Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
5
,
Octo
be
r
2020
,
pp.
4937
~
4955
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
5
.
pp4937
-
49
55
4937
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Integr
atin
g I
S su
ccess m
od
el with
c
yb
ersec
urity
f
actors
for
e
-
go
vernm
ent i
mp
lementation
in
the
K
in
gd
om o
f
Saudi
Arab
ia
Moham
med
S
aeed
Al
-
Z
ah
r
an
i
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Networ
k
s a
nd
Com
m
unic
a
ti
ons
,
Coll
ege of
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
e an
d
Inform
at
ion
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
King
Faisal Unive
rsit
y
,
Saudi
Arabi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
2
9,
20
20
Re
vised
Feb
29, 2
020
Accepte
d
Ma
r
22
, 202
0
The
el
e
ct
ron
ic
g
over
nm
ent
(E
-
G
ov)
s
y
st
ems
are
cur
ren
t
l
y
ge
tt
ing
rec
ogn
ize
d
as
an
aut
h
ent
i
c
strat
egica
lly
t
ool
in
del
ive
ri
ng
E
-
services.
Consideri
ng
the
dev
el
opm
en
t
of
informati
on
s
y
stem
(
IS)
as
well
as
th
e
ex
pandi
ng
of
the
interne
t
-
b
ase
d
appl
icati
ons
in
KS
A,
E
-
Gov
ha
s
al
wa
y
s
be
en
a
signifi
c
ant
aspe
ct
in
d
el
iv
eri
ng
gover
nm
e
nta
l
servi
ce
s.
Thi
s
rese
ar
ch
has
adopt
e
d
the
(IS)
succ
ess
m
odel
b
y
both
DeL
one
and
McLe
an
(D&M),
m
ore
over
,
it
adopt
ed
techn
olog
y
a
cc
ep
ta
n
c
e
m
odel
(
TA
M)
with
c
y
ber
se
cu
rity
f
ac
tors
,
both
m
odel
s
were
implemente
d
t
o
discove
r
the
st
at
us
of
the
IS
succ
ess
then
inve
stigate
c
y
b
e
rsec
urity
aspe
cts
tha
t
i
m
pac
t
t
he
servic
e
eff
iciency
and
eff
ective
n
ess
in
KS
A.
Consequent
l
y
,
th
is
rese
arch
ai
m
s
to
cre
at
e
a
m
odel
to
i
nvesti
ga
te
th
e
IS
succ
ess
m
o
del
al
ong
with
c
y
b
erse
cur
i
t
y
fac
tors
th
a
t
infl
uen
ce
E
-
Gov
servic
e
s
ef
fecti
vene
ss
and
usag
e.
Th
ere
for
e,
a
surve
y
h
as
bee
n
applied
as
the
m
aj
or
dat
a
gat
her
ing
appr
oac
h;
th
e
survey
has
been
distri
bute
d
among
211
users
o
f
E
-
Gov
serv
ice
s
consiste
ntly
.
Moreove
r,
al
l
res
ea
rch
f
i
ndings
were
at
t
ai
ned
throug
h
a
quant
i
ta
t
i
ve
m
et
hod
using
the
stru
ct
ura
l
equ
at
ion
m
odel
li
ng
(S
EM).
Findings
rev
e
al
e
d
tha
t
the
constru
ct
s
funda
m
ental
of
th
e
(IS)
su
cc
ess
m
odel
ar
e
strong
l
y
infl
uen
ci
ng
user
s'
sat
isfa
ct
ion
(
US
)
of
the
E
-
Gov
servic
e
s
;
cor
r
espondingly
,
the
funda
m
ental construc
ts f
a
ct
or
s of
c
y
ber
se
cur
ity
with
TAM a
pp
ea
r
to
hav
e
a
strong
impac
t
s
on
per
ceive
d
risk
(PR),
in
addi
ti
on
,
both
which
aff
ec
t
the
E
-
Gov servic
e
s
towar
ds usag
e
and effect
iv
ene
s
s
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cy
ber
sec
ur
it
y
f
act
ors
E
-
g
ov
e
ff
ect
iv
eness
IS
s
uccess
m
od
el
Pr
ivacy
Ser
vice
q
ualit
y
TAM
W
i
de
a
rea
net
work
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
m
ed
Saeed
Al
-
Za
hr
a
ni
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Net
works a
nd Co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
Coll
ege
of
C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nc
e an
d Inform
ation
Tech
nolo
gy
,
King Faisal
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
P.O.Bo
x:
400 Alhasa
31
982,
Saudi A
ra
bia.
Em
a
il
:
m
al
zahr
ani@
kfu.
e
du.s
a
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
co
re
idea
of
Ele
ct
ronic
governm
ent
(E
-
G
ov)
ba
sed
on
us
i
ng
in
f
or
m
at
ion
te
chn
ol
og
y
(
IT),
as
well
as
the
(I
S
).
F
or
inst
ance;
the
inter
net
us
a
ge,
wi
de
area
ne
tw
ork
(
WAN
),
in
add
it
io
n
to
m
ob
il
e
com
pu
ti
ng
to
e
xten
d
al
l
op
e
ra
ti
on
s
that
are
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
by
gove
r
nm
ent
as
well
as
prov
i
di
ng
both
or
gan
i
zat
ion
s
and
i
nd
i
viduals
with
m
or
e
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
acce
s
sibil
it
y
to
the
need
e
d
se
rv
ic
e
s
and
i
nfor
m
at
ion
[1
]
.
T
he
prob
le
m
of
t
his
resea
rc
h
is
ad
dressi
ng
the
co
ns
ide
rs
to
be
a
ne
w
gove
r
n
m
ental
tech
nolo
gy
to
fa
ci
li
ta
te
,
su
pport
then
autom
at
e
op
er
at
ion
s
am
on
g
it
sel
f
and
both
businesse
s
and
c
on
sti
tue
nt
s,
or
oth
er
governm
ents
[2
]
;
it
is
unf
or
tu
nate
th
at
,
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
c
ountries
t
he
dif
fusio
n
proces
s
co
ntinues
to
rem
ai
n
s
low
incl
ud
i
ng
KSA.
Mor
e
ov
e
r,
thi
s
IT
diffusi
on
gap
am
on
g
bo
t
h
de
velo
pin
g
a
nd
dev
el
op
e
d
co
untrie
s
cou
ld
be
cau
sed
by
the
di
ff
e
ren
ce
s
on
s
ocio
-
ec
onom
ic
wh
ic
h
pr
e
ve
nt
the
acce
ssibil
it
y
t
o
I
T.
C
onsec
utively
,
v
a
riat
ion
s
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
37
-
49
55
4938
edu
cat
io
n
rate
s
or
the
inca
pa
bili
ty
us
e
of
IT
m
igh
t
be
the
m
ai
n
reaso
n
fo
r
t
his
gap
t
o
occ
ur.
E
-
Gov
is
a
n
essenti
al
facto
r
of
a
ny
go
vern
m
ent
m
od
er
nizat
ion
,
ai
m
ing
to
en
ha
nce
the
accounta
bili
ty
,
trans
par
e
ncy,
an
d
decen
t
go
vern
ance;
helpi
ng
the
gove
r
nm
ent
to
be
furthe
r
r
esult
-
ori
ente
d,
m
or
e
eff
ect
ive
and
ci
ti
zen
-
ce
nt
re
d
in
K
SA
;
besi
de
s
al
lowi
ng
bo
th
busi
nesses
and
ci
ti
zens
t
o
easi
ly
acce
ss
inf
or
m
at
ion
be
sides
gove
rn
m
ental
serv
ic
es
a
s
e
ff
ic
ie
ntly
an
d
eff
ect
ively
a
s
possible
t
hroug
h
the
i
nte
rn
et
a
nd
any
ad
diti
on
al
s
uitable
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
c
hannels
[3
]
.
E
-
G
ovs
a
re
ge
tt
ing
m
or
e
m
ome
ntu
m
in
num
ero
us
c
ountr
ie
s
due
to
it
s
su
it
abili
ty
and
eff
ic
ie
ncy
beyo
nd
seve
ra
l
public
ser
vices
co
ntexts.
It
giv
es
ci
ti
zens
the
abili
ty
of
hav
i
ng
great
e
r
inf
orm
ation
acce
ss,
i
m
pr
ovin
g
ser
vice
delive
ry,
trans
par
e
ncy
prom
oting
,
a
long
with
inc
reasin
g
pu
blic
governm
ent
aff
ai
rs
par
ti
ci
patio
n
[
4,
5].
I
T
us
ag
e
var
i
ous
gove
rn
m
ental
sect
or
e
xte
nd
s
gre
at
pros
pects
f
or
im
pr
ovin
g
serv
ic
e
qu
al
it
y
(S
eQ
)
and
pro
fici
enc
y
besides
re
du
ci
ng
the
gove
r
nm
ental
op
erat
ing
e
xp
e
ns
e.
Op
e
rati
onal
co
m
bin
ed
with
E
ff
ic
ie
nt
E
-
Go
v
sim
plifi
es
great
er
a
nd
furthe
r
ef
fecti
ve
way
in
in
for
m
at
ion
delive
r
y
besides
pr
ovidin
g
serv
ic
es
am
ong
ci
ti
zens,
pr
om
ot
ing
pro
duc
ti
vity
beyon
d
public
ser
van
t
s,
ins
pires
go
ve
rn
m
ent
par
ti
ci
pation
a
m
on
g
ci
ti
zen
s,
as
well
as
em
po
wer
in
g
al
l
ci
ti
zens
[6
]
.
Nev
e
r
thele
ss
,
the
dif
f
us
ed
m
al
functi
on
of
E
-
Gov
app
li
cat
io
n
in
dicat
es
that
E
-
G
ov
fr
e
quent
ly
create
s
un
s
ophisti
cat
ed
enth
us
ia
sm
[7
]
.
Moreove
r,
a
m
on
g
dev
el
op
e
d
c
ou
ntries
f
or
i
ns
ta
nce
Ca
na
da,
t
he
U.
S
.,
al
on
g
with
Finla
nd
is
ye
t
le
ading
th
e
E
-
G
ov
fiel
d
a
m
on
g
the
wo
rld.
T
he
age
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
prom
is
es
of
a
powe
r
f
ul
and
in
novat
ive
weapo
n
am
on
g
the
devel
op
in
g
countries
arse
nals.
