Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9
, pp.
1987
~
19
96
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
3
.
pp1987
-
19
96
1987
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Eva
lu
ation o
f
earth
f
ault
l
ocation
a
lgo
rithm in
me
diu
m vo
l
tage
distribu
tion n
etw
or
k
with
c
orrecti
on
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
N
. S. B.
Jamil
i
,
M
. R.
Ad
z
m
an
,
S.
R.
A.
R
ah
im
,
S. M
. Z
ali, M. Is
a, H.
Ha
n
afi
School
of El
ec
tr
i
ca
l
S
y
st
em,
Uni
ver
siti
Malay
si
a P
erl
is
,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
9, 20
16
Re
vised N
ov 20, 2
016
Accepte
d Dec
11, 201
6
Thi
s
pape
r
foc
u
sed
on
stud
y
ing
an
al
gorit
hm
o
f
ea
rth
fau
lt
locati
on
in
th
e
m
edi
um
volt
age
distri
buti
on
netw
ork.
In
power
s
y
stem
net
work,
m
ost
of
th
e
ea
rth
fau
l
t
oc
c
urs
is
a
singl
e
li
ne
to
gr
oun
d
fau
lt.
A
m
ed
ium
volt
ag
e
distri
buti
on
ne
t
work
with
resista
nce
e
art
h
ing
at
the
m
ai
n
subs
ta
ti
on
and
an
ea
rth
fau
l
t
at
t
ached
a
long
th
e
di
stribut
ion
n
et
wo
rk
is
m
odel
ed
in
ATP
Draw.
The
g
ene
r
at
ed
e
art
h
f
aul
t
is
sim
ula
t
ed,
and
the
volt
ag
e
and
cur
ren
t
sign
a
l
produc
ed
is
r
ecorded.
Th
e
e
arth
fau
lt
locati
on
al
gori
thm
is
sim
ula
te
d
an
d
te
sted
in
MA
TLA
B.
The
a
cc
ur
a
c
y
of
the
ea
r
th
fau
lt
locati
on
a
l
gorit
hm
is
te
sted
at
seve
r
al
lo
cations
an
d
fau
lt
resist
an
ce
s.
A
poss
ible
cor
re
ct
ion
te
chn
ique
is
e
xpla
in
ed
to
m
i
nimize
th
e
err
or.
Th
e
result
s
show
an
improvem
ent
fa
ult
lo
cation distance esti
m
at
ion
w
it
h
m
ini
m
um
err
or.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
ATP
softwa
re
Correct
ion t
echn
i
qu
e
Fault l
ocati
on
Me
diu
m
v
oltag
e d
ist
rib
utio
n
netw
ork
Copyright
©
20
1
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
N.
S.
B.
Jam
ili,
School
of Elec
tric
al
System
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
Pauh P
utra
Cam
pu
s,
02
600 A
rau, Pe
rlis, Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
:
nu
rs
haz
li
n@
stu
den
t
m
ai
l.un
im
ap.
ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
m
ediu
m
vo
lt
age
distri
bu
t
ion
net
wor
k
is
the
m
os
t
sensiti
ve
par
t
of
the
distrib
ution
net
work.
It
is
because
m
os
t
of
t
he
blac
kout
exp
e
rience
d
by
cust
om
ers
i
s
cause
d
by
di
sturbance
s
in
t
he
m
edium
vo
lt
age
netw
ork.
M
os
t
ly
,
weather
c
ha
ng
e
s
cases
a
r
e
the
m
ai
n
reaso
n
f
or
t
he
el
ect
rical
power
supp
ly
dist
urban
ce
,
especial
ly
for
the
ov
e
rh
ea
d
li
nes
that
locat
ed
i
n
the
f
ores
ts.
T
hu
s
a
reli
able
netw
ork
i
s
re
qu
i
red
du
e
to
t
he
increase
d use
of ele
ct
rici
ty
[
1]
.
The
fa
ult
m
ay
happe
n
at
any
po
i
nt
in
a
pow
er
syst
e
m
.
The
fau
lt
that
occ
ur
s
on
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
was
cl
assifi
ed
as
a
sy
m
m
e
tric
al
fau
lt
and
unsym
m
et
rical
fau
lt
s.
The
sym
m
e
tri
cal
fau
lt
is
w
he
re
al
l
three
ph
a
ses
of
the
transm
issi
on
li
ne
are
shor
te
d
tog
et
he
r.
Wh
il
e
unsym
m
et
rical
fau
lt
s
can
be
div
i
de
d
into
th
ree
cat
egories;
sing
le
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und,
li
ne
-
to
-
l
ine
an
d
do
ub
le
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und
fau
lt
.
Ea
rth
fa
ult
accounts
f
or
ab
out
80%
of
the
distrib
ution n
et
work fa
ults,
w
hich
m
akes th
e
d
et
ect
in
g
a
nd locati
ng of si
ngle
-
phase ea
rth fault i
m
po
rtant
[2].
Ba
sed
on
[
3],
t
he
researc
her
s
tud
ie
d
the
i
ns
ta
ntane
ous
sin
gl
e
-
phase
-
to
-
ea
rt
h
f
ault
that occ
ur
s
,
a
nd
the
fau
lt
arc
t
hat
disap
pears
aut
om
atical
ly
bec
ause
of
t
he
ra
pid
c
om
pen
sat
ion
of
a
rc
s
uppr
essi
on
coil
c
urrent
.
To
s
olv
e
that
pro
blem
,
they
use
d
T
SC
(
Thyr
i
stor
S
witc
he
d
Ca
pacit
or
s
)
a
ut
om
atic
tun
in
g
arc
s
uppressi
on
c
oil
with
a
paral
le
l
resist
or.
Wh
il
e
in
[
4]
stu
dies
exp
la
ine
d
a
bout
the
unr
el
ia
bili
ty
of
the
l
ocal
iz
at
ion
crit
eri
ons
in
Po
li
sh
m
edium
vo
lt
age
powe
r
distrib
ution
ne
tworks
.
