I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
7
~
1
9
7
6
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
8
i
4
.
p
p
1
9
6
7
-
1976
1967
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
A P
a
ss
iv
e Isla
ndi
ng
Det
ec
tion
M
et
ho
d f
o
r Ne
utral p
o
int
cla
m
ped
Multil
ev
el Inv
erte
r
bas
ed
Distribu
ted
G
en
e
ra
tion usin
g
Ra
te
o
f
Cha
ng
e of F
r
equency
Ana
l
y
sis
Ch.
Ra
m
i R
eddy
1
,
K
.
H
a
rina
dh
a
Reddy
2
1
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
K
L
E
F
,
Va
d
d
e
sw
a
r
a
m
,
G
u
n
tu
r,
A
.
P
.,
In
d
ia
.
2
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
EE
E,
L
a
k
k
i
R
e
d
d
y
B
a
li
Re
d
d
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
M
y
lav
a
r
a
m
,
V
ij
a
y
a
w
a
d
a
,
A
.
P
.
,
I
n
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
5
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Dec
2
2
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
n
11
,
2
0
1
8
P
re
se
n
tl
y
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
ies
h
a
v
e
tak
e
n
a
sp
e
c
ial
p
lac
e
in
th
e
w
o
rld
a
n
d
m
o
st
o
f
th
e
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
(DG
s)
u
se
d
in
t
h
e
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
a
r
e
u
ti
li
z
e
d
,
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s.
Du
e
to
th
e
DG
‟s
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
u
se
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
su
c
h
a
s,
c
lea
n
n
a
tu
re
,
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
p
o
ll
u
te en
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
h
a
v
in
g
e
n
d
les
s n
a
tu
re
th
e
u
se
o
f
th
e
se
re
n
e
wa
b
le
re
so
u
rc
e
s
to
p
ro
d
u
c
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
in
th
e
w
o
rld
a
re
in
c
re
a
sin
g
in
d
a
y
to
d
a
y
li
fe
.
On
e
p
ro
b
lem
w
it
h
su
c
h
Distrib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
is
a
n
u
n
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
Isla
n
d
i
n
g
o
c
c
u
rs
w
h
e
n
a
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
s
to
e
n
e
rg
ize
a
n
iso
late
d
p
a
rt
o
f
a
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
e
v
e
n
a
fter
it
w
a
s
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
f
ro
m
th
e
m
a
in
g
rid
,
w
h
ich
is
su
rro
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
u
n
p
o
we
re
d
li
n
e
s.
S
in
c
e
islan
d
i
n
g
c
a
n
c
a
u
se
h
a
z
a
r
d
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
p
e
o
p
le
a
n
d
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
w
h
ich
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
t
o
it
.
A
s
p
e
r
IEE
E
1
5
4
7
DG
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
,
islan
d
in
g
sh
o
u
l
d
b
e
q
u
ick
ly
d
e
tec
ted
w
it
h
in
2
se
c
o
n
d
s,
b
y
p
ro
tec
ti
v
e
re
la
y
s
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
rters
th
a
t
a
re
p
a
rt
o
f
th
e
DG
s
y
ste
m
.
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r,
a
n
e
w
p
a
ss
i
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
id
e
n
t
ify
islan
d
in
g
sta
tes
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
ro
p
o
se
d
,
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
ra
te
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
(R
OCO
F
)
f
o
r
a
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
in
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
so
lar
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s.
