Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol.
5, No. 6, Decem
ber
2015, pp. 1245~
1
251
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
1
245
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Evalu
a
ti
on of PV, Wind, Dies
el
Hybrid Energy
Potential for
GSM Tower in Myanmar
Z
i
n M
a
r
N
yo
Departem
entof
Ele
c
tri
cal
P
o
wer
Engin
eering
,
M
a
ndal
a
y T
echno
l
ogica
l Univers
i
t
y
,
M
y
anm
a
r
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
May 28, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 14
,
20
15
Accepte
d Aug 6, 2015
Not only
GSM, WCDMA but
also CD
MA t
echnolog
y
can
be used in
M
y
anm
a
r but
GSM pre-dom
inates in
the m
a
r
k
et.
Ther
e ar
e
over m
illio
n
unique subscrib
ers across th
e countr
y
in 2013
. Power supply
for telecom
becom
e
s
m
a
in
c
h
all
e
nges
in
M
y
anm
a
r where
th
e
el
ectr
i
c
i
t
y
can
n
o
t a
c
c
e
s
s
in
rural ar
ea
. To m
i
nim
i
ze d
e
fi
cit o
f
power, th
e gov
ernm
ent has
s
e
t
a targ
et
to
covert some of tower sites to
rene
wab
l
e solutions b
y
2015. This pap
e
r
proposes the use of a PV, wind and dies
el generator h
y
brid s
y
stem with
s
t
orage
el
em
ent
in order
to
det
e
r
m
ine
the optimal conf
iguration o
f
renew
a
ble
energ
y
in M
y
an
m
a
r. This
pap
e
r dis
c
usses the
development of
a renewab
l
e
energ
y
sources (
R
ES) that can
be us
ed for
electric power supply
of
GSM
ba
se
st
a
t
i
on si
t
e
a
t
a
n
y
gi
ve
n t
i
m
e
a
nd c
onsi
d
e
r
s t
h
e
fe
a
s
i
b
i
lity
of develop
i
ng
Solar (photov
oltaic)-W
ind-Diesel h
y
brid
po
wer s
y
stems
for supply
i
ng
electricity
to off
-
grid
rural telecommunication.
The H
y
brid
Optim
izatio
n Model for El
ectr
i
c Rene
wables (HOMER) was
used to
simulate and
generate feasible
solution
through combinations of
photovoltaic, Wind Turbines and Diesel
Generator with a minimu
m
levelised
cost
of electricity
suppl
y
and to
determin
e th
e technical
feasibi
lit
y of the s
y
stem
.
Keyword:
Hy
bri
d
Pho
t
ov
o
ltaic
Rural a
r
eas
Solar ene
r
gy
Wi
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Zi
n M
a
r
Ny
o,
Depa
rtem
entof Electrical Power E
ngi
neeri
n
g,
Man
d
a
lay Tech
no
log
i
cal Un
i
v
ersity, Myanmar
Em
a
il: zin
m
ar
n
y
o
.
pk
u@g
m
a
il.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
M
y
anm
a
r has
very
i
n
t
e
rm
i
t
t
e
nt
re
ne
wabl
e
s
o
u
r
ces.
It
m
e
nti
ons
t
h
at
wi
n
d
gene
rat
i
o
n sy
st
em
m
a
y
not
be c
u
rre
nt
l
y
ec
on
om
i
cal
ly
at
t
r
act
i
on.
Ne
ve
rt
hel
e
ss,
i
t
wo
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
efu
l
fo
r po
ten
tial h
ybrid
situ
ation
s
such
as
rem
o
t
e
area. O
n
t
h
e
ot
he
r
han
d
,
ge
neral
l
y
7
0
%
of
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
on l
i
v
es i
n
r
u
ral
a
r
eas
whi
c
h are
n
o
t
com
m
onl
y
use el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
. I
n
fact
,
t
h
i
s
pape
r
ha
nds
o
u
t
hy
bri
d
syst
e
m
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
d
i
esel g
e
nerato
rs with
battery
,
co
nv
erter su
bsyste
m
s
in
th
e u
s
ag
e of
rural teleco
mm
uni
cat
i
on, M
y
anm
a
r
.
T
h
e
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
desi
g
n
was
i
nvest
i
g
at
e
d
de
pen
d
i
n
g
on
fac
t
ors s
u
c
h
as co
nsum
er re
qui
re
m
e
nt
, si
t
e
l
o
cat
i
on, a
nd
sy
st
em
econom
i
c
i
n
t
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
a
r
ea,
Pat
h
ei
n.
The
p
u
r
p
ose o
f
t
h
i
s
pape
r i
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
o
devel
o
p
r
e
newa
bl
e en
er
gy
usa
g
e i
n
M
y
anm
a
r
but also t
o
provide electricity for
rural telecomm
unications whic
h couldn
’
t
access to c
o
nnect to the
national
gri
d
in the
remote area, Myanmar
.
