
I
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u
s
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s
at
is
f
ac
ti
o
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co
n
s
id
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ed
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
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&
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p
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,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
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6
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2
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3
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a
m
ea
s
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u
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in
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l
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h
e
w
is
h
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to
u
s
e
i
t
ag
ain
[
2
5
,
3
2
,
3
3
]
.
U
s
e
r
s
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f
a
c
t
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t
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h
a
s
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o
n
f
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m
e
d
w
i
d
ely
in
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e
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
.
A
l
s
h
am
s
i
,
et
a
l
.
,
[
7
]
e
x
am
in
e
d
an
d
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
th
e
s
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if
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t
s
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r
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A
s
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a
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f
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t in
f
l
u
en
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on
p
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f
o
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m
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i
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p
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2
.
3
.
P
er
f
o
rm
a
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i
m
pa
ct
(
P
I
)
T
h
e
p
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f
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m
a
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ce
i
m
p
ac
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is
t
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d
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m
ea
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u
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m
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eg
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u
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a
n
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S,
a
s
b
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in
g
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k
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asp
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t
in
th
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Delo
n
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an
d
Mc
l
ea
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S
s
u
cc
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s
s
m
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d
el
[
2
]
.
I
t
h
as
ex
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s
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e
l
y
b
ee
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t
h
e
f
o
cu
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o
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v
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tu
d
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s
i
n
th
is
d
o
m
a
in
.
A
p
ar
icio
et
al.
,
[
3
4
]
in
v
esti
g
a
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
in
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lu
e
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ce
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F
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e,
a
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am
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Ol
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a
[
3
5
]
in
P
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a
m
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ed
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e
p
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f
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.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
f
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th
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s
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y
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cr
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a
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1
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s
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at
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o
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I
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t
o
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th
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t
u
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y
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T
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s
ed
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
s
u
g
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ested
b
y
[
3
6
]
,
an
d
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p
p
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in
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e
p
r
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s
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t
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e
s
i
m
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n
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t
[
2
0
,
3
2
,
3
7
,
3
8
]
.
T
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ata
w
a
s
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llecte
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m
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[
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4
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,
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e
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le
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ize
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is
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f
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r
al
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q
u
at
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ased
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SEM
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[
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.
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lt
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r
ate
est
i
m
ate
s
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4
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]
.
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ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
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em
o
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ap
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ata
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d
en
t
s
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T
ab
le
1
.
R
esp
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en
ts
’
p
r
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iles
D
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a
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me
n
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s
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No
1
0
0
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G
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e
r
1.
M
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3
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1
%
4
6
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g
e
1.
24
-
2
9
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a
r
s
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30
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3
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r
s
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4
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n
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e
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5
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5
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9
N
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t
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l
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t
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c
a
l
2.
I
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a
t
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o
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l
6
2
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8
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Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
1.
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
2.
U
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
3.
P
o
st
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
1
8
.
4
%
6
4
.
7
%
1
6
.
9
%
O
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
1.
S
t
u
d
y
o
r
I
C
T
2.
W
o
r
k
i
n
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
3.
W
o
r
k
i
n
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
4.
O
t
h
e
r
s
3
4
.
5
%
2
8
.
0
%
2
2
.
4
%
1
5
.
1
%
O
n
l
i
n
e
se
r
v
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c
e
A
c
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e
ss
r
a
t
e
1.
D
a
i
l
y
2.
W
e
e
k
l
y
3.
M
o
n
t
h
l
y
4.
O
c
c
a
s
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
3
9
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8
%
2
2
.
9
%
2
4
.
2
%
1
3
.
1
%
S
e
ssi
o
n
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i
me
(
i
n
mi
n
u
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0
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11
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2
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3
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>
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0
3
6
.
3
%
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3
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.
9
%
2
4
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7
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
B
ased
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p
ar
tial
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ar
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(
P
L
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tical
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s
tr
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a
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d
s
tr
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ct
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r
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el
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
t
(
ex
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
)
w
as
ap
p
lied
a
f
ter
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
r
es
u
l
ts
[
4
3
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hair
et
al.
,
[
4
3
]
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
ex
a
m
i
n
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s
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co
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tr
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t
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elatio
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b
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w
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h
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co
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s
tr
u
cts
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
P
L
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tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
an
al
y
s
is
th
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s
tr
u
ctu
r
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n
d
m
ea
s
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t
m
o
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el
s
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m
u
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tan
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ly
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it
h
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t d
eg
r
ee
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
4
,
4
4
-
49]
.
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6029
4
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD)
a
n
d
m
ea
n
o
f
e
v
er
y
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
ca
le
in
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
er
e
as
k
ed
to
r
ev
ea
l
th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
e
r
v
ice
q
u
al
it
y
,
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
ac
t
b
ased
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
5
(
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
)
to
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
a
g
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
a
s
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
w
it
h
3
.
2
6
3
m
ea
n
a
n
d
SD
o
f
1
.
0
1
8
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
ms
L
o
a
d
i
n
g
(
>
0
.