Th
is
m
e
th
o
d
is
e
f
f
i
c
ien
t
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
DG
s
to
t
h
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
w
it
h
o
r
w
it
h
o
u
t
th
e
I
n
v
e
rter.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
is
m
o
re
e
ff
ici
e
n
t
th
a
n
th
e
e
x
isti
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
No
n
De
te
c
ti
o
n
Zo
n
e
(ND
Z),
w
h
ich
is
th
e
d
isa
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
e
x
isti
n
g
p
a
ss
iv
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
a
lso
c
lea
rl
y
d
iff
e
r
e
n
ti
a
ti
n
g
b
e
tw
e
e
n
th
e
Isla
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
No
n
-
islan
d
in
g
e
v
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
sim
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s,
w
h
ich
a
re
c
a
rried
o
n
th
e
M
A
TL
A
B/
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
sh
o
w
s th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
I
s
lan
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MP
PT)
Mu
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
Neu
tr
al
p
o
in
t c
la
m
p
ed
(
NP
C
)
No
n
d
etec
tio
n
zo
n
e
(
ND
Z
)
R
ate
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
So
lar
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
.
R
a
m
i
R
ed
d
y
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
K.
L
.
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
Gr
ee
n
f
ield
s
,
Vad
d
es
w
ar
a
m
,
Gu
n
tu
r
,
An
d
h
r
a
P
r
ad
esh
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail: c
r
r
ed
d
y
2
2
9
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
it
y
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
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en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
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is
s
u
p
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lied
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y
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u
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
el
r
eso
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r
ce
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
g
ar
d
,
th
e
y
h
av
e
f
ac
ed
w
it
h
m
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
r
eso
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r
ce
s
.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
h
a
v
e
i
n
ter
est i
n
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
m
ee
t
th
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g
lo
b
al
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
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e
m
a
n
d
.
R
en
e
w
a
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er
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y
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m
o
s
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y
i
n
cl
u
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s
o
lar
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er
g
y
,
w
i
n
d
en
er
g
y
,
en
er
g
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
r
b
an
w
a
s
te
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
,
b
io
m
a
s
s
,
s
t
r
ea
m
li
n
e
w
ater
f
lo
w
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
.
A
d
ec
en
t
r
alize
d
elec
tr
ical
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
l
ev
el
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
i
s
ca
lled
a
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
Gen
er
atio
n
[
1
]
.
Ma
j
o
r
p
ar
t
o
f
DGs
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
ar
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
D
u
e
to
t
h
eir
t
y
p
e
an
d
n
at
u
r
e,
t
h
e
y
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
eit
h
er
i
n
th
e
AC
o
r
D
C
f
o
r
m
s
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
ese
DGs
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
r
i
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
in
g
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
[
2
]
.
I
s
lan
d
in
g
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
a
DG
u
n
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
8
:
1
9
6
7
–
1
9
7
6
1968
co
n
tin
u
es
to
en
er
g
ize
ce
r
tai
n
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
.
P
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
a
n
d
ev
e
n
f
a
tal
to
f
ie
ld
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
s
in
ce
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
a
w
ar
e
t
h
at
a
s
er
v
iced
p
o
w
er
li
n
e
m
a
y
s
till
b
e
en
er
g
ized
b
y
a
n
ea
r
b
y
D
G
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
m
ai
n
ca
u
s
es
o
f
s
u
c
h
u
n
i
n
te
n
tio
n
al
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ar
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ail
u
r
es
d
e
tecte
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
,
ac
cid
en
tal
o
p
en
i
n
g
o
f
cir
cu
i
t
b
r
ea
k
er
s
at
t
h
e
g
r
id
,
in
te
n
tio
n
al
o
p
en
in
g
o
f
C
B
f
o
r
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
,
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
an
ac
t
o
f
n
at
u
r
e
[
3
]
.
Stan
d
ar
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
s
er
ies
an
d
UL
1
7
4
1
r
eq
u
ir
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th
at,
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
h
o
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ld
b
e
d
etec
ted
w
ith
in
2
s
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o
n
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s
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r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
D
G
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
s
h
u
t
d
o
w
n
if
th
e
is
lan
d
lo
ad
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ed
an
d
lead
s
to
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
T
HD,
ac
tiv
e,
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
ts
id
e
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
to
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
i
t
[4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
r
ese
ar
ch
ef
f
o
r
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
q
u
ic
k
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
class
i
f
ied
as
ac
ti
v
e,
p
ass
iv
e,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
te
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
.
