Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp. 3
158~
3165
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
3
.
pp3158
-
31
65
3158
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Des
i
gn
of fibe
r
b
ragg gr
atin
g
(FB
G)
t
emp
eratu
re
s
ensor b
ased
on optic
al freque
ncy dom
ain refl
ect
omete
r
(OFDR)
Nani F
ad
z
li
na
Naim
1
,
Si
ti Noo
r
Masli
z
an
Sudin
2
,
Suz
i Seroja
Sa
r
nin
3
,
No
rs
uz
il
a
Y
a’acob
4
, L
at
if
ah Sa
r
ah Su
pian
5
1
,2,3,
4
Facul
t
y
of E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi MA
RA (UiT
M),
Ma
lay
sia
5
Fakult
i
K
ej
urut
era
an
,
Univ
ersit
i
Perta
h
ana
n
Nasi
onal
Ma
lay
sia
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r
18, 201
9
Re
vised
Dec
3
,
2019
Accepte
d
Dec
11
, 20
19
In
thi
s
pape
r,
th
e
sim
ula
ti
on
of
Fiber
Bragg
Grati
ng
(FBG
)
as
a
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sensor
is
condu
ct
ed
.
Th
e
FB
G
te
m
per
a
ture
se
nsor
is
designed
base
d
o
n
Optic
a
l
Freque
n
c
y
Dom
ai
n
Reflec
tomet
er
(OF
D
R)
conc
ept.
A
cont
inuous
wave
(CW
)
la
se
r
is
used
as
th
e
opti
c
al
sour
c
e
and
it
is
tr
ansmi
tt
ed
to
two
FB
Gs
.
The
two
FB
Gs
ref
le
ction
spec
tra
will
pr
oduce
a
bea
t
fr
e
quency
tha
t
ca
n
be
d
etec
t
e
d
using
a
Ra
dio
Freque
nc
y
(RF)
spec
tru
m
ana
l
y
z
e
r.
An
y
t
empera
tur
e
cha
nge
will
shif
t
Bragg
wav
el
en
gth,
thus
produ
c
e
a
shif
t
for
the
be
at
fre
que
n
c
y
.
In
thi
s
wor
k,
an
FB
G
with
te
m
per
a
ture
se
nsiti
vity
10
pm
/˚C
is
emplo
y
ed.
I
t
is
found
th
at
b
y
using
thi
s
t
ec
hniqu
e,
a
high
-
resolut
io
n
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sens
or
ca
n
be
design
ed
with
t
empera
t
ure
resolu
ti
on
of
0.
1˚C
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fiber
b
ragg
g
r
at
ing
Op
ti
cal
f
reque
ncy dom
ai
n
Re
flect
om
et
er
(O
F
DR)
RF sp
ect
ru
m
an
al
yz
er
Tem
per
at
or
se
ns
or
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nan
i
Fadzlin
a
Naim
,
Fakult
i Keju
ru
t
eraan
Elektri
k,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knol
og
i M
ARA
(U
iTM
)
,
40450 S
hah A
l
a
m
, S
el
ango
r,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
:
nan
ifad
zl
ina@u
it
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days,
the
re
is
a
ra
pid
grow
t
h
of
op
ti
cal
fiber
te
c
hnology,
es
pecial
ly
on
fibe
r
opti
c
sens
or.
In
va
rio
us
sm
art
str
uctures
su
c
h
as
pip
el
i
ne,
bri
dge,
ai
r
craft,
sh
i
p,
a
nd
oth
e
rs,
one
of
the
m
os
t
im
po
rtant
par
am
et
ers
is
t
e
m
per
at
ure
[1
]
.
This
is
because
m
os
t
of
the
structures
al
w
ay
s
been
ex
posed
to
any
physi
cal
changes
li
ke
tem
per
at
ure,
strai
n,
an
d
pres
s
ur
e
an
d
can
re
su
lt
in
dam
age
,
destr
uction,
and
ris
ks
to
hum
an
.
Re
centl
y,
nu
m
erous
opti
cal
tem
per
at
ure
se
ns
ors
hav
e
bee
n
pro
pose
d
us
i
ng
var
i
ous
te
chn
i
qu
e
s.
F
or
i
ns
ta
nce
,
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
ors
base
d
on
Lo
ng
Pe
rio
d
Gr
at
in
gs
(LPG
)
[
2],
fiber
ta
pe
rs
[
3
-
4],
m
ulti
m
od
e
interfe
re
nce
[
5]
and
F
i
ber
Bra
gg
Gr
at
in
gs
(FB
G)
[
6
-
13]
.
To
the
best
of
the
auth
ors’
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
FBG
is
on
e
of
the
m
os
t
reno
wn
e
d o
ptica
l t
e
m
per
at
ure sens
ors.
The
or
et
ic
al
ly
,
any
tem
per
at
ure
change
will
sh
ift
the
FB
G
Brag
g
wa
velen
gth
.
C
omm
on
ly
,
the
Brag
g
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
sh
i
ft
of
FB
G
is
m
on
it
ore
d
by
usi
ng
a
n
opti
cal
sp
ect
r
um
analyzer
(
OSA).
H
oweve
r,
OSA
ha
s
it
s
own
li
m
it
at
io
ns
in
res
ponse
tim
e,
reso
lu
ti
on
,
weig
ht,
siz
e,
an
d
co
st
[14].
T
o
ov
erco
m
e
these
issues
,
RF
s
pectr
um
anal
yz
er
is
introd
uced.
He
nc
e,
Fiber
B
ragg
Gr
at
in
g
(F
B
G)
as
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
or
usi
ng
R
F
s
pectr
um
analy
zer
is
pro
pos
ed.