De
velo
pi
ng
c
ountries
a
re
strugglin
g
a
gainst
poli
ti
cal,
econom
ic
,
and
so
ci
al
chall
eng
e
s.
Accor
dingly
,
E
-
G
ov
platfo
r
m
s
deliver
a
possibil
it
y
for
a
dd
it
io
nal
go
ve
rn
a
nce
to
both
business
an
d
ci
ti
zen
con
t
rib
ution
in
the
governm
ent,
w
hich
m
igh
t
create
le
ss
so
ci
al
influ
e
nce
than
w
hat
is
ha
pp
e
ning
in
W
est
ern
countries.
Co
nse
qu
ently
,
ad
di
ti
on
al
ly
,
it
is
cru
ci
al
to
in
vest
igate
both
im
plica
ti
on
s
al
ong
with
the
im
pact
of
E
-
G
ov a
rou
nd
dev
el
op
i
ng c
ountries
[8
]
.
In
Sp
it
e
o
f
E
-
Gov
init
ia
ti
ves
po
te
ntial
,
it
s
adoptio
n
a
nd
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
sti
ll
hav
e
a
quantit
y
of
chall
enges.
F
or
i
ns
ta
nce
,
pr
e
vious
li
te
r
at
ur
e
repo
rted
that
pract
ic
es
thr
ough
E
-
G
ov
init
ia
ti
ves
as
‘unm
a
nag
eable
’
or
‘ch
a
otic’
[9
]
.
Eve
n
w
it
h
sever
al
ini
ti
at
ives
at
var
iou
s
sta
ge
s
of
bo
th
gove
rnm
ent
pr
act
it
ion
e
rs'
and
academ
ic
confere
nces
on
E
-
G
ov
acr
os
s
the
gl
ob
e
[
10
]
.
Als
o,
m
any
cases
of
ina
de
qu
at
e
web
sit
es
design
a
nd
seve
r
al
chall
eng
es
that
app
ea
re
d
to
em
erg
e
a
m
on
g
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
c
onsu
m
ers.
Con
se
quently
,
the
ef
fici
ent
ut
il
iz
at
ion
of
e
va
luati
ve
m
et
ho
ds
towa
rds
dete
rm
ining
the
w
ebsite
s
qual
it
y
cou
l
d
i
m
pr
ove
the
ef
ficacy
of
these web
sit
es,
t
hu
s p
ers
ua
de
us
e
rs
to
util
iz
e
the
m
[11].
Th
us
,
t
he
determ
ined
reasons
for
this
are privacy
issues
,
tr
us
t
issues
,
sec
uri
ty
con
ce
rn
s
, an
d
risk
facto
r
s
[12].
N
eve
rth
el
ess,
m
any
add
it
ion
al
factors
m
entioned
by
[
13
]
l
ike;
infl
uen
ci
ng
E
-
G
ov
us
a
ge
(E
U)
by
ci
t
iz
ens.
T
houg
h
E
-
Gov
is
ge
tt
ing
wides
pr
ea
d
in
add
it
io
n
to
ha
ve
a
hi
gh
in
fl
uen
ce
upon
pe
op
le
'
s
li
ves
al
ongs
i
de
orga
ni
zat
ion
s
perfor
m
ance,
ye
t
i
t
is
far
as
of
accom
plishin
g
it
s
pu
r
po
se
as
a
un
ive
r
sal
el
ect
rical
m
ark
et
place
be
sides
accom
plishing
eff
ic
ie
ncy
within
t
he
pr
oc
ess,
m
or
e
spe
ci
fical
ly
a
m
ong
Arabia
n
nations
[
14]
.
Re
fer
ri
ng
to
E
-
Gov
dev
el
op
m
ent
s
ta
tus,
it
is
c
onsidere
d
to
be
c
ru
ci
al
to
ye
t
ac
hieve
a
c
om
pr
ehensi
ve
m
et
ho
d
set
that
sim
plifie
s
the
m
os
t
su
it
able
i
m
pr
ove
m
ents
identific
at
ion
in
pe
r
form
ance
after
the
te
chnol
og
ic
al
inno
va
ti
on
’s
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
su
c
h
as
E
-
Gov
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
.
T
he
(
IS
)
su
ccess
m
easur
em
ent
or
e
f
fici
ency
was
and
sti
ll
broa
dly
exam
i
ned
th
r
ough
th
e
com
m
u
nity
of
I
S
resea
rch
[15];
nev
ert
he
le
ss,
theo
rists
ye
t
are
facing
so
m
e
issues
of
wh
ic
h
co
nce
pts
be
st
determ
ine
IS
su
cces
s
[
16
]
.
Co
ns
eq
ue
ntly
,
the
m
ai
n
aim
of
this
r
ese
arch
i
s
dev
el
op
i
ng
a
m
od
el
to
inv
est
igate
the
m
od
el
of
(I
S
)
su
cc
ess
al
ong
with
cy
be
rsecuri
ty
factors,
w
hich
aff
ect
E
-
G
ov
public s
erv
ic
e e
ff
ect
iv
eness
al
ong wi
th it
s u
sa
ge
i
n KS
A.
King
dom
Of
Saudi
Ar
a
bia
(K
S
A
)
E
-
Gov
.
This
resea
rch
ta
rg
et
ed
the
(K
S
A
)
as
it
i
s
a
gr
eat
ly
prom
inent
devel
op
in
g
ec
onom
y
a
m
on
g
the
Mi
dd
le
East
c
om
bin
ed
with
North
Africa
(
MENA
)
ar
ea,
wh
i
c
h
has
bee
n
in
ves
ti
ng
gr
eat
ly
wi
thin
the
E
-
G
ov
fiel
d.
Like
wis
e,
com
par
in
g
t
o
oth
e
r
de
vel
opin
g
ec
onom
ies,
K
SA
h
ol
ds
a
s
pecific
co
nce
ntrati
on
upon
deliveri
ng
go
vernm
ent
ser
vice
sect
or
by
el
ect
ronic
m
eans
[
11
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
there
wa
s
no
sign
ific
a
nt
pro
gr
ess
has
bee
n
accom
plishe
d
relat
ed
to
E
-
G
ov
de
velo
pm
ents.
Further
m
or
e,
i
n
20
16
the
U
ni
te
d
Nati
ons
re
ported
that
KSA
was
rated
in
the
44
t
h
am
ong
th
e
li
st
com
par
in
g
to
the
36t
h
th
at
was
hel
d
on
20
14
al
on
g
with
41
st
in
that
wa
s
held
on
20
12
[17].
Wh
il
st
earli
er
researc
h
reg
a
rd
i
ng
E
-
G
ov
us
e
in the KS
A
is
m
ai
nly fo
cus
es
on iss
ues
li
ke
E
-
G
ov tech
nolog
ie
s
accepta
nc
e am
on
g
ci
ti
zen
[18, 1
9].
More
ov
e
r,
a
doptin
g
m
or
e
us
a
ble
m
e
thods
re
ga
rd
i
ng
dig
it
al
trans
form
ation
be
s
ides
the
I
T
env
i
ronm
ent
in
gen
e
ral
[20],
dev
el
op
m
ent
in
secu
rity
transacti
on
al
ong
with
IT
nece
ss
it
y
fo
r
trai
ning
a
m
on
g
gove
rn
m
ental
workers
[
21
]
,
assessm
ents
of
gove
r
nm
ental
web
sit
es
am
ong
the
sta
te
[
11
]
,
as
well
as
st
udyi
ng
the
fact
or
s
tha
t
hav
e
hi
nd
e
re
d
the
ap
plica
ti
on
an
d
acc
ompli
sh
m
ent
of
t
he
gove
rn
m
ent'
s
plans
al
ong
wit
h
visio
n
[
22
]
.
W
hile
KS
A
gove
rn
m
ent
is
sp
en
ding
co
ns
ide
ra
ble
fun
ds
to
ini
ti
at
e
in
the
appl
i
cat
ion
of
E
-
G
ov
i
n
order
to
re
-
st
ru
ct
ur
e
their
proce
dures,
howe
ve
r,
t
he
po
i
nt
wh
e
re
t
h
ese
i
nv
e
ntio
ns
act
ually
su
pp
or
t
the
businesses
industry
to
en
han
ce
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
their
proce
dures
ye
t
requires
f
ur
t
he
r
inv
est
igati
on
[
23
]
.
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
s
l
i
nk
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
m
t
o
m
e
e
t
o
r
e
v
e
n
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
c
l
i
e
n
t
s
'
a
n
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
o
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
Pr
ese
nt li
te
ratur
e seem
s
to
inv
est
igate
in
wh
a
t way E
-
Gov
init
ia
ti
v
es cou
l
d
en
han
ce the
serv
ic
e cha
ract
erist
ic
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
In
te
gr
atin
g I
S su
ccess
mo
del
wi
th cyb
ersec
uri
ty
factors
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d S
ae
ed
Al
-
Zahr
ani
)
4939
of
E
-
G
ov
li
ke;
serv
ic
e
qu
al
it
y
(S
eQ
),
in
f
or
m
at
ion
qual
it
y
(IQ)
,
a
nd
syst
em
qu
al
it
y
(S
Q
)
[
25
]
.
Howe
ver,
so
m
e
researc
hes,
ba
s
ed
in
our
know
le
dg
e,
ha
ve
ass
ociat
ed
t
hese
a
ppr
oach
es
c
harac
te
risti
cs
with
(IS)
su
cce
ss
m
od
el
e.g
.
,
SeQ
,
IQ,
SQ
,
with
US
;
add
it
io
nally
,
cy
ber
sec
ur
it
y
factor
s
with
T
A
M
m
od
el
e.g
.,
per
cei
ved
ris
k
(P
R),
per
cei
ved priv
acy
(
PP
),
a
nd
pe
rceive
d
sec
ur
i
ty
(
PS) o
f
E
-
G
ov servic
es i
n KS
A.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MO
DEL A
N
D
H
YP
OTHE
SES D
E
VEL
OPME
NT
2.1.
The
oret
i
cal
b
ackgro
un
d
The
IS
s
uccess
m
od
el
is
an
add
it
io
nal
valua
ble
theo
reti
cal
basis
to
ex
plor
e
the
con
ti
nuat
ion
use
of
IS
[
26
]
.
