Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
Electrical
and
Computer
Engineering
(IJECE)
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019,
pp.
4192
4203
ISSN:
2088-8708,
DOI:
10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp4192-4203
r
4192
An
ener
gy-efficient
clustering
pr
otocol
using
fuzzy
logi
c
and
netw
ork
segmentation
f
or
heter
ogeneous
WSN
Aziz
Mahboub
1
,
El
Mokhtar
En-Naimi
2
,
Mounir
Arioua
3
,
Hamid
Bark
ouk
4
,
Y
ounes
El
Assari
5
,
Ahmed
El
Oualkadi
6
1,2,4
LIST
laboratory
Department
of
Computer
Sciences,
F
aculty
of
Sciences
and
T
echnologies,
Abdelmalek
Essaadi
Uni
v
ersity
,
Morocco
3
National
School
of
Applied
Sciences,
Abdelmalek
Essaadi
Uni
v
ersity
,
Morocco
5,6
LabTIC
Laboratory
,
National
School
of
Applied
Sciences,
Abdelmalek
Essaadi
Uni
v
ersity
,
T
angier
,
Morocco
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Jan
19,
2019
Re
vised
Apr
1,
2019
Accepted
Apr
19,
2019
K
eyw
ords:
Ener
gy
ef
ficienc
y
WSN
se
gmentation
Netw
ork
lifetime
Ener
gy
consumption;
Routing
protocols
Clustering
Fuzzy
means
Subtracti
v
e
clustering
method
ABSTRA
CT
W
ireless
sensor
netw
orks
ha
v
e
become
an
emer
ging
research
area
due
to
thei
r
impor
-
tance
in
the
present
industrial
application.
The
enlar
gement
of
netw
ork
lifetime
is
the
major
limitation
in
WSN.
Se
v
eral
routing
protocols
study
the
e
xtension
of
lifespan
in
WSN.
Routing
protocols
significantly
influence
on
the
global
of
ener
gy
consumption
for
sensors
in
WSN.
It
is
essential
to
correct
the
ener
gy
e
f
ficienc
y
performance
of
routing
protocol
in
order
to
impro
v
e
the
lifetime.
The
protocols
based
on
clustering
are
the
most
routing
protocols
in
WSN
to
reduce
ener
gy
consumption.
The
protocols
dedicate
to
WSN
ha
v
e
demonstrated
their
limitation
in
e
xpanding
the
lifetime
of
the
netw
ork.
In
this
paper
,
we
present
Hybrid
SEP
protocol
:
Multi-zonal
Fuzzy
logic
heterogeneous
Clustering
based
on
Stable
Election
Protocol
(FMZ-SEP).
The
FMZ-
SEP
characterizes
by
four
parameters:
WSN
se
gmentation
(s
plitting
the
WSN
into
the
triangle
zones
),
the
Subtracti
v
e
Clustering
Method
to
determine
a
correct
number
of
clusters,
the
FCM
and
the
SEP
protocol.
The
FMZ-SEP
prolong
the
stability
period
and
e
xtend
the
lifetime.
The
simulation
res
ults
point
out
that
the
stability
period
of
FMZ-SEP
.
FMZ-SEP
protocol
outperforms
of
MZ-SEP
,
FSEP
and
SEP
protocol
by
impro
ving
the
netw
ork
lifetime
and
the
stability
period.
Copyright
c
2019
Insitute
of
Advanced
Engineeering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Aziz
Mahboub,
LIST
laboratory
Department
of
Computer
Sciences,
F
aculty
of
Sciences
and
T
echnologies,
Abdelmalek
Essaadi
Uni
v
ersity
,
B.P
410,
Route
de
Charf
,
T
angier
,
Morocco.
Phone
:
+212
666
145
279
Email
:
amahboub@uae.ac.ma
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
In
the
last
ten
years,
researchers
ha
v
e
sho
wn
interest
in
WSN.
Di
v
ers
domains
use
WSN
to
impro
v
e
their
production
or
quality
of
service,
lik
e
smart
city
,
smart
roads,
smart
lighting,etc.
The
main
functions
in
WSN
are
collected
data,
processing
and
broadcasting
for
dif
ferent
en
vironments
and
applications
[1,
2,
3].
