Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
, pp.
772
~
779
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
1
.
pp772
-
779
772
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
A
two
-
s
t
age pow
er ampli
fier desi
gn for u
ltra
-
wide
band
appli
ca
ti
ons
Idrees S
.
Al
-
K
ofah
i,
Z
aid A
l
ba
t
aine
h,
Ahm
ad
D
agamse
h
Hijj
awi
Facult
y
for
Engi
n
ee
r
ing Te
chno
log
y
,
Al
Yarm
ouk
Univer
sit
y
,
Jordan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
29,
2020
Re
vised
Jun
25
,
20
20
Accepte
d
Aug 6
, 2
020
In
thi
s
pape
r,
a
two
-
stage
0.
18
μm
CMOS
pow
er
amplifi
er
(P
A)
for
ult
ra
-
w
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
(
U
W
B
)
3
t
o
5
G
H
z
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
c
o
m
m
o
n
s
o
u
r
c
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
d
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
with
an
auxi
lia
r
y
amplifier
is
proposed.
In
thi
s
proposal,
a
n
auxi
lia
r
y
amplifi
er
is
used
to
pla
ce
th
e
2n
d
har
m
on
ic
in
the
cor
e
amplif
ie
d
in
orde
r
to
m
ake
up
for
the
gai
n
pro
gre
ss
io
n
phenomena
at
the
m
a
in
ampli
fie
r
ou
tput
node.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
result
s
show
a
power
gai
n
of
1
6
dB
with
a
ga
i
n
fla
tn
ess
of
0.
4
dB
and
an
i
nput
1
dB
compress
ion
of
about
-
5
dBm
from
3
to
5
GH
z
us
i
n
g
a
1
.
8
V
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
2
5
m
W
.
P
o
w
e
r
a
d
d
e
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
P
A
E
)
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
4
7
%
a
t
4
G
H
z
w
i
t
h
5
0
Ω
l
o
a
d
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
CM
OS
Lo
w no
ise
am
plifie
r
Power a
m
plifier
To
po
l
og
ie
s
Ultra
-
wide
band (U
WB)
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
c
le un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zai
d Albatai
ne
h,
Hijjawi
Facult
y for E
ngineeri
ng Tec
hnology
,
Al Y
a
rm
ou
k U
niv
e
rsity
,
Irbid, J
ordan.
Em
a
il
:
zai
d.
batai
neh@yu.e
du.
j
o
1.
INT
R
ODU
CTION
Digital
pulse
wireless
,
m
or
e
com
m
on
ly
known
as
ultr
a
-
wi
deb
a
nd
is
a
hi
gh
ba
nd
width
ra
dio
te
chnolo
gy
is
us
e
d
f
or
s
hort
range
an
d
lo
w
-
pow
er
c
ommun
ic
at
io
ns
[
1
-
5
]
.
U
WB
has
com
e
to
be
known
as
a
direct
c
om
petit
or
to
blu
et
ooth
an
d
WiM
ax
as
it
can
f
ully
util
iz
e
high
da
ta
rate
al
ong
with
wide
sp
e
ct
ru
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy
wh
il
e u
si
ng less
or
ver
y l
ow po
we
r
tra
ns
m
issi
on
[6
-
15]
.
Ther
e
is
a
pro
blem
reg
ard
i
ng
the
tran
sm
is
sion
of
data
up
to
480
Mb
ps.
T
wo
so
l
utio
ns
hav
e
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
by
the
IEEE
802.15.3a
.
The
fi
rst
prop
os
al
is
the
m
ulti
ban
d
or
t
hogonal
fr
eq
ue
ncy
div
isi
on
m
ul
ti
plexing
(
MB
OF
DM
)
U
WB
an
d
t
he
se
cond
represe
nt
s
the
direct
se
quence
co
de
divi
sion
m
ulti
ple
acce
ss
(D
S
_C
DMA
)
U
W
B
[
16
-
25]
.
The
first
ge
ne
rati
on
U
WB
sy
stem
us
es
a
l
ow
-
fr
e
quency
ba
nd
of
3.
5
t
o
5
.1
G
Hz
in
it
s
required
appr
oach
.
U
nder
this
set
up
the
m
ai
n
app
li
cat
ion
f
or
ultra
-
wide
band
syst
e
m
s
being
W
i
Me
di
a
Alli
ance
de
scr
ipti
on
s
act
s
as
short
-
ra
ng
e
hi
gh
-
data
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
syst
e
m
s
.