5
)
M
e
a
n
SD
α
(
>
0
.
7
)
CR
(
>
0
.
7
)
A
V
E
(
>
0
.
5
)
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
(
S
ER
Q
)
S
ER
Q
_
1
S
ER
Q
_
2
S
ER
Q
_
3
0
.
9
4
3
0
.
9
3
9
0
.
9
5
8
3
.
1
8
9
1
.
1
5
7
0
.
9
4
2
0
.
9
6
3
0
.
8
9
7
U
se
r
S
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
(
S
A
T
)
S
A
T
_
1
S
A
T
_
2
S
A
T
_
3
0
.
9
3
3
0
.
9
2
6
0
.
9
3
0
3
.
1
0
9
1
.
1
0
7
0
.
9
2
2
0
.
9
5
0
0
.
8
6
5
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
I
mp
a
c
t
(
P
I
)
P
I
_
1
P
I
_
2
P
I
_
3
P
I
_
4
P
I
_
5
P
I
_
6
P
I
_
7
0
.
8
7
2
0
.
8
7
7
0
.
9
0
9
0
.
9
1
6
0
.
9
1
0
D
e
l
e
t
e
d
0
.
9
0
9
3
.
2
6
3
1
.
0
1
8
0
.
9
5
2
0
.
9
6
2
0
.
8
0
8
4
.
2
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
o
f
m
ea
s
ure
m
e
nt
m
o
del
R
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
alid
it
y
(
co
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
an
t
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
it
y
)
of
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s’
m
ea
s
u
r
m
e
n
t
s
w
er
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
i
n
th
i
s
s
ta
g
e
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
(
α
)
w
as
te
s
ted
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
each
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
cr
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
s
co
r
es
o
f
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
2
2
to
0
.
9
5
2
,
w
h
ic
h
e
x
ce
ed
ed
th
e
s
a
tis
f
ac
tio
n
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
[
5
0
-
52]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
o
r
i
n
s
p
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
il
it
y
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
i
te
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
v
alu
e
s
w
er
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
C
R
v
al
u
es
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
9
5
0
to
0
.
9
6
3
,
w
h
ich
a
ls
o
w
er
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
a
n
0
.
7
[
5
3
-
56]
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
u
s
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ili
t
y
h
as
b
ee
n
f
u
lf
i
lled
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
i
n
d
ica
to
r
r
elia
b
ilit
y
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
ex
a
m
i
n
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
.
As
p
er
Hair
et
al.
[
5
0
]
,
th
e
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
7
0
s
u
g
g
est
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
all
ite
m
s
h
av
e
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
’
v
al
u
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
7
ex
ce
p
t P
I
_
6
w
h
ic
h
was
d
r
o
p
ed
f
r
o
m
PI
s
ca
le
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
lo
w
lo
ad
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
e
c
o
n
ve
r
g
en
t
va
lid
ity
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t,
A
VE
(
a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
)
w
as
e
x
a
m
in
e
d
.
A
VE
i
s
r
ef
er
ed
as
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
an
ite
m
is
co
r
r
elate
d
p
o
s
iti
v
el
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
ite
m
s
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
A
ll
t
h
e
A
VE
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
8
0
8
to
0
.
8
9
7
,
w
h
ic
h
is
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
cr
i
ter
ia
o
f
0
.
5
0
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
a
v
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
it
y
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
w
h
ich
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
i
s
d
is
t
in
ct
a
n
d
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
n
n
o
t
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
b
y
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
is
r
e
f
er
ed
as
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
an
t
v
alid
it
y
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
an
d
Fo
r
n
el
l
-
L
ar
c
k
er
cr
iter
ia
n
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
an
t
v
alid
it
y
.
C
r
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
is
ap
p
lied
as
th
e
in
itia
l
s
tep
in
ex
a
m
i
n
in
g
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
an
t
v
alid
it
y
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
ite
m
s
’
o
u
ter
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
n
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
e
x
ce
ed
all
th
e
o
u
ter
lo
ad
in
g
s
w
i
th
o
th
er
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
h
ad
m
e
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
’
cr
o
s
s
lo
ad
in
g
s
S
ER
Q
S
A
T
PI
S
ER
Q
_
1
.
9
4
3
.
5
5
2
.
6
0
1
S
ER
Q
_
2
.
9
3
9
.
5
3
4
.
5
8
0
S
ER
Q
_
3
.
9
5
8
.
5
4
1
.
5
7
8
S
A
T
_
1
.
5
4
7
.
9
3
3
.
6
2
5
S
A
T
_
2
.
5
0
9
.
9
2
6
.
5
8
8
S
A
T
_
3
.
5
4
1
.
9
3
0
.
5
9
0
P
I
_
1
.
5
7
3
.
6
3
3
.
8
7
2
P
I
_
2
.
5
5
8
.
5
8
1
.
8
7
7
P
I
_
3
.
5
6
6
.
5
4
8
.
9
0
9
P
I
_
4
.
