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i
c
h
a
r
e
de
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
t
o
h
i
g
h
po
w
e
r
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
us
i
n
g
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
a
nd
n
o
n
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
[
20
-
22
]
.
I
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
di
a
g
ra
m
f
o
r
b
oo
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
us
e
d
t
o
b
oo
s
t
i
nput
dc
v
o
l
t
a
ge
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
po
w
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
O
N
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
i
n
duc
t
o
r
c
ha
r
ge
e
n
e
rgy
i
n
t
h
e
fo
r
m
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
a
n
d
di
s
c
h
a
r
ge
e
n
e
r
gy
w
h
e
n
po
w
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
o
ff
c
o
n
di
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
t
i
m
e
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
R
C
o
f
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t
de
pe
n
ds
o
n
t
h
e
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
s
i
z
e
.
T
he
o
ut
put
vo
l
t
a
ge
boo
s
t
l
e
ve
l
de
pe
n
ds
o
n
t
h
e
du
t
y
ra
t
i
o
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
a
n
d
a
ppl
i
e
d
i
nput
v
o
l
t
a
ge
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
de
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
,
0
=
(
1
−
)
(1)
W
h
e
r
e
,
V
o
i
s
o
ut
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
,
V
i
–
i
nput
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
nd
G
-
du
t
y
ra
t
i
o
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1
.
C
i
r
c
ui
t
d
i
a
g
ra
m
o
f
DC
-
D
C
B
o
os
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
3.
S
WI
TC
H
I
N
G
P
U
LS
E
G
EN
ER
A
TI
O
N
T
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
pu
l
s
e
fo
r
dc
-
dc
boo
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
ge
ne
r
a
t
e
d
us
i
n
g
S
i
n
us
o
i
da
l
P
ul
s
e
W
i
dt
h
M
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
(S
P
W
M
).
P
ul
s
e
W
i
dt
h
M
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
m
e
t
h
o
d
w
h
e
r
e
i
n
a
f
i
xe
d
D
C
i
n
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
gi
v
e
n
t
o
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
A
C
o
ut
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
a
dj
us
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
dut
y
c
y
c
l
e
[23
]
.
O
ut
p
ut
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
l
t
e
rna
t
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
O
N
a
n
d
O
F
F
w
i
t
h
i
n
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
d
pe
r
i
o
d;
c
o
nt
r
o
l
s
pow
e
r
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d
by
a
de
v
i
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
e
e
n
by
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
i
s
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
pr
o
po
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
s
o
ur
c
e
vo
l
t
a
ge
[24
]
.
P
u
l
s
e
W
i
dt
h
M
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
w
s
us
t
o
v
a
r
y
h
o
w
m
uc
h
t
i
m
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
na
l
i
s
hi
g
h
i
n
a
n
a
na
l
o
g
w
a
y
[25
-
26
]
.
W
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
c
a
n
o
nl
y
b
e
h
i
g
h
(us
u
a
l
l
y
5V
)
o
r
l
o
w
(gr
o
un
d)
b
ut
w
e
c
a
n
v
a
r
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
po
r
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
i
m
e
t
h
e
s
i
g
na
l
i
s
hi
g
h
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
w
h
e
n
i
t
i
s
l
o
w
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
S
P
W
M
–
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
pul
s
e
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
o
f
P
W
M
i
s
t
h
a
t
po
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
de
v
i
c
e
s
i
s
v
e
r
y
l
ow
.
T
h
e
t
e
c
hni
que
w
e
a
r
e
us
i
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
S
i
n
us
o
i
da
l
P
ul
s
e
W
i
dt
h
M
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
P
W
M
i
s
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
po
pul
a
r
m
o
dul
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
hn
i
q
ue
us
e
d
a
nd
f
i
n
ds
m
o
r
e
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
i
ndus
t
ri
e
s
.