This
is
use
d
in
the
co
nsum
er
el
ect
ro
nics
fie
ld
c
om
po
sed
of
m
ob
il
e
cel
lular
pho
nes
,
l
apto
ps
,
an
d
di
gital
ca
m
eras.
More
over
,
t
hi
s
is
the
foundati
on
al
transpor
t
pr
oto
c
ol
us
ed
by
blu
et
ooth
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
v
3.0
an
d
W
irel
ess
U
S
B
-
base
d
syst
e
m
[
26
-
32]
.
Transm
i
tt
er
de
sign
s
are
c
halle
ng
e
d
by
t
he
powe
r
am
plifie
r
(PA)
ci
rc
uits
because
of
the
dem
and
s
of
high
eff
ic
ie
nc
y,
appropr
ia
te
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer
,
high
syst
em
gain,
an
d
broa
d
-
ba
nd
input
m
at
ching
syst
em
even
wh
e
n
us
in
g
l
ower pow
e
r
c
on
su
m
ption
.
T
he
se
crit
eria pu
t chall
enges
f
or transm
itter
des
ign
e
ve
n
wh
e
n
var
i
ou
s
topolo
gies
in
the
sam
e
m
an
ner
w
it
h
m
at
c
hing
-
base
d
a
nd
resist
ive
-
s
hunt
fee
db
ac
k
t
opolog
ie
s
a
re
us
e
d.
Fo
r
ge
ner
al
pur
poses,
th
e
topolo
gy
that
is
us
e
d
is
bac
ked
by
the
a
m
pl
ifie
r
requir
e
m
ents
and
fe
at
ur
es
.
The
m
ai
n
fea
ture
c
onside
ra
ti
on
s
a
re
desirab
le
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
le
vel,
po
we
r
co
ntr
ol
a
nd
h
igh
li
nea
rity
,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A tw
o
-
st
ag
e
po
we
r amp
li
fi
er
desig
n
f
or
ultra
-
wi
de
band
ap
plicati
ons
(
I
dre
es S. Al
-
K
ofahi
)
773
eff
ic
ie
ncy.
T
his
pap
e
r
us
es
a
two
-
sta
ge
co
m
m
on
so
urces
(CS)
inducti
ve
deg
e
ner
at
io
n
with
feedback
power
a
m
plifie
r
f
or
ultra
-
wide
band
fro
nt
-
e
nd
tran
scei
ver
.
T
he
pro
posed
am
pli
fier
us
es
0.1
8
μm
CM
OS
process
.
The
casc
ode
st
ru
ct
ur
e
will
be
u
se
d
f
or
the
fi
rst
ste
p
of
the
powe
r
am
plifier
by
optim
iz
in
g
process
i
n
or
der
t
o
get
the
m
axi
m
um
po
ssible
ga
in.
A
c
om
on
so
urce
am
plifie
r
w
hich
is
em
plo
ye
d
as
a
se
cond
ste
p
to
e
nh
a
nce
the
po
wer
ad
de
d
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
(PAE)
b
y
util
iz
ing
the
fee
dback
in the c
omm
on
s
ource
am
plifi
er
.
The
rest
of
t
his
pa
per
is
orga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows.
A
ch
aracte
rizat
ion
of
ultra
-
wide
ba
nd
p
ow
e
r
a
m
plifie
r
ci
rcui
t
design
is
pre
sented
i
n
sect
i
on
2.
I
n
sect
io
n
3,
the
ex
pe
rim
ental
ou
tc
om
es
are
s
how
n
.
Finall
y,
in
s
ect
ion
4,
c
oncl
us
i
on
s
are
gi
ven
.
2.
UWB P
OWE
R AM
PLIFIE
R CIRC
UIT S
CHE
ME
In
t
his
pa
pe
r
,
t
he
prese
nted
powe
r
am
plifie
r
desig
n
is
base
d
on
t
he
pr
opose
d
am
plifie
r
de
sign
i
n
[
19]
to
opti
m
iz
e
the
ci
rcu
it
desi
gn
process
i
n
te
r
m
s
of
ci
rcu
it
ga
in
an
d
tra
ns
m
it
te
d
power
a
s
long
as
s
us
ta
in
ing
a
n
u
lt
ra
-
w
ide
band
featur
e
.