A
ne
w
adap
ti
ve
al
gor
it
h
m
b
ased
on
the
wa
velet
an
al
ysi
s
enab
li
ng
detect
ion
of
sp
eci
fic
dynam
ic
s
of
t
he
m
easur
ing
s
ign
al
duri
ng
in
te
rm
it
te
nt
eart
h
fa
ults
is
pr
oduce
d.
In
[
5]
stu
dies
a
bout
a
n
ea
rth
f
ault
distance
e
stim
ation
by
usi
ng
t
ransi
ent
s
ign
al
bu
t
m
or
e
fo
c
us
e
d
on
is
olate
d
and
c
o
m
pen
sat
ed
ne
utral
in
m
edium
vo
lt
age
netw
ork.
Wor
k
in
[6
]
pro
pose
d
a
schem
e
to
locat
e
an
eart
h
fau
lt
in
un
ea
rthe
d
or
a
com
pen
sat
ed
ne
utral
m
ed
ium
vo
lt
age
(
MV)
net
wor
k
us
in
g
tran
sie
nt
sign
al
recor
de
d
from
MV/LV
s
ub
sta
ti
on
s.
T
he
al
gorithm
app
li
es
con
ti
nu
ou
s
w
avelet
Transf
orm
(CW
T)
t
o
locat
e
the
do
m
inant
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
1987
-
1996
1988
charge
tra
ns
ie
nt
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
a
nd
the
n
fast
F
ou
rier
tra
nsfo
rm
(F
FT)
to
e
xtract
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts
t
o
be
us
e
d
i
n
the
fau
lt
locat
ion
schem
e.
Anothe
r
resea
r
cher
[
7],
stu
di
es
about
high
-
i
m
ped
ance
fa
ul
ts
(H
IF
s
)
w
hi
ch
pro
duc
e
a
sm
a
ll
fau
l
t
current,
t
hus
not
detect
able
by
so
m
e
ov
ercurre
nt
protect
io
n
de
vices.
To
so
lve
t
hat
pro
blem
,
the
researche
r
analy
zed
the
data
by
co
nv
e
rting
the
har
m
on
ic
analy
sis
of
c
urren
t
wa
vefor
m
s
in
the
MATLAB
by
us
ing
Four
ie
r
tra
nsfo
rm
.
Also
,
resea
rch
e
r
in
[8
]
stu
dies
ab
ou
t
dete
ct
ion
an
d
ident
ific
at
ion
of
high
i
m
ped
ance
f
aults
in
po
wer
net
w
orks,
but
t
he
r
esearche
r
us
e
d
the
wa
velet
outp
ut
to
co
ns
tr
uct
a
detect
ion
crit
erio
n
a
nd
us
e
d
a
n
al
gorithm
to
de
te
rm
ine the
faul
te
d
phase a
nd
feed
e
r.
Accor
ding
to
[
7],
fau
lt
locat
ion
te
c
hn
i
qu
es
for
distrib
utio
n
networ
ks
ha
ve
been
cl
assifi
ed
into
th
ree
diff
e
re
nt
gro
ups:
f
undam
ental
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
m
easur
em
ents,
high
-
fr
e
quen
cy
m
easur
em
e
nts
an
d
t
he
use
of
arti
fici
al
intel
lig
ence
(
AI).
Re
ferrin
g
to
[
9],
the
sho
rt
-
ci
rc
ui
t
fau
lt
,
r
el
ia
bl
e
earth
fa
ult
in
dicat
or
s
are
la
ckin
g,
and
t
he
fa
ult
distance
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
is
sti
ll
an
ope
n
issue
for
util
it
ie
s.
Ba
sed
on
resear
cher
wor
k
in
[
9]
the
researc
her
us
es
vo
lt
age
an
d
a
current
sig
nal;
pr
e
fau
lt
,
fa
ult,
and
po
st
-
fa
ult
to
fin
d
the
fau
l
t
locat
io
n.
Fig
ur
e
1
sh
ows
the
net
work m
od
el
u
s
ed fo
r fault
distance cal
c
ulati
on
.
Fig
ure
1
.
Sim
ple sch
em
a o
f
t
he
n
et
w
ork
m
od
el
u
se
d
f
or
fa
ul
t dista
nce calc
ulati
on
[
10
]
Ba
sed on
[1
1
]
stud
ie
s,
the
res
earche
r
m
od
el
ed
the
netw
ork
i
n
PS
D
AC/EM
TDC whic
h
ha
s stud
ie
d o
n
the
sim
ulatio
n,
va
ryi
ng
gro
und
resist
ivit
y,
fa
ult
resist
ance,
fau
lt
ty
pe
and
the
lo
cat
ion
of
t
he
fau
lt
.
The
resea
rch
e
r
us
es
pr
e
fa
ult
and
fa
ult
sign
a
l
to
find
the
lo
cat
ion
of
the
f
ault.
Figure
2
sh
ows
the
sim
ulate
d
vo
lt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nts
sign
al
in
pr
efa
ult
and
f
ault
conditi
on
s
du
ri
ng
a
sing
l
e
li
ne
-
to
-
gro
und
fa
ult
with
a
fau
lt
resist
ance
of 5Ω.
Figure
2. Sim
ulate
d
volt
age a
nd curre
nt si
gnal
d
uri
ng si
ng
l
e li
ne
to
gro
un
d fault
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Figure
3
sho
w
s
the
schem
at
i
c
diag
ram
of
m
od
el
le
d
si
m
ple
p
ower
netw
ork
m
od
el
ed
i
n
AT
P
dra
w.
It
co
ns
ist
s
of
three
phase
s
ource
al
te
r
natin
g
cu
rr
e
nt
(
AC
),
ste
p
do
wn
t
ran
s
f
or
m
er,
thr
ee
-
phase
distri
bu
ti
on
li
ne,
and l
oa
d.
P
r
ef
au
lt
Fau
lt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eva
lu
atio
n of e
ar
th
fa
ult l
oca
t
ion
algorit
hm i
n med
i
um vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n n
et
work wi
th
… (
N. S
. B
. J
amil
i
)
1989
Fig
ure
3
.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
of sim
ple p
ower
netw
ork
m
od
el
ed
i
n ATP
D
raw
2.1.