WSN
constitutes
by
a
lar
ge
numbers
of
small
de
vices
that
communicate
with
each
other
via
radio
links
for
information
sharing
and
cooperati
v
e
treatment.
These
de
vices
can
be
randomly
deplo
yed
in
an
area
of
interest
to
supervise
or
monitor
v
arious
phenomena
[4,
5].
The
sensor
node
w
orks
separately
without
an
y
central
control;
a
malfunctions
of
some
sensor
nodes
does
not
interfere
with
the
operation
of
WSN.
The
sensors
nodes
send
collected
data
to
the
base
station
(BS)
in
multi-hop
mode
by
means
of
CH
or
mono-hop
mode
[6].
T
ypicall
y
,
the
sensor
node
is
a
tin
y
de
vice
that
is
equipped
with
a
transducer
for
data
acquisition,
a
microcomputer
for
local
data
proces
sing
and
storage,
a
transcei
v
er
for
data
transmission
J
ournal
homepage:
http://iaescor
e
.com/journals/inde
x.php/IJECE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
4193
and
reception
and
po
wer
source;
It
is
po
wered
up
by
a
limited
battery
which
is
mostly
impossible
to
change
[7,
8,
9].
The
WSN
manage
by
one
BS
or
more;
which
collects
data
for
processing
and
sending
the
data
to
the
datacenter
[10].
The
WSN
ha
v
e
high
density
of
nodes
,
therefore
a
lar
ge
quantity
of
ener
gy
is
consumed
in
the
routing.
This
requires
an
optimization
of
ener
gy
consumption
in
the
routing
[8].
V
arious
w
orks
studied
routing
protocols
to
impro
v
e
the
netw
ork’
s
lifet
ime.
Routing
protocols
in
WSN
grouped
into
flat
routing,
clustering
routing
and
location
routing
[10,
11].
In
the
clustering
protocols,
the
nodes
are
required
to
classify
in
non-o
v
erlapping
clusters
with
each
set
possessing
a
Cluster
Head
(CH).
The
main
function
of
CH
is
aggre
g
ating
and
transmitting
data
to
the
BS;
which
can
be
connected
to
a
data-center
by
the
internet
or
a
satellite
[7,
8].
The
protocol
based
on
clustering
optimizes
consumption
of
ener
gy
compared
to
other
protocols
.
It
is
practical
for
the
lar
ge
WSN.
Because
the
clustering
protocol
manage
only
the
CH
not
the
entire
WSN
[11,
12].
In
this
w
ork,
we
focus
on
the
clustering
protocols.
we
propose
the
h
ybrid
of
MZ-SEP
protocol
called
MZF-SEP
.
The
proposed
protocol
remarkably
impro
v
e
the
performance
parameters
of
WSN
lik
e
lifetime
and
stability
period.
The
MZF-SEP
protocol
se
gment
the
WSN
on
the
multiple
triangle
zone
to
allo
w
pro
vides
appropriately
a
correct
CH
repartition
in
the
netw
ork.
The
MZF-SEP
protocol
uses
FCM
with
SEP
protocol
in
the
zone
that
are
v
ery
f
ar
from
the
BS.
The
zone
near
of
the
BS
w
ork
only
the
SEP
protocol.
The
MZF-SEP
protocol
impro
v
e
ener
gy-ef
fecient
of
member’
s
cluster
.
In
addition
the
MZF-SEP
protocol
w
orks
in
random
distrib
ution
of
nodes
or
in
uniform
distrib
ution
of
sensor
nodes.
The
MZF-SEP
has
pro
v
ed
considerable
mini-
mization
of
sensor
nodes
ener
gy
consumption
and
significant
e
xtension
of
the
netw
ork
lifetime.
This
paper
is
or
g
anized
as
follo
ws:
The
related
w
ork
is
presented
in
section
2.
In
section
3
we
present
MZF-SEP
protocol.
The
performance
parameters
and
simulation
results
are
presented
in
section
4.
Finally
,
conclusions
are
dra
wn
in
section
5.
2.