5
5
0
.
5
6
7
.
9
1
6
P
I
_
5
.
5
6
9
.
6
0
3
.
9
1
0
P
I
_
7
.
5
1
7
.
5
4
5
.
9
0
9
K
e
y
:
S
ER
Q
:
se
r
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
S
A
T
:
u
se
r
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
P
I
:
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
0
2
6
-
6
0
3
3
6030
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
a
n
t
v
al
i
d
it
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
c
k
er
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
t
h
at
√
A
VE
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
-
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
4
,
w
h
ic
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
t
h
at
ea
c
h
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
i
s
d
is
tin
ct
[
5
8
-
59]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hair
et
al.
,
[
4
3
]
,
th
is
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
ad
f
u
l
f
illed
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
an
t
v
al
id
it
y
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
c
k
er
cr
iter
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
1
2
3
PI
S
ER
Q
S
A
T
1
PI
0
.
8
9
9
2
S
ER
Q
0
.
6
1
9
0
.
9
4
7
3
S
A
T
0
.
6
4
7
0
.
5
7
3
0
.
9
3
0
N
o
t
e
:
H
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
s re
p
r
e
se
n
t
√
A
V
E
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
s re
p
r
e
se
n
t
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
4
.
3
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
o
f
s
t
ruct
ura
l
m
o
de
l
T
o
test
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
ese
s
,
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
o
f
ea
ch
p
at
h
i
s
e
s
ti
m
ated
u
s
i
n
g
a
P
L
S
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
5
0
0
0
r
esam
p
les.
Ver
i
f
y
in
g
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
in
v
o
lv
e
s
ca
lc
u
lati
n
g
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
(
b
eta
β),
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
-
v
alu
e
s
a
n
d
R
²
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
β
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
R
2
v
al
u
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
ce
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
ab
le
5
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
ill
u
s
t
r
ate
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
ti
g
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
te
s
ti
n
g
,
w
h
er
e
all
th
e
3
h
y
p
o
t
h
ese
s
ar
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
.
Ser
v
ice
q
u
ali
t
y
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
p
r
ed
icts
u
s
e
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
H1
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
w
it
h
(
t
p
<
0.
0
0
1
)
.
Ser
v
ic
e
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
p
r
ed
ict
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
ac
t.
He
n
ce
,
H2
an
d
H3
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
w
i
th
(
t
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
(
t
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
is
ev
al
u
ated
b
y
th
e
p
at
h
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
an
d
in
th
i
s
ca
s
e,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
t
h
e
s
tr
aig
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
ati
s
f
ac
t
io
n
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
ac
t
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
m
p
ac
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
R
²
v
al
u
e
s
s
h
o
w
ad
eq
u
ate
lev
e
l o
f
d
escr
ip
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
,
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
m
o
d
el
[
6
0
-
62]
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t r
esu
lt
s
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
si
s
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
S
t
d
B
e
t
a
S
t
d
Er
r
o
r
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
D
e
c
i
si
o
n
R²
H1
S
ER
Q
→S
A
T
0
.
5
7
3
0
.
0
3
6
1
5
.
8
0
9
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
3
3
H2
S
ER
Q
→P
I
0
.
3
7
0
0
.
0
4
4
8
.
4
3
2
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
5
1
H3
S
A
T
→
P
I
0
.
4
3
5
0
.
0
4
2
1
0
.
3
7
6
0
.
0
0
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
K
e
y
:
S
ER
Q
:
se
r
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
S
A
T
:
u
se
r
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
P
I
:
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
L
S a
lg
o
r
ith
m
r
es
u
lt
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
xa
min
in
g
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
s
ervice
q
u
a
lity,
u
s
er sa
tis
f
a
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
imp
a
c
t
...
(
A
li A
mee
n
)
6031
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Ser
v
ice
q
u
alit
y
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
s
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
i
n
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices
a
m
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
in
th
e
U
A
E
,
w
h
ic
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
[6
,
1
9
,
2
0
,
3
8
,
63
-
66]
.
I
t
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
is
ab
le
to
u
s
e
s
m
ar
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
ices
at
th
e
ti
m
e
o
r
p
lace
h
e/sh
e
w
a
n
ts
,
f
in
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
h
is
tas
k
s
,
an
d
is
ab
le
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
ter
ac
ti
v
el
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
it,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
ee
s
co
n
s
id
er
th
eir
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
a
r
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
ices to
b
e
a
w
is
e
d
ec
is
io
n
,
as it
m
ee
t
s
th
eir
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
leav
es t
h
e
m
f
ee
l
in
g
g
e
n
er
all
y
s
at
is
f
ied
.