So
l
a
r
,
wi
n
d
an
d
hy
bri
d
s
y
st
em
s wi
t
h
bat
t
e
ry
back
up
fo
r ene
r
gy
st
ora
g
e are
th
e m
o
st co
st ef
fectiv
e
reliable so
lu
tion
to
p
o
wer fo
r
teleco
mm
u
n
i
catio
n
site in
rem
o
te areas.
Th
e
of
f-grid
net
w
or
k i
n
M
y
anm
a
r i
s
exp
ect
ed t
o
gr
o
w
fr
om
540 si
t
e
s
i
n
2
0
13 t
o
28
50
si
t
e
s by
2
0
15
base
d
on
c
u
r
r
ent
n
e
two
r
k
ro
llo
ut p
l
an
s
b
y
m
o
b
ile op
erato
r
s.
Th
e econ
o
m
ic f
easib
ility of
th
e case
study area,
Path
ein
i
s
d
e
term
in
ed
b
y
HOMER m
o
d
e
l im
p
u
t
ed
fro
m
ex
istin
g d
a
ta: su
ch
as lo
cal st
atu
s
and
reso
urce
availability
.
T
h
e selection c
o
m
ponent of P
V
-wi
n
d-diesel
hybrid system
is
appa
ratus
base
d on optim
al design.
T
o
en
su
re
t
h
e feasib
ility
tar
g
et o
f
th
is
proj
ect,
electrical
d
e
m
a
n
d
fo
r teleco
mm
u
n
i
catio
n i
n
ru
ral
area
and s
o
cio-ec
onom
ic de
velopment are
pr
o
v
id
ed
, at
th
e sameti
me, add
itio
n
a
l
ben
e
fits
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
j
ect are to
reduce ca
rbon
dioxide a
n
d
pa
rticulat
es entering i
n
to t
h
e at
m
o
sphere.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1245 –
1251
1
246
2.
RENEWABL
E ENERGY
IN
M
YAN
MAR
M
y
anm
a
r i
s
si
tuat
ed i
n
t
h
e s
o
ut
h east
e
rn
pa
r
t
of t
h
e
Asi
a
n c
ont
i
n
e
n
t
.
It
en
j
o
y
s
ab
u
nda
nt
s
un
shi
n
e al
l
y
ear r
o
un
d,
es
peci
al
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
C
e
nt
ral
M
y
a
n
m
a
r Dry
Zo
ne
A
r
ea. M
y
a
n
m
a
r
has
vast
m
easure
o
f
re
ne
wabl
e
en
erg
y
resou
r
ce in
v
a
riou
s k
i
n
d
s
. So
lar,
Hy
d
r
o
,
Wind
an
d Bio
m
ass are a
t
g
r
eat po
ten
tial to
u
tilize easi
l
y for
t
h
e bene
fi
t
of t
h
e p
o
o
r
t
o
f
u
l
f
i
l
l
t
h
ei
r basi
c needs o
f
f
u
el
fo
r co
oki
ng a
nd l
i
ght
i
n
g i
n
r
u
ral
area. Am
ong t
h
em
,
wi
n
d
pat
t
e
r
n
i
n
M
y
anm
a
r i
s
gene
ral
l
y
not
r
e
gul
a
r
an
d l
o
w
i
n
capaci
t
y
t
o
pr
od
uce su
st
ai
nabl
e ene
r
gy
at
t
h
e
cu
rren
t av
ailabilit
y o
f
tech
no
l
o
g
y
. Po
ten
tial av
aila
b
l
e so
lar en
erg
y
of M
y
an
m
a
r is aroun
d 519
73
.8
TWh
p
e
r
year. Myanm
a
r Electric Power E
n
terpri
se e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
m
easurem
ent
i
n
di
cat
ed t
h
at
i
r
r
a
di
at
i
on i
n
t
e
ns
i
t
y
of
m
o
r
e
th
an
5kW
h
/
m
2
/day
was obse
rve
d
during the dry
seas
on
s Ne
w
Ener
gy
an
d I
n
d
u
st
ri
al
Tech
nol
ogy
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t O
r
g
a
n
i
zatio
n
(N
EDO)
of
Japan
p
e
r
f
or
m
e
d
i
n
199
7
a study o
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e en
erg
y
po
tential in
GM
S re
gi
o
n
and as
sesse
d t
h
at
M
y
anm
a
r
has p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
l
y
avai
l
a
bl
e
W
i
nd E
n
e
r
gy
of
36
0.
1
W
h
per
y
ear.
Pro
m
isin
g
areas to
h
a
rn
ess
wi
n
d
en
erg
y
are i
n
th
ree
reg
i
on
s, n
a
m
e
ly
Hilly
Reg
i
o
n
s of Ch
in
an
d
Sh
an
states,
C
o
ast
a
l
regi
on
s i
n
t
h
e s
o
ut
h an
d
West
er
n pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
cou
n
t
r
y
a
n
d
cent
r
al
pa
rt
o
f
M
y
anm
a
r. Gene
ra
l
o
b
s
erv
a
tio
n sho
w
s th
at wi
nd
power
po
ten
tial in
My
anmar is relativ
ely lo
w and
i
rreg
u
l
ar. Th
ere is a
con
s
i
d
era
b
l
e
m
easurem
ent
of st
a
gna
nt
pe
ri
o
d
w
h
i
c
h
oc
cur e
v
e
n
i
n
ge
neral
l
y
wi
n
d
y
areas. S
o
l
a
r
p
o
we
r i
s
foun
d to
b
e
a
m
o
st p
o
t
en
tial o
n
e
to
h
ybrid
with
wind
p
o
wer in Myan
m
a
r [0
8Win
].