In
this
wor
k,
we
a
re
f
oc
use
d
on
te
ch
nique
to
be
us
e
d
to
desi
gn
i
ng
a
high
-
reso
l
ution
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
or
.
Asid
e
f
r
om
t
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
there
are
s
om
e
te
chn
iq
ues
f
ro
m
ano
ther
rese
arche
r
that
can
relat
e
to
FBG
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
nsor
.
As
stud
ie
d
by
[1
5],
they
de
velo
p
fibe
r
-
opti
c
sensor
tha
t
hav
e
a
high
-
res
olu
ti
on
a
nd
hi
gh
-
s
pe
ed
te
m
per
at
ure
m
eas
ur
em
ent
base
d
on
sil
ic
on
Fabry
-
Pé
r
ot
cavit
y.
The
si
li
con
pill
ar
is
at
ta
ched
on
t
he
ti
p
of
a
si
ng
le
-
m
ode
fi
ber
to
fa
br
ic
at
e
it
and
hav
e
6×
10
-
4
°C
as
the
tem
perat
ur
e
reso
l
ution.
[16
]
H
as
re
searc
he
d
the
sen
sor
he
ad
of
FBG
t
o
be
fo
c
us
e
d
wi
th
co
nvex
an
d
hand
le
ns
,
e
val
uated
by
var
yi
ng
of
fo
c
us
in
g
el
em
ents
in
ha
rs
h
env
i
ronm
ents.
They
disc
ov
e
r
ed
that
f
or
bo
t
h
syst
em
s,
the
Brag
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
D
esi
gn
of fi
ber
b
r
agg gr
atin
g (
FBG)
temp
era
ture se
nsor
... (
Nan
i F
adzli
na
Naim
)
3159
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
s
hi
ft
is
incre
ase
pro
portio
nally
with
te
m
per
at
ur
e
.
Asid
e
from
i
m
pr
ov
i
ng
the
inter
rogato
r’
s
reso
l
ution
[17
]
,
in
or
de
r
to
ob
ta
in
a
hi
gh
-
res
olu
ti
on
te
m
per
at
ur
e
or
strai
n
sensi
ng,
we
m
us
t
increase
the FB
G’
s
sen
s
it
ivit
y.
Fiber
opti
c
te
chnolo
gy
play
s
i
m
po
rta
nt
r
oles
in
te
le
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
fiel
d
[
18]
.
Te
m
per
at
ur
e,
ro
ta
ti
ons,
vi
brat
ion
s,
disp
la
c
e
m
ent,
and
pre
ssu
re
ca
n
be
de
te
ct
ed
by
fibe
r
op
ti
c
sens
ors
[1
9].
I
n
the
fi
el
d
of
rem
ote
sensing,
fiber
s h
ave
s
o
m
any
ro
le
s
be
cause
they
require
no
el
ect
rical
po
we
r
at
the
re
m
ote
locat
ion
an
d
ano
t
her
reas
on
is
they
ha
ve
ti
ny
siz
e
[20].
A
s
sta
te
d
by
[21
]
,
there
are
tw
o
gro
up
s
of
fib
er
op
ti
c
se
nsor
s
that
are
extri
ns
ic
a
nd
i
ntrin
sic
fib
er
opti
c
sens
or.
The
dif
fer
e
nc
e
is
that,
w
hen
t
he
sensi
ng
ta
kes
place
i
n
a
reg
i
on
ou
tsi
de
the
fib
er,
it
is
extrinsic
fiber
opti
c.
Wh
il
e
for
intrinsic
fibe
r
op
ti
c,
an
op
ti
cal
fiber
it
sel
f
act
s
as
the
sen
sin
g
el
em
ent
and
oft
en
us
e
d
to
m
easu
re
strai
n,
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
pr
e
ssu
re
.
E
xtrinsi
c
fibe
r
opti
c
se
ns
o
rs
us
e
an
e
xter
na
l
transducer
a
nd
hav
e
a
f
un
ct
ion
to
cal
cul
at
e
ro
ta
ti
on
,
a
ccel
erati
on
,
vib
rati
on,
disp
la
ce
m
ent,
twist
ing
a
nd to
rque.
Accor
ding
to
Brag
g’
s
la
w
[
22
]
,
Bra
gg
wa
velen
gth
occur
red
wh
e
n
li
ght
at
sp
eci
fic
w
avelen
gth
is
ref
le
ct
ed
f
ro
m
FBG
an
d
pass
es
throu
gh
int
o
the
fiber
.
T
he
Bragg
wa
vele
ng
t
h
de
pends
on
the
gr
at
in
g
per
i
od
and the
refract
ive in
de
x of fib
er.
T
he
B
ragg
wav
el
e
n
gt
h
e
quat
ion i
s
giv
e
n i
n
the
(
1
)
:
λ
B
= 2*n
e
ff
*
Λ
(1)
wh
e
re
λ
B
is
Br
agg
wa
velen
gt
h
of
th
e
fi
ber
,
n
e
f
f
is
e
ff
ect
ive
refract
ive
in
de
x
of
th
e
co
re
a
nd
Λ
is
grat
in
g
pitch.
The rel
at
ion
s
hi
p betwee
n wave
le
ng
th
s
hift a
nd freq
ue
ncy s
hift ca
n be calc
ulate
d
as
foll
ows:
Δ
=
c
(
Δλ
)
λ
2
(2)
wh
e
re
Δ
f
is
the
change
in
f
re
qu
e
ncy,
w
he
re
Δλ
is
the
chan
ge
in
wa
veleng
t
h,
c
is
the
sp
eed
of
li
ght
and
λ
is
the
Bra
gg
w
avelen
gth
[
23]
.