F
ur
the
rm
or
e,
Hs
u,
C
hiu
,
a
nd
Ju
[
27]
exam
ined
th
e
sign
ific
a
nce
of
I
S
su
cce
ss
m
od
el
three
qual
it
y
con
ce
pts
in
or
der
t
o
rec
ogni
ze
the
co
ntin
uous
intent
be
ha
viour
of
the
I
S:
SeQ,
I
Q,
a
nd
SQ.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
tho
se
c
on
ce
pts
al
low
the
qua
li
ty
E
-
Go
v
se
r
vice
to
be
eva
luate
d.
DeLon
e
and
Mc
Lea
n
[28],
DeL
on
e
and
Mc
Lean
[
26]
identifie
d
the
qual
it
y
as
an
ev
idence
of
it
s
qual
it
y
in
a
syst
e
m
'
s
whole
pe
rfor
m
ance
an
d
thu
s
,
it
cou
ld
be
ev
al
uated
by
in
di
vid
uals'
ex
peri
ences.
Si
nce
consum
ers
are
anonym
ou
s
in
the
inte
racti
on
s
of
E
-
G
ov,
t
he
I
Q
of
t
hese
syst
e
m
s
happens
to
be
the
“
onli
ne
sto
refr
on
t”
wh
e
reas
t
he
first
im
pr
essio
ns
ar
e
fou
nd
e
d.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
if
in
div
i
dual
s
recog
nize
that
E
-
G
ov
sys
tem
has
a
hig
h
qu
al
it
y;
this
cou
ld
enc
oura
ge
these
ind
ivi
du
al
s
to
m
ake
us
e
of
inter
net
syst
em
s
f
or
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
subm
issi
on
or
acce
ssin
g
al
l
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
es
el
ect
ro
nical
ly
[
29
]
.
Furthe
rm
or
e
,
the
m
od
el
of
Tec
hnolog
y
acce
ptance
was
est
a
blishe
d
by
Da
vis
et
al
.
[
30
]
thu
s
,
ori
gi
nally
it
include
d
pe
r
cei
ved
ea
se
of
us
e
(P
E
U),
perce
ived
e
njo
ym
ent
an
d
perce
ived
us
e
f
uln
ess
(PU
)
as
factor
s
that
influ
e
nce
te
ch
no
l
og
y
acce
pta
nce.
TAM
m
od
el
s
are
regula
rly
m
od
ifie
d
th
en
util
iz
ed
for
E
-
G
ov
acce
ptance
in
ve
sti
gation [
31, 32].
2.2.
H
ypo
th
e
ses d
e
velopm
e
nt
This
stu
dy
has
been
form
ulated
base
d
on
s
om
e
m
od
el
s:
t
he
Nati
onal
I
ni
ti
at
ive
fo
r
Cy
ber
sec
uri
ty
Ed
ucati
on
cy
be
rsecurit
y
capab
il
it
y
m
at
ur
ity
m
od
el
s
(N
I
CE
-
CM
M)
an
d
Nati
onal
In
s
ti
tute
of
Standa
rd
s
a
nd
Tech
no
l
og
y
(
NI
S
T)
Cy
be
rs
ecur
it
y
Fr
am
ework
[
33
]
;
US
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
of
H
om
elan
d
Secu
rity
2014)
,
the
exten
de
d
un
i
fied
the
or
y
of
acce
ptanc
e
and
us
e
of
te
chnolo
gy
(
UTAUT
2)
[
34]
and
the
a
ffec
ti
ve
decisi
on
-
m
aking
the
or
y
of
optim
is
m
bias
a
nd
ris
k
[
35
]
.
A
s
dem
on
strat
ed
in
Figu
re
1,
fifteen
hypoth
es
es
wer
e
dev
el
op
e
d
am
ong
t
we
lve
c
oncepts
m
os
tl
y
has
bee
n
sel
e
ct
ed
am
on
g
m
od
el
s
of
IS
s
uc
cess
[
26,
36]
then
sever
al
ad
de
d
con
ce
pts
(s
uc
h
as
PU
,
PEU,
at
titud
e
towa
r
ds
us
e
,
an
d
pe
rceive
d
trust
(P
T
))
to
in
ves
ti
gate
the
sig
nificanc
e
and
stre
ng
t
hs
of
relat
ion
s
hi
ps
on
E
-
G
ov
ser
vice
us
a
ge,
bes
ides
co
nsum
ers
sat
isfact
ion
pi
cked
up
f
ro
m
TA
M
[30].
T
he
form
ulati
on
of
eve
ry
hy
po
t
hesis
is
e
xpla
ine
d
i
n
t
he
s
ub
-
sect
io
ns
fol
lowe
d
s
ee Fig
ur
e
1.
Figure
1. Re
se
arch
m
od
el
and
hypotheses
2.2.1.
Sy
s
tem
q
ua
li
t
y (SQ
)
SQ
sig
nifies
on
li
ne
a
ppr
oa
ches
qu
al
it
ie
s
that
is
sel
ected
ba
sed
on
it
s
reli
abili
ty
,
adap
ta
bili
ty
,
us
a
bili
ty
,
avail
abili
ty
,
and
the
tim
e
of
respo
ns
e
[26].
A
dd
i
ti
on
al
ly
,
it
sig
nifies
the
websi
te
te
chn
ic
al
a
bili
ti
es
in
delive
rin
g
e
asy
al
ong
with
quic
k
acce
ss
to
data
t
o
th
e
custom
er
w
her
eas
co
nf
i
r
m
ing
the
sec
uri
ty
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
37
-
49
55
4940
reli
abili
ty
[3
7]
.
Re
searches
ha
ve
al
so
pr
ov
e
n
s
uc
h
a
correla
ti
on
i
n
the
E
-
G
ov
[
37,
38
]
.
IQ
def
i
nes
a
gove
rn
m
ent
websi
te
’s
cap
abili
ty
to
deliver
well
-
ti
m
ed
,
preci
se,
c
ompre
he
ns
ive,
br
ie
f,
an
d
a
ppr
o
pr
ia
te
inf
or
m
at
ion
in
li
ne
with
ci
ti
z
ens’
dem
and
s
[39].
Ba
sed
on
the
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
e
de
velo
pm
ent
sta
ges
that
has
been
disc
us
se
d
in
div
e
rse
res
earch
[
9],
e
ven
thou
gh
E
-
G
ov
ser
vices
has
be
en
dev
el
oped
pro
gr
e
ssively
from
it
s
or
iginal
sta
ti
c
ph
ase
w
hic
h
was
c
har
act
erized
by
a
utono
m
ou
s
in
f
orm
at
ion
to
be
an
interact
ive
ph
a
se.
Wh
e
reas
they
cou
l
d
ha
nd
le
f
or
m
al
bu
siness
a
m
on
g
the
go
vernm
ent
and
it
s
pu
blic,
ye
t,
IQ
is
a
vital
factor
of
high
-
qual
it
y onl
ine pub
li
c se
r
vice an
d
a
dec
e
nt cli
ent
pr
act
ic
e [
40
]
.
2.2.2.
I
nform
ati
on q
u
ality (I
Q)
IQ
desc
ribes
c
on
s
um
er'
s
assessm
ent
of
I
S
perform
ing
wi
thin
deliveri
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
ba
sed
on
it
s
capab
il
it
y
of
s
yst
e
m
us
e
[4
1]
.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
this
ty
pe
of
e
va
luati
on
is
a
bout
the
IS
we
bs
it
es
that
are
ex
pecte
d
to
ha
ve
bei
ng
c
us
tom
iz
ed,
co
m
ple
te
d,
easy
-
to
-
us
e
a
nd
a
ppr
opriat
e,
as
well
as
pro
vid
in
g
a
ll
aspects
of
se
cur
it
y
to
sup
port
tra
nsa
ct
ion
s
onli
ne
[26].
Additi
onal
ly
,
(SQ)
is
dev
el
op
e
d
t
hro
ughout
t
he
int
eracti
on
al
ong
with
the
syst
e
m
,
wh
e
reas
use
rs
end
a
pa
rtic
ular
ta
sk
[
42]
.
SQ
de
scr
ibe
s
a
us
er
-
fr
ie
ndly
arr
an
gem
ent
of
gove
rn
m
ental
w
ebsite
s,
s
uch
as w
e
bs
it
e d
e
sign,
nav
i
gab
il
it
y, us
a
bili
ty
, and op
e
rati
on m
od
ules
[43,
44
]
.
2.2.3.
Service
q
ua
li
t
y (SeQ
)
SeQ
de
scribe
s
the
le
vel
of
serv
ic
e
obta
in
ed
by
E
-
Gov
app
li
cat
io
n
use
rs,
an
d
the
m
et
ho
d
w
he
re
the
ser
vice
will
be
offe
re
d
by
the
IS
/I
T
dep
a
rtm
ent
wh
ereas
it
aff
ec
ts
le
vel
of
sat
isfact
ion
al
ong
wit
h
the
ap
plica
ti
on
of
E
-
Gov
[26,
45
]
.
Ba
se
d
on
Moad
[46]
,
th
e
IS
/IT
de
par
t
m
ent'
s
SeQ
ar
e
recog
nized
a
m
on
g
us
ers
as
a
m
ajor
si
gn
of
EI
S
su
cce
ss.
T
he
IS
/IT
de
par
t
m
ent'
s
capab
il
it
y
to
prov
i
de
instal
la
ti
on
s
upport,
so
ft
war
e
t
raini
ng,
pr
oduct
in
f
or
m
at
ion
,
onli
ne
help,
a
nd
s
uppo
rt
is
a
facto
r
that
af
fect
the
correla
ti
on
am
ongs
t
us
ers
a
nd
IS
/I
T
[45].
Con
se
qu
e
ntly
,
the
co
rr
el
at
ion
am
ong
the
en
d
us
e
r
s
and
I
S/IT
un
it
m
us
t
hav
e
eff
ic
acy
a
m
on
g
day
to
day
op
e
rati
ons
in
add
it
io
n
to
the
orga
niza
ti
on
operati
on
al
per
f
or
m
ance
[47].