Fau
lt
loc
at
i
on alg
orit
hm
Accor
ding
to
[
12
]
,
base
d
on
t
he
e
qu
i
valent
c
ircuit
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
4,
fau
lt
locat
ion
e
stim
at
ion
(
1)
is
dev
el
op
e
d.
Figure
4. The
s
ymm
et
rical
co
m
po
nen
t m
od
e
l of a ra
diall
y o
per
at
e
d netw
ork for the
con
ve
ntion
al
fa
ult
locat
ion
m
et
hod
0
1
2
1
_
1
3
f
f
f
L
f
R
F
a
u
lt
L
o
c
a
tio
n
I
Z
Z
Z
Z
I
V
I
(1)
V
f
is
the
fau
lt
phase
volt
age,
I
f
is
the
fau
lt
c
urren
t,
I
L
is
t
he
l
oad
c
urren
t,
Z
0
,
Z
1
,
an
d
Z
2
are
the
ze
r
o
-
,
po
sit
ive
-
a
nd
ne
gative
-
seq
ue
nce
im
ped
ance
s
of
the
li
ne
pe
r
km
,
an
d
R
f
is
the
fa
ult
resist
ance.
I
n
[
13]
,
a
fau
lt
resist
ance
val
ue
can
be
deter
m
ined
by
us
in
g
(2).
R
f
is
the
fau
lt
resist
ance
,
V
s
is
the
fau
lt
ph
a
se
vo
lt
a
ge
and
I
s
is
the f
a
ult cu
rr
e
nt
.
s
s
f
I
V
R
(
2)
2.2.
Co
rrec
tio
n fa
cto
r
To
m
ini
m
iz
e
t
he
erro
r
of
fa
ult
locat
ion
an
d
f
ault
resist
ance,
a
li
near
and
pa
raboli
c
regres
sion
is
us
e
d
to
generate
eq
uations.
From
curve
fitt
ing
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
too
l
in
MATLAB
,
under
‘APPS
’
sect
ion
,
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
1987
-
1996
1990
so
luti
on
can
be
dev
el
ope
d.
By
us
in
g
m
e
tho
d
of
le
ast
square
s,
the
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts
m
(sl
op
e
)
a
nd
b
(y
-
inte
rce
pt)
of
the straig
ht li
ne
equati
on ca
n be
form
ed.
y=
mx
+
b
(
3)
Figure
5
sho
w
s
the
li
ne
fit
pl
ot
based
on
Ta
ble
1
data.
T
he
strai
ght
li
ne
is
plo
t
by
us
i
ng
t
he
act
ual
value
ver
s
us
t
he
cal
culat
ed
va
lue.
T
he
strai
ght
li
ne
eq
uatio
n
f
or
m
ed
is
use
d
as
c
orrecti
on
fact
or
in
t
his
work.
It
is
use
d
to
m
inim
iz
e
the
eart
h
fau
lt
locat
i
on
erro
r.
T
able
1
sh
ows
an
exa
m
ple
data
us
ed
to
de
velo
p
e
quat
io
n
to m
ini
m
iz
e the f
a
ult resist
an
ce erro
r.
Wh
il
e
Tab
le
2
s
how
s
the s
umm
ary
of the
fitt
ed
li
ne
p
lot i
n
Fi
gure
5
.
Table
1.
Sam
pl
e D
at
a
of Fa
ult Re
sist
ance
Actu
al Value
(Ω
)
Calcu
lated
Value
(
Ω)
20
2
2
.55
2
40
4
4
.39
9
60
6
3
.08
2
80
8
3
.04
9
Figure
5. Line
fit plot
Table
2.
Su
m
m
ary f
or the
Plot
te
d
Line
Fit
Linear
m
o
d
el Poly
1
:
= p1
*
x
+
p
2
p1
= 0.9
5
4
2
(
0
.92
3
7
,
0
.98
4
6
)
p2
=
-
0
.41
4
4
(
-
1
.65
8
,
0
.82
9
2
)
Go
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it:
SSE
R
-
sq
u
are
Ad
ju
sted
R
-
sq
u
are
RMSE
=7
.13
=0
.99
9
=0
.99
8
8
=1
.09
By
ref
err
i
ng
to
Table
2,
f
ro
m
[14]
err
or
sum
of
sq
ua
res
(
SSE)
ca
n
be
c
al
culat
ed
by
pe
rfor
m
ing
(4)
.
Wh
e
re
SST
is t
he
total
su
m
o
f
sq
ua
res,
SST
R
is t
he
treatm
e
nts su
m
o
f
sq
ua
res,
w
hile
SSBL
is t
he
blo
ck
su
m
o
f
the s
qu
a
res.
SSE =
SST
–
SS
TR
–
SS
B
L
(4)
R
-
s
quar
e
d
is
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
m
easur
e
of
how
cl
os
e
the
data
are
to
the
fitt
ed
re
gressi
on
li
ne.
The
de
finiti
on
of
R
-
squ
ar
e
d
is
fairly
strai
ght
-
for
ward;
it
is
the
per
ce
ntag
e
of
the
resp
on
se
var
ia
ble
vari
at
io
n
that i
s explai
ne
d by a li
nea
r
m
od
el
.
Or
[15]:
R
-
s
quar
e
d =
SSTR
/ SST
(5)
R
-
s
quar
e
d
is
al
ways
bet
wee
n
0
a
nd
100%
.
0%
i
nd
ic
at
es
that
the
m
od
el
ex
plains
none
of
the
var
ia
bili
ty
of
the
res
pons
e
data
ar
ound
it
s
m
ean.