En
ough
w
avelen
gth
sp
a
ci
ng
m
us
t
be
sp
eci
fie
d
be
tween
FBG'
s
cente
r
wav
el
e
ng
t
hs
in
order
to
pr
e
ve
nt
interfe
ren
c
e
betwee
n
FBGs
w
he
n
the
s
yst
e
m
us
es
m
o
re
than
on
e
F
BG
on
sing
le
m
od
e
fi
ber.
It
is
gi
ven
that
5
nm
wa
velen
gth
s
paci
ng
f
or
strai
n
m
easur
em
ents
and
1
nm
wav
el
eng
th
sp
aci
ng
f
or
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sen
sing
[24].
By
diff
e
re
ntiat
in
g
the
wav
el
e
ngth
e
xpressi
on
(
3
)
,
the
te
m
per
at
ure
dep
e
ndence
ca
n be
determ
ined
as
foll
ows:
|
∆
λ
B
λ
B
=
∆
(
n
ef
f
Λ
)
n
ef
f
Λ
|
ε
=
C
ε
n
st
a
n
t
=
(
1
Λ
Λ
δ
T
+
1
n
ef
f
δ
n
ef
f
δ
T
)
ΔT
= (α + ζ
)
ΔT =
k
T
ΔT
(3)
wh
e
re
k
T
is
Br
agg
grat
ing’s
t
her
m
al
sensiti
vity
,
ζ
is
tem
per
at
ur
e
dep
e
nde
nc
e
of
the
i
nd
e
x
of
re
fr
act
io
n
a
nd
α
is
therm
al
expansio
n
c
oeffici
ent
of
the
fibe
r.
T
he
th
erm
al
sensiti
vity
can
be
cal
culat
e
d
by
assum
e
the
value
for
te
m
per
at
ure ra
ng
e
, α =
0.55x
10
-
6
/ºC
a
nd
ζ
=
5.77 x1
0
-
6
/ºC
an
d give
n b
y
(
4
)
.
∆
λ
B
λ
B
= k
T
Δε
=
6.32
λ
B
(4)
Th
us
,
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sen
sit
ivit
y
fo
r
an
F
BG
at
a
Bragg
wav
el
en
gth
of
1540
nm
is
10
pm
/˚C
[2
5]
.
In
this
pap
e
r,
a
sim
ulati
on
of
FBG
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
or
has
bee
n
cond
ucted.
I
n
this
desig
n,
t
he
Op
t
ic
al
Fr
e
quency
Do
m
ai
n
Re
flect
om
e
te
r
(O
F
DR)
co
nce
pt
ha
s
been
de
pl
oy
ed
wh
e
reas
two
FB
Gs
are
us
e
d
in
this
set
up
.
It
is
fou
nd
t
hat
by
us
in
g
t
his
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
a
hig
he
r
reso
l
utio
n
of
FB
G
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sen
so
r
is
pro
duc
ed
wit
h
tem
per
at
ur
e
r
e
so
luti
on
of 0.1
˚
C.
2.
DESIG
N
P
RI
NC
I
PLE
The
set
up
f
or
the
FBG
se
nsor
is
dem
on
str
at
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
1
wh
ic
h
inclu
des
C
W
la
ser
so
urce,
t
w
o
powe
r
s
plit
te
rs,
f
our
FBGs
,
a
n
E
rb
i
um
-
dope
d
fi
ber
am
plifi
er
(
ED
FA),
a
phot
od
et
ect
or
P
IN
a
nd
RF
S
pe
ct
ru
m
analy
zer.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
is
pe
rfor
m
ed
us
in
g
Op
ti
Syst
em
si
m
ula
ti
on
softw
are.
We
em
plo
y
four
FB
Gs
i
n
this
sensing
syst
e
m
.
FBG
1
and
FBG
2
as
the
ref
ere
nce
or
we
cal
le
d
it
as
ref
e
ren
ce
a
r
m
with
band
width
of
0.002
5
nm
each
an
d
w
avele
ngth
of
1540
nm
and
15
40.00
1
nm
,
resp
ect
i
vely
.
Brag
g
w
avelen
gth
of
F
BG
3
is
fixe
d
to
1540
nm
wh
il
e
fo
r
F
BG
4
,
the
value
of
Bra
gg
wa
ve
le
ng
th
is
i
ncrea
se
from
15
40.
001
nm
with
Brag
g
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
in
crem
ent
of
0.001
nm
,
0.
00
2
nm
,
and
0.
00
3
nm
.
Both
FBG
3
and
FB
G
4
hav
e
ba
ndwi
dth
of
0.002
5
nm
.
Pr
incipal
ly
,
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
c
ha
ng
e
s
are
ap
plied
on
FBG
4
a
nd
this
will
ca
use
Brag
g
wa
veleng
t
h
changes
.
As
th
e
tem
per
at
ure
is
increase
d,
the
Bra
gg
wavel
eng
th
will
al
so
i
ncr
ease
.
T
he
Bra
gg
wavel
engt
h
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une
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-
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3160
change
of
FB
G
4
will
interf
ere
with
Bra
gg
wa
velen
gth
of
FB
G
3
.
The
interfer
e
nce
sign
al
s
co
ntai
n
beat
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
w
hich
will
app
ea
r
pea
ks
in
th
e
Ra
dio
Fr
e
quency
(RF
)
s
pectr
um
analyzer.
Fig
ur
e
1
sh
ows
the
sim
ulatio
n
m
od
el
us
i
ng
Op
ti
Syst
em
so
ftwar
e
.
I
n
this
si
m
ulati
on
,
th
ere
are
a
few
par
am
et
ers
fro
m
real
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
wer
e
giv
e
n
from
datasheet
and
def
a
ult
pa
r
am
et
ers
had
been
use
d.