I
t
w
a
s
al
s
o
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
ac
t.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t,
w
h
ich
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
as
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
2
,
3
3
,
3
7
,
6
7
-
69]
,
h
as
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
e
d
b
y
th
e
id
ea
th
at
w
h
en
a
s
ta
f
f
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
a
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
o
r
g
an
is
a
tio
n
is
ab
le
to
u
tili
s
e
s
m
ar
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
at
t
h
e
p
lace
o
r
ti
m
e
h
e/
s
h
e
w
is
h
es,
f
i
n
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
h
is
ta
s
k
s
,
an
d
is
a
ls
o
ab
le
to
b
e
in
to
u
c
h
in
ter
ac
ti
v
el
y
u
s
i
n
g
it,
th
e
n
th
i
s
w
ill
b
r
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
a
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
in
3
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es:
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
(
co
m
p
lete
tas
k
s
ea
s
il
y
an
d
q
u
ick
l
y
)
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ac
q
u
is
i
tio
n
(
ac
q
u
ir
e
n
e
w
s
k
ill
s
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
g
en
er
ate
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
)
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
w
it
h
clien
t
s
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
b
esid
es
d
ec
is
io
n
q
u
alit
y
an
d
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
.
I
n
th
e
lo
n
g
r
u
n
,
u
s
er
s
ati
s
f
ac
ti
o
n
w
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
l
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
ta
f
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
w
it
h
i
n
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
o
r
g
an
i
s
a
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
U
A
E
.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
p
ast
s
t
u
d
ies
[
7
0
-
72]
,
an
d
is
j
u
s
tif
ied
b
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
s
ta
f
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
i
n
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
o
r
g
an
i
s
atio
n
s
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
s
a
ti
s
f
ied
w
i
th
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
it
w
ill
m
a
k
e
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
3
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es:
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ac
q
u
ir
e
m
en
t
an
d
w
ith
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
i
th
cl
ien
t
s
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
b
esid
es d
ec
is
io
n
q
u
alit
y
an
d
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
.
6.
C
O
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
al
o
r
g
an
is
atio
n
s
o
f
U
A
E
ar
e
ah
ea
d
o
f
th
eir
r
eg
io
n
al
p
ee
r
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
it
is
tr
y
in
g
h
ar
d
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
er
v
ice
s
o
f
its
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
in
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
b
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
w
a
s
to
test
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
attr
ib
u
tes
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
o
n
u
s
er
s
at
is
f
ac
tio
n
a
s
w
ell
as
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
t
o
r
o
r
g
an
is
atio
n
s
i
n
th
e
U
A
E
.
I
t
h
a
s
o
f
f
er
ed
a
ca
s
e
to
au
t
h
en
t
icate
p
ar
ts
o
f
D
elo
n
e
&
Mc
L
ea
n
I
S
s
u
cc
es
s
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
,
d
esp
ite
v
ar
io
u
s
r
es
tr
ictio
n
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
;
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
g
iv
e
a
n
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
i
n
to
a
n
e
w
co
n
tex
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
all
th
r
ee
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
e
s
w
er
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
,
an
d
t
h
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
e
x
p
lai
n
5
1
% o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
m
p
ac
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
.
S
.
A
l
-
Ob
a
it
h
a
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
Am
e
e
n
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
P
ro
p
o
si
n
g
S
m
a
r
t
-
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
M
a
tu
rit
y
M
o
d
e
l:
Be
st
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tan
d
a
rd
s,
a
n
d
S
ix
-
S
ig
m
a
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
in
1
st
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
S
c
ien
c
e
(
ICM
HS
2
0
1
7
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
1
3
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
]
W
.
H.
De
L
o
n
e
a
n
d
E.
R
.
M
c
L
e
a
n
,
“
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
S
u
c
c
e
ss
M
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
,”
Fo
u
n
d
a
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
T
re
n
d
s
i
n
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
R.
Ch
e
u
n
g
a
n
d
D.
V
o
g
e
l,
“
P
re
d
ictin
g
u
se
r
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
o
f
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
t
iv
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
:
A
n
e
x
ten
sio
n
o
f
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
e
-
lea
rn
in
g
,
”
Co
mp
u
t
e
rs
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
on
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
0
-
1
7
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
]
W
.
Ch
e
u
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
In
tern
e
t
a
n
d
W
o
rld
W
id
e
W
e
b
u
sa
g
e
a
t
w
o
rk
:
A
tes
t
o
f
a
n
e
x
ten
d
e
d
T
rian
d
is
m
o
d
e
l,
”
De
c
is
io
n
S
u
p
p
o
rt
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
3
-
1
0
0
,
2
0
0
0
.
[5
]
M
.
K
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
it
e
ra
tu
re
d
e
riv
e
d
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
th
e
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
sh
o
p
p
in
g
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
4
3
-
5
5
9
,
2
0
0
5
.
[6
]
R.
A
l
s
h
a
m
si,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Us
a
g
e
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s
o
n
Em
p
lo
y
e
e
Ha
p
p
in
e
ss
,
”
Te
st E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
8
6
-
1
2
1
0
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
O.
A
lsh
a
m
si,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Du
b
a
i
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
n
Us
e
r
S
a
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
S
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
-
3
2
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
O.
A
lsh
a
m
si,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
Be
tt
e
r
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Du
b
a
i
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
S
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
1
0
-
3
1
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
K.