Fig
ure
1
prese
nts
th
e
desig
n
ci
rc
uit
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
m
et
ho
d
.
I
n
this
desig
n,
w
e
use
two
sta
ges
power
am
plifie
r
t
o
achieve
the
op
ti
m
al
po
we
r
ou
tp
ut.
T
he
first
sta
ge
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
casco
de
ci
rcu
it
and
a
c
urre
nt
m
irro
r
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
sec
ond
on
e
em
plo
ys
a
com
m
on
s
our
ce
am
plifie
r
to
ad
just
the
gai
n
a
nd
enh
a
nce
the
outp
ut
powe
r
of
the
desig
n
ci
rcu
it
with
inser
te
d
Lg
in
du
ct
or
to
en
han
ce
t
he
li
ner
at
y
an
d
input
m
at
ching
of
t
he
desig
n
ci
rc
uit
.
Th
e
prese
nted
powe
r
a
m
pl
ifie
r
co
ns
i
der
s
a
power
us
e
of
20
m
W
wh
il
e
the
vo
lt
ag
e
s
upply
is
a
1
.
6
dc
volt
age
.
T
he
a
ppr
oxm
i
te
d
drai
n
c
urre
nt
woul
d
be
of
26
m
il
l
iam
per
e
(
mA
).
By
consi
der
i
ng
1
tra
ns
ist
or
of
the
fi
rst
sta
ge
will
dra
w
a
current
of
8
.
8
f
rom
the
1
.
6
dc
sou
rce
,
on
e
can
app
rox
i
m
at
ely f
ind
t
he
size
of
1
transi
stor
a
bout
1
60
as
f
ollows
:
≈
1
2
(
1
−
ℎ
)
2
(1)
w
he
re
1
=
0.75
V,
ℎ
=
0
.
5
,
=
0.0
3801
2
/
and
=
0
.
00946
/
2
,
fo
r
a
0
.
18
CM
OS
te
chnolo
gy.
On
e
can
d
et
e
r
m
ine the tr
a
ns
-
cond
uctance
as foll
ow
s:
=
2
√
1
2
(2)
The
n,
one ca
n fin
d
the
in
pu
t
-
im
ped
ance of t
r
ansisto
r
(
1
)
as f
ollows [
18]
:
=
(
+
)
+
+
(3)
Also
,
the
r
es
on
ance
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
of the
prese
nted
ci
rc
uit i
s
give
n by:
≈
√
(
+
)
(4)
The
sta
bili
ty
and
the
li
ner
at
y
of
the
prese
nt
ed
ci
rc
uit
is
im
pro
ved
by
a
dding
the
de
gerat
ion
in
du
ct
or
(
1
)
at
the
s
ourc
e
te
rm
inal
of
t
he
m
ai
n
tra
ns
i
stor
(
1
).
M
or
e
ov
er,
the
de
ge
ne
rati
on
in
duct
or
em
plo
ys
to
achieve t
he
i
nput im
ped
ance
m
at
ching
netw
ork.
In
or
der
to
ch
oo
s
e
th
e
a
ppr
opriat
e
value
of
the
the
de
ge
ra
ti
on
i
nducto
r
(
1
)
,
one
c
an
pic
k
a
sm
al
l
on
e
so
that
it
would
be
le
ss
than
0
.
6
.
This
sm
al
l
-
value
i
nduct
or
w
ou
l
d
be
si
m
pl
iy
chan
ge
d
by
a
bond
-
wire
inducto
r
-
ty
pe
. T
his
Also hel
ps t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e t
he
c
hip
(inte
grat
ed
-
ci
rc
uit) a
r
ea.
The
t
ran
sist
or
(
2
)
is
us
e
d
to
f
orm
the
casca
de
form
so
that
th
e
gai
n
is
ena
ha
nced.
T
his
al
so
hel
ps
to
inc
rease
t
he
act
ive
lo
ad
of
the
first
sta
ge
so
t
hat
the
volt
age
gain
inc
re
ases.