The
m
os
t
i
mp
ort
an
t
par
am
et
er
is
Fiber
Bra
gg
grat
ing
s
(
FBGs
)
par
am
et
ers
and
ot
her
pa
r
a
m
et
ers
that
ha
d
bee
n
us
ed
in
thi
s
si
m
ulati
on
w
hi
ch
incl
udes
C
W
la
ser
power
is
0
dm
,
refe
r
ence
wavel
en
gt
h
is
set
t
o154
0
nm
,
EDFA
l
eng
t
h
is
5
m
an
d b
it
r
at
e u
se
d
i
n
this
s
i
m
ulati
on
is 20
0
Mbit
/s.
Figure
1. FBG
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
or
sim
ulati
on
m
od
el
usi
ng
Op
ti
Syst
em
so
ftwar
e
3.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
Figure
2
dem
on
st
rates
the
char
act
e
risti
c
of
FB
G
se
nsor
unde
r
va
ri
ou
s
te
m
per
at
ure
cha
nges.
The
sim
ulate
d
resu
lt
is
li
near
.
The
cha
racteri
zat
ion
res
ult
al
so
sho
ws
that
f
or
e
ver
y
25
˚C
tem
per
at
ur
e
c
ha
ng
e
,
0.25
nm
wav
el
eng
th
s
hift
is
sh
ifte
d.
T
he
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
it
ivit
y
of
the
FBG
us
e
d
in
the
si
m
ulatio
ns
i
s
10.0
pm
/°C
.
Fr
om
the
sim
ulati
on
,
we
al
so
m
easur
ed
the
s
ensiti
vity
of
the
strai
n
fr
om
t
he
data
colle
ct
ed
an
d
we
fou
nd
the
s
trai
n
sensiti
vity
to
be
1.
2
pm/
μɛ.
Fig
ur
e
3
s
hows
a
li
near
gr
a
ph
to
repres
ent
the
char
act
erist
ic
of
FB
G
sens
or
under
var
io
us
strai
n
change
s.
The
cha
ract
erizat
ion
res
ult
al
so
sh
ows
th
at
fo
r
eve
ry
200
μ
ɛ
app
li
ed
to FB
G
4
, a
0.24
nm
w
avele
ng
t
h
is
r
ecorde
d.
Figure
2.
W
a
ve
le
ng
th
s
hift
ve
rsu
s
tem
per
at
ur
e
relat
ion
s
hip
Figure
3.
W
a
ve
le
ng
th
s
hift
ve
rsu
s
strai
n
rel
at
ion
s
hip
An
y
te
m
per
at
ur
e
c
hange
will
sh
ift
Bragg
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
at
10
pm
/°C
.
In
this
sim
ulatio
n,
FBG
4
i
s
the
De
vice
un
de
r
Test
(
D
UT)
wh
e
reas
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
F
BG
4
is
va
ried.
In
t
his
sim
ulatio
n,
any
te
m
perat
ur
e
changes
of
0.1
°C
will
cause
a
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
shi
ft
of
0.001
nm
.
The
ref
le
ct
ed
sp
ect
r
um
of
FBG
4
is
il
lustrate
d
in
Figure
s
4,
5,
a
nd
6.
In
this
proj
ect
,
it
is
sim
ulate
d
acco
r
din
g
t
o
the
res
ol
ution
ba
ndwidt
h
of
1M
Hz,
3M
Hz
an
d
10 MHz
an
d
t
o t
he
Bra
gg
wavel
eng
th
s
hift
of 0
.
001nm
, 0
.
002n
m
an
d 0
.00
3 nm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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D
esi
gn
of fi
ber
b
r
agg gr
atin
g (
FBG)
temp
era
ture se
nsor
... (
Nan
i F
adzli
na
Naim
)
3161
Figure
s
4,
5
an
d
6
sho
w
ref
le
ct
ed
sp
ect
r
um
of
FB
G
4
with
r
esolutio
n
ba
nd
width
a
nd
wav
el
eng
th
s
hift
of
0.0
01
nm
,
0.002
nm
and
0.003
nm
du
e
to
te
m
per
at
ur
e
change
of
0.1
ºC,
0.2
ºC
,
a
nd
0.3ºC,
res
pecti
vely
.
Figure
4
s
how
s
the
FBG
4
re
f
le
ct
ion
sp
ect
r
um
with
tem
per
at
ur
e
cha
nge
of
0.1°C
wh
ic
h
causes
a
wa
vel
eng
t
h
sh
ift
of
0.001
nm
.
Figu
re
4
(
a
),
(
b)
,
a
nd
(
c
)
sh
ow
the
FBG
4
sp
ect
ru
m
wit
h
res
olu
ti
on
ba
ndwidt
h
of
1
MHz,
3
MHz
an
d
10
MHz,
resp
ect
i
vely
.
It
can
be
ob
se
rv
e
d
that
Figure
4
(
a),
(
b)
,
an
d
(
c)
ca
n
cl
early
be
analy
zed.
Figure
4
(
c)
wi
th
the
highest
reso
l
ution
bandw
i
dth
sho
ws
the
best
obser
vation
dis
play
in
order
to
det
ect
any
tem
per
at
ur
e
c
hange.
T
hu
s
,
the
hi
gh
e
r
th
e
res
olu
ti
on
ba
ndwidt
h
of
RF
s
pectr
um
analy
zer,
t
he
easi
er
the an
al
yse
s t
o detec
t t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
cha
nge.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4. Tem
per
at
ur
e c
ha
ng
e at 0.1ºC
for F
BG4
with
Bra
gg
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
s
hift
of
0.0
01 nm
u
sing
(a)
1
M
Hz
,
(
b)
3
MHz
,
(c) 1
0 M
Hz
of
res
olu
t
ion
ba
ndwidt
h for the
RF
s
pec
trum
an
al
yz
er
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-
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In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
31
58
-
3165
3162
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
FB
G
4
refl
ect
ion
s
pectr
um
du
e
to
te
m
per
at
ur
e
cha
nge
of
0.2
°C.