A
lg
h
a
w
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Ch
a
ra
c
teristic
s
f
o
r
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
UA
E’s
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
rv
ice
Qu
a
li
t
y
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
a
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
S
.
A
lb
re
ik
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
In
tern
a
l
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
E
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
a
n
d
S
e
rv
ice
De
li
v
e
r
y
In
f
r
a
stru
c
tu
re
o
n
t
h
e
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Ef
fe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s in
UA
E,
”
In
t
.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
a
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
1
]
S
.
A
lb
re
k
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
Kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
:
An
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
S
tu
d
y
in
UA
E
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
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Em
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rn
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3
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S
.
P
e
tt
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
s
su
c
c
e
ss
:
T
h
e
q
u
e
st
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
riab
les
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
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g
e
me
mn
t
In
f
o
rm
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t
io
n
S
y
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e
ms
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l.
2
9
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
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2
,
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0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
Y
.
A
lk
a
th
e
e
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
M
e
d
i
a
ti
o
n
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
o
n
th
e
Re
lati
o
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Big
Da
ta
Qu
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
De
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
Qu
a
li
t
y
,
”
T
e
st
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
6
5
-
1
2
0
7
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
5
]
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
M
o
d
e
ra
ti
o
n
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Us
a
g
e
o
n
th
e
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Org
a
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iza
ti
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l
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
”
T
e
st E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
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g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
1
4
-
1
2
1
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
P
.
B.
G
ian
g
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
A
li
,
“
Big
e
v
e
n
t
a
n
d
it
s
v
a
lu
e
s
to
b
u
il
d
tr
u
st
in
d
e
stin
a
ti
o
n
im
a
g
e
–
a
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
in
b
ig
c
it
ies
in
v
ietn
a
m
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Rec
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s
in
B
u
s
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ss
a
n
d
T
o
u
r
ism
,
v
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l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
S
.
S
a
lam
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Av
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
o
n
Im
p
ro
v
i
n
g
th
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
T
h
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
e
c
to
r
S
taf
f
in
L
ib
y
a
:
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
L
o
y
a
lt
y
a
s
a
M
e
d
iatin
g
V
a
ria
b
le,”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
H
u
m
an
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
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o
l.
4
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
8
]
P
.
S
u
d
h
a
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
m
u
lt
i
-
th
e
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
to
b
e
tt
e
r
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
th
e
c
o
ll
e
g
e
m
a
jo
r
c
h
o
ice
in
a
rts
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
ie
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
H
ig
h
er
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
R
.
A
lsh
a
m
si,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
th
e
M
e
d
iati
n
g
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Us
a
g
e
a
n
d
Em
p
lo
y
e
e
Ha
p
p
in
e
ss
,
”
T
e
st
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
3
3
-
1
2
2
4
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
H.
A
l
m
a
rri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
M
e
d
iatin
g
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
F
a
c
il
it
a
ti
n
g
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
o
n
T
h
e
Re
latio
n
sh
ip
Be
tw
e
e
n
A
c
tu
a
l
Us
a
g
e
o
f
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(OSN)
a
n
d
Us
e
r
S
a
ti
sf
a
c
ti
o
n
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
so
c
ia
l
Reh
a
b
il
i
ta
i
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
0
6
,
p
p
.
6
3
8
9
-
6
4
0
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
Y.
A
lk
a
th
e
e
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Big
Da
ta
o
n
th
e
Qu
a
li
ty
o
f
De
c
isio
n
-
M
a
k
in
g
in
A
b
u
Dh
a
b
i
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
Org
a
n
isa
ti
o
n
s,”
in
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
ICDM
AI
2
0
1
9
,
D
a
ta
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
A
n
a
lytics
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
-
2
4
8
,
20
19
.
[2
2
]
A
.
Ha
d
d
a
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Re
a
d
in
e
ss
o
n
t
h
e
Big
Da
ta
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
Am
o
n
g
UA
E
Org
a
n
isa
ti
o
n
s,”
in
Da
t
a
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
A
n
a
lytics
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
-
2
6
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
3
]
A
.
P
a
ra
su
ra
m
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Co
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
S
e
rv
ic
e
Qu
a
li
ty
a
n
d
It’s
I
m
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
F
u
t
u
re
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
1
-
5
0
,
1
9
8
5
.
[2
4
]
S
.
P
e
tt
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
a
su
rin
g
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
su
c
c
e
ss
:
m
o
d
e
ls,
d
im
e
n
sio
n
s,
m
e
a
su
re
s,
a
n
d
in
te
rre
latio
n
sh
i
p
s,”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
-
2
6
3
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
5
]
O.
Ok
tal,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
tern
a
l
u
se
r
sa
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
o
f
th
e
e
-
ju
stice
s
y
ste
m
s
in
T
u
rk
e
y
,
”
Asli
b
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
1
6
-
7
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
6
]
R
.