RELA
TED
W
ORK
Se
v
eral
clustering
algorithms
solutions
are
proposed
for
WSN,
these
are
proposed
deal
tw
o
k
e
y
point:
T
o
manage
the
routing
and
the
data
processing
appropriately
in
order
to
achie
v
e
ener
gy
sa
vings
in
the
WSN.
In
this
part,
we
describe
some
of
the
better
performers
routing
algorithms
specifically
designed
for
WSN.
The
authors
in
[13]
proposed
the
Stable
Election
Protocol
(SEP).
The
SEP
protocol
implemented
tw
o
le
v
el
heterogeneous,
the
nodes
are
classified
into
tw
o
types
according
to
the
initial
ener
gy
quantity
[14,
15].
The
first
group
is
comprised
by
the
nodes
contain
more
ener
gy
compared
to
other
nodes.
these
nodes
which
call
adv
anced
nodes.
The
percentage
of
supplementary
ener
gy
of
the
adv
ance
nodes
in
relation
to
the
normal
node
is
denoted
by
therefore
The
adv
anced
nodes
ha
v
e
(1
+
)
more
ener
gy
compared
to
the
normal
nodes.
Adv
anced
nodes
can
ha
v
e
more
probability
to
emer
ge
as
CH
than
normal
nodes
[16].
The
SEP
pro-
tocol
applies
the
principle
of
LEA
CH
protocol
for
the
selec
tion
of
CH,
the
election
operation
of
CH
is
based
on
weighted
election
probabilities
of
each
node
to
be
con
v
erted
to
a
CH
[10].
The
SEP
protocol
adopts
tw
o
weighted
election
probability
P
nor
mal
and
P
adv
.
P
adv
is
intended
for
the
adv
anced
nodes.
P
nor
mal
is
destine
for
the
normal
nodes
[13].
In
[17],
the
authors
proposed
ne
w
approach
named
Threshold
Sensiti
v
e
Stable
Election
Protocol
(TSEP)
based
on
SEP
protocol.
The
TSEP
protocol
classified
the
nodes
in
three
le
v
els
of
heterogeneity
ac-
cording
to
the
ener
gy
le
v
els:
normal
nodes,
intermediate
nodes
and
adv
anced
nodes.
The
intermediate
nodes
ha
v
e
ener
gy
le
v
els
more
than
the
initial
ener
gy
of
normal
node
and
less
than
the
initial
ener
gy
of
adv
anced
nodes.
Each
type
of
node
has
an
optimal
probability
and
its
threshold
v
alue.
The
TSEP
impro
v
e
stability
period
and
netw
ork
life
than
SEP
and
TEEN
[18].
The
MZ-SEP
protocol
is
impro
v
ed
v
ersion
of
the
SEP
protocol.
The
MZ-SEP
is
properly
partitioned
into
triangle
zones
and
pro
vides
appropriately
a
well
cluster
repartition
in
the
netw
ork
in
order
to
impro
v
e
the
stable
period
of
the
netw
orks,
and
the
lifetime
of
netw
ork
[11].
Figure
1
present
the
netw
ork
architecture
of
MZ-SEP
protocol.Zones
creation
is
based
on
the
follo
wing
parameters:
(a)
The
position
of
the
base
station;
(b)
The
v
alue
of
d
0
;
(c)
The
deplo
yment
area
dimensions.
An
ener
gy-ef
ficient
clustering
pr
otocol
using
...
(Aziz
Mahboub)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
4194
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Figure
1.
Netw
ork
architecture
in
MZ-SEP
[11]
MZ-SEP
operate
by
making
the
position
more
than
50%
of
C
H
as
close
as
possible
to
the
B
S
.
The
member
nodes
must
be
attached
to
the
closest
CH
in
the
netw
ork.
kno
wing
that
the
distance
between
the
numerous
C
H
generated
by
MZ-SEP
and
the
base
station
is
less
than
or
equal
to
d
0
.
The
MZ-SEP
protocol
only
attempts
to
find
the
global
minimum
between
cluster
head
and
its
members.
3.
CLASSIFICA
TION
METHODS
This
section
briefly
describes
the
v
arious
classification
methods
used
in
order
to
create
clusters.
The
methods
used
are
Fuzzy
C-mean
(FCM)
algorithm
and
Subtracti
v
e
Clustering
Algorithm.
3.1.