Fi
gu
re
1.
Yea
r
l
y
avera
g
e i
n
sol
a
t
i
on i
n
M
y
an
m
a
r [0
8
Wi
n
]
Figure
2. Yea
r
ly avera
g
e
wind spee
d i
n
Myanmar [08
Wi
n
]
3
.
PROPOSED
SITE LOCA
TION
FOR
C
A
SE STU
DY
In
o
r
d
e
r t
o
assess th
e v
i
ab
ilit
y o
f
wi
n
d
o
r
so
lar powered
syste
m
s, in
fo
rm
atio
n
m
u
st b
e
g
a
th
ered
on
the resourceus
u
ally obtaine
d locally. Th
e cost of hybrid sy
ste
m
s is curre
n
t
l
y
hi
gh com
p
ared t
o
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
onal
diesel m
i
nigrid system
s. However, as
it is typical for
em
erging tec
h
nologies and m
a
rket
s, system
design a
n
d
in
du
stry stru
ct
u
r
e
will con
tinu
e
to
evo
l
v
e
i
n
con
c
er
t with th
e growth in d
e
m
a
n
d
,
techn
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t
funding, a
n
d c
o
sts
whic
h ca
n be
expected t
o
decrea
se
si
gn
ifican
tly. In
th
is
stud
y was p
e
rform
e
d
fo
r Path
ein,
Ay
ey
arwa
dy
D
i
vi
si
on
. Th
e ge
og
ra
phi
cal
l
o
c
a
t
i
on o
f
Pat
h
ei
n i
s
l
o
cat
ed
bet
w
een
N
o
rt
h La
t
i
t
ude o
f
1
6
º
4
8
'
an
d
East Lo
ng
itude o
f
94
°
42
'. Th
e d
a
ily av
er
ag
e
o
f
w
i
nd
sp
eed
and
sun sh
in
e hou
r
is r
eco
rd
ed
fr
om th
is
pr
o
pose
d
si
t
e
as sho
w
n i
n
Tabl
e 1. T
h
e
pr
o
pose
d
hy
br
i
d
sy
st
em
i
s
int
e
n
d
ed
fo
r su
ppl
y
i
n
g
el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
t
o
teleco
mm
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
is pro
p
o
s
ed
site.
Based
on
NAS
A
d
a
ta,
afeasib
ility stu
d
y
for
PV-wind
-
d
i
esel
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
st
em
at
Pat
h
ei
n
i
s
pre
p
a
r
ed
t
o
opt
i
m
al
design
m
odel
f
o
r
t
e
l
ecom
m
uni
cat
i
on sy
st
em
in t
h
i
s
pape
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Eval
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
PV, Wi
nd
,
Di
esel
Hy
bri
d
Ene
r
gy P
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
f
o
r
GS
M T
o
w
e
r
i
n
My
a
n
m
a
r (
Z
i
n
M
a
r N
y
o)
1
247
Tabl
e
1.
Param
e
t
e
rs o
f
Sol
a
r
a
n
d
W
i
nd
dat
a
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
se
d si
t
e
Month
Solar (KW
h
/
m
2/
d
)
Wind (
m
/s
)
January
5.
47
2.
2
February
6.
16
2.
2
March
6.
78
2.
3
April
6.
83
2.
3
May
5.
23
2.
7
June
3.
43
4.
3
July
3.
45
3.
9
August
3.
20
4.
1
Septe
m
be
r
4.
10
2.
7
Octo
ber
4.
84
2.
2
Novem
b
er
4.
95
2.
6
Dece
m
b
er
5.
16
2.
5
4.
HYBRID SYSTEM COMPONENT
S
The hybrid system
after
the
prefeasibility study consists
of
the
following c
o
m
pone
nts:
1)
K
YOCERA
(
KD
25
0
GX
-
LFB
2)
2)
B
W
C
E
x
cel-S wind
turbine
3)
C
e
l
l
c
ube
FB
2
0
-
4
0 bat
t
e
ry
4)
Co
nv
erter
.
5)
Diesel ge
nerat
o
r
6)
GSM
L
o
a
d
.
4.
1. Ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
M
o
d
u
l
e
Kyo
c
era (kd
25
0 gx
-l
fb2
)
ph
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic p
a
n
e
l is co
n
s
i
d
ered
in
t
h
e sch
e
m
e
, with
i
n
itial cap
ital
co
st 200
0
/
kW
and
O & M
co
st $ 50
/yr
w
ith
r
a
ted
pow
er
25
0
W
a
tt
and
r
a
ted
vo
ltag
e
2
9
.8
V
.