A
l
-
Dh
a
m
a
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
re
a
u
d
it
c
o
m
m
it
te
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic
s
i
m
p
o
rta
n
t
to
t
h
e
in
tern
a
l
a
u
d
it
b
u
d
g
e
t
in
M
a
lay
si
a
n
f
ir
m
s
?
”
Co
n
ta
d
u
ria
y
Ad
m
i
n
istra
c
io
n
,
Acc
o
u
n
ti
n
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
21
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
7
]
M
.
S
.
A
fsh
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
u
d
it
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
c
lo
su
re
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
m
is
sta
te
m
e
n
ts,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Acc
o
u
n
t
in
g
in
Eme
rg
i
n
g
Eco
n
o
mie
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
-
2
5
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
8
]
B.
A
.
A
l
-
Ga
m
rh
a
n
d
R.
A
.
A
l
-
Dh
a
m
a
ri,
“
F
irm
c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
risti
c
s
a
n
d
c
o
r
p
o
ra
te
so
c
ial
re
sp
o
n
si
b
il
it
y
d
isc
lo
su
re
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
4
2
8
3
-
4
2
9
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
9
]
R.
A
.
A
l
-
Dh
a
m
a
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Bo
a
rd
d
iv
e
rsit
y
a
n
d
c
o
r
p
o
ra
te
p
a
y
o
u
t
p
o
li
c
y
:
Do
f
re
e
c
a
sh
f
lo
w
a
n
d
o
w
n
e
rsh
i
p
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
m
a
tt
e
r?
”
Co
rp
o
ra
te
Own
e
rs
h
ip
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
-
3
8
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
0
]
B.
A
l
-
Ga
m
rh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
c
o
rp
o
ra
te
g
o
v
e
rn
a
n
c
e
stre
n
g
th
in
c
risis
a
n
d
non
-
c
risis
ti
m
e
s,”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
Eco
n
o
mic
s
,
v
o
l.
5
0
,
n
o
.
5
8
,
p
p
.
6
2
6
3
-
6
2
8
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
1
]
I.
A
lraja
wy
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
e
F
a
c
to
rs
In
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
In
te
n
ti
o
n
to
u
se
M
o
b
i
le
L
e
a
rn
in
g
in
Ye
m
e
n
P
u
b
li
c
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s,”
Asia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
2
9
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
2
]
A
.
Am
e
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
term
in
in
g
Un
d
e
rly
in
g
F
a
c
to
rs
th
a
t
I
n
f
lu
e
n
c
e
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
Us
a
g
e
Am
o
n
g
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
to
r
Em
p
lo
y
e
e
s
in
th
e
U
A
E
,
”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
f
Relia
b
le
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
p
.
9
4
5
-
9
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
3
]
A
.
A
m
e
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
S
h
a
rin
g
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
Ch
a
n
g
e
w
it
h
in
A
b
u
Dh
a
b
i
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Oil
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
Hu
m
an
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
3
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
4
]
M
.
A
p
a
ricio
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
rit
in
t
h
e
p
a
th
to
e
-
lea
rn
in
g
su
c
c
e
ss
,
”
Co
mp
u
t
e
rs
in
H
u
ma
n
Beh
a
v
io
r
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
p
p
.
3
8
8
-
3
9
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
5
]
C.
T
a
m
a
n
d
T
.
Oliv
e
ira,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
De
Lo
n
e
&
M
c
L
e
a
n
a
n
d
T
T
F
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
in
Hu
m
a
n
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
-
2
4
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
6
]
B.
C.
L
e
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
e
a
rn
e
rs’
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
o
f
e
-
lea
rn
in
g
in
S
o
u
th
Ko
re
a
:
T
h
e
o
ries
a
n
d
re
su
lt
s,”
Co
mp
u
t
e
r
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
0
-
1
3
2
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
7
]
A
.
Am
e
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
Ke
y
F
a
c
to
rs
In
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
Us
e
o
f
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
i
n
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
to
r
Co
n
tex
t
i
n
t
h
e
UA
E,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
9
2
-
4
1
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[3
8
]
H.
A
l
m
a
rri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
tec
e
d
e
n
ts
A
n
d
Ou
tco
m
e
s
o
f
On
li
n
e
S
o
c
ial
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
(OSN)
Us
a
g
e
a
m
o
n
g
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
to
r
Em
p
lo
y
e
e
s,”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Psy
c
h
o
s
o
c
ia
l
Re
h
a
b
il
it
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
0
6
,
p
p
.
6
3
7
3
-
6
3
8
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[3
9
]
R.
V
Kre
jcie
a
n
d
D.
W
.
M
o
rg
a
n
,
“
De
ter
m
in
in
g
sa
m
p
le
siz
e
f
o
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
M
e
a
s
u
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
p
p
.
6
0
7
-
6
1
0
,
1
9
7
0
.
[4
0
]
B.
G
.
T
a
b
a
c
h
n
ick
a
n
d
L
.
S
.