Subtracti
v
e
clustering
method
The
algorithms
based
on
clustering
need
the
user
to
prespecify
the
number
of
cluster
centers
and
their
initial
locations.
The
quality
of
the
solution
relating
to
strongly
on
the
choice
of
initial
v
alues
as
the
number
of
cluster
centres
and
their
initial
locations.
The
identification
of
the
optimal
number
of
clusters
isdif
ficult
to
do.
The
results
depending
on
the
w
ay
of
distrib
ution
the
sensor
nodes
in
the
field
and
the
desired
clustering
resol
ution
of
the
user
.
Cluster
analysis
can
help
to
identifying
the
number
optimal
of
clusters
[19,
20,
21].
In
1995,
the
author
proposed
a
n
upgraded
v
ersion
of
the
mountain
method
[19],
titled
the
subtracti
v
e
method,
in
which
each
element
is
considered
as
a
potential
cluster
centroid.
Consider
the
follo
wing
a
collection
of
N
nodes
f
x
1
;
x
2
.
.
.
xn
g
in
sensor
area.
All
sensor
node
has
a
possibility
to
become
a
cluster
centre,
which
can
be
denoted
as
C
H
the
potentiality
of
sensor
node
x
i
[22].
M
(
x
)
=
n
X
j
=1
e
k
x
i
x
j
k
(1)
Where,
is
a
positi
v
e
constant
and
k
x
i
x
j
k
2
is
the
square
of
the
distance
between
the
node
x
i
and
the
node
x
j
.
Using
this
mountain
functi
on,
the
upgraded
v
ersion
of
the
mountain
method
adopte
same
m
´
ecanisme
used
in
the
original
mountain
m
ethod
to
selected
the
cluster
centroids[23].
M
1
be
the
maximum
v
alue
of
t
h
e
mountain
function.
M
1
=
m
i
ax
k
x
i
k
(2)
Where,
x
i
is
the
node
in
WSN
whose
mountain
v
alue
is
M
1
;
this
node
is
selected
as
the
first
cluster
centroid.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
4192
–
4203
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
4195
3.2.
Fuzzy
C-Means
clustering
algorithm
(FCM)
The
FCM
proposed
by
Dunn
in
1974
and
upgraded
by
Bezdek
et
aI.,
1987
[24].
has
been
widely
studied
and
applied
[19,
25].
FCM
is
an
unsupervised
clustering
algorithm,
as
the
k-medoids
algorithm
and
K-means.
The
k-means
algorithm
is
based
on
hard
set
b
ut
the
FCM
algorithm
is
based
on
non-crisps
[25,
26].
The
FCM
algorithm
functions
by
assigning
af
filiation
to
e
v
ery
sensor
node
corresponding
to
e
v
ery
cluster
center
according
to
the
distance
between
the
cluster
center
and
the
sensor
node.
When
the
sensor
nodes
are
nearestto
the
cluster
center
,
its
memberships
in
cluster
center
are
the
stronger
[26,
27].
The
FCM
algorithm
is
an
iterati
v
e
optimization
algorithm
that
minimizes
the
follo
wing
function.
f
=
n
X
i
=1
C
X
j
=1
u
m
ij
k
x
i
C
H
j
k
2
(3)
Where,
n
is
The
sum
of
sensor
nodes
in
WSN,
c
is
the
number
of
clusters
are
created
,
x
i
is
the
i
t
h
sensor
node,
C
H
j
is
the
j
t
h
cluster
center
,
u
m
ij
is
the
de
gree
of
membership
of
the
ith
sensor
node
in
the
j
t
h
cluster
,
and
m
is
a
positi
v
e
constant
super
than
1
.
k
x
i
C
H
j
k
represents
the
distance
between
sensor
node
x
i
and
the
cluster
center
C
H
j
.