T
hi
s
will
cause
Brag
g
wa
velen
gth
c
hange
of
0.002 nm
. F
i
gure 5
(
a),
(
b)
,
a
nd
(
c
)
dis
play
the F
BG
4
sp
ect
rum
w
it
h
RF sp
e
ct
ru
m
analy
zer
res
ol
ution
ba
ndwidt
h
of
1
MHz
,
3
MH
z
an
d
10
M
Hz,
re
spe
ct
ively
.
It
can
be
per
cei
ve
d
that
the
sp
ect
r
um
with
tem
per
at
ure
cha
ng
e
of
0.2°C
ca
n
be
cl
early
seen
as
com
par
ed
to
te
m
per
at
ur
e
cha
ng
e
of
0.1°C.
It
is
al
so
fou
nd
that
the
hi
gh
e
st
ba
ndwidt
h
of
R
F
s
pect
ru
m
an
al
yz
er
w
hich
i
s
10
M
H
z
pr
oduce
the b
e
st dis
pla
y for a
naly
sis.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figire
5. Tem
per
at
ur
e
cha
nge
at
0
.
2º
C
for FB
G4 w
it
h B
ra
gg w
a
velen
gth
shi
ft o
f
0.00
2 nm
us
i
ng (
a
) 1 M
Hz
,
(b) 3 MHz
,
(c)
10 MHz
of
res
olu
ti
on
band
width
f
or
t
he
RF
sp
ect
r
um
an
al
yz
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
D
esi
gn
of fi
ber
b
r
agg gr
atin
g (
FBG)
temp
era
ture se
nsor
... (
Nan
i F
adzli
na
Naim
)
3163
Figure 6
(
a
)
to Fig
ure
6
(
c
)
s
how
the FBG
4
s
pe
ct
ru
m
fo
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
hift of
0.3
°C
an
d
thi
s
will
caus
e
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
c
ha
ng
e
of
0.003
nm
with
RF
s
pectr
um
analyzer
res
olu
ti
on
band
width
of
1
MHz
,
3
MH
z
an
d
10
M
Hz,
res
pe
ct
ively
.
The
highest
res
olu
t
ion
ba
ndwidt
h
of
10
MHz
gi
ves
the
best
disp
la
y
of
FB
G
4
f
or
sp
ect
r
um
analysis.
It
can
al
so
be
seen
that
th
e
hig
he
st
tem
per
at
ur
e
c
ha
ng
e
s
of
0.3
°C
will
resu
lt
with
the
best
disp
la
y
f
or
a
na
ly
sis
as
com
par
e
d
to
Fig
ure
4
a
nd
Fig
ure
5.
T
hus,
t
he
higher
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sh
i
f
t
and
the
higher
the
RF
s
pectr
um
a
naly
zer
res
olu
t
ion
ba
ndwi
dth
will
pr
od
uce
a
higher
qu
al
it
y
disp
la
y
for
sp
e
ct
ru
m
analy
sis.
I
n
s
um
m
ary,
this
tem
per
at
ure
se
ns
or
is
ca
pa
b
le
to
m
on
it
or
t
he
sm
al
le
st
tem
per
at
ur
e
cha
ng
e
or
tem
per
at
ur
e
re
so
luti
on
of
0.1
°C
with
the
be
st
reso
l
ution
band
width
of
RF
s
pectr
um
a
naly
zer
of
10
MHz.
Howe
ver,
oth
e
r
reso
l
utio
n
ba
ndwidt
h
of
sp
ect
r
um
analyzer
can
sti
ll
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
the
tem
pe
ratur
e
sens
or
syst
em
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
6. Tem
per
at
ur
e c
ha
ng
e at 0.3ºC
for F
BG4
with
Bra
gg
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
s
hift
of
0.0
03 nm
u
sing
(
a
) 1
MHz
,
(b) 3 MHz
,
(c)
10 MHz
of
res
olu
ti
on
band
width
f
or
t
he
RF
sp
ect
r
um
an
al
yz
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
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p
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g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
31
58
-
3165
3164
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
co
ncl
us
io
n,
an
FBG
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
nsor
ba
sed
on
OFDR
has
been
d
em
on
st
rated.
It
em
plo
ys
a
CW
la
ser
as
opti
cal
so
urce,
f
our
FBGs
a
nd
a
n
RF
sp
ect
ru
m
analy
zer
to
anal
yz
e
the
FB
G
Sp
ect
r
um
.
The
FBG
ref
le
ct
ed
s
pect
ru
m
will
be
ob
s
er
ved
for
analy
sis.
A
ny
tem
per
at
ur
e
change
will
cause
the
FB
G
Brag
g
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
to sh
ift. I
n
this sim
ula
ti
on
, F
BG
s w
it
h
sensiti
vi
ty
o
f
10
p
m
/˚C and
1.2 pm
/
μɛ
strai
n
are em
p
loye
d.