F
i
d
e
ll
,
“
Us
in
g
M
u
lt
iv
a
riate
S
tatisti
c
s
,
”
6
th
e
d
.
Pea
rs
o
n
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
1
]
C.
M
.
Ri
n
g
le,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
m
a
rtP
L
S
3
.
Bo
e
n
n
in
g
ste
d
t:
S
m
a
rtP
L
S
,”
2
0
1
5
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
s
m
a
rtp
ls.co
m
[4
2
]
D.
W
.
Ba
rc
la
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
(
P
L
S
)
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
c
a
u
sa
l
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
:
P
e
rso
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
a
n
d
u
se
a
s a
n
il
lu
stra
ti
o
n
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
-
3
0
9
,
1
9
9
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[4
3
]
J.
F
.
Ha
ir,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
P
rime
r
o
n
P
a
rti
a
l
L
e
a
st
S
q
u
a
re
s
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
E
q
u
a
ti
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
(P
L
S
-
S
E
M
)
,
”
2
n
d
e
d
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
T
h
o
u
sa
n
d
O
a
k
s
,
S
A
G
E
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
4
]
O.
Isa
a
c
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Us
e
f
u
ln
e
ss
,
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Eas
e
o
f
Us
e
,
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Co
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
,
a
n
d
Ne
t
Be
n
e
f
it
s:
a
n
e
m
p
iri
c
a
l
stu
d
y
o
f
in
tern
e
t
u
sa
g
e
a
m
o
n
g
e
m
p
lo
y
e
e
s
in
Y
e
m
e
n
,
”
in
T
h
e
7
th
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Po
stg
ra
d
u
a
t
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
ICPE
7
)
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
-
9
1
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
5
]
A
.
Al
-
M
u
ll
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
n
sio
n
s,
M
e
r
g
e
P
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
S
h
a
rin
g
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
Ch
a
n
g
e
:
T
h
e
Co
n
tex
t
o
f
A
b
u
Dh
a
b
i
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
O
il
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
ie
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
7
-
2
5
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
6
]
P
.
Ba
sto
la,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
E
-
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Ac
tu
a
l
Us
e
o
n
th
e
N
e
t
Be
n
e
f
it
a
m
o
n
g
P
u
b
li
c
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
S
tu
d
e
n
ts
i
n
Ne
p
a
l,
”
in
2
2
n
d
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
T
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
(
IT
AM
),
p
p
.
1
5
8
-
1
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
7
]
O.
Isa
a
c
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
Be
tw
e
e
n
Ov
e
ra
ll
Q
u
a
li
ty
,
Us
e
r
S
a
ti
s
fa
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
tern
e
t
Us
a
g
e
:
A
n
In
teg
ra
ted
In
d
iv
id
u
a
l,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l,
Org
a
n
iza
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
S
o
c
ia
l
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
Asia
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
2
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
8
]
O.
Isa
a
c
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
a
Be
tt
e
r
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
f
In
tern
e
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Us
a
g
e
b
y
Ye
m
e
n
i
Em
p
lo
y
e
e
s
in
th
e
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
to
r:
A
n
Ex
ten
sio
n
o
f
th
e
Tas
k
-
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
F
it
(TT
F
)
M
o
d
e
l,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
l
ie
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
2
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
9
]
I.
A
lraja
wy
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
i
n
Ye
m
e
n
P
u
b
li
c
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s:
F
a
c
to
rs
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
S
tu
d
e
n
t’s
I
n
ten
ti
o
n
to
Us
e
,
”
in
T
h
e
7
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Po
stg
ra
d
u
a
te E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
ICPE
7
)
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
-
1
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
0
]
V
.
R.
Ka
n
n
a
n
a
a
n
d
K
.
C.
T
a
n
,
“
Ju
st
in
ti
m
e
,
to
tal
q
u
a
li
ty
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
a
in
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t:
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
ir
li
n
k
a
g
e
s a
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
b
u
si
n
e
ss
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
Om
e
g
a
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
-
1
6
2
,
2
0
0
5
.
[5
1
]
F
.
A
l
-
Ob
th
a
n
i
a
n
d
A
.
Am
e
e
n
,
“
In
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
Ov
e
ra
ll
Qu
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
n
A
c
tu
a
l
U
sa
g
e
o
f
S
m
a
rt
G
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t:
A
n
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
S
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
UA
E
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
to
r,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
a
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
-
1
4
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
2
]
B.
A
.
A
ln
e
y
a
d
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
ra
t
in
g
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Or
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
Cu
l
tu
re
o
n
Re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
T
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
Ca
p
it
a
l:
A
n
E
m
p
iri
c
a
l
S
tu
d
y
o
n
P
u
b
li
c
S
e
c
to
r
o
f
UA
E,
”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
i
n
g
and
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
a
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
3
]
C.
E.
W
e
rts,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
trac
las
s
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
e
sti
m
a
t
e
s:
Tes
ti
n
g
stru
c
tu
ra
l
a
ss
u
m
p
ti
o
n
s,”
E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
M
e
a
s
u
re
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
3
3
,
1
9
7
4
.