The
de
gree
of
membership
u
m
ij
and
the
cluster
center
C
H
j
are
difined
as
follo
ws:
u
ij
=
1
P
c
k
=1
(
k
x
i
c
j
k
k
x
i
c
k
k
)
2
m
1
(4)
C
H
j
=
P
n
i
=1
u
m
ij
x
i
P
n
i
=1
u
m
ij
(5)
Algorithm
1
The
FCM
algorithm
Requir
e:
2
C
<
n
1
<
m
<
1
(typically
m
=
2
)
Initialize
membership
u
ij
M
ax
M
axiter
ativ
e
Randomly
initialize
the
fuzzy
centroid
C
H
j
for
j
=
f
1
;
2
;
3
:::C
g
f
or
t
=
1
to
M
ax
do
f
or
j
=
1
to
C
do
f
or
i
=
1
to
n
do
Calculate
u
ij
by
equation
9
end
f
or
Update
C
H
j
by
equation
10
end
f
or
Calculate
f
t
=
P
n
i
=1
P
C
j
=1
u
m
ij
k
x
i
C
H
j
k
2
if
f
t
f
t
1
then
break
end
if
end
f
or
4.
MUL
TI-ZON
AL
FUZZY
LOGIC
HETER
OGENEOUS
CLUSTERING
B
ASED
ON
ST
ABLE
ELECTION
PR
O
T
OCOL(FMZ-SEP)
In
this
section
we
discus
the
majors
points
about
proposed
FMZ-SEP
.
The
principal
aim
of
this
con-
trib
ution
is
to
impro
v
e
netw
ork
lifetime.
The
FMZ-SEP
protocol
is
impro
v
ed
v
ersion
of
MZ-SEP
.
The
static
sensor
nodes
are
deplo
yed
randomly
i
n
an
area.
The
data
collected
by
nodes
is
forw
arded
to
a
BS
through
the
CH.
BS
is
located
outside
the
area.
These
is
not
limited
in
ener
gy
and
computational
po
wer
.
The
C
H
is
selected
randomly
lik
e
the
principle
of
selection
of
C
H
in
MZ-SEP
protocol
.
In
the
FMZ-SEP
protocol,
the
WSN
is
di
vided
into
triangle
zones;
each
zone
is
considered
as
smal
l
WSN,
in
order
to
obtain
a
better
cluster
repartition
in
the
WSN.This
se
gmentat
ion
impro
v
e
the
lifetime
of
An
ener
gy-ef
ficient
clustering
pr
otocol
using
...
(Aziz
Mahboub)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
4196
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
netw
ork,
the
position
more
than
50%
of
CH
as
close
as
possible
to
the
BS.
The
architecture
of
netw
ork
after
se
gmentation
is
gi
v
en
in
the
Figure
2.
The
nodes
are
not
selected
as
CH;
the
y
must
be
attached
to
the
closest
CH
in
the
netw
ork.
In
FMZ-SEP
protocol,
the
distance
between
se
v
eral
CH
and
the
BS
is
less
than
or
equal
to
d
0
.
This
helps
to
minimize
the
ener
gy
consumption
of
CH.
The
first
phase
in
the
FMZ-SEP
protocol
is
to
split
the
area
into
virtual
zones
in
order
to
get
a
better
clusters.
ALL
The
zones
created
in
the
form
of
letter
V
inspired
by
PSO
algorithm.
The
FMZ-SEP
protocol
only
attempts
to
find
the
global
minimum
between
CH
and
its
members
according
to
the
equation
6.
The
creation
of
the
zones
starts
at
t
he
nearest
point
at
BS
.
The
Figure
2
sho
ws
the
di
vision
of
WSN
into
multiple
zones.
d
(
n
i
;
C
H
r
)
=
p
(
n
i
C
H
r
)
2
(6)
Where
n
i
is
a
node
not
selected
,
C
H
r
is
a
node
become
CH.
The
zones
creation
is
based
on
the
follo
wing
k
e
ys:
(a)
The
geographic
coordinates
of
the
BS;
(b)
d
0
;
(c)
The
geographic
coordinates
of
deplo
yment
area.
d
0
=
s
f
s
amp
(7)
Where
f
s
is
constant
corresponding
transition
from
direct
path,
amp
is
constant
corresponding
transition
from
multi-path.
Frequently
,
the
FMZ-SEP
protocol
di
vides
the
WSN
into
3
zones.
All
zones
ha
v
e
the
same
v
erte
x
point
,
which
is
the
closest
point
betee
w
the
WSN
and
BS.