W
hil
e
100%
in
di
cat
es
that
the
m
od
el
exp
la
in
s
al
l
the
var
ia
bili
ty
o
f
t
he resp
onse
da
ta
arou
nd it
s m
ean.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eva
lu
atio
n of e
ar
th
fa
ult l
oca
t
ion
algorit
hm i
n med
i
um vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n n
et
work wi
th
… (
N. S
. B
. J
amil
i
)
1991
As
the
num
ber
of
re
gr
es
sors
increase
s,
the
R
2
value
al
so
i
nc
reases,
s
o
R
2
c
annot
be
a
us
e
f
ul
m
easur
e
for
the
goodne
ss
of
m
od
el
fit.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
R
2
is
adjusted
f
or
the
n
um
ber
of
exp
la
nato
ry
va
riables
in
t
he
m
od
el
.
The
a
dju
ste
d
R
2
is def
in
ed
as i
n
e
qu
at
io
n [
16
]
:
2
1
1
22
11
11
n
R
p
n
RR
adj
n
p
n
p
(
6)
The
RM
SE
a
way
of
est
i
m
ating
the
dif
fer
e
nce
bet
ween
t
he
val
ues
pr
e
di
ct
ed
by
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
m
od
el
and the m
easure
d valu
es
fro
m
the actu
al
syst
e
m
[
14]
.
11
SSE
R
M
S
E
kn
(7)
The
sta
ti
sti
cal
so
luti
on
for fa
ult resist
ance
less tha
n 100Ω
is give
n
as:
Ne
w_R
f
=
(
R
f
*0.
9542)
-
0.4
144
(
8)
2.3.
Accur
at
e
regi
on
A
cy
cl
e
of
a
fa
ulted
Vs
,
Is
an
d
I
L
sig
nal
consi
sts
of
400
sa
m
ples
is
us
ed
in
(
1)
a
nd
the
r
esult
of
fa
ult
locat
ion
est
im
a
ti
on
is
pr
ese
nt
ed
in
a
sign
al
fo
rm
as
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
Figure
6
sho
w
s
the
est
i
m
a
ted
fau
lt
locat
ion
at
2k
m
f
ro
m
the su
bst
at
ion
. Fault
l
ocati
on is
deter
m
ined
by
obse
rv
i
ng the acc
ur
at
e reg
i
on.
Figure
6. Fa
ult dista
nce
esti
m
at
ion
for fault
at
2
km
f
r
om
t
he
m
easur
ing
po
int
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
Seve
ral te
sts h
ave
been co
nd
ucted
t
o
te
st t
he
accu
racy an
d suit
abili
ty
o
f
the alg
ori
thm
to
the circ
uit.
3.1.
Sa
mpli
n
g freq
uency
This
te
st
was
done
t
o
fin
d
t
he
m
os
t
su
it
ab
le
m
et
ho
d
an
d
sam
pling
f
requen
cy
t
o
l
ocate
the
f
aul
t
locat
ion
.
T
he
al
gorithm
has
been
te
ste
d
with
a
sam
pli
ng
fr
e
quency
of
10kHz
up
to
50kHz
wit
h
5kHz
increm
ent.
For
exam
ple,
bas
ed
on
acc
ur
at
e
re
gion
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
6
the
m
edian,
m
ean
and
fix
fa
ult
distance
of
tha
t
reg
i
on
is
1.982k
m
,
1.9
84km
and
2.0
00
km
r
especti
vely
.
F
or
fi
x
fau
lt
distance,
t
he
posit
io
n
for
data
colle
ct
ed
is
diff
e
re
nt
de
pe
nds
on
the
num
ber
of
the
sa
m
ples
fo
r
te
ste
d
sam
pling
fr
e
qu
e
ncies,
th
en
after
a
sam
pling
fr
e
quency
was
c
hose
n,
the
fix
e
d
sam
ple
nu
m
ber
is
us
e
d
for
eve
ry
te
st.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
ba
sed
on
Figure
6,
116
is
the
us
e
d
sa
m
ple
nu
m
ber
.
The
sam
pling
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
we
r
e
te
ste
d
on
f
our
dif
fer
e
nt
di
sta
nces
(2km
,
4k
m
,
6k
m
,
and
8k
m
).
The
fa
ult
resist
ance
us
e
d
in
this
si
m
ulati
on
is
1Ω,
and
loa
d
of
83kVA
.
Table
3
sh
ows
t
he
res
ul
t
of
the
sim
ul
at
io
n
an
d
Fi
gure
7
s
hows
t
he
diff
e
re
nce
in
per
ce
ntage
bet
ween
act
ual
di
sta
nce
and esti
m
a
te
d
distance
with t
hr
ee
d
if
fer
e
nt
m
et
ho
ds.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
1987
-
1996
1992
Table
3.
Res
ults o
f
Fa
ult l
ocat
ion
Estim
at
ion
te
ste
d
with
D
if
fer
e
nt Sam
pling
F
re
qu
e
ncies
and D
ist
a
nces
Fau
lt
lo
catio
n
2
k
m
4
km
6
k
m
8
k
m
Sa
m
p
lin
g
f
req
Mean
Median
Fix
Mean
Median
Fix
Mean
Median
Fix
Mean
Median
Fix
10k
1
.97
5
1
.97
4
1
.99
9
3
.95
9
3
.95
7
3
.99
9
5
.94
2
5
.94
0
5
.99
9
7
.92
5
7
.92
1
7
.99
9
15k
1
.99
9
1
.98
2
2
.00
0
3
.99
8
3
.97
1
4
.00
1
5
.99
7
5
.95
9
6
.00
2
7
.99
6
7
.94
6
8
.00
3
20k
1
.98
4
1
.98
2
2
.00
0
3
.97
4
3
.97
0
4
.00
1
5
.96
4
5
.95
7
6
.00
2
7
.95
3
7
.94
4
8
.00
3
25k
1
.98
9
1
.98
5
2
.00
0
3
.98
2
3
.97
6
4
.00
2
5
.97
5
5
.96
6
6
.00
3
7
.96
8
7
.95
6
8
.00
4
30k
1
.98
8
1
.98
6
2
.00
0
3
.98
1
3
.97
7
4
.00
1
5
.97
4
5
.96
8
6
.00
1
7
.96
6
7
.95
8
8
.00
2
40k
1
.99
3
1
.99
0
2
.00
0
3
.98
8
3
.98
4
4.