R
e
m
o
te
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
P
L
C
C
an
d
SC
AD
A
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
ll
ec
tin
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
u
t
ilit
y
s
id
e
an
d
DG
s
id
es to
d
etec
t isl
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
P
L
C
C
m
o
n
ito
r
s
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
tili
t
y
s
id
e
a
n
d
d
et
ec
t
is
la
n
d
in
g
w
h
e
n
t
h
ese
s
ig
n
a
ls
ar
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
.
O
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
SC
AD
A
d
etec
ts
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
u
s
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
au
x
iliar
y
co
n
tacts
o
f
th
e
c
ir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
.
B
u
t
th
e
s
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
co
s
tl
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
to
in
s
tall
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
s
a
n
d
o
th
er
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
d
e
v
ices
[
6
]
-
[
8
]
.
A
cti
v
e
I
s
l
an
d
in
g
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
in
j
ec
t
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
ig
n
al
i
n
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
r
ch
an
g
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
DG
s
o
u
r
ce
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
g
r
id
ab
s
o
r
b
s
lo
ca
l
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
a
n
d
n
o
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
ca
s
e
o
f
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
c
e
ca
n
b
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t,
a
n
d
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
ev
iatio
n
.
A
cti
v
e
d
etec
tio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t,
b
u
t
ca
n
f
ail
to
d
etec
t
is
la
n
d
in
g
u
n
d
er
ce
r
tain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
m
a
y
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
p
o
w
er
q
u
al
it
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t i
n
j
ec
tio
n
o
f
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
Ma
ch
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
(
ML
D)
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
i
n
g
b
ased
o
n
a
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
tr
ain
ed
t
o
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
lar
g
e
s
ets
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
d
ata
co
llecti
n
g
is
lan
d
i
n
g
an
d
n
o
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ev
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
,
T
HD,
p
h
ase
an
g
le
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
.
So
m
e
p
o
p
u
lar
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
A
r
ti
f
icia
l
Neu
r
al
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
A
NN)
[
1
5
]
,
Dec
is
io
n
T
r
ee
Mo
d
els
(
DT
)
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
Su
p
p
o
r
t
Vec
to
r
Ma
ch
in
es
(
SVM
)
[
1
7
]
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
b
et
w
ee
n
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
n
o
n
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
e
v
e
n
ts
.
I
n
p
ass
iv
e
tech
n
iq
u
es,
lo
ca
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
v
o
ltag
e,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
at
t
h
e
P
C
C
le
v
el
a
n
d
is
la
n
d
in
g
i
s
d
etec
ted
if
t
h
er
e
ar
e
ch
an
g
es
b
e
y
o
n
d
a
ce
r
tain
th
r
esh
o
ld
lev
el.
Ov
er
-
u
n
d
er
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
o
v
er
-
u
n
d
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
ela
y
s
(
OUV/OU
F)
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
a
p
as
s
iv
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
th
at
ca
n
d
etec
t
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
r
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ex
ce
ed
s
a
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
0
]
.
Oth
er
p
o
p
u
lar
p
ass
iv
e
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
el
y
o
n
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
el
ab
o
r
ate
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as r
ate
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
p
h
ase
j
u
m
p
,
an
d
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
a
n
e
w
p
ass
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
to
id
en
ti
f
y
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
tat
es h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
R
ate
o
f
C
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
(
R
O
C
OF)
an
d
it
also
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
an
d
n
o
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ev
en
t
s
.