The
first
zone
is
on
the
right
of
the
BS,
where
the
distance
between
the
BS
and
each
nodes
of
this
zone
is
less
or
equal
d
0
.
The
second
zone
is
located
to
the
left
of
the
BS,the
nodes
of
this
zone
are
closer
to
the
BS,
for
e
xample
the
distanced
node
of
the
BS
is
located
at
an
equal
distance
or
less
than
d
0
.
The
third
zone
is
between
the
tw
o
pre
vious
zones.
In
our
studied
e
xample,
the
dimensions
of
the
area
is
100
mx
100
m
,
the
geographic
coordinates
of
the
BS
are
(50
;
50)
.
The
amount
of
ener
gy
consumed
for
each
node
in
the
right
zone
or
the
left
zone
is
calculated
by
the
equation
8
[10]
E
T
x
f
s
(
k
;
d
)
=
K
(
E
el
ec
+
f
s
d
2
)
if
d
<
d
0
(8)
The
distances
of
nodes
which
belong
to
zone
in
the
middle
of
the
surv
eillance
field
are
greater
than
d
0
or
less
or
equal
to
d0.
The
ener
gy
consumed
by
the
C
H
in
the
middle
zone
is
calculated
by
the
equations9
and
10
[10].
The
ener
gy
e
xpended
in
the
transmit
electronics
for
free
space
propag
ation
E
T
x
f
s
is
described
by:
E
T
x
f
s
(
k
;
d
)
=
K
(
E
el
ec
+
f
s
d
2
)
if
d
<
d
0
(9)
The
ener
gy
e
xpended
in
the
transmit
electronics
for
free
multi-path
propag
ation
E
T
x
mp
is
gi
v
en
by:
E
T
x
mp
(
k
;
d
)
=
K
(
E
el
ec
+
amp
d
4
)
if
d
>
=
d
0
(10)
After
the
zones
were
formed
by
the
B
S
,
we
applied
the
SEP
protocol
only
in
zone
left
and
zone
right.
In
zone
middle,before
applying
the
SEP
protocol;
we
determine
the
optimal
cluster
number
v
alue
via
the
the
subtracti
v
e
clustering
algorithm,
then
we
create
lar
ge
clusters
through
the
e
x
ecution
of
the
FCM
algorithm.
The
clusters
are
considered
as
sub-WSN.
The
SEP
protocol
is
applies
in
each
cluster
to
construct
the
small
clusters;the
first
operation
is
selected
the
CHs
based
on
tw
o
weighted
election
probability
P
nor
mal
and
P
adv
and
their
members.
The
flo
wchart
of
the
cluste
r
formation
process
of
the
FMZ-SEP
is
sho
wing
in
the
Figure
3.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
4192
–
4203
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
4197
Figure
2.
F
ormation
of
triangles
zones
of
FMZ-SEP
Figure
3.
Flo
wchart
of
the
cluster
formation
process
of
FMZ-SEP
5.
SIMULA
TIONS
AND
RESUL
TS
T
o
study
the
performance
of
MZF-SEP
protocol,
we
need
to
simulate
this
protocol
and
compare
the
results
with
other
protocols
of
the
same
cate
gory
such
as
the
SEP
protocol
or
the
MZ-SEP
protocol.
In
this
simulation,
we
adopted
the
se
v
eral
parameters
to
mount
the
s
cenario
of
the
simulation.
The
first
parameters
are:
An
ener
gy-ef
ficient
clustering
pr
otocol
using
...
(Aziz
Mahboub)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
4198
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
(a)
The
dmentions
of
our
WSN
is
100
mx
100m.
(b)
The
position
of
the
BS
that
is
inside
the
WSN
or
in
the
outside;
in
our
case
the
BS
is
located
outside
the
WSN
at
the
follo
wing
geographic
strings
(50
m;
50
m
)
.
(c)
The
number
of
nodes
deplo
yed
in
the
WSN
is
100.
Other
parameters
are
the
po
wer
consumption
model,
the
size
of
the
message
sent
to
CH
in
each
round.
All
simulations
are
tested
in
MA
TLAB.
In
simulation,
we
use
the
same
ener
gy
consumption
model
of
SEP
protocol.