One
al
s
o
can
a
dd
sm
al
l
-
value
inducto
r
s
uch
as
(
1
)
so
that
it
is
shun
t
in
duct
or
a
nd
ca
us
es
the
ci
rc
uit
to
a
chieve
t
he
pea
king
re
sonat
e
by
le
ssen
the
e
ff
e
ct
s
of
th
e
pa
ras
it
ic
capaci
ta
nces
of
t
he
CM
O
S
te
chnolo
gy. Mo
re
ov
e
r,
one
can
re
duce
the
powe
r
consum
ption
by
incr
easi
ng t
he
v
al
ue
of t
he
1
inducto
r.
The
i
nput
vo
lt
a
ge fo
r
the
f
ir
st
sta
ge
is:
′
=
+
1
+
1
1
1
(5)
w
he
re t
he gate
current is:
=
1
1
−
4
4
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
77
2
-
779
774
a
nd, th
e
outp
ut
volt
age
for
t
he
f
irst st
a
ge
is:
′
=
1
1
1
(7)
If
we
s
ubsti
tute
f
ro
m
(
6) int
o (
5)
,
and t
hen di
vid
e
(7) by (
5), w
e
get t
he gai
n:
1
=
1
+
1
1
1
+
1
1
+
1
1
4
4
(8)
A
seco
nd
sta
ge
is
a
si
m
ple
com
m
on
so
urce
sta
ge
with
ou
t
casca
de
tr
ansisto
r
an
d
de
gen
e
rati
on
inducto
r
(
).
By
doin
g
the
a
f
orem
entioned
proce
dures
t
o
a
ssu
m
e
a
s
m
al
l
curre
nt
of
10
to
be
us
e
d
by
CM
OS
tran
sist
or
(
3
)
of
the
pr
es
ented
ci
rc
uit,
then
,
one
ca
n
e
stim
at
e
the
siz
e
of
the
t
ran
sis
tor
(
3
)
base
d
on (1)
is a
pproxim
a
te
ly
1
10 μm
.
The
i
nput
vo
lt
a
ge fo
r
the
sec
ond st
age
is:
′′
=
3
+
3
3
2
(9)
a
nd, th
e
outp
ut
volt
age
for
t
he
f
irst st
a
ge
is:
′′
=
(10)
The gai
n o
f
t
he
seco
nd stage
is:
=
1
+
3
2
(11)
A
high
f
re
qu
e
ncy
am
plifie
r
req
ui
res
a
high
gain
a
nd
ou
t
put
po
w
er
tra
ns
is
tor.
T
he
s
ugge
ste
d
siz
e
is
a
la
rg
e
tra
ns
ist
or
ar
ound
M
3.
This
is
no
rm
al
ly
has
a
high
par
asi
ti
c
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce
an
d
t
r
ansc
onduct
anc
e
that
dr
a
ws
on
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
powe
r
c
on
s
um
p
ti
on
.
T
her
e
fore,
it
is
bette
r
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
siz
e
at
150
for
su
it
a
ble
powe
r
c
onsu
m
ption.
I
n
t
he
presente
d
ci
rcu
i
t,
the
f
our
resist
or
s
1
to
4
be
use
d
as
biasin
g
net
wor
k
of
the po
wer am
plifie
r.
I
t
has
t
w
o
-
c
onfig
rati
ons
of the
curre
nt
m
ir
ro
r
circuits,
M4
a
nd M5
.
These
co
nf
i
gr
a
ti
on
s
w
orks
as
to
su
pply
the
pr
esente
d
ci
rcu
i
t
in
add
it
ion
al
to
the
bias
-
ba
s
ed
resist
ors
.
The
la
rg
e
-
valu
e
of
t
he
resist
ance
3
is
em
plo
ye
d
t
o
form
a
good
isolat
ion
ba
rr
ie
r
bet
wee
n
the
RF
s
ig
nal
a
nd
the
outp
ut
t
erm
inal.
Bi
asi
ng
transisto
rs
ca
n
be
var
ie
d
ba
sed
up
on
the
r
equ
i
red
no
ise
and
ba
ndwidt
h
so
that
it
sd
job
to
flat
the
cu
r
ve
of
the
gai
n
ove
r
a
wide
-
ba
ndwi
dth
range.
Thi
s
can
be
done
thr
ough
s
uffici
ent
sh
unti
ng
us
i
ng
la
r
ge
-
value
ca
pacit
or
s
(
1
-
5
)
as
par
t
of
t
he
pre
sented
ci
rc
uit
with
dc
-
bl
ock
i
ng
s
form
ed
by
blo
c
k
ca
pacit
ors
,
an
d
.