D
u
r
in
g
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
te
d
m
o
d
e,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
R
OC
OF
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
ar
e
less
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
alu
e
s
,
o
n
ce
t
h
e
s
o
lar
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
i
s
la
n
d
ed
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
R
O
C
OF
at
t
h
e
P
o
in
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
o
n
C
o
u
p
lin
g
(
P
C
C
)
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
a
lu
e
s
a
n
d
an
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
h
a
s
d
etec
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
i
s
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
as
n
o
ND
Z
li
m
ita
tio
n
,
an
d
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
te
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
m
o
d
er
n
DG
in
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ize
d
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
S
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
ell
in
g
i
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
2
,
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
OC
OF
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Secti
o
n
3
,
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
r
esu
lt
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
i
th
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
t
io
n
4
,
an
d
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
d
r
a
w
n
in
Sectio
n
5
.
2.
SYST
E
M
UNDER S
T
UDY
T
h
e
test
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
er
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
an
d
UL
1
7
4
1
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
C
B
is
clo
s
ed
,
t
h
e
D
G
to
g
et
h
e
r
w
it
h
lo
ca
l
lo
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
DG
is
in
j
ec
ted
in
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
b
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
C
B
is
o
p
en
ed
th
e
DG
alo
n
g
w
i
th
th
e
lo
ca
l
lo
ad
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
elec
tr
ical
is
lan
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
lar
DG
alo
n
e
s
u
p
p
lies
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
ed
p
o
w
er
an
d
ca
u
s
e
s
cu
s
to
m
er
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
to
d
a
m
a
g
e.
I
n
t
h
ese
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
s
tate
h
as
to
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
an
d
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
t
h
i
n
2
Sec
a
f
ter
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
as
p
er
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
v
ali
d
atio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
test
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
m
aj
o
r
p
ar
ts
.
2
.
1
.
1
0
0
K
W
S
o
la
r
P
V
pa
nels
w
it
h M
P
P
T
bo
o
s
t
c
o
nv
er
t
er
A
1
0
0
KW
P
V
a
r
r
ay
is
co
n
n
e
cted
to
a
1
2
0
KV
g
r
id
v
ia
a
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
t
h
r
ee
lev
el
Vo
ltag
e
So
u
r
ce
C
o
n
v
er
t
er
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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N:
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A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
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t J
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&
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p
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4
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s
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201
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:
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–
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3.
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n
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ith
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ased
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Flo
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th
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lts
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h
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p
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o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
to
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
in
g
s
tates
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
d
etec
t
th
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
tates
as
w
ell
as
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
P
a
s
s
ive
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
meth
o
d
fo
r
N
eu
tr
a
l
…
(
C
h
.
R
a
mi
R
ed
d
y
)
1971
n
o
n
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
ca
s
es
i
s
p
r
esen
t
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
.
A
ll
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
is
la
n
d
in
g
ca
s
e
s
w
er
e
ch
o
s
en
to
lie
w
it
h
in
th
e
ND
Z
o
f
t
h
e
OUV/
OUF
tec
h
n
iq
u
es c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
in
m
o
d
er
n
P
V
in
v
er
ter
s
.
4
.
1
.
G
rid
co
n
nect
ed
m
o
de
I
n
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
e
th
r
ee
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
av
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
P
C
C
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
ate
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
F
ig
u
r
e
6
,
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
.
6
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
s
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
5
0
.
0
8
to
4
9
.
0
2
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
m
p
letel
y
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
n
d
etec
tio
n
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
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g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
+5
Hz/Sec
to
-
5
Hz/Sec
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
As
p
er
is
lan
d
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
esen
te
d
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
r
ate
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
r
e
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
s
an
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e.
I
f
th
ese
v
al
u
e
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
t
h
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
es
t
h
e
n
a
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
tat
e
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Si
m
u
lated
th
r
ee
le
v
e
l o
u
tp
u
t o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
u
n
d
er
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Si
m
u
lated
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
Vo
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t u
n
d
er
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
u
n
d
er
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ate
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
u
n
d
er
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
te
d
m
o
d
e
4
.
2
.