I
t
s
lifetim
e is estimated at 20 ye
ars.
4.
2. Wi
nd
T
u
r
b
i
n
e
In
t
h
i
s
st
udy
,
Pat
h
ei
n
Wi
nd
Po
wer
i
s
co
nsi
d
ere
d
B
W
C
E
x
cel
-S
m
odel
.
It
has a
rat
e
d
capaci
t
y
of
1
0
kW AC
as a
n
output.
Its initia
l
cost
is $28895, re
placem
ent
at $2000 and
O & M c
o
st is
$50/yr.
4.
3. B
a
t
t
er
y
Th
e
b
a
tteries m
u
st b
e
su
itab
l
e to
with
stand
th
e
h
eav
y
daily cycl
in
g
req
u
i
red
for th
is ap
p
lication.
Fr
o
m
th
e datash
eet g
i
v
e
n b
y
H
O
M
ER
sof
t
war
e
, t
h
e m
i
n
i
mu
m
state o
f
char
g
e
of
th
e b
a
tt
er
y is 40
%.I
t
s
r
ound
trip
ef
ficien
cy
is 8
0
%
. Cellcub
e FB
2
0
-4
0
battery is select
ed
fo
r th
is study
. Cellcu
b
e
FB
2
0
-4
0b
attery
m
o
d
e
ls
(48V
, 833
Ah
).
Th
e cap
ital co
st is $
80
0
/
b
a
tt an
d O & M
cost is $3
0
/
yr
.
4.4. Converter
Co
nv
erter is u
s
ed
wh
ich
can
work
bo
th
as an
in
vert
er a
nd
rect
i
f
i
e
r de
pe
n
d
i
n
g o
n
t
h
e di
r
ect
i
on o
f
l
o
w
o
f
power. In
the p
r
esen
t case, th
e size o
f
th
e co
nv
erter u
s
ed
is 9
kW
fo
r si
m
u
la
tio
n
p
u
rpo
s
es. Its in
itial co
st is
$900/KW a
n
d
its replacem
ent cost is
$800/kW a
n
d O & M
cost is
$20/yr.
4.5. Diesel
Ge
nerator
Di
esel
ge
nerat
o
r t
e
c
h
nol
ogy
i
s
wi
de
sp
rea
d
an
d t
h
e
de
vel
opm
ent
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
pl
ant
i
s
rel
a
t
i
v
el
y
easy
.
The
di
es
el
back
-u
p sy
s
t
em
i
s
operat
e
d at
t
i
m
e
s whe
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
f
r
o
m
wi
nd,
hy
d
r
o an
d s
o
l
a
r
sy
st
em
s
fails to
satisfy th
e lo
ad
and
wh
en
th
e
b
a
ttery sto
r
ag
e
is depleted.
The si
ze of
diesel ge
nerat
o
r is 2kW. The
initial cost and
replacem
ent cost are
respecti
v
ely
($700, $600), O & M cost
is of
0.001$/hr.
4.
6. Pow
er C
o
nsump
t
i
o
n
L
o
ad fo
r
G
S
M
Thi
s
pa
per i
n
di
cat
es t
h
e app
r
oxi
m
a
t
e
p
o
we
r co
ns
um
pt
i
on f
o
r t
e
l
ecom
m
uni
cat
i
on sy
st
em
is
29
k
W
h/
day
wi
t
h
2.
4k
W
pea
k
an
d t
h
e sy
st
em
runs o
n
4
8
V DC
b
u
s
.
There i
s
a cons
t
a
nt
l
o
ad of t
e
l
ecom
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t’
s wo
rk
f
o
r
2
4
hour
s in a
d
a
y. The d
a
ily lo
ad po
w
e
r
co
nsu
m
p
tio
n
is
4
2
.01kW
h
/
d
a
y. To
tal po
w
e
r
co
nsu
m
p
tio
n
o
f
G
S
M
(G
lob
a
l System
f
o
r
Mob
ile Commu
n
i
catio
n
s
) lo
ad is
2
9640
W
a
tts. To
p
r
ov
ide
uni
nterruptable
service a
n
d therefore t
h
ese si
tes requir
e contin
u
o
u
s
po
wer
th
ro
ugh
ou
t th
e year, th
erefo
r
e, th
e
ho
u
r
l
y
l
o
ad
i
s
alm
o
st
a co
nst
a
nt
, as
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
ns
um
pt
ion
rem
a
i
n
s t
h
e
sam
e
. Tel
ecom
m
uni
cat
i
on
m
ont
hl
y
l
o
ad
pr
o
f
i
l
e
i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
3 w
h
i
c
h
i
s
pr
o
duce
d
by
H
O
M
E
R
s
o
ft
ware.