T
h
e
ga
t
i
ng
s
i
g
na
l
c
a
n
b
e
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
d
by
c
o
m
pa
r
i
n
g
a
s
i
n
us
o
i
da
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
gna
l
w
i
t
h
a
t
r
i
a
n
gu
l
a
r
c
a
rri
e
r
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
w
i
dt
h
o
f
e
a
c
h
pul
s
e
v
a
r
i
e
d
p
r
o
po
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
t
o
a
m
p
l
i
t
ude
o
f
a
s
i
n
e
w
a
v
e
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
c
e
nt
r
e
o
f
s
a
m
e
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s
e
.
S
P
W
M
i
s
o
n
e
t
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c
hni
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w
h
i
c
h
h
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l
ps
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r
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c
s
p
r
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s
e
n
t
i
n
qu
a
s
i
s
t
a
t
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
Int
J
E
l
e
c
&
Co
m
p
E
n
g
,
V
o
l
.
10
,
N
o
.
2
,
A
p
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l
2020
:
1
7
2
2
-
1
7
2
7
1724
T
h
e
m
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dul
a
t
i
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n
i
n
de
x
i
s
de
f
i
n
e
d
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s
,
M
a
=A
m
/
A
c
(2)
W
h
e
r
e
,
A
m
=
r
e
f
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r
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c
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s
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m
p
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ude
,
A
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l
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p
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.
4.
V
H
D
L
C
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D
I
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U
S
I
N
G
X
I
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N
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-
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T
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w
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c
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pu
l
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f
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r
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/
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v
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de
r
e
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us
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V
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D
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c
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di
n
g
by
X
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l
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n
x
IS
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w
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t
h
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p
of
F
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A
pr
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s
s
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r
.
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i
l
i
n
x
-
IS
E
i
s
t
h
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pl
a
t
f
o
r
m
e
n
v
i
r
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nm
e
n
t
f
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r
w
r
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t
i
ng
V
H
D
L
c
o
de
a
n
d
t
o
f
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4.
A
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S
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D
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IC;
P
W
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D
IR
:
O
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T
D
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O
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IC;
P
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:
O
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D
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IC;
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1:
O
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T
S
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;
)
;
A
R
CH
IT
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R
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CA
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=
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a
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R
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A
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‘1’
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IF
;
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P
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S
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.
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t
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t
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n
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f
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n
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A
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t
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s
pa
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a
n
-
6
F
P
G
A
p
r
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s
s
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r
;
t
h
e
V
H
D
L
h
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s
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t
t
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n
f
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s
w
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c
hi
n
g
pul
s
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ge
n
e
ra
t
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o
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t
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c
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t
r
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t
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dc
-
dc
c
o
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v
e
r
t
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r
.
T
h
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f
l
o
w
c
h
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V
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D
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c
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de
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s
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h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
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r
e
3
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n
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n
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r
a
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d
b
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f
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l
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d
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F
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pr
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v
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r
t
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r,
w
h
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c
h
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s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
.
4
.
5.
S
I
M
U
LA
TI
O
N
A
N
D
H
A
R
D
WA
R
E
R
ES
U
LTS
&
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
s
i
m
ul
a
t
e
d
a
nd
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
t
o
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
pu
l
s
e
us
i
n
g
X
i
l
i
n
x
-
IS
E
w
i
t
h
F
P
G
A
pr
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
fo
r
D
C
-
D
C
b
oo
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r.
T
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
p
ul
s
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IS
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r
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
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IS
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:
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10]
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l
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our
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l
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s
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ue
4
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c
201
6.
[
13]
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.
S
.
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i
m
,
D
.
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.
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ho
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.
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.
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a
ng
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e
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.
Y
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E
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E
36t
h
,
pp
.
1209
-
12
12
,
200
5.
[
14]
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.
L
i
a
nd
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.
H
e
,
“
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n
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v
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E
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r
ans
.
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e
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l
e
c
t
r
on
.
,
v
o
l
.
22
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1499
–
150
7,
J
ul
.
2
007
.
[
15]
Y.
-
P
.
H
s
i
e
h
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J
.
-
F
.
C
h
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.
-
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.
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l
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,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1127
–
1
1
36,
A
pr
.
201
1.
[
16]
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.
X
i
e
,
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.
L
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Y
.
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h
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o
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.
Z
ha
o
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o
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p
p.
2
025
–
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,
201
0
.
[
17]
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i
n.