Additi
on
al
ly
,
to
co
nf
irm
the
trans
par
e
ncy
and
acc
ounta
bili
ty
,
the
com
ple
ti
on
ser
vice
process
m
us
t
be
m
anagea
ble,
then
ci
ti
zens
m
us
t
be
noti
fied
of
ser
vice
s
ta
tus
thr
ough
f
or
m
al
e
-
m
ai
ls
al
ong
with
te
xt
s
that
are
m
ailed
t
o
them
f
ro
m
g
overn
m
ental
staff
w
e
bs
it
es [4
4].
2.2.4.
Perce
ive
d s
ecuri
t
y (PS
)
As
the
util
iz
ation
of
sm
art
te
chnolo
gies
ri
ses,
E
-
G
ov
organ
iz
at
io
ns
c
ope
with
pro
vi
ding
sec
ur
it
y
chall
enges.
T
he
subse
qu
e
nt generati
on o
f
E
-
Gov
syst
em
s
sh
ould
inc
orp
orat
e
with o
the
r
t
ypes
of
se
r
vices
li
ke;
public
de
li
ber
a
ti
on
d
at
a, r
eg
ul
at
or
y publi
cat
ion
s
,
a
nd g
eos
pa
ti
al
inform
ati
on, w
hic
h
im
pr
ov
e
s
the
ap
plica
ti
ons
innov
at
io
n
al
ong
with
the
e
xperie
nce
it
sel
f
[48].
Mo
re
ov
e
r
,
possi
ble
T
hr
e
at
s
towa
rds
E
-
Gov
is
t
his
cas
e
co
ul
d
be
m
or
e
com
plica
te
d,
ai
m
i
ng
the
back
-
end
ser
vers,
custom
er
en
d
points,
a
nd
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
infr
a
struct
ur
e
[
49
]
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
governm
ent
syst
e
m
s
i
m
p
leme
ntati
on
to
deliver
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
ef
fecti
ve
ser
vices
thr
oughout
the
In
te
r
net,
sti
ll
the
m
at
te
r
of
secur
it
y
and
pri
vacy
threats
con
ti
nue
to
be
the
m
os
t
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
con
ce
r
n.
P
riva
cy
vio
la
ti
ons
and
ide
ntit
y
t
hef
t
a
re
sti
ll
m
ajo
r
t
hr
eat
s
[50].
Co
ns
e
qu
ently
,
TAM
ha
s
bee
n
eff
ect
ively
util
iz
ed
in
m
od
el
lin
g
t
he
el
ect
ron
ic
governm
ent
serv
ic
es
acce
pt
ance.
Gilbert
e
t
al
.
[5
1]
use
d
TAM
to
detect
sec
ur
i
ty
,
trust,
i
nform
at
ion
tim
e
and
qu
al
it
y
as
co
ns
ide
rab
le
fact
or
s
that
c
ou
l
d
be
in
flue
ncin
g
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
us
age
wh
ic
h
by
em
plo
yi
ng
at
ti
tudi
nal
te
chnolo
gy
m
od
el
adoption.
S
ha
reef
e
t
al
.
[3
1]
m
od
ifie
d
E
-
G
ov
acce
pt
ance
m
od
el
co
ns
i
der
i
ng
vari
at
ion
s
in
E
-
G
ov
acce
ptance
on
a
num
ber
of
m
at
ur
it
y
l
evels.
Th
us
,
their
fi
nd
i
ngs
ad
diti
on
al
ly
rev
eal
ed
that
the
exch
an
ge
that
ha
pp
e
ns
am
on
g
the
secur
it
y
so
luti
on
diff
ic
ulty
and
us
er
-
f
rien
dline
ss
in
E
-
G
ov
s
yst
e
m
s.
Re
h
m
an
et
al
.
[3
2]
util
iz
ed
h
is
m
od
el
base
d
on
TAM
to
detect
IQ
as
a
crit
ic
al
aspect
in
E
-
G
ov
sys
tem
,
in
add
it
ion
t
o
m
or
e
factor
s
of
tra
ns
a
ct
ion
secu
rity
,
SeQ,
and
PE
U.
Bé
la
ng
e
r
a
nd
Ca
rter,
[
50]
exam
ined
the
natu
re
of
trust
t
og
et
her
with
res
ults
th
at
po
sit
ively
af
fects
consum
ers’
tru
st
in
governm
ent
an
d
beyo
nd
their
ta
r
gets
to
E
-
G
ov
ser
vices
acce
pta
nc
e.
Horst
et
al
.
[52]
disco
ver
e
d
t
ru
s
t t
o
be
the
key
factor af
fe
ct
in
g t
he
E
-
G
ov se
r
vices
per
cei
ve
d
e
ff
ect
ive
ness
.
2.2.5.
Perce
ive
d
p
ri
vac
y (PP
)
E
-
G
ov
us
e
rs
ha
ve
c
oncer
ns
a
bout
pr
i
vacy
vi
olati
on
a
nd
i
nse
cur
it
y,
a
nd
t
his
m
igh
t
be
a
sig
nificant
bur
den
of
E
-
G
ov
de
plo
ym
ent
and
it
s
f
ur
t
her
su
ccess
fu
l
m
a
nag
em
ent.
Ey
non
[53
]
cl
aim
e
d
that
su
c
h
c
oncer
ns
can
be
a
m
a
in
reason
to
acce
pt
E
-
G
ov
ser
vices
by
us
ers
,
m
or
eov
er
,
fail
ur
es
in
this
e
xtent
cou
l
d
caus
e
distru
s
t
a
m
on
g
adm
inist
rati
ve
capa
bi
li
ty
of
al
l
authorit
ie
s
involv
ed
to
be
a
ble
to
operate
publ
ic
serv
ic
es.
P
rivacy
m
at
te
rs
a
re
rec
ognized
as
a
c
ru
ci
al
le
gislat
ion
chall
e
ng
e
,
po
li
cy
,
a
nd
ins
tructi
ons,
in
t
he
21st
ce
ntury
[
54
]
.
E
-
G
ov
syst
em
s
accum
ulate
m
any
cl
assifi
ed
in
f
or
m
at
ion
about
diff
e
re
nt
ind
i
viduals,
be
sides
m
any
ty
pes
of
fina
ncial
trans
act
ion
s.
If
t
his
ty
pe
of
i
nform
at
ion
is
com
prom
ise
d,
then
this
m
igh
t
be
a
m
ajo
r
reas
on
to
los
s
trust
in
E
-
Gov
and
it
s
serv
ic
es
[55].
Alsh
e
hr
i
an
d
D
rew
[21]
cl
aim
that
secur
it
y
and
pr
ivacy
sho
uld
be
secur
e
d
to
ex
pa
nd
tr
us
t
by
the
us
ers,
wh
il
st
interact
ing
wi
th
E
-
G
ov
ser
vices.
On
e
m
ai
n
con
cer
n
re
gardin
g
gove
rn
m
ent
syst
e
m
s
is
secur
i
ng
be
sides
us
i
ng
of
sensiti
ve
an
d
perso
nal
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
in
ad
d
it
ion,
the
r
e
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
In
te
gr
atin
g I
S su
ccess
mo
del
wi
th cyb
ersec
uri
ty
factors
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d S
ae
ed
Al
-
Zahr
ani
)
4941
con
ce
r
ns
that
t
hese
ty
pes
of
i
nfor
m
at
ion
m
i
gh
t
be
use
d
t
o
ob
s
er
ve
the
c
onsu
m
ers,
wh
ic
h
is
co
ns
ide
re
d
as
an
inv
asi
on
by
m
any
co
nsum
ers
to
th
ei
r
per
s
onal
pri
vacy
[
56]
.
It
is
a
gove
rn
m
ental
du
ty
to
gu
a
ra
ntee
t
hat
al
l
consum
er’
s
in
f
or
m
at
ion
is
pr
otect
ed,
t
he
n
their
pr
i
vacy
is
well
-
pr
ese
rv
e
d
th
r
oughout
c
ollec
ti
ng
t
heir
data,
processi
ng
the
data,
stora
ge
,
be
sides
exc
ha
nge
it
.
Con
seq
ue
ntly
,
the
E
-
G
ov
inf
rastr
uctu
r
e
besides
a
ny
de
vices
that
are
li
nk
ed
to
the
infr
ast
r
uctu
res
m
us
t
be
sh
ie
lded
th
r
ough
pro
per
m
easur
es.
Sec
ur
it
y,
an
d
pri
va
cy
are
cru
ci
al
el
em
ents
to
gain
E
-
Gov
syst
em
s
us
ers
tru
st,
as
well
as
it
is
an
esse
ntial
sign
ific
a
nce
to
sh
ie
ld
ind
ivi
du
al
’s
pr
ivacy
to
be
able
to
dev
el
op
tr
us
t
in
E
-
G
ov
de
velo
pm
ent
and
init
ia
ti
ves
[57].
Moen
et
al
.
[5
8
]
argue
d
that t
he
re ar
e
m
any E
-
Gov we
bs
it
es that d
oes
n’
t
ha
ve
privacy
po
li
c
y wit
hin
.
2.2.6.
Perce
ive
d t
ru
st (PT
)
The
tr
us
t
c
onc
ept
co
uld
re
fer
to
var
io
us
m
e
anin
gs
,
an
d
it
is
cons
ide
red
t
o
be
a
m
ajo
r
con
ce
r
n
in
a
div
er
sit
y
of
hu
m
an
en
dea
vour
sco
pes
[
16
]
.
Nonethel
ess,
this
has
cause
d
a
grea
t
flow
of
st
udie
s
on
the
co
ncep
t
of
trust;
ad
diti
on
al
ly
,
it
cau
sed
a
va
riet
y
of
co
nce
ptu
a
li
z
at
ion
s
form
s
[16].
Furthe
rm
or
e,
in
researc
h
tr
ust
fr
eq
ue
ntly
qu
ote
d
as
one
of
the
furthe
r
m
os
t
con
cepti
on
s
e
xam
ined
in
m
ark
et
ing
r
esearch
relat
ion
s
hip
[
59]
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
tr
us
t
am
ong
gove
rn
m
ent,
busines
s
a
nd
ci
ti
zens
is
i
m
po
rtant
f
or
decen
t
gove
rn
a
nce
as
well
as
par
ti
ci
pation
[60].