Tabl
e
2 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
po
we
r
co
nsu
m
p
tio
n
of
80
0W
/900
MH
z G
S
M/
U
M
TS du
al
m
o
d
e
. I
n
th
is con
f
i
g
u
r
ation
,
Base
b
a
nd
Pr
o
cessing
bo
ard
t
y
pe C
(B
PC
)
,
Uni
v
er
sal
B
a
se ba
nd
Pr
oce
ssi
ng
b
o
ar
d
fo
r G
S
M
(
U
PB
G),
C
i
rcui
t
S
w
i
t
c
hi
ng C
a
l
l
(
C
S) ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1245 –
1251
1
248
i
n
cl
ude
d.
R
a
d
i
o M
o
de
GS
M
(Gl
obal
S
y
st
em
for
M
o
bi
l
e
C
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
ons)/
UM
T
S
(
U
ni
ver
s
al
M
obi
l
e
Telecomm
unic
a
tion System
) are
used for telecomm
unicat
ions
sy
st
em
i
n
Pat
h
ei
n,
Ay
ey
a
r
wa
dy
Di
vi
si
o
n
.
Fi
gu
re
3.
M
o
nt
hl
y
l
o
ad
p
r
ofi
l
e f
o
r
GSM
t
o
w
e
r
Tabl
e 2. Po
wer
C
o
nsum
pt
i
on fo
r GSM
/
UM
T
S
Confi
gur
ation
Power
Consu
m
ption (
800W
/900M
Hz)
6CS + 12T
RX/1BPC+1UBPG
95 W
12CS + 24T
RX/2BPC+2UBPG
145 W
GSM
S1
+ 1UMTS CS
300 W
GSM
S2+ 1UMT
S CS
245 W
GSM
S3
+ 1UMTS CS
235 W
GSM
S4
+ 1UMTS CS
215 W
T
o
tal Power Consu
m
ption
1235
W
5.
WIN
D
AN
D S
O
LAR
RE
SO
UR
CES
The annual
average wi
nd speed and t
h
e ann
u
al
average i
n
sol
a
ti
on l
e
vel
at Pat
h
ei
n are 5.29 m
/
sand
5.71 k
W
h/m
2/day
,
respecti
vely
.
The
m
ont
hly wi
nd speed va
ri
ati
on i
s
shown i
n
Fi
gure 4.
The
m
ont
hly
cl
earness
i
ndex and t
h
e dail
y
rad
i
at
i
on are shown i
n
Fi
gure 5.
Fi
gu
re 4.
W
i
n
d
spee
d fo
r pr
o
p
o
se
d
si
t
e
by
usi
n
g
HOM
ER
Fi
gu
re
5.
Dai
l
y
ra
di
at
i
on a
n
d
cl
earness
i
n
dex
f
o
r
pr
o
pose
d
si
t
e
b
y
usi
n
g
HOM
E
R
6.
HYBRID SYSTEM WITH
HOME
R
SOFTWARE
HOM
ER
soft
ware sim
u
l
a
t
e
s t
h
e operat
i
o
n of
t
h
e pro
posed sy
st
em
al
ong t
h
e y
ear by
m
a
ki
ng an
ener
gy
bal
a
nce bet
w
een t
h
e generati
on and t
h
e l
o
ad t
o
det
e
r
m
in
e the feas
ible syste
m
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
re wh
ich
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
l
o
ad
demand under t
h
e si
te condit
i
o
n
besi
de sp
eci
f
yi
ng t
h
e
cost
-ef
f
ecti
v
e
co
m
b
inat
i
on based
on t
h
e
to
ta
l n
e
t p
r
es
en
t co
s
t
[TNP
C]
wh
ich
is
th
e
su
mma
t
io
n
o
f
al
l
th
e co
s
t
s
an
d
rev
e
n
u
e
al
l o
v
e
r
th
e
p
r
o
j
ect
life
t
i
m
e
whi
c
h i
s
assu
med 25 y
ears.
Num
b
ers of co
mbina
tions are
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
ere
d
as fo
llo
ws:
1)
W
i
nd t
u
rbi
n
e,
B
a
tt
er
i
e
s
and Di
esel
generat
i
o
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Eval
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
PV, Wi
nd
,
Di
esel
Hy
bri
d
Ene
r
gy P
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
f
o
r
GS
M T
o
w
e
r
i
n
My
a
n
m
a
r (
Z
i
n
M
a
r N
y
o)
1
249
2)
PV
panel
,
B
a
t
t
eri
e
s and Di
esel
generat
i
on.
3)
W
i
nd t
u
rbi
n
e,
B
a
tt
er
i
e
s
and PV
panel
s
.
4)
W
i
nd t
u
rbi
n
e,
B
a
tt
er
i
e
s, PV
p
a
nel
s
and Di
esel
generati
on.
Then sim
u
lated usi
ng
HO
M
E
R
soft
war
e
t
o
det
e
r
m
ine t
h
e
m
o
st opt
im
u
m
com
b
i
n
at
i
on for
te
leco
mm
u
n
ica
tio
n
lo
ad
.
6.
1. Wi
nd an
d
Di
esel
Ge
ner
a
ti
on
Fi
gure 6 show
s
W
i
nd and
Di
esel
sy
st
em
desi
gn usi
ng HO
M
E
R
.