002
5
.98
4
5
.97
8
6
.00
3
7
.97
9
7
.97
1
8
.00
4
50k
1
.99
3
1
.99
1
2
.00
0
3
.98
9
3
.98
5
4
.00
1
5
.98
5
5
.98
0
6
.00
2
7
.98
0
7
.97
4
8
.00
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
7. G
raph
of p
e
rcen
ta
ge
of err
or
ve
rsus sam
pling
fre
qu
e
ncy
(a)
fa
ult at
2
km
(
b)
fa
ult at
4km
(c)
fa
ult at
6k
m
, an
d
(
d) f
a
ul
t at
8
km
Ba
sed
on
the
r
esult
obta
ine
d
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
7,
the
sa
m
pl
ing
fr
e
que
ncy
of
20
kH
z
and
m
et
ho
d
of
fix
num
ber
w
ere
ch
os
e
n.
T
he
sel
ect
ion
is
based
on
the
m
os
t
sta
ble,
and
has
the
l
ow
est
distance
error
com
par
ed
t
o other m
et
ho
ds
w
hen esti
m
a
ti
ng
the eart
h
f
ault l
ocati
on.
3.2.
Perf
orm
an
ce
eva
lu
ati
on w
ith varies l
oad
The
fa
ult
locat
ion
al
gorithm
w
as
te
ste
d
with
two
di
ff
e
ren
t
lo
ads,
50
kVA
a
nd 150kVA.
T
he
sam
pling
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
us
e
d
is
20
kH
z
an
d
50
kH
z
.
T
he
distance
was
t
est
ed
to
2km
,
4
km
,
6km
,
and
8km
.
Table
4
sh
ows
the
resu
lt
obta
ined
f
r
om
the
t
est
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
res
ult
sh
ow
n
in
Table
4,
t
he
al
gorithm
hav
e
show
n
a
lo
w
error
of f
a
ult dista
nc
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eva
lu
atio
n of e
ar
th
fa
ult l
oca
t
ion
algorit
hm i
n med
i
um vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n n
et
work wi
th
… (
N. S
. B
. J
amil
i
)
1993
Table
4.
Res
ult o
f
Fa
ult dista
nc
e E
stim
at
ion
with
diff
e
re
nce
load co
ndit
ion
Fs
Load
Fau
lt Distan
ce
(k
m
)
Esti
m
at
ed
(k
m
)
Er
r
ror
(k
m
)
2
0
k
Hz
5
0
k
VA
2
2
.00
5
0
.00
5
4
4
.01
0
0
.01
0
6
6
.01
5
0
.01
5
8
8
.02
0
0
.02
0
1
5
0
k
VA
2
2
.00
9
0
.00
9
4
4
.01
6
0
.01
6
6
6
.02
3
0
.02
3
8
8
.03
0
0
.03
0
5
0
k
Hz
5
0
k
VA
2
2
.00
4
0
.00
4
4
4
.00
8
0
.00
8
6
6
.01
2
0.
012
8
8
.01
6
0
.01
6
1
5
0
k
VA
2
2
.00
6
0
.00
6
4
4
.01
1
0
.01
1
6
6
.01
6
0
.01
6
8
8
.02
1
0
.02
1
3.3.
Fau
lt
resist
ance
Anothe
r
factor
that
affe
ct
the
accura
cy
of
th
e
al
gorithm
is
t
he
fa
ult
resist
a
nce,
R
f
.
I
n
t
his
si
m
ulati
on
,
the
act
ual
valu
e
of
fa
ult
resist
anc
e
is
us
e
d
to
find
t
he
fa
ult
locat
ion.
Ta
ble
5
sho
ws
the
re
su
lt
of
fau
lt
lo
cat
ion
wh
e
n
te
st
with
a
dif
fer
e
nt
val
ue
of
fau
lt
resi
sta
nce.
Ba
se
d
on
res
ults
in
T
able
5,
the
acc
ur
acy
of
t
he
al
gorithm
is acc
epted
.
Table
5.
Fault
Locati
on
Algor
it
h
m
test
ed
with
d
iffe
re
nt v
al
ue of
R
f
at
90
0
In
ce
ptio
n
a
ng
l
e an
d
loa
d o
f 5
0kV
A
Distan
ce
(k
m
)
Rf
(Oh
m
)
Esti
m
at
ed
(k
m
)
Er
ror
(k
m
)
4
0
4
.01
0
0
.01
0
25
4
.01
7
0
.01
7
50
4
.02
0
0
.02
0
100
4
.01
8
0
.01
8
10
0
1
0
.02
8
0
.02
8
25
1
0
.03
0
0
.03
0
50
1
0
.03
3
0
.03
3
100
1
0
.02
9
0
.02
9
16
0
1
6
.03
0
0
.03
0
25
1
6
.04
3
0
.04
3
50
1
6
.04
6
0
.04
6
100
1
6
.04
2
0
.04
1
3.4.
Estima
ted
F
aul
t
R
esi
st
an
ce
As
m
ention
i
n
[
13
]
,
t
he
fau
lt
resist
ance
can
be
e
stim
at
ed
by
usi
ng
e
qu
at
ion
(
2)
.
Ta
ble
6
s
hows
the
est
i
m
at
ed
fau
lt
resist
ance.
I
n
Table
6,
it
sh
ows
that
est
i
m
ated
fau
lt
resist
a
nce
has
sm
al
l
diff
e
re
nces
co
m
par
ed
to
the
act
ual
va
lue,
howe
ver
it
giv
e
a
hu
ge
i
m
pact
on
est
im
at
ed
fau
lt
loc
at
ion
.
It
seem
s
that
if
fa
ult
res
ist
ance
value
la
r
ger
th
an
100Ω
the
er
ror
will
be
huge
.
This
will
giv
e
huge
im
pact
on
the
fa
ult
est
i
m
ation
al
gor
it
h
m
.
By
r
efer
rin
g
t
o 2.2
,
a stat
ist
ic
al
so
luti
on is
de
velo
ped to
get
the m
os
t acc
ur
at
e estim
ation
value.
Table
6.