Tr
us
t,
m
or
eov
e
r,
has
bee
n
identi
fied
as
a
m
ajo
r
enab
le
r
f
or
e
ffec
ti
ve
app
li
cat
io
n
al
ong
with
te
chn
ic
al
i
nnova
ti
on
s
a
doptio
n
li
ke
E
-
G
ov
syst
em
s
and
str
uctu
res
[
61
]
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
Do
m
brow
s
ki,
Hayes,
Ma
zm
anian,
a
nd
Voida
[62]
ind
ic
at
ed
al
l
t
ypes
of
chall
e
ng
es
that
is
relat
ed
in
a
wa
y
or
ano
t
her
to
trust
and
it
s
culti
vate
and
s
uppo
rt,
wh
ic
h
is
m
or
e
i
m
po
rtant
than
al
l
require
d
te
chn
ic
al
s
kill
s
in
or
der
t
o
int
eract
with
t
he
E
-
G
ov
syst
em
.
Ma
ny
resea
rc
her
s
ha
ve
e
xa
m
ined
E
-
G
ov
r
ole
an
d
trust
[
61]
.
Wh
i
le
trust
has
bee
n
m
od
el
le
d
as
E
-
G
ov
ser
vice
us
e
ou
tc
om
e
i
n
m
any
conditi
on
s
[
63
]
,
M
or
e
ov
e
r,
this
sug
gested
m
od
el
,
we
a
gree
al
ong
with
m
any
researc
he
rs,
li
ke;
[
52,
64
]
whereas
th
ey
hav
e
de
pe
nds
i
n
trust
as
a
m
ajor
facto
r
reg
a
rd
i
ng
E
-
G
ov
ser
vice
sat
isfact
io
n
or
a
doptio
n.
More
ov
e
r,
E
-
Gov
se
rv
ic
es
t
r
us
t
has
been
noti
ced
t
o
ha
ve
a
c
onsi
der
a
ble
pa
rtic
ipati
on
antece
de
nt
in
bu
si
ness
in
ge
neral
,
pa
r
ti
cularly
in
virt
ual
an
d
on
li
ne
e
nv
i
ron
m
ents
du
e
to
the
sim
plicity
t
hat
on
li
ne
sho
ps
offe
r
[
65
]
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
Papa
do
m
ic
helaki
and
Me
ntzas,
[
39]
and
W
el
c
h
et
a
l.
[66]
hav
e
cl
aim
ed
a
posit
ive
relat
ion
s
hip
a
m
on
g
E
-
G
ov
s
erv
ic
e
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
and
tr
us
t.
Acc
ordin
g
to
thes
e
ou
tc
om
es
we
assum
e
that
trust
has
a
posit
ive
i
m
pact
on
E
-
G
ov
syst
e
m
s
evaluati
ons a
s
determ
ined
by
SeQ, I
Q,
a
nd S
Q.
2.2.7.
Perce
ive
d u
se
fu
lness
(PU)
T
A
M
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
z
e
s
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
l
i
n
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
P
U
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
,
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
P
E
U
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
a
n
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h
e
d
[
3
0
,
6
7
]
,
m
or
eov
er
,
this
m
od
el
of
fe
rs
pr
eci
se
antic
ipati
on
s
re
ga
r
ding
acce
ptin
g
te
chnolo
gy
[68].
The
m
od
el
of
te
chnolo
gy
acce
ptance
ha
s
been
em
plo
ye
d
in
m
od
e
ll
ing
sever
al
of
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
acce
ptances
.
Fo
r
insta
nce,
[
51
]
util
iz
ed
T
AM
to
detect
bo
t
h
tr
us
t,
an
d
I
Q
as
m
ajo
r
aspects
t
hat
in
flue
nce
the
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
usa
ge
thr
ough
util
iz
i
ng
at
ti
tud
inal
te
chnol
ogy
a
do
ption
m
od
el
.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
the
co
rr
el
at
io
n
am
ongs
t
the P
U
al
on
g wit
h
at
ti
tud
e
to
wards
utli
zi
ng
E
-
G
ov a
doptio
n has
bee
n
e
xa
m
ined
in
fe
w
r
esearche
s [6
9,
70
]
.
2.2.8.
Perce
ive
d
eas
e
of
use
(
PEU)
Hun
g
et
al
.
[69]
ob
se
r
ved
th
at
PEU
co
ns
id
erab
ly
aff
ect
s
E
-
G
ov
ser
vice
at
ti
tud
es.
Re
sp
ect
ively
,
Hun
g
et
al
.
[
69
]
note
d
t
hat
PEU
hav
e
be
ing
a
c
on
si
de
rab
le
inter
pre
te
r
of
util
iz
ing
el
ect
ronic
s
yst
e
m
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
Hun
g
et
al
.
[70]
stud
ie
d
both
m
ob
il
e
E
-
G
ov
s
e
rv
ic
es
a
nd
gove
r
nm
ent
to
-
bu
si
ness
in
Tai
wan,
thu
s
,
cl
aim
ed
that
the
co
rr
el
at
ion
am
on
g
PEU
al
on
g
wi
th
at
ti
tud
e
re
ga
rd
i
ng
util
iz
ing
the
c
orrespo
nd
i
ng
E
-
G
ov
ser
vice
sta
ye
d
sign
if
ic
ant
fo
r
bo
t
h
aspects.
Furtherm
or
e,
the
r
e
are
sever
al
stud
ie
s
in
E
-
Gov
researc
h
[
29,
40]
that
hav
e
a
dd
it
io
nally
i
m
plem
ented
TAM
into
their
de
velo
ped
m
odel
to
evaluate
or
e
xa
m
ci
ti
zen
acce
ptance
of
E
-
G
ov
serv
ic
es
.
Both
PEU
an
d
P
U
wer
e
obse
rv
e
d
to
hav
e
co
ns
i
der
a
ble
co
ns
tr
ucts
in
the ado
ptio
n of E
-
Gov [
40, 71]
.
2.2.
9
.
Perce
ive
d r
isk
(P
R)
Ri
sk
co
uld
be
descr
i
bed
as
“a
sit
uation
or
e
ve
nt
w
her
e
s
ome
thing
of h
um
an
value
(inclu
di
ng
hum
ans
them
sel
ves)
ha
s
bee
n
put
at
sta
ke
an
d
w
he
re
the
ou
tc
om
e
is
uncertai
n”
[72].
PR
i
s
co
rr
el
at
ed
to
wards
the
un
def
i
ned
beh
a
viou
r
ou
tc
om
e
[7
3],
Furt
her
m
or
e,
Evi
de
nce
of
the
a
ss
ociat
ion
am
on
g
P
T
al
on
g
with
risk
in
E
-
Gov
a
re
app
ea
re
d
to
be
ver
y
c
om
pli
cat
ed.
Be
la
nge
r
an
d
Ca
rte
r
[
50
]
no
ti
ced
t
ha
t
governm
ent
trust,
bu
t
not
I
nter
ne
t
trust,
t
o
s
how
a
c
onside
ra
ble
ne
gative
i
m
pact
on
E
-
G
ov
ser
vices
P
R,
ad
diti
on
al
ly
,
t
hat
PR
had
a
neg
at
ive
eff
ect
on
E
-
G
ov
us
ag
e.
Horst,
K
uttschre
uter
,
an
d
Gu
tt
el
ing
[52]
m
entioned
that
e
-
se
rv
ic
es
PR
aff
ect
ed
tr
us
t
neg
at
ively
i
n
E
-
G
ov.
C
onse
qu
e
ntly
,
the
m
ajor
key
to
ha
ve
a
n
e
ff
ect
iv
e
risk
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
dep
e
nds
on
go
vernm
ent’s
ca
pab
il
it
y
to
noti
fy
ci
ti
zens
re
ga
rd
i
ng
risks
e
m
erg
in
g
in
a
ti
m
el
y
m
ann
er
a
nd
assist
them
create
their
ow
n
c
ho
ic
e
s
[
74
]
.
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
Alm
arash
de
h
a
nd
Als
m
adi
[75]
ar
gu
ed
that
once
ci
ti
zens
face
high
risk
in
E
-
Gov
syst
e
m
us
age,
there
will
be
a
widesprea
d
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
delay
ing
the
on
li
ne
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
37
-
49
55
4942
transacti
on
th
en
lo
ok
i
ng
f
or
an
al
te
r
nativ
e
channel.
Ta
king
into
c
on
siderati
on
the
su
s
picion
re
ga
rd
i
ng
on
li
ne
-
based
tr
ansacti
ons
besi
des
the
co
ns
i
de
rab
le
possibil
it
y
of
cy
be
r
-
at
t
acks,
t
his
re
sea
rch
sug
gests
th
at
PR
has
a
m
ajor
in
flue
nc
e
on
t
he
decisi
on
m
ade
to
the
i
dea
of
usi
ng
an
d
ac
cepti
ng
E
-
G
ov
syst
e
m
s.
Num
ero
us
researc
hes
s
uc
h
as
[76,
77]
m
entioned
t
hat
there
is
a
negat
ive
eff
ect
of
risk
pe
rce
ption
on
the
decisi
on
m
ade
on u
si
ng E
-
G
ov syst
em
s.
2.2.10.
Users s
at
is
fa
c
tion (
U
S)
DeL
on
e
a
nd
Mc
Lean'
s
[2
8]
cl
aim
ed
that
I
S
su
ccess
m
odel
su
ggest
s
tha
t
IQ
al
so
im
pa
ct
s
con
s
um
er
sat
isfact
ion
.
Con
s
um
er S
at
isf
act
ion
descr
i
be
s the subject
iv
e evaluati
on
of m
ult
iple exp
e
r
ie
nces f
ace
d b
y an IS
consum
er
[3
6]
.
Find
in
gs
of
m
any
research
es
that
ad
o
pte
d
the
(I
S
)
do
m
ai
n
hav
e
trie
d
to
cl
arif
y
the
relat
io
nsh
ip
am
on
g
co
ns
um
er
sat
isf
act
ion
,
be
ha
vio
ural
inte
nti
on
a
nd
at
ti
tude
s
to
wards
s
yst
e
m
us
a
ge
[
27,
67,
78
]
.
Se
ver
al
researc
hes
on
IS
suc
cess
ha
ve
sup
ported
t
he
ar
gu
m
ent
that;
higher
IQ
le
ads
towa
rd
e
nhan
c
ing
the
sat
isfa
ct
ion
of
E
-
G
ov
co
nsum
ers
[1
5,
79,
80]
.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
Ra
na
et
al
.