I
s
la
nd
ing
m
o
de
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n
o
f
t
est
s
y
s
t
e
m
T
h
e
is
lan
d
in
g
ev
e
n
t
s
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ca
s
e
s
4
.
2
.
1
.
When
g
ener
a
t
io
n o
f
s
o
la
r
D
G
is
m
o
re
t
ha
n t
he
lo
ca
l lo
a
d
I
n
t
h
is
tes
t t
h
e
lo
ad
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as 1
0
KW
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
v
er
y
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
1
0
0
KW
.
A
t
f
ir
s
t
w
h
e
n
th
e
C
B
is
clo
s
ed
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
w
o
r
k
in
g
in
t
h
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tate.
A
t
t=1
Sec
C
B
is
o
p
en
ed
an
d
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
DG
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
lo
ad
is
s
ep
ar
ated
an
d
an
elec
tr
ical
is
la
n
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
w
a
s
estab
lis
h
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
w
it
h
d
o
tted
lin
es.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
v
o
ltag
e
s
,
cu
r
r
en
t
s
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
R
OC
OF
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
8
,
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
w
h
e
n
an
is
lan
d
i
n
g
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
at
t=
1
Sec,
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
e
r
is
e
in
v
o
lta
g
es,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
r
is
e
o
f
v
o
lta
g
es
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
Du
e
to
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
is
lan
d
in
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
8
:
1
9
6
7
–
1
9
7
6
1972
at
P
C
C
ar
e
f
a
llin
g
d
o
w
n
a
f
t
e
r
t=
1
Sec.
Hen
ce
,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
R
O
C
O
F
ch
an
g
ed
,
an
d
i
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
R
OC
OF
i
s
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
s
etti
n
g
1
0
.
So
is
lan
d
i
n
g
is
d
etec
ted
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
w
el
l
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
less
t
h
a
n
th
e
g
en
er
at
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
r
ee
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
lo
ad
=
1
0
KW
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
o
lta
g
es a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
ts
at
P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
en
lo
ad
=
1
0
KW
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
at
P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
la
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
en
lo
ad
=
1
0
KW
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
R
OC
O
F a
t P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
la
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
en
lo
ad
=
1
0
KW
4
.
2
.
2
When G
ener
a
t
io
n o
f
s
o
la
r
DG
is
eq
ua
l t
o
t
he
lo
ca
l l
o
a
d
I
n
th
is
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
test
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
1
0
0
KW
,
w
h
ich
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
1
0
0
K
W
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
R
OC
OF
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
a
n
d
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fro
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
P
a
s
s
ive
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
meth
o
d
fo
r
N
eu
tr
a
l
…
(
C
h
.
R
a
mi
R
ed
d
y
)
1973
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
,
d
u
r
in
g
is
la
n
d
in
g
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
at
t=
1
Sec,
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
r
is
e
in
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
w
h
ich
lead
s
to
th
e
r
ate
o
f
r
is
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
3
.
I
n
th
i
s
test
also
th
e
R
OC
O
F
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
th
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
s
etti
n
g
1
0
.
So
is
la
n
d
in
g
is
d
et
ec
ted
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
w
o
r
k
in
g
w
ell
w
h
e
n
lo
ad
clo
s
el
y
m
a
tch
e
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
R
O
C
OF
an
al
y
s
is
m
et
h
o
d
s
is
,
it
i
s
f
ail
in
g
to
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
lo
ad
m
atc
h
ed
.
Du
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
r
ee
lev
e
l i
n
v
er
ter
s
t
h
i
s
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
is
co
m
p
letel
y
eli
m
i
n
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
R
OC
O
F a
t P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
en
lo
ad
=
1
0
0
KW
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
R
OC
O
F a
t P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
la
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
en
lo
ad
=
1
0
0
KW
4
.
2
.
3
.