The simul
a
ti
on resul
t
s present
t
h
e
opt
im
u
m
co
m
b
i
n
ati
on:
t
w
o 10k
W
AC
wi
nd
t
u
rbi
n
e, 2k
W
g
e
nerat
o
r
,
20 bat
t
eri
e
s and 10k
W
convert
er
. I
n
t
h
is
wo
rk
, t
h
e am
ount
o
f
p
o
ssi
bl
e
p
o
l
l
u
t
a
nt
s
ari
s
i
n
g
f
r
om
t
h
e
us
e o
f
di
esel
f
u
el
i
n
p
o
we
ri
n
g
t
h
e GSM
B
a
se
S
t
at
i
on
Site was sim
u
lated
with HOMER so
ft
ware.
W
i
nd
an
d
Diesel h
a
v
e
to
tal net p
r
esen
t co
st
o
f
$
1
8
7
6
2
5
,
operatin
g
co
st of
$39
14
/
y
r
,
and
th
e le
velized
co
st of
en
er
g
y
of
$1
.
3
6
8
/ kW
h
as
s
hown i
n
T
a
ble
3.
Excess electric
ity for
th
is co
m
b
in
atio
n is
8
.
4
6kWh
/
yr (0
.0
7%).
Fi
gu
re
6.
W
i
n
d
an
d
di
esel
el
ect
ri
c pr
o
duct
i
on
6.
2. PV
a
nd D
i
es
el Generati
on
The Fi
gure 7 shows PV
and
Di
esel
sy
st
em
desi
gn usi
ng HOM
ER
.
The
sim
u
l
a
ti
on resul
t
s
present
t
h
e
opt
im
u
m
co
mbi
n
ati
on:
10k
W
P
V
, 1
k
W
D
i
e
s
e
l
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
,
10
ba
t
t
ery
uni
t
an
d 10
k
W
C
o
n
v
ert
e
r
.
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
/
D
i
e
s
e
l
/
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
h
a
s
t
o
t
a
l
n
e
t
p
r
es
e
n
t
c
o
s
t
o
f
$
1
0277
5 o
p
er
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
o
f
$
8
8
6
/y
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
i
z
e
d
co
st
o
f
en
er
g
y
of
$
0
.749
/kWh
as show
n in
T
a
b
l
e 3. Ex
cess electr
i
city f
o
r
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
is
28
72kW
h
/
yr
(1
7.
6%
).
Figure
7. PV
a
n
d diesel electric production
6.
3. PV
and Wind
Fi
gure 8 show
s PV
and
W
i
n
d
sy
st
em
design usi
ng
HO
M
E
R
.
The sim
u
lati
on resul
t
s present
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
at
i
on: 10k
W
P
V
, one 1
0
k
W
AC
wi
nd
t
u
rbi
n
e, 10 battery
unit
and 10 kW
con
v
ert
e
r
.
PV
a
n
d
W
i
n
d
h
a
v
e
t
o
t
a
l
net
pres
en
t
cost
of
$1
3
5
2
8
2
,
o
p
erat
i
n
g
c
o
st
of
$
1
1
96/
y
r
, a
n
d
t
h
e
l
e
vel
i
zed c
o
st
of
e
n
e
r
gy
o
f
$0
.
9
8
6
/
k
W
h
as shown in
T
a
ble 3. E
x
cess
e
l
ectricity fo
r this co
m
b
in
atio
n is 476
0kWh
/
y
r
(26
.
5
%
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE
Vol. 5, No. 6, D
ecem
ber
2015 :
1245 –
1251
1
250
Fi
gu
re
8.
P
V
a
n
d
W
i
n
d
el
ect
r
i
c pr
o
duct
i
o
n
6.
4.
PV
, Wi
n
d
an
d
Di
esel
The Fi
gure 9 shows PV
,
W
i
nd
and Di
esel
syst
em
desi
gn using HOM
ER
.
The sim
u
lati
on resul
t
s present
t
h
e optim
u
m
co
m
b
i
n
at
i
on:
10 k
W
PV
, one
10k
W
AC
wi
nd t
u
rbi
n
e, 1kW
generat
o
r
,
10
bat
t
ery
unit
and 10k
W
convert
er
.
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
/
W
in
d
/
D
i
e
s
e
l
h
a
s t
o
t
a
l
n
e
t
p
r
e
s
en
t
co
s
t
o
f
$
1
355
64
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
co
s
t
o
f
$
1
1
9
1
/
y
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
lev
e
lized
co
st
o
f
en
er
g
y
of
$
0
.988
/kW
h
as show
n in
T
a
ble 3. E
x
cess
electricity
fo
r
th
is co
m
b
in
atio
n is
47
6
0
k
W
h/
y
r
(
2
6.
5%)
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
PV
,
w
i
nd
an
d d
i
esel electr
i
c p
r
od
uctio
n
7.