Figure
1.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
of
the
pr
esented
tw
o
-
st
age
U
W
B
po
w
er am
plifie
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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A tw
o
-
st
ag
e
po
we
r amp
li
fi
er
desig
n
f
or
ultra
-
wi
de
band
ap
plicati
ons
(
I
dre
es S. Al
-
K
ofahi
)
775
The
a
uxil
ia
ry
inj
ect
io
n
ci
rcu
it
is
desi
gned
us
ing
a
Cl
ass
–
C
a
m
pli
fier.
T
his
am
plifie
r
is
ch
aracte
rized
by
high
eff
ic
ie
ncy
and
p
re
vent
s
decayi
ng
po
wer
gai
n
cu
rv
e
through
an
inc
rease
of
in
put
pow
e
r,
in
co
ntr
ary
to
Dohe
rty
PA
.
T
his
is
si
m
il
ar
t
o
the
Cl
ass
B
a
m
plifie
r
with
it
s
op
erati
ng
po
i
nt
transisto
r
fo
un
d
in
the
cuto
ff
reg
i
on.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
re
quired
th
reshold
bu
il
t
-
in
volt
age
of
the
transist
or
s
houl
d
be
pas
sed
by
the
volt
age
ac
r
os
s
t
he
gate
a
nd
sou
rce
te
r
m
inals.
The
R
F
cy
cl
e
is
re
duced
to
le
ss
th
an
half,
that
is
is
w
hy
Cl
ass C m
od
e b
ecom
es a lo
gical
ex
te
ns
i
on or the
r
e
du
ce
d a
ng
le
c
oncept
.
3.
E
X
PER
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS
The
pr
e
sente
d
ultra
-
wide
pow
er
am
plifie
r
is
desig
ne
d
based
on
the
0
.
18
CM
OS
te
ch
no
l
og
y
f
or
ultra
-
wide
band
(UWB)
3
5
.
T
o
optim
iz
e
the
pr
e
sented
desi
gn
and
sim
ulate
i
t
,
A
gilent
te
ch
nolo
gie
s
adv
a
nce
d
desi
gn
syst
em
(A
DS
)
s
oft
war
e
was
em
plo
ys.
The
S
-
pa
ram
eter
s
is
a
too
l
to
m
easue
and
stud
y
the
perform
ance
of
the
prese
nted
de
sig
n.
O
ne
ca
n
em
loy
it
to
fin
d
the
powe
r
an
d
volt
age
gain
(
21
),
Inp
ut
return
loss
(S
11)
,
t
he
rev
e
rse
isolat
io
n
(
12
)
a
nd
n
oise
fig
ur
e
of
the
pr
ese
nte
d
ci
rcu
it
(NF)
.
Fig
ure
2
sho
ws
the
m
easur
ed
s
m
al
l
sign
al
S
-
par
am
et
ers.
It
is
cl
ear
t
hat
A
PA
gain
of
16
±
0
.
5
over
the
3
4
.
9
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
range
wh
il
e
m
ai
ntaining
a
3
−
ba
ndwi
dth
of
2
.
76
5
.
2
is
ob
ta
in
d
,
in
a
ddit
ion
t
o
a
n
acce
ptable
re
ve
rse
isolat
io
n
of
m
or
e
tha
n
40
ov
e
r
the
rang
e
of
1
8
.Th
e
PA
al
so
achie
ves
an
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r u
p
to
+13
dBm
an
d P
AE of 4
7%
in a
50 Ω
lo
ad
as
sho
wn in
Fig
ur
e
3.
More
ov
e
r,
we
hav
e
stu
dy
the
eff
ect
of
cha
ngin
g
t
he
supp
l
y
vo
l
ta
ge
on
the
gain
c
ur
e.
As
Fig
ur
e
4
sh
ow
n,
the
gai
n
as
a
f
un
ct
io
n
of
s
upply
volt
age
im
ples
tha
t
the
pr
ese
nted
ci
rcu
it
has
a
good
sta
bili
ty
ov
e
r
the
interest
e
d
f
reque
ncy
ba
nds.