When
G
ener
a
t
io
n is
les
s
t
ha
n t
he
lo
ca
l lo
a
d
I
n
t
h
is
s
i
m
u
latio
n
test
th
e
lo
a
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
2
0
0
KW
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
1
0
0
KW
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
i
f
w
e
f
ailed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
th
e
D
G
ca
n
n
o
t
s
u
s
ta
in
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
allo
w
s
to
f
lo
w
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
w
h
ic
h
d
a
m
ag
es
t
h
e
DG
u
n
i
t.
So
as
p
er
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
w
e
h
a
v
e
to
d
etec
t
is
lan
d
in
g
w
it
h
i
n
2
Sec
af
ter
it
w
as
i
s
l
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
R
OC
O
F
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
,
w
h
e
n
is
la
n
d
in
g
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
at
t=
1
Sec,
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
r
is
e
in
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
r
is
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
5
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
te
s
t
also
t
h
e
R
OC
OF
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
alu
e
s
etti
n
g
1
0
.
So
is
la
n
d
in
g
is
d
etec
ted
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
w
ell,
e
v
en
w
h
e
n
lo
ad
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
g
en
er
at
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
at
P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
lo
ad
=
2
0
0
KW
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
R
OC
O
F a
t P
C
C
u
n
d
er
is
la
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
en
lo
ad
=
2
0
0
KW
4
.
3
.
No
n is
la
nd
i
ng
ev
ent
s
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
n
o
n
-
is
la
n
d
in
g
ev
e
n
t
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
No
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
e
v
en
t
s
w
er
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
ca
u
s
e
n
u
is
a
n
ce
tr
ip
p
in
g
i
n
p
as
s
iv
e
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
n
o
n
d
et
ec
tio
n
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
No
n
-
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
s
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ca
s
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
8
:
1
9
6
7
–
1
9
7
6
1974
4
.
3
.
1
.
Ca
pa
cit
o
r
ba
nk
s
w
it
ching
a
nd
lo
a
d
s
w
it
ching
I
n
th
i
s
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
,
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
et
w
ee
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
n
o
n
is
la
n
d
in
g
ca
s
es
a
n
d
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
it
h
m
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
a
n
o
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ca
s
e
o
f
s
tar
co
n
n
ec
ted
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
o
f
5
0
0
KV
AR
an
d
a
lo
ad
o
f
5
0
KW
w
as
o
p
e
n
ed
at
t=1
Sec
a
n
d
clo
s
ed
at
t=2
Sec
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
16
s
h
o
w
s
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ch
a
n
g
es
at
P
C
C
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
a
n
d
lo
ad
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
.
Fro
m
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
w
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e,
s
tr
ictl
y
s
aid
th
at
it
i
s
s
a
m
e
as
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tate
w
as
d
etec
ted
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
an
k
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
,
s
o
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
r
a
t
e
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
al
y
s
i
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
ac
t
w
r
o
n
g
l
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
R
OC
OF a
t P
C
C
d
u
r
in
g
lo
ad
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
4
.
3
.
2
.
Sta
rt
ing
o
f
ind
uct
io
n
m
o
t
o
r
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ca
s
es
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
a
y
w
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
etec
t
is
,
s
tar
tin
g
o
f
th
e
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
an
i
n
te
n
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
it
w
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
th
e
i
n
te
n
s
e
m
o
d
es
w
ill
n
o
t
m
is
ta
k
e
an
d
co
u
l
d
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
t
ate
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
t
h
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
test
,
a
1
5
0
H.
P
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
A
t
t=
1
Sec
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
w
a
s
s
w
itc
h
ed
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
is
o
p
en
ed
at
t
=
2
Sec.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
s
a
m
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
6
.
So
,
t
h
is
s
tate
is
d
etec
ted
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
co
n
tin
u
e
to
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
is
test
also
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
w
s
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
n
o
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ca
s
es.
4
.
3
.
3
.