Res
ult o
f
fa
ult resist
e
nce esti
m
at
ed
Actu
al Ω
Esti
m
at
ed
Ω
Er
ror
(
Ω)
20
2
2
.55
2
2
.55
2
40
4
4
.39
9
4
.39
9
60
6
3
.08
2
3
.08
2
80
8
3
.04
9
3
.04
9
200
1
8
5
.866
-
1
4
.13
5
400
3
5
8
.038
-
4
1
.96
2
600
5
5
1
.612
-
4
8
.38
8
800
8
1
1
.636
1
1
.63
6
Ba
sed
on
the
da
ta
colle
ct
ed
in
Table
6,
f
rom
the
est
i
m
at
e
d
val
ue
of
fa
ult
resist
ance,
if
the
value
of
the
est
im
at
ed
fau
lt
resist
anc
e is
le
ss
tha
n
10
0Ω,
(
8)
will
b
e
us
e
d
t
o
est
im
a
te
the f
ault
l
oc
at
ion
.
H
oweve
r,
i
f
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
1987
-
1996
1994
value
of
the
es
tim
a
te
d
fau
lt
r
esi
sta
nce
is
equ
al
or
la
r
ger
t
he
n
100Ω
,
(
9)
w
il
l
be
us
ed.
Ta
ble
7
sho
ws
th
e
resu
lt
of
t
he
est
im
ated
fau
lt
re
sist
ance
with
c
orrecti
on
fact
or
.
Ne
w_Rf
in
(
8)
an
d
(9)
we
re
in
dicat
ed
t
he
ne
w
est
i
m
at
ed
Ω in
Table
7.
Ne
w_Rf= (Rf
*0.
9567)
+
43.8
5
(
9)
Ba
sed
on
res
ul
ts
in
Table
7,
the
diff
e
re
nce
of
fa
ult
resist
ance
dec
reases
.
The
sm
al
le
st
err
or
is
-
0.222Ω
an
d
t
he
larg
est
is
-
28.
423Ω.
Table
7.
Res
ult o
f
Fa
ult Re
sist
ance
Esti
m
at
ed
with
C
orrecti
o
n
F
act
or
Actu
al (
Ω)
Esti
m
at
ed
(
Ω
)
Er
ror
(
Ω
)
20
2
1
.10
5
1
.10
5
40
4
1
.95
1
1
.95
1
60
5
9
.77
8
-
0
.22
2
80
7
8
.83
1
-
1
.16
9
200
221.
6
6
8
2
1
.66
8
400
3
8
6
.385
-
1
3
.61
5
600
5
7
1
.577
-
2
8
.42
3
800
8
2
0
.342
2
0
.34
2
3.5.
With
ou
t
fault
resi
stance
The
al
gorithm
is
al
s
o
te
ste
d
if
the
fa
ult
resist
ance
in
(1)
is
neg
li
gi
ble.
D
ur
ing
this
te
st,
th
e
load
was
fixe
d
to
50kV
A,
a
nd
t
he
fa
ult
resist
ance
is
set
to
0Ω.
Table
8
s
how
s
the
est
im
a
ted
fa
ult
distanc
e
wit
h
neg
li
gi
ble
of
fa
ult resist
ance
. T
he
est
im
at
ed
earth
fau
lt
distance
s
hows
a c
lose to
the act
ua
l fau
lt
distanc
e.
Table
8.
Res
ults o
f
E
sti
m
at
ed
earth
Fault
Dista
nce
W
it
hout
Fault R
esi
sta
nc
e
Actu
al
(k
m
)
Esti
m
at
ed
(
k
m
)
Er
ror
(
k
m
)
2
2
.00
5
0
.00
5
3
.7
3
.70
9
0
.00
9
4
4
.01
0
0
.01
0
5
5
.01
3
0
.01
3
6
6
.01
5
0
.01
5
7
.2
7
.21
8
0
.01
8
8
8
.02
0
0
.02
0
9
.6
9
.62
4
0
.02
4
10
1
0
.02
5
0
.02
4
12
1
2
.02
9
0
.02
9
1
2
.5
1
2
.53
1
0
.03
1
14
1
4
.03
5
0
.03
4
15
1
5
.03
6
0
.03
6
16
1
6
.03
8
0
.03
8
1
7
.2
1
7
.24
1
0
.04
1
18
1
8
.04
4
0
.04
4
1
9
.4
1
9
.44
7
0
.04
7
20
2
0
.04
9
0
.04
9
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fault
local
iz
at
ion
ca
n
be
de
te
rm
ine
d
by
a
naly
zi
ng
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
cu
rr
e
nt
fau
lt
ed
sig
nal
.
Sam
pling
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(
f
s
),
fau
lt
resist
an
ce,
unex
pected
ly
can
giv
e
th
e
m
ino
r
er
ror
eff
ect
to
the
a
lgorit
hm
.
Sa
m
plin
g
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
can
be
dete
rm
ined
by
run
ning
se
ve
ral
si
m
ulati
ons
to
ch
oose
w
hi
ch
f
s
is
the
m
os
t
sta
ble
w
he
n
te
st
with
va
rio
us
di
sta
nces.
Se
ver
a
l
te
sts
hav
e
been
co
nducted
to
te
st
if
the
err
or
of
est
im
at
ed
distance
is
incr
eases
or
dec
reases.
I
t
is
prov
e
n
t
ha
t
the
valu
e
of
est
im
a
te
d
fa
ult
resist
ance
do
e
s
af
fecti
ng
the
accu
racy
of
t
he
distance
al
gori
thm
.
This
m
ea
ns
t
hat
a
c
orre
ct
ion
te
c
hn
i
que
is
nee
de
d
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
est
i
m
at
ed
earth
f
ault
distance
er
ror.