W
.
S
o
ng
&
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ua
ng
.
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.
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u
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m
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R
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nv
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v
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l
.
I
E
C
I
-
27,
no
.
3,
pp
.
201
-
207
,
1980
.
[
18]
M
a
s
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o
d.
A
l
i
.
I
&
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l
-
A
m
m
a
r
.
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s
s
a
m
"
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na
l
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P
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g
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nv
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r
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l
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19]
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na
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r
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20]
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y
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ung
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.
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t
,
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010
.
[
21]
M
a
t
s
uo
,
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i
r
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f
um
i
;
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ur
o
ka
w
a
,
F
uj
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o
;
,
"
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e
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l
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l
l
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up
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t
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v
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l
.
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E
-
31,
no
.
1,
p
p.
5
1
-
55
,
F
e
b
.
198
4.
[
22]
H
e
nn,
G
.
A
.
L
.
;
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a
r
r
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t
o
,
L
.
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.
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.
;
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l
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r
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,
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.
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.
;
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.
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.
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w
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l
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t
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c
s
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o
nf
e
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nd
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x
po
s
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t
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o
n,
2008
.
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P
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C
2008
.
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w
e
nt
y
-
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hi
r
d
A
nnua
l
I
E
E
E
,
v
o
l
.
,
no
.
,
pp
.
15
89
-
1594
,
24
-
28
F
e
b
.
20
08.
[
23]
Ci
-
M
i
ng
H
o
ng;
L
ung
-
S
he
ng
Y
a
ng
;
T
s
o
r
ng
J
uu
L
i
a
ng
;
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i
a
nn
-
F
uh
C
he
n
,
"
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o
v
e
l
bi
d
i
r
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c
t
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na
l
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
w
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g
h
s
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g
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g
a
i
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ne
r
gy
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o
nv
e
r
s
i
on
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ong
r
e
s
s
a
nd
E
x
po
s
i
t
i
on,
200
9.
E
C
C
E
20
09.
I
E
E
E
,
p
p.
60
-
66
,
20
-
24
S
e
pt
.
20
09.
[
24]
L
i
a
o
,
W
.
C
.
;
L
i
a
ng
,
T
.
J
.
;
L
i
a
ng
,
H
.
H
.
;
L
i
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o
,
H
.
K
.
;
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ng
,
L
.
S
.
;
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ua
ng
,
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.
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.
;
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he
n,
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.
F
.
,
"
S
t
udy
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nd
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m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
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o
n
o
f
a
no
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l
bi
di
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c
t
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na
l
D
C
-
D
C
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o
nv
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r
w
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h
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c
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s
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n
r
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,
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ne
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
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o
n
C
o
ng
r
e
s
s
a
n
d
E
xpo
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
E
C
C
E
)
,
2011
I
E
E
E
,
v
o
l
.
,
no
.
,
p
p.
134
-
140
,
17
-
22
S
e
p
t
.
2011
.
[
25]
L
un
g
-
S
he
ng
Y
a
ng
;
T
s
o
r
ng
-
J
uu
L
i
a
ng
,
"
A
na
l
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s
i
s
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nd
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m
pl
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m
e
nt
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t
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f
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e
l
B
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d
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r
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c
t
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l
D
C
–
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C
C
o
nv
e
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t
e
r
,
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t
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i
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l
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l
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c
t
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c
s
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E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
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o
ns
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
59
,
no
.
1,
pp
.
4
22
-
4
34,
J
a
n.
2
012
.
[
26]
Z
hi
g
a
n
g
L
i
a
ng
;
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ua
ng
,
A
.
Q
.
;
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o
n
g
G
u
o
,
"
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i
g
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e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
s
w
i
t
c
he
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
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r
buc
kbo
o
s
t
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
P
V
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
o
n,
"
A
ppl
i
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
a
nd
E
xpo
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
A
P
E
C
)
,
2012
T
w
e
nt
y
-
S
e
v
e
nt
h
A
nnua
l
I
E
E
E
,
v
o
l
.
,
no
.
,
pp.
1951
-
1
958
,
5
-
9
F
e
b.
20
12
.
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