Sw
it
ching
o
f
pa
ra
llel f
ee
ders
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ca
s
es
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
it
h
m
m
a
y
w
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
etec
t
is
,
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
f
p
ar
allel
f
ee
d
er
s
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
a
n
in
te
n
s
e
co
n
d
it
io
n
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
it
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
n
th
e
i
n
te
n
s
e
m
o
d
es
w
ill
n
o
t
m
i
s
tak
e
an
d
co
u
ld
d
is
t
in
g
u
is
h
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
tate
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
t
t=
1
Sec
th
e
p
ar
allel
f
ee
d
er
w
as
s
witch
ed
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
is
o
p
en
ed
at
t=
2
Sec.
W
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
r
ate
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
7
.
Her
e
also
th
e
y
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
s
.
So
,
t
h
is
s
tate
is
d
etec
te
d
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
il
l
co
n
ti
n
u
e
to
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
th
i
s
te
s
t
also
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
o
w
s
g
o
o
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
s
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
n
o
n
is
la
n
d
in
g
ca
s
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
R
OC
OF a
t P
C
C
d
u
r
in
g
p
ar
allel
f
ee
d
er
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
P
a
s
s
ive
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
meth
o
d
fo
r
N
eu
tr
a
l
…
(
C
h
.
R
a
mi
R
ed
d
y
)
1975
4
.
3
.
4
.
T
hree
ph
a
s
e
t
o
g
ro
un
d f
a
ult
a
t
P
CC
Her
e
a
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lt
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
at
t
h
e
P
C
C
is
s
i
m
u
lated
.
Fro
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
8
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
at
t=
1
Sec
th
e
f
au
lt
is
s
i
m
u
lated
,
an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
r
ate
o
f
ch
an
g
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
u
t t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
g
o
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
.
So
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e
a
ls
o
d
etec
ted
co
r
r
ec
tly
b
y
th
is
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es
o
f
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
n
o
n
is
lan
d
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
s
an
d
w
it
h
,
r
esu
lts
wh
ich
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
in
th
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
l
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
Si
m
u
lated
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
R
OC
OF a
t P
C
C
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
f
au
lt
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esu
lt
An
al
y
s
is
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t I
s
la
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
No
n
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
E
v
en
t
s
S
l
.
N
o
C
a
se
R
e
su
l
t
1
L
o
a
d
l
e
ss t
h
a
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
I
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
2
L
o
a
d
e
q
u
a
l
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
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ter
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Nik
o
lao
s
G
.
P
a
tera
k
is,
Oz
a
n
Er
d
in
ç
,
A
n
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.
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is,
J
o
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.
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talã
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ra
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ti
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rt g
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l.
7
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6
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p
p
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7
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6
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7
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2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
F
a
rid
Ha
sh
e
m
i,
M
o
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m
m
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d
M
o
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a
m
m
e
d
,
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id
k
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iri
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n
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“
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d
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icr
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f
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y
”
,
IET
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
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sm
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&
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u
ti
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n
,
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.
1
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.
[3
]
A
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a
n
d
A
z
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d
,
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Co
m
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ra
ti
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tu
d
y
in
De
ter
m
in
in
g
F
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a
tu
re
s E
x
trac
ti
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n
f
o
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n
d
in
g
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tec
ti
o
n
u
si
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g
Da
ta
M
in
i
n
g
T
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c
h
n
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q
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e
:
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o
rre
latio
n
a
n
d
Co
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f
f
icie
n
t
A
n
a
ly
sis”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
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rn
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c
trica
l
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n
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IJ
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)
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1
1
1
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.
[4
]
“
IEE
E
a
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r
IEE
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sta
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d
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1
5
4
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(T
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“
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sta
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”
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1
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,
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p
.
1
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1976
[5
]
“
UL
1
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2
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.
[6
]
A
b
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.
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M
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In
ter
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n
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rn
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l
o
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g
in
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(
IJ
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,
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l.
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3
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1
3
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2
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7
.
[7
]
A
.