[5
4
]
R.
B.
Klin
e
,
“
P
rin
c
i
p
les
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
o
f
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
”
3
rd
e
d
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
T
h
e
Gu
il
fo
rd
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
5
]
D.
G
e
f
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
re
g
re
ss
io
n
:
G
u
id
e
li
n
e
s
f
o
r
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
”
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
Asso
c
ia
t
io
n
fo
r
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
9
,
2
0
0
0
.
[5
6
]
D.
G
e
f
e
n
a
n
d
D.
S
trau
b
,
“
T
h
e
Re
lativ
e
Im
p
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
Eas
e
o
f
Us
e
in
IS
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
:
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
E
-
Co
m
m
e
r
c
e
A
d
o
p
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
f
o
r In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
8
,
2
0
0
0
.
[5
7
]
J.
F
.
Ha
ir,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
u
lt
iv
a
riate
Da
ta A
n
a
l
y
sis
,”
Pea
rs
o
n
Ne
w
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Ed
it
io
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
8
]
C.
S.
Ch
e
n
,
“
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
risk
,
u
sa
g
e
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
b
a
n
k
in
g
se
rv
ice
s,”
M
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
S
e
rv
ice
Qu
a
l
it
y
:
An
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
1
0
-
4
3
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
9
]
G
.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
tea
m
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
ied
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
-
3
4
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
0
]
L
.
Co
h
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Re
se
a
rc
h
M
e
th
o
d
s in
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Ro
u
tl
e
d
g
e
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
1
]
S
.
Co
h
e
n
a
n
d
N.
Ka
ime
n
a
k
is,
“
I
n
tellec
tu
a
l
Ca
p
it
a
l
a
n
d
Co
r
p
o
ra
t
e
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
-
In
ten
siv
e
S
M
Es,
”
L
e
a
rn
in
g
Or
g
a
n
iz
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
4
1
-
2
6
2
,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
2
]
G
.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
n
f
li
c
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
Ef
fe
c
ti
v
e
T
o
p
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
T
e
a
m
s
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
t
u
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
7
-
3
0
0
,
2
0
0
5
.
[6
3
]
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
(
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
P
ro
c
e
ss
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
A
d
m
in
istrativ
e
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
)
On
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
”
T
e
st
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
0
1
-
1
2
1
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[6
4
]
G
.
S
.
A
.
K.
S
.
A
lsh
a
m
si,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
T
ra
n
s
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
e
a
d
e
rsh
ip
o
n
Org
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
:
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
e
c
to
r
o
f
P
a
k
istan
,
”
T
e
st E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
8
3
-
1
4
7
9
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[6
5
]
Y.
A
lk
a
th
e
e
ri,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Qu
a
li
ty
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
In
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
S
y
ste
m
s
o
n
De
c
isio
n
M
a
k
in
g
Qu
a
li
ty
,
”
T
e
st E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
7
5
-
1
2
0
8
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[6
6
]
A
.
A
lt
h
u
n
ib
a
t,
“
De
term
in
in
g
th
e
fa
c
to
rs
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
stu
d
e
n
ts’
in
ten
ti
o
n
t
o
u
se
m
-
lea
rn
in
g
in
Jo
rd
a
n
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s in
Hu
ma
n
Beh
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
-
7
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
7
]
A
.
Am
e
e
n
a
n
d
K.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
To
w
a
rd
s
Ha
rn
e
ss
in
g
F
in
a
n
c
ial
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
in
Re
d
u
c
in
g
Co
rru
p
t
io
n
:
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
S
trate
g
i
e
s,”
Au
stra
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
a
sic
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
ied
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
5
0
0
-
5
0
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[6
8
]
A.
Am
e
e
n
a
n
d
K.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
A
Co
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
o
f
F
in
a
n
c
ial
In
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
to
re
d
u
c
e
c
o
rru
p
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
r
ica
l
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ied
In
f
o
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
-
7
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
9
]
A
.
Am
e
e
n
a
n
d
K.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
T
h
e
Ro
le
o
f
F
i
n
a
n
c
e
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
in
a
n
t
i
f
in
a
n
c
ial
c
o
rr
u
p
ti
o
n
s
:
A
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
re
v
ie
w
,
”
in
1
1
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICRII
S
’1
1
)
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
-
272
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
0
]
M
.
He
ffe
rn
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
lo
rin
g
th
e
HRM
-
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
:
t
h
e
ro
le
o
f
c
r
e
a
ti
v
it
y
c
li
m
a
t
e
a
n
d
stra
teg
y
,
”
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
Rela
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
3
8
-
4
6
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
1
]
L
.
P
a
ra
-
G
o
n
z
á
lez
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
e
ff
e
c
ts
b
e
twe
e
n
tran
sf
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
a
n
d
o
rg
a
n
iza
t
io
n
a
l
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
”
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
Rela
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
2
-
4
3
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
2
]
K.
Da
rte
y
-
Ba
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