Ov
e
rall
,
the
presented
re
su
lt
s
sh
ows
that
th
e
distance
al
gorithm
and
cor
r
ect
ion
te
ch
nique
can
be use
d
as a
s
ol
ution
t
o
l
ocate t
he
ea
rth fa
ult l
ocati
on
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
auth
ors
would
li
ke
to
thank
U
niv
e
r
sit
i
Malay
sia
Perlis
(UniM
AP
)
a
nd
Mi
ni
stry
of
Highe
r
Ed
ucati
on
Ma
la
ysi
a
for
pro
vid
in
g
researc
h
facil
it
ie
s
and
f
unding
f
or
the
pro
j
ect
via
F
undam
ental
Re
searc
h
Gr
a
nt Sc
hem
e (Ref: FR
GS
/1/
2016/TK
04/U
NI
M
AP
/0
2/9).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Eva
lu
atio
n of e
ar
th
fa
ult l
oca
t
ion
algorit
hm i
n med
i
um vo
lt
ag
e
d
ist
rib
utio
n n
et
work wi
th
… (
N. S
. B
. J
amil
i
)
1995
R
EFE
RE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
F.
A
.
Fatt
ah
and
M.
Le
hton
e
n,
“
Tra
nsient
-
b
a
sed
Protec
ti
on
a
s
a
Soluti
on
for
Ea
rth
-
f
aul
t
De
tecti
on
in
Une
art
h
ed
and
Com
pensa
ted
Neutr
al
Mediu
m
Volta
ge
Distribut
ion
Network
s,”
PQ2010
7th
Int.
Conf.
-
2010
El
ec
tr
.
Powe
r
Qual.
Sup
pl
y Re
l
iab.
Con
f. P
roc
.
,
pp.
221
–
228,
20
10.
[2]
M.
Geri
n
,
“
Prote
ct
ion
Guide
,
”
A
RT.
065193,
200
6.
[3]
X.
Yuqin
and
C
.
Zhiy
e
,
“
The
Method
for
Autom
at
ic
Com
pensa
ti
on
and
Dete
c
tion
of
Ea
rth
Fault
s
in
Distribut
ion
Network,
”
pp.
1
753
–
1757,
2002
.
[4]
J.
Lore
nc
,
et
al
.
,
“
De
te
ct
ion
of
th
e
Inte
rm
it
t
ent
E
a
rth
Fault
s
in
Com
pensa
te
d
MV
Network,
”
in
20
03
IEE
E
Bo
logn
a
Powe
rT
ec
h
-
Co
nfe
renc
e Proce
e
dings
,
vol
.
2
,
pp
.
590
–
595
,
2003.
[5]
M.
F.
A
.
Fatt
ah
and
M.
Le
hton
e
n,
“
A
Probabil
isti
c
-
base
d
Te
chn
i
que
using
Tra
nsi
ent
RMS
Curre
nts
for
Ea
r
th
Faul
t
Dete
c
ti
on
in
Medium
Volta
ge
Distribut
ion
Ne
t
works
,
”
10th
IE
T
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
Dev
el
opmen
ts
in
Powe
r Sy
st
em
P
rotec
ti
on
(
DPSP
2010)
.
Managin
g
the Change
,
p
p.
111
–
111
,
201
0.
[6]
M.
R.
Adzm
an,
et
al
.
,
“
An
Earth
Fault
Lo
ca
t
i
on
Scheme
for
Isola
te
d
and
Com
pensa
te
d
Neut
ral
Distribution
S
y
stems
,
”
In
t. Rev
.
E
le
c
tr. Eng.
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
8
(
5
)
,
p
p.
1520
–
1531
,
2
013.
[7]
G.
Buige
s,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Signal
Inj
ection
T
ec
hniqu
es
for
Fault
Loca
ti
on
in
Distribution
Networks,”
2012
Int.
Con
f.
Re
new
.
Ene
rgies
Powe
r Qual
.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
1
(
10
)
,
2
012.
[8]
A.
H.
El
din
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Dete
c
ti
on
o
f
High
Im
peda
nce
Fault
s
in
Mediu
m
Volta
ge
Distr
i
buti
on
Networks
Us
ing
Discre
t
e
W
ave
le
t
Tr
ansform
,
”
22nd
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Con
fe
ren
ce
on
E
le
c
tric
i
ty
Distributi
on
,
v
o
l
.
202
,
pp
.
562
–
5
67,
2012
.
[9]
S.
Hännine
n
a
nd
M.
L
eht
onen
,
“
Ea
rth
Fault
Dist
anc
e
Com
puta
tion
with
Fundam
ent
a
l
Freque
n
c
y
Signal
s
Based
o
n
Mea
surem
ent
s i
n
Subs
ta
ti
on
Suppl
y
Ba
y
,
”
VTT
Tied.
-
Val
t
.
Te
k.
Tutki
mus
k
,
v
o
l
.
2153,
pp
.
3
–
40
,
2002.
[10]
Novos
el
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Unite
d
St
at
es
Pa
te
nt
,
”
1998.
[11]
S.
Borro
y
an
d
M.
Garc
ía
-
gra
cia,
“
New
Faul
t
Loc
a
ti
on
Me
tho
d
for
Up
-
to
-
d
ate
and
Upcom
in
g
Distribut
ion
Networks,”
23rd
Inte
rnat
ional
C
onfe
renc
e
on
Ele
ct
ricity
Distribut
ion,
L
y
on,
v
o
l
.
1
290,
2015
,
[12]
P.
Im
riš
,
“
Tra
ns
ie
nt
Based
E
arth
Fault
Loc
a
ti
o
n
in
110
kV
Su
btra
nsm
ission
N
et
works
,
”
Helsi
nki
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Te
chno
log
y
,
200
6.
[13]
S.
Hännine
n
an
d
M.
L
eht
onen
,
“
Chara
cteri
sti
c
s
of
Ea
r
th
Faul
t
s
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Distribut
ion
Ne
t
works
with
High
Im
peda
nce E
ar
th
ing,
”
Elec
tr.
Po
wer
Syst. Res.
,
v
ol
/i
ss
ue:
44
(
3
)
,
p
p.
155
–
161
,
199
8.
[14]
A.
H.
A
.
S.
Abdul
Saad
,
et al
.
,
“
I
nto
Statis
tics
,”
2
012.
[15]
X.
Su,
et al
.