T
he
ad
de
d
powe
r
of
a
DC
so
urce
al
lo
ws
an
am
plifie
r
to
increase
it
s
i
nput
sign
al
s
ource
. Th
is
is use
d
to d
et
erm
ine
the a
m
ou
nt of
DC input
po
wer
c
ontrib
uted
to
t
he
am
plific
ation
o
f
a
n
input sig
nal as
sh
ow
n
in
by
th
e PAE i
n Fi
gur
e 5
.
Figure
2.
Me
as
ur
e
d S
-
par
am
eter
Figure
3.
Me
as
ur
e
d
PA
E
at 5
0 o
hm
load
im
ped
ance
Figure
4.
Gai
n vs Vd
d
Figure
5.
O
utput p
ower
v
s
In
pu
t
powe
r
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In
t J
Elec
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C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
77
2
-
779
776
Figure
6
s
how
s
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
PA
po
wer
ga
in.
It
is
cl
ear
t
hat
the
gain
in
creases
t
o
a
bout
16.
35
dB
and
t
hen
sta
rt
s
decr
easi
ng.
This
m
easur
em
ent
is
the
ideal
m
easur
em
ent
an
d
is
of
t
en
us
e
d
as
ga
ug
e
t
o
a
m
plifie
r
eff
ic
ie
ncy
or
i
neffici
ency,
m
aking
it
a
fig
ur
e
of
m
erit
.
The
si
m
ulate
d
resu
l
t
of
no
ise
fig
ure
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
7. T
he
m
ini
m
um
n
oise f
i
gur
e is 1
.36
dB at
3.7GHz a
nd
2.4d
B
at 5
G
Hz.
Figure
6.
P
ow
e
r gain
Figure
7.
N
ois
e Fig
ur
e
v
s
fre
qu
e
ncy
Linearit
y i
s als
o
m
easur
ed
us
i
ng
IP3 or
I
P2
within a circu
it
b
ased up
on
th
e 1
-
dB c
om
pr
ession po
i
nt.
It
is
m
or
e
dire
ct
ly
m
easur
abl
e
than
I
P3
si
nc
e
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
req
ui
res
on
ly
one
to
ne
as
oppose
d
to
the
tw
o
ton
es
require
d
by
the
IP3
m
easur
em
ent.
Wh
il
e
the
m
easu
rem
ent
m
a
y
be
com
plete
d
in
on
e
to
ne,
m
ulti
ple
ton
es
m
ay
a
lso
be
us
e
d
f
or
m
easur
em
ent
purposes.
1
-
dB
c
om
pr
essio
n
po
int
ref
ers
t
o
th
e
inp
ut
power
le
vel,
wh
e
re
a
ny
po
wer
le
ss
t
han
1dB
po
wer
is
c
onside
red
an
i
de
al
li
near
de
vic
e.
Fig
ur
e
8
s
h
ows
P
1dB
cu
rv
e
s
for
li
near
it
y appr
oxim
a
ti
on
. P1
dB
is ab
ou
t
11.
2 dBm
.
The
outp
ut
po
wer
ve
rsus
in
put
po
wer
f
or
P
A
sta
rts
sat
ura
ti
ng
at
a
bout
12
dBm
,
and
it
reaches
15
dBm
as
i
t
sh
own
i
n
Fig
ure
5.
The
sta
bili
ty
-
factor
(
)
,
de
picte
d
in
Fi
gure
9.
It
shows
that
the
is
gr
eat
er
than o
ne,
am
ong
the
r
e
quired
freq
ue
ncies, as
it
shown i
n
Fi
gure
9.
Figure
8. P
1d
B
Figure
9.
Stabi
li
ty
factor
(K)
On
e
can
def
in
e
the
facto
r
μ
to
m
easur
e
the
sta
bili
ty
;
wh
e
re
the
fact
or
r
epr
ese
nts
t
he
s
hortest
pa
t
h
from
the
cen
ter
point
in
the
Sm
it
h
-
char
t
to
the
point
outsi
de
the
sta
be
re
gion
in
the
loa
d
pla
ne.
As
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
10
, m
u (μ),
a
nd m
u
(
μ) prim
e factor
s
are
gr
eat
er
tha
n 1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A tw
o
-
st
ag
e
po
we
r amp
li
fi
er
desig
n
f
or
ultra
-
wi
de
band
ap
plicati
ons
(
I
dre
es S. Al
-
K
ofahi
)
777
Figure
10.