Kh
a
m
i
s
“
A
re
v
i
e
w
o
f
islan
d
in
g
d
e
tec
ti
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n
tec
h
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ra
ti
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sy
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m
s,”
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2
8
,
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0
,
p
p
.
4
8
3
-
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3
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1
3
.
[8
]
D.
V
e
las
c
o
,
C.
T
ru
ji
ll
o
,
G
.
G
a
rc
e
r,
a
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d
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F
ig
u
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re
s,
“
Re
v
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a
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islan
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q
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to
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Ren
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d
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b
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y
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l.
1
4
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.
6
,
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p
.
1
6
0
8
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1
6
1
4
,
2
0
1
0
.
[9
]
P
.
G
u
p
ta,
R.
Bh
a
ti
a
,
a
n
d
D.
Ja
i
n
,
“
A
v
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a
b
so
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d
e
tec
ti
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n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
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E
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sa
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ti
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n
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n
S
m
a
rt Grid
,
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l.
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,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
3
5
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n
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
Ke
Jia
,
Ho
n
g
sh
e
n
g
W
e
i,
T
ian
sh
u
Bi,
Da
v
id
T
h
o
m
a
s
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n
d
M
a
rk
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u
m
n
e
r
“
A
n
Isla
n
d
in
g
De
tec
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
M
u
lt
i
-
DG
S
y
ste
m
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
Hig
h
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
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p
e
d
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n
c
e
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
su
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
no.
7
,
pp
.
74
-
8
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
W
.
Bo
w
e
r
a
n
d
M
.
Ro
p
p
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
islan
d
i
n
g
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
u
ti
li
ty
-
in
t
e
ra
c
ti
v
e
in
v
e
rter
s
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
s
y
ste
m
s,”
Rep
o
rt S
AND
2
0
0
2
-
3
5
9
1
,
S
a
n
d
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a
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
b
o
r
a
to
rie
s
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
2
]
V
in
o
d
Jo
h
n
,
Z
h
ih
o
n
g
Ye
,
A
m
o
l
Ko
lw
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lk
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r,
"
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v
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stig
a
ti
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A
n
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se
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Distrib
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rs
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in
g
F
re
q
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e
n
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y
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m
a
in
A
n
a
l
y
sis"
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
S
e
p
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b
e
r
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
Jo
u
,
H.
-
L
.
Ch
ian
g
,
W
.
J.
a
n
d
W
u
,
J.
-
C
,
“
V
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u
a
l
in
d
u
c
to
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-
b
a
se
d
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n
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n
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ti
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o
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M
.
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z
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8
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9
]
D.
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las
c
o
,
C.
T
ru
ji
ll
o
,
G
.
G
a
r
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e
r,
a
n
d
E.
F
ig
u
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re
s,
“
Re
v
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f
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ti
islan
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g
tec
h
n
i
q
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s
in
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g
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ra
to
rs,”
Ren
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a
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d
S
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0
]
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.
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t,
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h
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n
,
a
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d
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Ba
k
-
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n
se
n
,
“
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v
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in
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c
tric Uti
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ty De
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tru
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(
DRPT
)
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.
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1
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.
S
a
ti
sh
Ku
m
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r
,
“
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m
p
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F
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d
In
d
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,
”
2
0
1
5
Co
n
fer
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n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
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Co
n
tr
o
l,
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m
mu
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ica
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a
n
d
Co
mp
u
t
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h
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lo
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r
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in
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(
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,
p
p
.
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c
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b
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[2
2
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Ke
ij
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W
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Yo
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“
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p
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f
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ter
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n
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i
ts
,
”
I
EE
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8
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
M
o
ti
o
n
Co
n
t
ro
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
IPE
M
C
-
ECCE
Asia
)
,
DO
I.
9
7
8
-
1
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0
9
0
-
1
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1
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7
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6
/$
3
1
.
0
0
©2
0
1
6
I
EE
E,
2
0
1
6
.
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