Using
this
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
a
high
-
res
olu
ti
on
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sen
so
r
is
desi
gn
e
d
with
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
resol
ution
of
0.1
˚C
w
hich
ca
n
cl
early
be
observ
e
d usi
ng a
low
-
cost R
F
s
pe
ct
ru
m
an
al
yz
er.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hor
wi
shes
to
th
ank
Univer
sit
i
T
e
knologi
MA
RA
(UiTM)
un
der
Best
ari
re
sea
rch
g
ran
t
600
-
IRMI/PERDA
NA
5/3
BES
TARI
(082/2018
)
for
support
ing
t
his pr
oject
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Mende
z
,
“
Fi
ber
Bragg
gra
t
in
g
sensors
:
A
m
ark
et
ov
erv
ie
w
,”
Proce
ed
ings
of
SPIE
-
Thir
d
Eu
ropean
Workshop
on
Optic
a
l
F
ibre
Sensors
,
vol
.
66
19,
pp
.
661905
-
1
–
6,
2007
.
[2]
Y.
-
G.
Han
,
S.B
.
Le
e
,
C
.
-
S.
Kim
,
J.
U.
Kang,
U.
-
C
.
Paek,
and
Y.
Ch
ung,
“
Sim
ult
aneous
m
ea
surem
ent
of
te
m
per
a
ture
and
strai
n
using
dual
long
-
p
er
iod
fibe
r
gra
t
in
gs
with
cont
rol
le
d
t
empera
tur
e
and
stra
in
sen
siti
viti
es,
”
Opti
cs
Exp
ress
,
vol
.
11
,
no.
5,
pp.
476
–
4
81,
2003
.
[3]
P.
L
u,
L
.
Men,
K.
Soole
y
,
a
nd
Q.
Chen,
“
Ta
per
ed
fibe
r
Mac
h
–
Ze
hnd
er
int
erf
e
rom
et
er
f
or
sim
ult
ane
ous
m
ea
surem
ent
of refra
c
ti
v
e
ind
ex and
t
empera
tur
e
,
”
App
l. P
hys
.
Let
t.
,
vol
.
94
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no
.
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,
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.
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-
1
–
3
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2009
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[4]
B
.
Mus
a
et
a
l
.
,
“
Inve
stiga
ti
ng
the
eff
ect
of
t
a
per
le
ng
th
on
s
ensit
ivit
y
of
th
e
ta
per
ed
-
fib
er
b
ase
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sensor
,
”
Ju
rnal
Teknol
ogi
,
vol
.
7
8,
no
.
3
,
135
–
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0,
2016
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[5]
S.
Silva
et
al
.
,
“
Ultra
high
-
sensiti
vity
t
empera
t
ure
fibe
r
sensor
base
d
on
m
ult
imode
int
erf
er
e
nce
,
”
Appl.
Opt.
,
vol.
51
,
no
.
16
,
p
p.
3236
–
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,
2
012.
[6]
J.
-
L.
Kou,
S.
-
J.
Qiu,
F.
Xu,
and
Y.
-
Q.
Lu,
“
Dem
onstrat
ion
of
a
compac
t
te
m
pe
rat
ure
sensor
ba
sed
on
first
-
orde
r
Bragg
gra
ti
ng
in a
t
ape
r
ed
fib
er
p
robe
,
”
Opt.
E
xp.
,
vol. 19, no. 19,
pp.
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–
1845
7,
2011
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[7]
B.
-
O.
Guan
,
H.
-
Y.
Ta
m
,
X.
-
M.
Ta
o,
and
X
.
-
Y.
Dong,
“
Sim
ult
ane
ous
strai
n
and
te
m
per
a
ture
m
ea
surem
en
t
usin
g
a
superstruc
ture
fibe
r
Br
agg
gr
at
i
ng
,”
I
EEE
Ph
oto
n.
Techno
l. Let
t
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,
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[8]
D.
Zha
ng,
J.
W
ang,
Y.
W
ang,
and
X.
Dai,
“
A
fast
response
te
m
per
at
ure
sens
or
base
d
on
fibe
r
Bragg
gra
ti
n
g
,
”
Me
as.
S
ci
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Tech
nol.
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1
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[9]
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Rodrigo
,
L.
Rodr
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Cobo,
M.
A.
Quinte
l
a,
J.
M
.
L
opez
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Higuer
a,
a
nd
M.
Lope
z
-
A
m
o,
“
A
sw
it
chable
erb
ium
doped
fi
ber
ring
la
ser
sy
stem
for
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sensors
m
ult
ipl
exi
n
g
,
”
I
EE
E
S
ensors
J.
,
vol.
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[10]
Y
.
-
G
.
Han
,
"
Triple
-
wave
le
ngth
sw
it
cha
bl
e
m
ult
i
wave
l
engt
h
erb
i
um
-
doped
fibe
r
la
ser
b
ase
d
on
a
highly
non
li
n
ear
photoni
c
cr
y
sta
l fibe
r
,
”
J. Korean
Phy
s.
Soc
.
,
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[11]
S.
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A.
U
nnikri
shnan,
A.
Aparna
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G.
R.
P
arv
at
h
i,
S.
D.
Ba
b
y
Sree
ja
,
and
P.
Mohan,
“
ana
l
y
tical
stud
y
of
FB
G
spec
trum
for
tem
per
at
ure
sensi
ng
appl
i
ca
t
i
ons,
”
Proceedi
ngs
o
f
the
2nd
Int
ern
ati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
Inv
ent
i
v
e
Comm
unic
ati
on
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Computati
o
nal
Techno
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e
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[12]
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.
Mishra,
M
.
L
ohar
,
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A
m
phawa
n,
“
Im
prove
m
ent
in
t
empera
tur
e
sensit
iv
ity
of
FB
G
b
y
c
oat
ing
of
diff
erent
m
at
eri
a
l
s,
”
Opti
k
,
vo
l.
127,
no.
2
,
pp
.
825
–
828
,
2
016.
[13]
W
.
Chen
et
a
l
.