[
81
]
s
howe
d
that
IQ
a
nd
S
Q
co
ns
ide
ra
bly
influ
e
nced
beh
a
viou
ral
in
te
ntion
s
a
nd
c
on
s
um
er
sat
isfact
ion
.
F
urt
herm
or
e,
the
I
Q
m
et
a
-
analy
sis
of
c
on
s
um
er
sat
isfact
ion
a
dd
it
io
nally
sh
owe
d
a
c
ons
idera
ble
co
rr
el
at
ion
am
on
g
th
e
m
in
E
-
G
ov
ex
plora
ti
on
co
ntext
[
82]
.
Chen
[83]
exam
ined
the
sat
isfact
ion
of
ta
xp
ay
e
r’
s
al
on
g
with
onli
ne
s
yst
e
m
intende
d
for
ca
te
gorizi
ng
i
nd
i
vidual’s
inc
ome
ta
x
retu
rn
s
i
n
Tai
wan
c
on
te
xt.
G
otoh
[
84]
pro
po
se
d
a
n
an
a
ly
sis
for
Ja
pa
nese
gove
r
nm
ent
of
t
he
on
li
ne
ta
x
de
cl
arati
on
s
er
vi
ces,
m
or
eov
e
r
,
em
pirical
ly
a
naly
sed
it
to
e
xpos
e
the
as
pects
tha
t
i
m
pr
ove
c
on
s
um
er
sat
isfact
ion
al
ong
with
these
se
rv
ic
es.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
c
la
i
m
ed
a
sign
i
f
ic
ant
relat
ion
s
of
c
on
s
um
er
sat
isfact
io
n
i
n
se
ve
ral
resea
rch
e
s
relat
ed
to
t
he
ad
opti
on
of
E
-
Gov
[
85
,
86]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
F
lor
opoulos
et
al
.
[8
0]
disc
ov
e
red
that
there
i
s
a
sign
ific
ant
influ
e
nce
bet
w
een
ser
vice
qual
it
ie
s
on
c
onsu
m
er
sat
isfact
ion
.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
Wa
ng
a
nd
Lia
o
[
15
]
s
howe
d
th
at
there
w
as
a
low
relat
io
n
be
twee
n
serv
ic
e
qual
it
ie
s on
c
onsu
m
er
sat
isfact
ion
w
he
reas asse
ssin
g t
he
E
-
G
ov sys
tem
s su
ccess.
2.2.11.
E
-
Gov
s
sage (
E
U)
EU
is
the
stre
ng
t
h
m
easur
e
of
i
nd
i
vidual'
s
intent
to
ward
s
operati
ng
s
pe
ci
fic
act
ion
s.
Ba
sed
on
the
intenti
on
-
ba
sed
the
or
ie
s
,
consum
er
us
a
ge
beh
a
vi
our
an
d
ad
opti
on
are
est
ablishe
d
by
the
intent
of
us
in
g
IS
/IT
.
Additi
onal
ly
,
Bé
la
ng
e
r
a
nd
Ca
rter
[
50]
in
vestigat
ed
the
disposit
io
n
of
t
rust
with
resu
lt
s
t
hat
in
fluen
ce
s
consum
er
trust
posit
ively
in
gove
r
nm
ent
then
f
urt
he
rs
t
hei
r
intenti
ons
of
a
ccepti
ng
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
es
.
Ba
s
ed
on
the
the
or
et
ic
al
fou
nd
at
io
ns,
the
I
S
c
on
ti
nua
nce
m
od
el
has
bee
n
util
iz
ed
to
cl
arify
post
-
ad
opti
on
be
ha
viou
r
intenti
on
i
n
se
ver
al
I
S
sit
uations,
incl
ud
i
ng
E
-
G
ov
[
87,
88
]
.
Wh
e
reas
the
E
-
G
ov
ser
vice
s
do
m
ai
n
,
the
r
esults
of prio
r
stu
dies
r
e
vealed a
pos
it
ive r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p
am
on
g PE
U, EU
and
PU [
89]
.
2.2.12.
E
-
Gov
e
ff
ec
tivenes
s (E
E)
Im
pr
ov
i
ng
a
nd
m
ai
ntaining
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance
has
co
ns
i
dered
bei
ng
a
m
ajo
r
m
at
te
r
that
corp
or
at
io
ns
are
com
peting
thr
ough
[
90
]
.
Additi
o
nally
,
it
is
pr
e
dicta
ble
that
innov
at
i
ons
in
te
ch
no
l
ogy
li
ke
E
-
G
ov
s
yst
e
m
s
are
able
to
cause
co
ns
ide
r
able
prof
it
s
am
on
g
govern
m
ents
and
business
es
w
hich
co
ntain
re
du
ci
ng
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
al
ong
with
inf
or
m
at
ion
exp
e
ns
es
,
sp
ee
d
m
axi
m
iz
at
io
n,
era
dicat
ing
distanc
e,
as
well
as
broa
den
i
ng
re
ach
[
10
]
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
E
-
G
ov
syst
em
s
se
rv
ic
es
al
low
orga
nizat
ion
s
t
o
su
ccessf
ully
op
e
rate
inf
or
m
at
ion
internall
y
as
well
as
prov
i
ding
eff
ect
ive
se
rv
ic
es
[91].
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly
,
E
-
Gov
syst
e
m
s
po
te
ntial
ly
ai
d
orga
nizat
io
ns
in
e
nh
a
ncin
g
their
perfor
m
ance
and
e
ffi
ci
ency.
Eff
ect
iveness
of
E
-
Gov
syst
em
s
m
us
t
be
evaluate
d
base
d
on
the
real
operati
onal
pro
f
it
s
instea
d
of
the
(IS)
outc
om
es
achievem
ent
on
ly
.
Con
se
quently
,
it
is
essenti
al
to
relat
e
e
ff
ect
iveness
pr
ivac
y,
risk,
m
easur
es
on
sec
ur
i
t
y,
an
d
tr
us
t
w
it
h
E
-
G
ov
ef
fici
ency
dim
ension
s
Se
Q,
IQ,
S
Q,
P
U,
P
EU
,
an
d
t
he
E
-
G
ov
us
e
at
ti
tud
e
an
d
c
on
s
um
er
sat
isfact
ion
.
T
he
previo
us
li
te
ratur
e
rec
om
m
end
s
the
a
bs
e
nce
of
f
oc
us
i
n
se
ver
al
incidents
,
how
ever,
the
ope
r
at
ion
al
ef
fecti
ven
e
ss
con
ce
pt
that
m
ig
ht
cl
arify
the
gap
am
on
g
th
e
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
es
su
pply
and
t
heir
ad
opti
on
ha
s
been
neg
le
c
te
d
in
these
li
te
ratur
e
s.
Eve
n
T
houg
h
it
is
ackno
wledg
e
d
that
E
-
Gov
syst
em
s
c
ou
l
d
be
ne
fits
both
gove
rn
m
ents
an
d
bu
si
nesses
[
10,
91]
,
Yet,
th
ere
are
fe
w
ne
gative
as
pect
s
th
at
has
bee
n
m
entioned
i
n
re
ga
rd
t
o
E
-
Gov
init
ia
ti
ves
[9
]
;
ad
diti
on
al
ly
,
Savoldell
i
et
al
.
[92]
de
scri
bed
it
as
the
‘E
-
G
ov
pa
radox’,
w
her
e
a
ft
er
tw
o
decad
e
s
of
ele
vated
e
xpen
dit
ur
es
sti
ll
ther
e
is n
o
re
su
lt
s to
j
ust
ify
these cl
aim
s.
3.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
DOL
OGY
This
researc
h
was
buil
t
base
d
on
the
up
dated
IS
su
cces
s
m
od
el
and
T
A
M
m
od
el
with
res
pect
to
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
a
con
ce
ptu
al
m
od
el
of
use
r’
s
sat
isfact
io
n
of
EE
in
K
S
A,
in
w
hich
quantit
at
ive
m
e
thod
researc
h
was
use
d
thr
ough
e
m
pirical
stud
y.
In
this
rece
nt
stud
y,
the
ide
nt
ifie
d
factors
(i.e.,
Se
Q,
I
Q,
S
Q,
PS
,
PP,
PT,
PR,
E
E,
US
,
E
U,
P
EU,
an
d
P
U)
,
wer
e
use
d
to
f
or
m
a
structured
survey
with
five
-
po
i
nt
scal
e
and
adm
inist
ered
to
a
la
r
ger
sam
ple
(
56
it
em
s),
the
po
pu
la
ti
on
sel
ect
ed
t
hro
ugh
sim
ple
ran
dom
sa
m
pling
siz
e
te
chn
iq
ue
[
93
]
.
T
wo
(
2)
ex
pe
rts
vali
dated
the
quest
io
nna
ire
by
c
hec
king
the
fac
e
a
nd
co
ntent
valid
at
ion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
In
te
gr
atin
g I
S su
ccess
mo
del
wi
th cyb
ersec
uri
ty
factors
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d S
ae
ed
Al
-
Zahr
ani
)
4943
Coll
ect
ed
data
from
King
Fai
sal
Un
i
ver
sit
y
(K
F
U
),
a
nd
ha
ve
bei
ng
eval
ua
te
d
with
IBM
SPSS,
an
d
str
uctu
ral
equ
at
io
n
m
od
el
li
ng
(S
EM
-
Am
os
).
IBM
SPSS
a
nd
SE
M
-
Am
os
are
belie
ved
to
be
the
m
ast
er
st
at
ist
ic
al
te
chn
iq
ue
em
plo
ye
d
in
this
c
urren
t
stu
dy
w
hich
in
volves
du
al
sta
ge
s;
the
first
sta
ge
f
ol
lowed
c
onstr
uc
ti
ng
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
va
l
i
d
i
t
y
,
di
s
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
n
t
v
a
l
i
di
t
y
of
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
nt
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
,
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
t
a
g
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
m
o
de
l
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
a
t
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
w
a
s
r
e
c
om
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
[
9
4
]
.
3.1.
Measure
ment
ins
tru
m
ents an
d dat
a coll
ection
A
total
of
234
surveys
sam
ples
we
re
dist
rib
uted
am
on
gst
le
arn
ers
of
Novem
ber
20
19
sem
est
er,
from
tho
se
21
1
quest
io
nn
ai
r
es
wer
e
cat
eg
or
iz
e
d
as
pr
ac
ti
cal
.