O
P
T
I
M
I
ZA
TI
O
N
R
E
SU
L
T
S
The c
o
m
b
i
n
at
i
on
of
ene
r
gy
sy
st
em
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
are
7kW PV-Array, 2kW
Diesel Ge
nerat
o
r,
3x
8
3
3
A
h a
nd
9k
W C
o
n
v
et
er
. The
hy
bri
d
s
y
st
em
co
m
b
i
n
at
i
on are
si
m
u
l
a
t
e
d wi
t
h
t
h
ei
r cost
i
ng a
n
d
si
zi
n
g
co
m
p
ared
with a PV/wi
n
d
/
b
a
ttery/d
iesel syst
e
m
. It can
b
e
seen
fro
m
th
e sim
u
la
tio
n
resu
lts in
Tab
l
e
3
.
It
can
meet the de
m
a
nd
requirem
ents cost effectively. From
th
e o
p
tim
izat
io
n
resu
lts, th
e
b
e
st o
p
tim
al co
m
b
in
ati
on
of e
n
e
r
gy syste
m
com
ponents
are 10kW P
V
-Array,
1kW
Diesel
Ge
nerat
o
r,
10x833Ah and 10kW
C
o
nve
rter.
In t
h
i
s
wo
r
k
, t
h
e am
ount
o
f
po
ssi
bl
e p
o
l
l
u
t
a
nt
s ari
s
i
ng
fr
om
the use
of
di
ese
l
fuel
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
i
ng t
h
e
GSM
t
o
we
r
was sim
u
lated
with
HOMER so
ft
ware. PV/Diesel/Battery
h
a
s to
tal NPC of
$
1
0
2
7
7
5
,
op
eratin
g co
st of
$8
8
6
/
y
r, a
n
d t
h
e l
e
vel
i
zed c
o
s
t
of
ene
r
gy
o
f
$0
.7
4
9
per
k
W
h as
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Tabl
e
3.
Tab
l
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
arison
Resu
lts
o
f
Differen
t C
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
Descr
i
ption
Case
Study
I
W
i
nd
and Diesel
Case
Study
I
I
PV and Diesel
Case
Study
I
I
I
PV and W
i
nd
Case
Study
I
V
PV,
W
i
nd
and Diesel
Total Net
Present
Cost ($)
1876
25
1027
75
1352
82
1355
64
L
e
velized Cost of E
n
er
gy
(
$
/kW
h
)
1.
368
0.
749
0.
986
0.
988
Oper
ation Cost (
$
/y
r
)
3914
886
1196
1191
E
x
cess E
l
ectr
i
city
(
k
W
h
/yr
)
8.
46(
0.
07%)
2872(
1
7
.
6
%)
4760(
2
6
.
5
%)
4760(
2
6
.
5
%)
PV arr
a
y
(
k
W
h
/yr
)
1541
1(
95%)
1541
1(
86%)
1541
1(
86%)
W
i
nd tur
b
ine(
kW
h
/
y
r)
5.
063(
40%)
-
2531(
1
4
%)
2531(
1
4
%)
Gener
a
tor
(
k
W
h
/y
r)
7490(
6
0
%)
876(
5%)
-
-
CO2 Em
ission (
k
g
/
y
r)
6511
848
-
-
Fuel Consu
m
ption (
L
/y
r
)
2473
322
-
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Eval
u
a
t
i
o
n
of
PV, Wi
nd
,
Di
esel
Hy
bri
d
Ene
r
gy P
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
f
o
r
GS
M T
o
w
e
r
i
n
My
a
n
m
a
r (
Z
i
n
M
a
r N
y
o)
1
251
8.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In
h
ybrid Ph
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic/Diesel/Battery syste
m
, th
e
Ph
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic syste
m
su
pp
lies
9
5
%
of th
e annu
al
el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
pro
duct
i
o
n.
Di
ese
l
generat
o
r c
o
nt
ri
b
u
t
e
s 5%
of the total electricity and the excess electricity is
17.6%, res
p
ect
ively. Total ne
t prese
n
t cost,
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
st
and
operat
i
on
co
st
a
r
e
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
co
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
syste
m
. There
f
ore Ca
se II is
chosen
as t
h
e
best
opt
i
m
al
desi
gn
f
o
r t
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
ons sy
st
em
. The
sel
ect
ed
opt
i
m
u
m
com
b
i
n
at
i
on i
s
si
zed
t
o
m
eet
t
h
e p
o
w
er
co
ns
um
pt
ion
o
f
t
e
l
ecom
m
uni
cat
i
on sy
st
em
for a
b
out
10
0%
av
ailab
ility. Th
e
g
i
v
e
n
lo
ad
ch
aracteristic an
d d
i
esel
g
e
n
e
rato
r a m
e
th
o
d
o
l
og
y,
wh
ich
u
s
es t
h
e site-cl
i
m
a
t
i
c
co
nd
itio
ns, is
dev
e
lop
e
d to
calcu
late th
e
op
tim
u
m
mix
o
f
t
h
e syste
m
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s. Th
e opti
m
u
m
d
e
sig
n
o
f
th
is
sy
st
em
i
s
based o
n
:
a p
r
e-
de
f
i
ned l
o
a
d
pat
t
e
rn t
o
be s
u
ppl
i
e
d;
t
h
e pe
rt
i
n
e
n
t
weat
he
r
dat
a
;
t
h
e rel
e
va
nt
m
a
rket
p
r
ices; and
the app
licab
le
recen
t
eco
n
o
m
ic rates (d
iesel-
bat
t
ery
hy
b
r
i
d
sy
s
t
em
).