,
“
Perform
ance
a
ss
essm
ent
of
FB
G
te
m
per
at
ure
sensors
for
la
ser
ab
la
t
i
on
of
tumors
,
”
IEE
E
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Symposium
on
Me
di
cal
Me
asur
eme
nts
and
Appl
i
cat
ion
s
(
Me
Me
A)
Proce
ed
ings
,
Tur
i
n,
pp.
324
–
328
,
20
15.
[14]
V.
R.
Mam
idi
e
t
al
.
,
“
Fiber
Brag
g
gra
ti
ng
-
b
ase
d
high
te
m
per
a
tur
e
sensor
and
i
ts
l
ow
cost
int
err
og
at
ion
s
y
s
te
m
wit
h
enha
nc
ed
r
esolution
,
”
Opti
ca
App
li
cat
a
,
vo
l.
44
,
n
o.
2
,
pp
.
299
–
30
8,
2014
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[15]
A.
M.
Hatta,
G.
Raj
an
,
Y.
Sem
e
nova,
and
G.
Farre
l
l,
“
SM
S
fibre
struct
ur
e
for
te
m
per
at
ur
e
m
e
asure
m
ent
using
a
sim
ple
intensit
y
-
bas
ed
in
te
rrog
at
ion
s
y
st
em
,”
E
le
c
tron.
Let
t.
,
vo
l.
45
,
no
.
21
,
pp
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1069
–
1070,
200
9.
[16]
S.
Daud
and
A.F.
A.
Noorden,
“
Fibre
Bragg
gra
t
ing
sensor
sy
st
e
m
for
te
m
per
at
ure
appl
i
ca
t
ion
,”
Jurnal
Teknol
og
i
(
Sci
enc
es
and
E
ngine
ering)
,
vo
l. 78, no. 3, pp. 39
–
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2016
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[17]
N.
Kus
e,
A.
Oz
a
wa,
and
Y
.
Koba
y
ashi,
“
Stat
ic
FB
G
strai
n
sensor
with
high
r
esol
uti
on
and
la
rg
e
d
y
nami
c
ran
g
e
b
y
dual
-
comb spe
ctros
cop
y
,
”
Opt.
E
xpre
ss
,
vol
.
21
,
no.
9,
pp
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11141
–
11149
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2013
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[18]
“
Fiber
opti
c
sensors
:
An
i
ntroduc
ti
on
fo
r
e
ngin
ee
rs
a
nd
scie
n
ti
sts.
(n.
d
.
),
”
[Onl
ine
]
.
Avai
la
bl
e
:
htt
p://ww
w.worldc
at.org/
wcp
a/
se
rvle
t/
o
rg.
oc
lc.l
a
c
.
ui.
Di
al
ABookS
erv
let
?
oc
lc
num
=
769325498
[19]
T
.
Agarwal
,
“
Introduc
ti
on
to
fib
e
r
opti
c
sensors
and
the
ir
t
y
pes
w
i
th
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
”
El
procus
El
e
ct
ronics
,
Projects
,
Foc
us, Elprocus,
2014,
[Online
]
.
Avail
ab
le
:
ww
w.e
lpro
cus.
com/di
ffre
nt
-
t
y
p
es
-
of
-
fi
ber
-
optic
-
sensors
/.
[20]
K.
T.
V.
Grattan
and
B.
T.
Meggit
t
,
“
Optic
al
Fiber
Sensor
Te
chnol
og
y
,
”
vol.
2,
Devices
and
T
ec
hnolog
y
,
Chapmann
&
H
a
ll
,
London
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[21]
Dais
y
Bhor
,
“
How
fibe
r
optic
te
m
per
at
ure
s
ensor
works
,
”
Me
dium
,
M
edi
u
m
Corpor
ati
on
,
2015.
[Onlin
e
]
.
Avail
ab
le
:
m
edium
.
com/@dai
s
y
bhor/how
-
fibe
r
-
opti
c
-
t
empera
tu
r
e
-
sensor
-
works
-
86480abf
2112
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[22]
B.
Junjie,
L.
Ji
anqi
ng
,
and
W
.
Ying,
“
Com
posite
t
ac
t
ile
sens
or
arr
a
y
using
fibe
r
Br
agg
gra
ti
ng
sensors
an
d
m
ea
suring
s
y
st
e
m
,
”
9th
Int. Conf.
on
Optic
a
l
Co
mm
unic
ati
ons a
nd
Net
works
,
pp.
24
-
27,
2010.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
D
esi
gn
of fi
ber
b
r
agg gr
atin
g (
FBG)
temp
era
ture se
nsor
... (
Nan
i F
adzli
na
Naim
)
3165
[23]
V.
J.
Urick
,
K.
J.
W
il
liam
s,
J.D.
McKinne
y
,
a
nd
V.
J.
Urick
,
“
Source
s
of
Noise
in
Fiber
Optic
L
inks
,”
In
Fundam
ent
al
s of
Microwa
ve
Pho
toni
cs
,
vol
.
1
,
Jo
hn
W
il
e
y
&
Son,
New Jerse
y
,
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109
–
110
,
2015
.
[24]
Nati
ona
l
Instru
m
ent
s,
“
Fundam
ent
al
s
of
Fi
b
e
r
Brag
g
Gra
ti
n
g
(FBG
)
Optic
a
l
Sensing,
”
u
sin
g
NI
-
TimeSync
to
Confi
gure
I
EE
E
1588
and
802
.
1
AS
Time
Refere
n
ce
s
-
Nati
onal
In
strum
ent
s
,
Jan.
2
016.
[25]
S.W
.
Jam
es,
M.
L.
Dockne
y
,
an
d
R.
P.