In
par
ti
c
ular,
the
qu
est
ionnaire
inclu
ded
56
it
e
m
s
design
e
d
to
extract
par
ti
cular
inf
or
m
at
i
on
f
r
om
the
resp
on
den
ts
.
Hence
,
in
this
research,
the
resear
che
r
s
colle
ct
ed
data
util
iz
ing
su
rv
ey
thr
ough
two
sect
ions;
firstly
,
dem
og
raphic
da
ta
,
and
seco
nd
ly
,
factors’
m
easur
em
ent
relat
ed
with
the
previ
ous
the
ory
.
T
he
cor
e
obj
ect
i
ve
of
t
his
cu
rr
e
nt
stud
y
was
to
s
o
li
ci
t
the
pe
rs
pecti
ve
s
of
use
rs
on
t
heir
sat
isfact
io
n
of
E
-
Gov
e
f
fecti
ven
es
s
in
KSA.
As
for
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
it
e
m
s
us
e
d
for
each
var
ia
ble
in
E
-
Gov,
Se
Q,
IQ
and
S
Q,
wer
e
adopted
four
it
e
m
s
fo
r
each
va
riable
from
pr
evio
us
stud
ie
s
[26,
36,
45
]
.
A
dd
it
io
na
ll
y,
fo
ur
it
em
s
wer
e
a
da
pted
f
ro
m
[3
9,
95
]
to
m
easur
e
P
S.
L
ikewise,
f
our
it
e
m
s
wer
e
a
da
pted
from
[3
1,
96]
;
to
m
easur
e
P
P.
A
s
well
,
four
it
em
s
wer
e
adap
te
d
f
r
om
[73]
to
m
easure
PR.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
Four
it
em
s
wer
e
co
ns
ide
re
d
f
ro
m
the
stud
y
of
[97]
to
m
ea
su
re
PT
in
E
-
Gov.
Five
it
em
s
wer
e
adap
te
d
f
ro
m
[3
0,
31,
85]
to
te
st
the
influ
e
nc
e
of
bo
t
h
PE
U
an
d
P
U
in
E
-
G
ov.
Mo
re
over
,
Five
it
em
s
were
adap
te
d
f
ro
m
[9
8]
to
m
easur
e
us
e
d
E
-
G
ov,
a
nd
t
hen,
fi
ve
it
e
m
s
wer
e
ada
pt
ed
from
[2
7,
78]
to
m
easur
e
us
ers'
sat
isfact
ion
.
Fi
nally
, ei
gh
t
it
em
s w
ere ad
a
pted fr
om
[
9,
90]
to
m
easur
e E
-
Gov
e
ff
ect
ive
ne
ss.
3.2.
S
amp
le
c
ha
r
act
eri
s
tics
The
quest
io
nn
ai
res
wer
e
21
1
f
or
a
naly
sis
sa
m
ples,
the
m
al
e
resp
on
den
ts
wer
e
113
(53.6%
);
the f
em
al
e resp
onde
nts w
e
re 98
(
46.4%). T
he
ag
e of r
es
pondents
41 (19.4
%)
we
re in
t
he ran
ge of 18
-
25 yea
r
s
old
,
159
(
75.4%)
wer
e
in
the
ra
ng
e
of
26
-
33
ye
ar
s
old
,
a
nd
11
(
5.2%
)
w
ere
m
or
e
tha
n3
4
ye
ar
s
old
.
Ba
sed
on
le
vel
of
e
du
ca
ti
on
of
res
pondents
,
95
(
45.
0
%)
wer
e
fro
m
un
de
rgra
duat
e
le
vel,
105
(49.8%)
were
from
po
st
gr
a
duat
e
l
evel
"M
ast
er
"
,
an
d
11
(5.2%)
wer
e
postg
raduate
le
vel
"
PhD".
T
he
de
m
og
raphic
fac
tors
of
E
-
G
ov
ser
vices
us
ed
,
the
firs
t
qu
est
io
n
is
acce
ss
internet
thr
ough;
39
(18
.5
%
)
we
re
us
i
ng
m
ob
il
e
for
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
,
10
5
(
49.8%)
wer
e
usi
ng
la
ptop
f
or
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
e
s,
38
(18.0%
)
wer
e
us
i
ng
pe
r
so
na
l
com
pu
te
r
(P
C
)
for
E
-
G
ov
se
r
vices,
a
nd
29
(
13.7%)
wer
e
usi
ng
ta
blet
for
E
-
G
ov
ser
vic
es.
Finall
y,
the
fr
e
qu
e
ntly
of
acce
ss
internet
f
or
E
-
Gov
ser
vices;
72
(
34.
1%)
w
ere
us
in
g
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
es
da
il
y,
112
(
53.1%)
wer
e
us
in
g
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
twic
e
in
wee
k,
20
(9.5
%
)
we
re
us
i
ng
E
-
Gov
ser
vi
ces
fo
rt
nightl
y,
and
7
(
3.3
%)
we
re
us
i
ng
E
-
Gov
serv
ic
es
m
on
th
ly
.
4.
DA
T
A ANAL
YS
IS
AN
D R
ESULT
S
Re
search
i
ns
tr
um
ent’s
reli
abili
ty
was
com
pu
te
d
us
in
g
SPSS
sta
ti
sti
cal
so
ftwa
re
ver
si
on
21,
us
in
g
Cra
nach’
s
Alpha
m
e
thod
to
ascerta
in
t
he
exte
nt
of
th
e
ho
m
og
en
ei
ty
of
the
it
e
m
s.
The
res
ults
obta
ined
sh
ows
that
the
reli
abili
ty
coef
fici
ents
f
or
th
e
factor
s
as
f
ol
lows
:
IQ
we
r
e
0.
91
1,
SQ
w
ere
0.83
7,
Se
Q
wer
e
0.892,
PS
we
r
e
0.9
26,
PP
w
ere
0.8
91,
PR
wer
e
0.8
66,
P
T
we
re
0.9
08,
PU
were
0.8
59,
P
EU
we
re
0.888,
EU
wer
e
0.912
,
U
S
wer
e
0.8
82,
a
nd
E
E
were
0.9
61.
O
n
th
e
w
ho
le
,
the
re
li
abili
ty
coef
fici
ent
of
th
e
s
urvey
i
s
0.956
w
hich
i
nd
ic
at
es
t
hat
the
it
em
s
i
n
the
quest
ionnair
e
wer
e
inter
nal
ly
con
sist
ent
i
n
m
easur
in
g
w
hat
was
intende
d
to
be
m
easur
ed
for
the
stu
dy.
T
his
cu
rr
e
nt
stud
y
m
easur
ed
discrim
inant
validit
y
acro
ss
thre
e
diff
e
re
nt
crit
er
ia
,
w
hich
are:
var
ia
ble
in
dex
value
belo
w
0.80
[
94]
,
f
ollow
e
d
by
valu
e
of
AV
E
co
nsi
dere
d
equ
al
t
o
or
m
or
e
t
han
0.5;
sq
ua
re
of
A
V
E
is
bigger
t
ha
n
inter
c
onst
ru
c
t
c
orrelat
ion
s
(
IC)
li
nke
d
with
factors
[
99
]
.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
it
em
s
and
crem
ato
ry
fact
or
of
t
he
co
ns
tr
uct’s
exam
inati
on
ga
ve
a
fact
or
l
oa
ding
equ
al
t
o
0.7 o
r m
or
e, an
d
sup
pose
d
to
be
acce
ptable,
ha
ving
Cronbac
h'
s A
l
ph
a a
nd c
om
po
sit
e reli
abili
ty
value
equ
al
or
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n 0.7
0
[
94
]
.
4.1.
Measure
ment
mode
l a
na
lysis
This
c
urren
t
re
search
util
iz
ed
SEM
-
Am
os
as
the
sta
ti
sti
cal
te
chn
iq
ue
f
or
a
naly
sing
the
re
su
lt
s
ba
sed
on
c
onfi
rm
at
or
y
factor
a
naly
s
is
(CFA)
in
A
MOS
23.
Mo
r
eov
e
r,
t
his
m
od
el
analy
sed
over
c
onsist
enc
y
and
discrim
inant v
al
idit
y, un
i
-
dim
ension
al
it
y, and
c
onve
rg
e
nt
validit
y. Additi
on
al
ly
, H
ai
r
et
al. [
94]
p
r
opose
d
tha
t
m
od
el
assessm
ent
sh
ould
be
assesse
d
t
hro
ugh
the
hi
gh
e
st
li
kelihood
e
stim
at
ion
process
by
m
eans
of
goodne
ss
-
of
-
fit
strat
egies.
For
exam
ple
chi
-
sq
ua
re,
norm
e
d
chi
-
s
quare
,
norm
ed
fit
ind
ex
(NFI
),
rela
t
ive
fit
ind
e
x
(RF
I)
,
Tuc
ker
-
Lewis
coef
fici
ent
(
TLI)
c
om
par
at
ive
fit
ind
ex
(CFI
)
,
incre
m
ental
fit
inde
x
(IFI
)
,
t
he
pa
rsim
on
iou
s
go
odness
of
fit
ind
e
x
(PG
FI
)
,
r
oo
tm
ean
-
sq
ua
re
resid
ual
(RMR
)
an
d
r
oot
m
ean
sq
uar
e
erro
r
of
ap
pro
xim
ati
on
(RMS
EA
)
are
m
easur
e
d
b
ase
d
on
the
st
ud
y
of
[
94
]
,
T
able
1
show
s
the
good
ness
of
m
od
el
fit.
Als
o,
Fig
ure
2
(I
S
s
ucce
ss
Mo
del),
a
nd
Fi
gure
3
(C
ybersec
ur
it
y
Mod
el
)
s
hows
the
m
easur
em
ent
of
al
l
it
e
m
s an
d
fa
ct
ors
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
37
-
49
55
4944
In
this
c
urre
nt
stud
y,
to
cal
c
ul
at
e
the
disc
rim
inant
validit
y
three
di
ff
e
ren
t
crit
eria
wer
e
us
e
d.
O
ne
of
these
crit
eria
is
the
cor
r
el
at
ion
in
de
x
betw
een
va
riables
wh
ic
h
is
exp
e
ct
ed
to
be
not
m
or
e
than
0.
80
[
94]
.