Stab
il
ity factor
(
m
u)
The
volt
age
st
and
i
ng
w
ave
r
at
io
(
VSWR)
i
s
a
to
ol
t
o
repr
esnt
+
VE
a
nd
r
eal
num
ber
of
RF
ante
nn
a
s.
In
ge
ner
al
,
a
good
a
nten
na
giv
es
a
sm
al
l
-
value
of
t
he
V
S
WR,
as
it
pro
vide
s
m
or
e
powe
r
in
watt
a
nd
m
at
ches
the
li
ne
of
tra
nsm
issi
on
of
th
e
antenn
a
.
For
ideal
case,
the
value
of
the
V
S
W
R
eq
uals
to
1
wh
e
re
ther
e
is
no
wav
e
s
(
powe
r)
w
ou
l
d
be
re
flect
ed.
On
e
can
def
i
ne
the
V
S
W
R
as
t
he
rati
o
of
t
he
m
ax
-
va
lue
of
the
sta
nd
i
ng
-
wav
e
t
o
the
m
in
-
value
of
it
.
In
Fig
ur
e
11
,
we
s
how
t
he
values
of
th
e
VSWR
f
or
the
prese
nted
c
ircuit
.
A
gr
oup
-
delay
is
a
too
l
t
o
m
easur
e
the
de
vice
phas
e
disto
rtion,
one
ca
n
de
fine
the
gr
oup
-
de
la
y
as
a
f
un
ct
io
n
of
f
r
equ
e
ncy
wh
e
re
it
represe
nts
t
he
act
ua
l
tran
sit
-
tim
e,
and
Fig
ur
e
12
s
how
s
gro
up
-
delay
res
pons
e
for
the
P
A.
Figure
11.
VSWR
Figure
12.
Gro
up
delay
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
0
.
18μ
m
CM
OS
lowe
r
ba
n
d
U
WB
syst
e
m
(
3
−
5
GHz
)
was
recreate
d
in
th
is
pap
ae
r.
Using
a
C
S
inducti
ve
de
ge
ner
at
io
n,
tw
o
s
ta
ge
process
vi
a
2n
d
har
m
on
i
c
to
po
l
og
y,
a
PA
of
+
16
dB
vo
lt
age
gai
n,
0
.
5
dB
tolari
ence
gain,
11
.
1
dBm
of
outp
ut
1
dB
-
com
pr
essio
n
an
d
the
pow
er
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
about
47%
at
4
GHz
,
is
achie
ved
with
powe
r
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
of
only
25
mW
.
T
he
ex
pe
rim
ental
re
su
lt
s
show
th
at
the
l
ow
ba
nd
U
WB
transm
itter can
b
e
su
cces
sf
ully
i
m
ple
m
ented
on
portable a
nd m
ob
il
e d
e
vic
es on t
he U
W
B
syst
e
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2021
:
77
2
-
779
778
APPE
ND
I
X
Ref
3
dB
BW
(GHz
)
S1
1
(dB
)
S2
2
(dB
)
G
ain
@
4
GHz
(dB
)
P1
d
B@4GHz
(dB
m
)
PAE
@
4
GHz
(%)
Po
wer
(
m
W
)
[
1
5
]
3
.1 to
4.8
<
-
10
<
-
8
19
-
2
2
.0 (inp
u
t)
-
4
.2 (ou
tp
u
t)
n
/a
25
[
1
6
]
3
.1 to
1
0
.6
<
-
9
<
-
8
15
0
(
o
u
tp
u
t)
n
/a
2
5
.2
[
1
7
]
3
to 1
2
<
-
10
<
-
8
1
0
.46
+5
.6 (ou
tp
u
t)
n
/a
84
[
1
8
]
3
to 4
.6
<
-
10
<
-
10
1
7
.5
+0
.42
(
o
u
tp
u
t)
3
.9%
n
/a
[
1
9
]
2
.6 to
5.4
<
-
5
<
-
6
1
5
.8
-
3
.4 (inp
u
t)
+1
1
.4 (ou
tp
u
t)
34%
25
This
stu
d
y
2
.8
-
5
.2
<
-
6
<
-
0
.5
1
6
.2
-
3
.8 (I
n
p
u
t)
1
0
.1 (Outp
u
t)
47%
25
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
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IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A tw
o
-
st
ag
e
po
we
r amp
li
fi
er
desig
n
f
or
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I
dre
es S. Al
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K
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779
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te
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e
t
al.