The
100
nodes
are
randomly
deplo
yed
in
the
100
m
100
m
area.
the
size
of
the
message
transmed
by
the
node
is
4000
bit.
Figure
2
presents
the
study
WSN.
The
important
parameters
of
simulation
are
gi
v
en
in
T
able
1.
T
able
1.
Simulation
parameters
P
arameter
V
alue
Simulation
Area
100
m
100
m
BS
Location
(50
m;
50
m
)
Number
of
Nodes
100
T
ransmission
Ener
gy
E
T
x
10
10
12
J
=bit=m
2
Recei
ving
Ener
gy
E
R
X
0
:
0013
10
12
J
=bit=m
4
Data
Aggre
g
ation
Ener
gy
5
10
9
J
=bit=messag
e
T
ransmission
Ener
gy
E
T
x
Recei
ving
Ener
gy
E
R
X
50
10
9
J
5.1.
P
erf
ormance
parameters
T
o
e
v
aluate
our
protocols,
we
use
the
follo
wing
performance
parameters:
Stability
P
eriod
:
is
the
time
between
the
be
ginning
of
the
operation
of
WSN
and
the
e
xhaustion
of
ener
gy
of
the
first
node
in
WSN.
It
is
the
time
where
all
the
nodes
can
send
data
to
CH.
Instability
P
eriod
:
be
gins
just
after
the
end
of
the
period
of
stability
and
this
duration
until
the
end
of
operation
of
the
WSN;
where
all
the
nodes
not
ha
v
e
the
ener
gy
.
Number
of
ali
v
e
nodes
:
the
total
number
of
nodes
ha
ving
ha
ving
suf
ficient
ener
gy
.
Simulation
results
were
obtained
after
running
the
proposed
algorithm
se
v
eral
times.
The
r
esults
demonstrate
the
superiority
of
the
proposed
FMZ-SEP
algorithm
in
foll
wing
parametrs
:enlar
gement
of
stability
period,
to
broaden
out
the
netw
ork
lifetime
and
optimization
of
ener
gy
consumption
of
the
entire
netw
ork.
5.2.
Netw
ork
lifetime
Figure
4
sho
ws
the
results
for
the
total
number
of
dead
nodes
with
respect
to
operational
iterati
v
e
rounds
and
without
distinction
between
nodes
type.
Figure
5
displays
the
results
for
the
total
number
of
normal
dead
nodes
with
respect
to
operational
iterati
v
e
rounds,
and
Figure
6
visualizes
the
results
for
the
total
number
of
adv
anced
dead
nodes
with
respect
to
operational
iterati
v
e
rounds.
In
the
three
Figures
4,
5
and
6
we
observ
e
that
our
model
FMZ-SEP
algorithm
gi
v
es
really
impressi
v
e
performance
results,
both
in
terms
of
stability
period
and
instability
period.
In
Figure
4,
5
and
6
the
stability
period
of
our
model
FMZ-SEP
algorithm
is
more
than
double
that
of
SEP
protocol
and
the
MZ-ESP
protocol;
more
by
50%
than
the
FSEP
protocol.
According
to
Figure
4,
the
first
node
is
dead
at
2458
rounds,
1543
rounds,
924
rounds
and
865
rounds
for
our
model
FMZ-SEP
,
FSEP
protocol,
MZ-ESP
protocol
and
SEP
protocol
respecti
v
ely
.
In
Figure
5
the
time
of
stability
period
is
2457
rounds
,
1542
rounds,924
rounds
and
864
rounds
for
our
model
FMZ-SEP
,
FSEP
protocol,
MZESP
protocol
and
SEP
protocol
respecti
v
ely
.
From
Figure
6,
the
first
adv
anced
node
dead
at
2931
rounds,
2090
rounds,
1456
rounds
and
1415
rounds
for
our
model
FMZ-SEP
,
FSEP
protocol,
MZESP
protocol
and
SEP
protocol
respecti
v
ely
.
The
netw
ork
ener
gy
quantity
per
round
is
depicted
in
Figure
7.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
4192
–
4203
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
4199
Figure
4.
Number
of
dead
nodes
per
round
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
67
SEP
MZ-SEP
FSEP
FMZ-SEP
Figure
5.