,
“
Linea
r
R
egr
ession,
”
Wi
le
y
Int
erdisc
ip.
Rev. Comput. Stat.
,
vol
/
issue:
4
(3)
,
pp
.
275
–
29
4,
2012
.
[16]
N.
J.
Sa
lki
nd,
“
E
nc
y
cl
op
edi
a
of R
ese
arc
h
Design
,
”
Encyc
l
.
Re
s.
Des.
,
vo
l. 1, pp.
1187
–
1190,
201
0.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nu
r
Sh
a
z
li
n
Ba
kh
tiar
Jamil
i
w
as
born
in
1992,
Penang,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
.
Dip
loma
and
Degre
e
hold
er
from
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Per
li
s
in
2013
and
20
16
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
S
y
stem
Engi
ne
e
ring.
Curre
n
tly
stud
y
ing
for
M
a
ster
in
Sci
enc
e
o
f
El
e
ct
ri
cal
S
y
st
em
Engi
nee
r
ing
doing
rese
ar
ch
i
n
fau
lt
d
et
e
ct
i
on
and
lo
ca
l
iz
a
ti
on
.
Her
ar
ea
of
in
t
ere
st
invol
ved
f
aul
t
localiza
t
ion
in
m
edi
um
voltage
d
istri
but
ion
net
work.
Mohd
Rafi
Adzman
wa
s
born
i
n
Sela
ngor
,
Ma
l
a
y
si
a,
in
1976.
He
recei
v
ed
th
e
B.
Eng.
(Hons
.
)
degr
ee
from
the
MA
RA
Univer
sit
y
of
T
ec
hno
lo
g
y
Shah
Alam,
Malay
s
ia,
in
20
01,
the
m
aste
r’s
degr
ee
in
el
e
ct
r
i
ca
l
engi
n
ee
ring
i
n
2006,
and
th
e
Ph.D.
degr
e
e
fro
m
Aalt
o
Univer
s
ity
in
2014.
He
has
bee
n
with
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Perli
s
since
2
006
as
a
Le
ct
ur
e
r.
His
are
as
of
i
nte
rest
in
cl
ude
ea
rth
fau
lt
prob
l
em,
distri
bu
ti
on
aut
om
at
ion
,
pr
ev
ent
iv
e
m
ai
nt
enance
,
and
power quali
t
y
.
Siti
Rafidah
A
bd
ul
Ra
him
obta
in
ed
her
Dip
loma
in
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
(Pow
er)
from
Univer
siti
T
ekn
ologi
Malay
si
a
(
UTM)
in
1999,
Bac
he
lor
of
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
ering
(Hons
)
an
d
MS
c
in
El
ec
t
rica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fr
om
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
MA
RA
in
2003
and
2006
respe
ct
iv
ely
.
She
is
cur
ren
tly
senior
le
c
ture
r
a
t
School
of
El
e
c
tri
c
al
S
y
st
em
Engi
nee
r
ing,
Unive
rsiti
Malay
si
a
Perli
s
(UniMA
P
),
Perli
s
,
Malays
ia
.
Her
r
ese
ar
c
h
int
er
est
in
cl
u
des
AI
appl
i
ca
t
ion
in
power
s
y
stem,
power
qual
ity
and
distr
ibut
ed
gen
era
t
io
n
(DG
).
She
is
a
m
ember
of
IEE
E
Pow
er
and
Ene
rg
y
Soc
ie
t
y
,
IACS
IT
and
IA
ENG.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
1987
-
1996
1996
Samila
Mat
Z
ali
re
ceive
d
the
B.
Eng
.
and
M.Sc.
d
egr
e
es
fro
m
the
Nati
on
al
Univer
sit
y
of
Malay
s
ia
in
19
99
and
2002,
respe
ctively
,
and
the
Ph.D.
deg
ree
from
The
Univer
sit
y
of
Manc
heste
r
,
Ma
nche
ster
,
U.K.
,
al
l
in
elec
tr
ic
a
l,
el
e
ct
roni
c,
and
s
y
stem
engi
ne
e
r
ing.
Curre
n
tly
,
she
is worki
ng
a
s a
L
ecture
r
at t
h
e
Univer
si
ti Mal
a
y
si
a
Per
li
s,
Perl
is,
Mal
a
y
s
ia.
Mu
z
amir
Is
a
was
born
in
Perli
s,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
i
n
1979.
He
re
c
ei
ved
the
B
.
En
g.
in
e
lectr
i
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
(Ho
ns)
from
the
Un
ive
rsiti
Te
kno
lo
gi
Malay
sia
(U
T
M),
Skudai,
Joh
or,
Malay
si
a
in
2001,
the
M.E
ng
.
in
el
ectri
ca
l
en
gine
er
ing
from
t
he
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chnol
og
y
,
Johor,
Malay
si
a
in
2004
and
Ph.
D.
degr
e
e
from
Aalt
o
Univer
si
t
y,
Finla
nd
in
201
2.
His
rese
ar
ch
int
er
ests
are
par
t
ia
l
discha
rg
e
m
ea
surem
e
nt,
detec
ti
on
and
loc
a
ti
o
n
te
chni
que
,
and
power
sy
stem
tra
nsien
t
studie
s
inc
ludi
ng
EM
TP
-
ATP
sim
ula
ti
on.
Curre
n
tly
,
he
is
associa
t
e
profe
ss
or
at
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
is (
UniMA
P).
Noor
Hasn
i
z
a
m
Hanafi
obta
i
n
his
Diploma
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
ing
(Pow
e
r)
from
Instit
ute
Te
knologi
Mar
a
(IT
M)
in
1996,
and
his
Bac
h
el
or
of
Engi
n
eering
in
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
(Pow
er)
from
U
nive
rsiti
Te
kno
l
ogi
Mara
(Ui
TM)
in
1999,
and
hi
s
Master
of
Science
(E
lectr
i
cal)
from
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
Malay
si
a
(
UTHM
)
in
2005.
Curre
nt
l
y
,
h
e
is
lectur
er
at
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
is (
UniMA
P).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.