The
ot
her
tw
o are the v
al
ue o
f
the av
e
rag
e
va
riance ex
t
racted (AV
E
)
an
d t
he
square ro
ot o
f
A
VE.
T
he desire
d
value
of
the
f
orm
er
is
equ
al
t
o
or
great
er
t
ha
n
0.5
f
or
eac
h
co
ns
tr
uct,
whereas
the
val
ue
shou
l
d
be
m
ore
than
the
inter
-
c
onst
ru
ct
co
rr
el
at
io
ns
(
ICs)
li
nke
d
with
that
fa
ct
or
[
99]
.
As
for
the
crem
ato
ry
fact
or
a
na
ly
sis,
the
fact
or
l
oadi
ng
is
prefe
rr
e
d
to
be
0.5
o
r
gr
eat
e
r,
w
herea
s
it
shou
l
d
be
≥
0.7
0
for
Cronbac
h’s
al
ph
a
an
d
≥ 0.
70 for
the c
om
po
sit
e reli
abili
ty
[
94
]
, s
ee
Table
2.
Table
1.
The
g
oodness
of
m
od
el
f
it
a
nd
r
el
ia
bili
ty
Ty
p
e of
M
e
asu
re
Acceptab
le L
ev
el
o
f
Fit
IS
Su
ccess
Valu
es
Cybersecu
rit
y
Val
u
es
RMR
Near
to 0
(perf
ect f
it)
.03
6
.03
2
NFI
Valu
e sh
o
u
ld
be = or >
0
.90
.
.96
2
.95
5
RFI
Valu
e sh
o
u
ld
be = or >
0
.90
.
.97
4
.96
3
IFI
Valu
e sh
o
u
ld
be = or >
0
.90
.
.96
6
.97
1
TLI
Valu
e sh
o
u
ld
be = or >
0
.90
.
.97
9
.97
2
CFI
Valu
e sh
o
u
ld
be = or >
0
.90
.
.97
0
.96
4
RMSEA
Valu
e <
0
.10
m
ean
s a go
o
d
f
it and
<
0
.05
in
d
icates a ver
y
go
o
d
f
it.
.04
0
.04
3
Facto
rs
Av
erage Va
riance
Extracted
(AV
E)
Co
m
p
o
site Reliab
i
lity
Cro
n
b
ach’s Alp
h
a
Sy
ste
m
Qualit
y
(S
Q)
0
.64
3
0
.93
5
0
.83
7
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
Qualit
y
(
IQ)
0
.59
8
0
.83
9
0
.91
1
SeQ (
S
eQ)
0
.63
9
0
.94
7
0
.89
2
Perceived
Secu
rity (PS)
0
.68
8
0
.94
5
0
.92
6
Perceived
P
rivacy
(PP)
0
.63
8
0
.89
3
0
.89
1
Perceived
T
rus
t (
P
T)
0
.59
9
0
.88
3
0
.90
8
Perceived
Usef
u
ln
ess
(
PU
)
0
.62
1
0
.91
7
0
.85
9
Perceived
E
ase o
f
Use (
P
E)
0
.60
8
0
.90
1
0
.88
8
Perceived
Ris
k
(
P
R)
0
.67
2
0
.92
3
0
.86
6
Users’
Satisf
actio
n
(
US
)
0
.59
3
0
.93
4
0
.88
2
E
-
Go
v
Usag
e
(E
U
)
0
.61
2
0
.89
5
0
.91
2
E
-
Go
v
E
f
f
ectiv
en
ess
(
EE
)
0
.65
7
0
.93
5
0
.96
1
Figure
2. Me
as
ur
em
ent I
S
s
uc
cess
m
od
el
on
E
-
G
ov
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
In
te
gr
atin
g I
S su
ccess
mo
del
wi
th cyb
ersec
uri
ty
factors
…
(
Mo
hamm
e
d S
ae
ed
Al
-
Zahr
ani
)
4945
Figure
3. Me
as
ur
em
ent
c
ybers
ecur
it
y o
n
E
-
G
ov
e
f
fecti
ve
nes
s
Table
2.
D
isc
r
i
m
inant
v
al
idit
y
Variables
SQ
IQ
SeQ
PS
PP
PR
PT
PU
PE
UE
US
EE
SQ
.80
9
IQ
.49
0
.88
2
SeQ
.33
2
.40
3
.89
7
PS
.43
8
.54
3
.40
8
.90
5
PP
.45
1
.42
1
.57
0
.45
0
.89
4
PR
.34
5
.43
9
.57
2
.53
0
.50
7
.91
7
PT
.37
8
.43
2
.43
8
.46
9
.47
2
.39
5
.83
7
PU
.42
7
.60
1
.39
0
.43
6
.47
2
.45
8
.43
8
.90
3
PE
.60
1
.59
3
.48
5
.41
0
.53
8
.48
8
.38
0
.42
3
.90
9
UE
.40
9
.42
9
.37
8
.39
5
.41
9
.43
6
.43
7
.43
8
.54
0
.88
9
US
.44
3
.49
3
.38
5
.38
2
.38
9
.46
2
.54
8
.50
9
.43
9
.40
0
.90
7
EE
.34
9
.49
8
.40
5
.49
5
.47
2
.43
1
.34
1
.51
1
.49
1
.38
1
.45
7
.91
2
4.2.
S
truc
tu
r
al m
od
el
In
order
t
o
te
st
the
structu
ral
m
od
el
li
ng
,
co
nfi
rm
at
or
y
factor
analy
sis
(CF
A)
was
r
un
as
the
seco
nd
ph
a
se
of
the
pa
th
an
al
ysi
s
an
d
struct
ur
al
e
qu
at
ion
m
od
el
li
ng
S
EM,
Ta
ble
3
il
lustrate
s
the
struct
ur
al
m
odel
li
ng
of
in
depen
de
nt
factor
s,
an
d
Table
4
dem
on
strat
es
the
struct
ur
al
m
od
el
li
ng
of
m
ediat
or
be
side
de
pe
nd
e
nt
factors.
T
he
da
ta
show
n
i
n
the
se
ta
bles
in
dica
te
s
the
validit
y
of
this
fr
am
ewo
r
k
as
well
as
it
s
su
it
abili
ty
to
te
s
t
the h
y
po
t
heses
of this
stu
dy, s
ee Fig
ur
e
4
an
d
Fi
gure
5
.
Figure
4
an
d
F
igure
5
represe
nts
the
hypoth
eses
betwee
n
the
twel
ve
key
const
ru
ct
s
an
d
the
ob
ta
ine
d
resu
lt
s
i
nd
ic
at
ed
th
at
al
l
fift
een
hypothese
s
we
re
acce
pt
ed.
Table
3
de
no
te
s
val
ues
of
the
unsta
nd
ard
iz
e
d
coeffic
ie
nts
al
ong
with
the
st
and
a
r
d
er
rors
of
the
str
uctu
ral
m
od
el
that
in
di
cat
ed
m
ajo
r
sta
ti
sti
cs
of
the
m
od
el
are sig
nifica
nt,
and th
us dem
on
strat
in
g
th
e m
od
el
validit
y a
nd the
hypothe
ses test
ing res
ul
ts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
5
,
Oct
ob
e
r 2
020
:
49
37
-
49
55
4946
Figure
4. Re
se
arch
m
od
el
h
y
po
t
hesis
t
est
in
g
r
esults
Figure
5. Re
se
arch
m
od
el
h
y
po
t
hesis
t
est
in
g
r
esults
4.2.1. Resul
ts of
hypo
th
esi
s
test
in
g
All
hypoth
ese
s
are
sup
port
ed
by
these
resu
lt
s
il
lustra
ti
ng
t
he
var
i
ous
relat
ion
s
hi
ps
betwee
n
the
var
ia
bles
of
the
rese
arc
h
m
od
el
.
Table
3
il
lustrate
s
the
un
sta
ndar
dized
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts
as
well
as
the
sta
nd
a
r
d
error
s
of
t
he
struct
ur
al
m
od
el
by
pro
vid
in
g
t
he
re
qu
i
red
pa
ram
et
ers.
The
T
able
3
c
onfir
m
s
that
the
SeQ,
I
Q
,
SQ
,
PS, P
P, P
R, PT,
P
U,
PE
U,
EU, U
S
, a
nd E
-
G
ov e
ff
ect
iveness
.
As
dem
on
strat
ed
in
Ta
ble
3
and
Fig
ur
e
5,
resu
lt
s
dis
pla
y
that
there
is
a
sign
ific
a
nt
relat
ion
s
hi
p
a
m
on
g
S
Q
an
d
US
(β=
.36
1,
t
=
6.0
87,
p<
0.0
01),
dem
on
stra
ti
ng
that
t
he
hypo
t
hesis
nu
m
ber
one
(H1
)
propos
e
a
posit
ive
an
d
sign
ific
a
nt
rela
ti
on
s
hip
s,
w
hic
h
m
eans
that
is,
this
pr
ese
nt
s
a
m
ple
sh
owe
d
that
al
l
respo
ndents
belie
ve
the
S
Q
of
E
-
G
ov
se
r
vice
it
was
a
us
ef
ul.
The
ne
xt
direct
ef
fe
ct
is
IQ
and
U
S
(β=
.
086,
t=
1.
83
5,
p<0.05
),
dem
on
strat
in
g
that
the
hypothe
sis
nu
m
ber
tw
o
(
H2)
rec
omm
e
nd
a
posit
ive
an
d
sig
nificant
re
la
ti
on
s,
wh
ic
h
m
eans
t
hat,
t
his
c
urre
nt
sam
ple
sho
w
th
at
al
l
res
ponde
nts
belie
ve
the
I
Q
of
E
-
G
ov
se
rv
ic
e
it
was
a
us
e
fu
l.
A
dd
ed
to
the
a
bo
ve
resu
lt
,
t
he
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
SeQ
an
d
US
(β=
.11
8,
t=
2.2
53,
p<
0.05),
represe
nting
th
at
the
hy
po
t
hes
is
nu
m
ber
t
hr
e
e
(H3
)
s
uggest
a
posit
ive
a
nd
sign
i
ficant
relat
ion
s,
w
hich
m
eans
that
this
cu
rr
e
nt
sam
ple
sh
ow
that
al
l
res
ponde
nts
belie
ve
the
Se
Q
of
E
-
G
ov
it
was
a
us
e
fu
l.
The
f
ollow
i
ng
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