Number
of
normal
dead
nodes
per
round
Round
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Dead Advanced Nodes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
33
SEP
FMZ-SEP
FSEP
MZ-SEP
Figure
6.
Number
of
adv
ance
dead
nodes
per
round
An
ener
gy-ef
ficient
clustering
pr
otocol
using
...
(Aziz
Mahboub)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
4200
r
ISSN:
2088-8708
Round
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
System Energy (J)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
SEP protocol
MZ-SEP protocol
FSEP protocol
FMZ-SEP protocol
Figure
7.
Netw
ork
ener
gy
quantity
per
round
5.2.1.
MZ-SEP
The
first
node
is
dead
at
924
rounds
and
865
rounds
for
MZESP
protocol
and
SEP
protocol
respec-
ti
v
ely
,
the
last
node
is
dead
at
4147
rounds
and
4263
rounds.
The
stability
period
of
the
MZ-SEP
protocol
is
o
v
er
the
10%
than
SEP
protocol
,
the
instability
period
of
the
MZ-SEP
protocol
is
impro
v
ed
as
compared
to
the
SEP
.
5.2.2.
FSEP
According
to
T
able
2,
the
stability
re
gion
is
865
rounds,
924
rounds
and
1543
rounds
and
490
rounds
for
SEP
,
MZ-SEP
and
FSEP
respecti
v
ely
.
On
the
other
hand,
the
instability
period
till,
4147,
4263
and
8362
for
SEP
,
MZ-SEP
and
FSEP
respecti
v
ely
.
The
res
ults
sho
w
that
the
stability
re
gion
and
the
instability
period
are
double
elong
ated
in
case
of
the
FSEP
compared
to
the
SEP
or
MZ-SEP
,
On
the
other
hand,
the
o
v
erall
life
time
of
the
FSEP
outperforms
all
the
other
protocols
(SEP
and
MZ-SEP).
The
FSEP
gi
v
es
the
better
results
compared
to
the
SEP
protocol
and
MZ-SEP
.
T
able
2.
Percentage
of
dead
nodes
per
rounds
Dead
node
1
10%
20%
50%
70%
90%
100%
SEP
865
1064
1159
1275
1499
1999
4147
MZ-SEP
924
1139
1223
1392
1585
2359
4263
FSEP
1543
1661
1739
2120
2507
3645
8362
MZF-SEP
2458
3679
4282
10000
5.2.3.
FMZ-SEP
Performance
results
sho
w
that
model
FMZ-SEP
w
as
good
for
impro
ving
Stability
Period
and
instabil-
ity
period.
The
stability
period
of
the
FMZ-SEP
protocol
is
o
v
er
the
150%
,
150%,
and
50%
than
SEP
protocol
,MZ-ESP
prot
o
c
ol
and
FSEP
protocol
respecti
v
ely
.
In
addition,
the
instability
period
of
the
FMZ-SEP
protocol
is
v
ery
much
impro
v
ed
as
compared
to
the
SEP
protocol,the
MZ-ESP
protocol
and
the
FSEP
protocol.
Then
the
FMZ-SEP
approach
reduces
the
ener
gy
consumption
by
round,
and
e
xtend
the
netw
ork
lifetime.Therefore
the
FMZ-SEP
approach
pro
vided
the
longest
lifetime
of
WSN
due
to
FSEP
protocol
,
MZ-ESP
protocol
and
SEP
protocol.
6.
CONCLUSION
The
main
objecti
v
e
of
this
w
ork
is
to
propose
a
ne
w
Hybrid
routing
protocol
based
on
multiple
triangle
zones
distrib
ution,
the
subtracti
v
e
clustering
method,fuzzy
means
and
SEP
protocol
applied
for
wireless
sensor
netw
orks.
The
proposed
approach
minimizes
the
ener
gy
consumption,
e
xtends
the
netw
ork
lifetime
of
the
sensor
nodes.
The
e
v
olution
and
enhancement
of
the
presented
routing
algorithms
should
be
done
in
the
future.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng,
V
ol.
9,
No.
5,
October
2019
:
4192
–
4203
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Elec
&
Comp
Eng
ISSN:
2088-8708
r
4201
REFERENCES
[1]
P
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An
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(Aziz
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