Ta
ta
m
,
“
Sim
ult
ane
ous
inde
pende
n
t
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
stra
in
m
ea
surem
ent
using
in
-
fib
e
r
Br
agg
gra
ti
ng
sensors
,
”
E
lectronic
s
Lett.,
v
ol. 32
,
p
p.
1133
–
1134
,
1
996.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nan
i
Fad
z
li
na
Naim
recei
ved
t
he
B.
Eng.
d
egr
e
e
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
a
nd
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
E
ngine
er
ing
and
M.E
ng
degr
ee
in
El
ectroni
cs
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng
from
Univer
siti
Te
knolog
i
Malay
s
ia
(UTM
)
in
2005
and
2
007,
respe
ctive
l
y
.
She
re
ce
iv
ed
her
PhD
in
201
5
in
El
ec
t
rical
,
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
S
y
stems
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
Univer
siti
Keb
angs
aa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia
(
UK
M).
She
i
s
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
sen
i
or
le
c
ture
r
at
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
Elec
trica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
siti
Te
k
nologi
MA
R
A
(UiTM).
Her
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
intere
sts a
re
in
th
e
are
a
of
design
o
pti
c
al
net
works
,
opti
c
al
net
work
m
onit
oring,
op
tical c
om
m
unic
ati
on,
opt
ical
sensi
ng
technolog
y
a
nd
it
s
appl
i
catio
n.
Siti
Noormasliz
an
Su
din
rec
ei
v
ed
the
B.
Eng
.
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs
Engi
nee
ri
ng
from
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
MA
RA
(UiTM)
Shah
Alam
in
2018.
S
he
is
cur
ren
tly
a
Young
Execut
i
ve
Apprent
ice
at
Sulta
n
Mahm
ud
H
y
dro
Elec
tr
ic
Pow
er
Stat
ion
,
oper
a
te
d
b
y
T
e
naga
Nasiona
l
Berha
d
(TNB).
She
has
a
bac
kg
round
in
Com
muni
cation
s
y
st
e
m
and
holds
keen
int
er
ests
in
the
are
a
of
op
tical
net
work a
nd
opt
i
ca
l
sensing
te
ch
nolog
y
.
Suz
i
Seroj
a
S
arnin
rec
ei
v
ed
her
Bac
hel
or
of
El
ec
trica
l
and
El
e
ct
roni
cs
(B.
Eng)
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
fie
ld
in
1999
fr
om
Univer
siti
T
eknol
ogi
Mal
a
y
s
ia
(UTM),
Skud
ai
,
Johor.
She
complet
ed
h
er Master
of
Micro
el
e
ct
roni
cs
(MS
c.
)
from
Univer
sit
i
Keba
ngsaa
n
M
al
a
y
si
a
in
2005.
She
rec
e
i
ved
he
r
PhD
in
El
ec
t
ri
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
in
2018.
Curre
n
tly
,
she
is
a
sen
ior
lectur
er
at
Facul
t
y
of
Elec
t
ric
a
l
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g,
Univer
sit
i
T
e
knologi
MA
RA
(UiTM).
Her
r
ese
arc
h
intere
sts
are
in
wir
el
ess
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
a
nd
Inte
rn
et of Th
ing
(IoT
)
.
Norsuz
il
a
Ya’a
cob
is
As
socia
te
Profess
or
at
t
he
Depa
rtment
of
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Facul
t
y
of
El
e
c
tri
c
al
Eng
ine
er
i
ng,
Univer
sit
i
Te
knologi
MA
RA
(UiTM).
In
2010,
she
was
awa
rde
d
a
Ph
D
degr
ee
in
E
le
c
tri
c
al,
El
e
ct
r
onic
&
S
y
st
ems
Engi
nee
ring
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ng
saa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(UK
M),
Malay
s
ia.
She
r
ec
e
ive
d
h
er
MS
c
degr
ee
from
Univer
sit
y
Putr
a
Malay
s
ia
(UP
M)
in
2000.
She
al
s
o
obta
in
ed
her
B
.
Eng
d
egr
ee
fro
m
Univer
sit
y
of
Putra
Malay
si
a
(UP
M),
Malay
s
i
a
in
Elec
tron
ic
s
&
Com
pute
r
En
gine
er
ing
in
199
9.
She
is
the
De
put
y
D
irecto
r
for
UiTM
Sate
llite
Cen
tre
at
th
e
FK
E.
Her
rese
a
rch
intere
sts
incl
ude
Sate
l
li
t
e,
Sp
ac
e
W
e
at
her
,
Remote
Sensing,
Mobile Com
m
u
nic
a
ti
on
and
Sig
nal
Proc
essing.
L.
S.
Su
pian
re
ce
iv
ed
the
B
.
En
g
degr
ee
in
Elec
tri
c
al
and
Com
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Stev
ens
Instit
ute
of
Tec
hnolog
y
,
New
Jerse
y
,
US
A,
M.
Eng
degr
e
e
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
and
Com
pute
r
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
si
a,
B
angi,
Malay
si
a
in
2009
and
2011
respe
c
ti
vely
.
In
2012
to
2015,
sh
e
joined
the
Com
pute
r
and
Network
Resea
rch
Group
in
th
e
Facu
lty
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Malay
sia
as
a
gra
duat
e
P
h.
D
student
in
opti
c
al
comm
unic
at
ion
.
Curre
n
t
l
y
she
works
as
a
le
ct
ure
r
in
Univer
s
it
i
Perta
h
ana
n
N
asiona
l
Mal
a
y
s
ia (Nat
iona
l
Defe
n
ce
Univer
si
t
y
of
Malay
s
ia
)
.
Her
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
include
pol
y
m
er
optic
al
fibe
rs
t
ec
hn
olog
y
,
optical
wave
guide
s
and fibe
r lasers.
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