It
i
s
ge
ne
ral
l
y
a vi
abl
e
opt
i
on
fo
r o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
a
r
e
a
of Pat
h
ei
n R
e
gi
o
n
, M
y
anm
a
r. T
h
i
s
pa
per
,
one s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n, i
s
t
o
use c
o
m
b
inat
i
o
n
s
o
f
re
ne
wabl
e
and
co
n
v
ent
i
o
nal
p
o
w
er t
e
c
h
nol
ogi
es
, o
r
hy
bri
d
sy
st
em
s, to
pr
ovi
de el
ect
ri
ci
t
y
for t
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on i
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
areas
wh
ere it is too
expen
s
iv
e to
ex
tend
th
e grid,
or w
h
ere
t
h
e gri
d
c
a
nn
ot
ope
rat
e
wi
t
h
o
u
t
hi
g
h
l
o
sses.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Special thanks
are offe
re
d to Dr. Khin T
h
uzar So
e, Ass
o
c
i
ate
Profess
o
r,
Depart
m
e
nt
of El
ect
ri
cal
Po
wer E
ngi
ne
eri
n
g, M
a
n
d
al
a
y
Techn
o
log
i
cal Un
iv
ersity, for h
e
r en
co
ur
agem
ent, const
r
uctive
gui
dance and
ki
n
d
l
y
advi
ce t
h
r
o
ug
h
out
t
h
e
pre
p
arat
i
o
n
of
t
h
i
s
pa
per.
The
aut
h
or
’s s
p
eci
al
t
h
ank
s
are s
e
nt
t
o
he
r
pare
nt
s,
U
Mg
Nyo
and
Daw C
h
o
Mar, for th
eir
g
u
i
dan
ce and
sup
p
o
r
t fro
m
ch
ild
h
ood
till n
o
w
.
And
th
e au
thor wo
u
l
d
l
i
k
e t
o
c
o
n
v
ey
he
r g
r
at
i
t
ude
t
o
al
l
pe
rso
n
s
wh
o
were
di
re
ct
l
y
or i
n
di
rect
l
y
i
nvol
ved
t
o
war
d
s t
h
e s
u
cc
essful
com
p
l
e
t
i
on o
f
t
h
i
s
pape
r.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Souissi Ah
med, Hasnaoui Othman
, and Sallami Ani, “Optimal Sizing of a Hy
br
id
S
y
s
t
em
of Renewable En
erg
y
for a Rel
i
abl
e
Load Supply
w
ith
out Interruption
,
”
European
Journa
l o
f
Scientific Res
e
arch
, Vo
l. 45 No
. 4
,
pp
. 620-629
, 2
010.
[2]
Dike U. Ike, An
thon
y
U. Adogh
e,
a
nd Ademola Abdulkareem,
“Analy
sis of
Telecom Base Stations Powered By
Sola
r E
n
e
r
gy
”
[3]
P
r
ag
y
a
Nem
a
, S
a
roj Rangn
ekar
,
and R. K.
Ne
ma
,
“Pre
fa
si
bi
li
ty
St
udy
of PV
-S
olar/W
ind H
y
brid
Ener
g
y
S
y
stem fo
r
GSM
T
y
pe Mobile
T
e
lephon
y
B
a
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t
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[4]
Ani Vincent Anay
o
c
hukwu, Nzeako,
and Anthon
y
Ndubueze
,
“Energ
y
Optimization at
GSM Base Station Sites
Loca
ted
in Rur
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Areas
,
”
2012
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[5]
Amherst, “Renewable Energ
y
Research
Labor
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[6]
W
i
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Khaing, “
R
enewabl
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En
e
r
g
y
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l
Developm
ent
in
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anm
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”
T
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DPAP
&
FIDIC/ASPAC S
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[8]
Z
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r
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i
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Hassiba,
Larbes Cherif
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nd Malek Ali, “
O
ptim
al Op
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onal S
t
rat
e
g
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of
H
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e
wa
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a rem
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edia
, 2
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BI
O
G
R
A
P
HY
OF
A
U
T
HO
R
Zi
n M
a
r
Ny
o,
s
h
e re
ce
ived
M
E
degre
e
in
ele
c
tri
cal
power
engin
eering
fr
om
M
a
ndala
y
Techno
logic
a
l U
n
ivers
i
t
y
.
Her
re
s
earch
inte
res
t
s
are r
e
newab
l
e
a
nd energ
y
eng
i
n
eering
.
S
h
e
is
doing Ph.D (Thesis) at Elect
r
i
cal Eng
i
neer
in
g Department
of Mandalay
Technolog
ical
University
, M
y
anmar. Her
email
a
ddress is
zinmarn
y
o
.
pku@gmail.com.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.