,
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a
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25
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3
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db
and
solid
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state
p
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er
f
or
L
and
S
bands
appl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
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e
ct
ri
c
al
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ring
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e
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DE
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4th
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ult
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-
CDM
A
base
d
on
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eff
i
ci
en
t
f
as
t
inde
pend
ent
co
m
ponent
ana
l
y
si
s
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-
ICA),”
4t
h
Inte
rnationa
l
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renc
e
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F
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and
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in
Low
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p
li
fier
for
R
ecei
ver
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-
Ends
,
”
Inte
rnationa
l
Jo
urnal
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searc
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W
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al
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STBC
s
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st
ems
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fourt
h
orde
r
cumulan
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m
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fo
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J
ordan
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e
ct
rica
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ai
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2
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4GH
z
CM
OS
LNA
amplifi
er
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le
ss
sensor
net
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appl
i
ca
t
ions,"
10th
Jordanian
Inte
rnational
E
lectric
al
and
E
lec
tronic
s
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e
ring
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t
ime
He
l
eft
th
e
unive
rsi
t
y
to
joi
n
Uni
te
d
Arab
Emirat
es
Univer
sit
y
(200
2
-
2004)
and
Al
Jouf
Univer
sity
,
KS
A
(2010
to
dat
e
).
He
i
s
cur
ren
t
l
y
an
As
sociate
Prof
essor.
Z
aid
Albatain
eh
recei
v
ed
th
e
B.
S.
degr
ee
in
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Yarm
ou
k
Univer
sit
y
,
Irbi
d
,
Jordan,
in
2
006,
and
recei
v
ed
the
M.S.
de
gre
e
in
th
e
co
m
m
unic
at
ion
an
d
el
e
ct
roni
c
engi
n
ee
ring
from
the
Jordan
Univer
sit
y
of
Sci
enc
e
and
Te
chnol
og
y
JU
ST,
Irbid
,
Jordan,
in
2009.
He
rec
ei
v
ed
the
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
co
m
pute
r
engi
neeri
ng
depa
rtmen
t
,
Michi
gan
St
at
e
Univer
sit
y
(MS
U),
US
A,
in
20
14.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
includ
e
Bli
nd
Sour
ce
Separ
ation,
Ind
epe
nden
t
Com
ponent
an
aly
sis,
Nonnega
ti
v
e
m
at
rix
Fact
or
izati
on
,
W
ire
l
ess
Com
m
unic
at
ion,
DS
P
Im
ple
m
e
nta
ti
on
,
VLSI,
Analog
Inte
gra
t
ed
Circ
ui
t
and
RF
I
nte
gra
te
d
Circ
uit.
Ah
mad
Dagam
seh
rec
e
ive
d
hi
s
bac
he
lor
d
egr
ee
in
e
lectr
oni
c
s
engi
ne
eri
ng
f
rom
Yarm
ou
k
Univer
sit
y
in
Jordan
in
2004,
m
aste
r
degr
e
e
i
n
m
ic
roe
l
ec
tron
i
c
eng
ine
er
ing
(s
ola
r
ce
l
ls)
from
Delf
t
Univer
si
t
y
of
Te
chnol
og
y
i
n
the
Netherla
nd
s
in
2007
and
Ph.D.
degr
ee
from
the
Univer
si
t
y
of
Twe
nte
in
the
Nethe
rl
an
ds
in
2011
in
bio
-
inspire
d
sensors
'
design
using
Micro
-
El
e
ct
roMec
h
anica
l
S
y
st
ems
(MEMS
).
Since
Februa
r
y
2012
he
was
appoi
nte
d
as
assista
nt
profe
ss
or
at
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
En
gine
er
in
g
at
Y
armouk
Univer
sit
y
in
Jordan
.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lud
e:
t
hin
-
lay
e
rs
solar
ce
l
ls,
biol
ogi
call
y
inspir
ed
m
ic
r
o
-
s
y
stems
and
sensors
,
m
ic
ro
e
l
ec
tromech
anica
l
s
y
stems
,
in
te
rf
acing
e
le
c
tronics and re
l
at
ed
signa
l
proc
essing.
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