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s
w
i
n
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t,
is
t
h
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e,
is
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
b
il
it
y
at
ze
r
o
b
ias,
is
th
e
g
ate
o
x
id
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
w
id
t
h
an
d
len
g
t
h
.
T
o
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
s
u
b
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
leak
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
Var
iab
le
B
o
d
y
B
ia
s
(
VB
B
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
tatic
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
VL
SI
d
es
ig
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
V
L
SI
d
esig
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
l
ea
k
ag
e
p
o
w
er
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
.
E
ac
h
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ef
f
ic
ien
t
w
a
y
to
r
ed
u
ce
leak
ag
e
p
o
w
er
,
b
u
t
th
e
d
r
a
w
b
a
ck
o
f
ea
ch
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
li
m
it t
h
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
o
f
ea
ch
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
N
VB
B
T
E
CH
NI
Q
UE
T
y
p
icall
y
,
th
e
b
o
d
y
ter
m
in
a
l
f
r
o
m
a
MO
SF
E
T
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
,
.
T
h
is
b
en
ef
it
m
ad
e
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
to
th
e
I
C
d
esig
n
er
s
in
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
b
y
b
ia
s
in
g
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
MO
SF
E
T
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
b
o
d
y
b
ias
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
v
ar
ies
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
v
ar
iatio
n
d
u
e
to
b
o
d
y
b
ias
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
b
o
d
y
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
b
asic
eq
u
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
b
o
d
y
b
ias i
m
p
ac
ts
o
n
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
[
3
]
:
(
√
√
)
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
is
th
e
f
latb
an
d
v
o
ltag
e,
is
th
e
b
o
d
y
ef
f
ec
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
,
is
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
w
i
th
ze
r
o
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
ias an
d
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
b
o
d
y
b
ias v
o
ltag
e.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
2
)
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
el
e
m
en
t
at
w
h
ic
h
s
etti
n
g
b
y
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e,
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
to
b
o
d
y
b
ias
v
o
ltag
e,
,
(
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
b
o
d
y
ter
m
i
n
al
o
f
a
MO
SF
E
T
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e,
.
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
all
y
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
lta
g
e
(
)
in
s
ta
tic
C
MO
S
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
b
o
d
y
ter
m
i
n
als
o
f
p
MO
S
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
d
th
e
n
MO
S
b
o
d
y
ter
m
in
a
ls
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e,
t
h
e
lo
g
ic
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
th
e
p
MO
S
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
o
d
y
b
ias
ed
(
)
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
eir
in
s
ta
n
d
by
m
o
d
e.
Me
a
n
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
n
M
OS
b
o
d
y
w
as
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
n
e
g
ati
v
e
b
o
d
y
b
iased
(
)
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
-
b
ia
s
ef
f
ec
t
in
s
tatic
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
tatic
C
MO
S c
o
n
n
ec
t
io
n
an
d
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
lo
g
ic
d
esi
g
n
[
4
]
.
VDD
D
r
a
i
n
G
a
t
e
S
our
c
e
(
a
)
GND
S
ou
r
c
e
G
a
t
e
D
r
a
i
n
(
b
)
D
r
a
i
n
G
a
t
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
+
V
B
B
(
c
)
S
ou
r
c
e
G
a
t
e
D
r
a
i
n
-
V
B
B
(
d
)
p
M
O
S
p
M
O
S
n
M
O
S
n
M
O
S
Fig
u
r
e
1.
B
o
d
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
l
o
g
ic
d
esig
n
(
a)
,
(
b
)
in
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al,
(
c)
an
d
(
d
)
in
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
cir
cu
it
d
esi
g
n
u
s
i
n
g
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
d
y
b
ia
s
in
g
i
n
s
ta
n
d
b
y
m
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
b
o
d
y
b
iasi
n
g
i
n
p
MO
S
b
ia
s
es
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
to
a
v
o
lta
g
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
,
w
h
i
le
i
n
n
MO
S
to
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
lo
w
er
t
h
an
th
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
c
in
g
leak
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
0
1
0
–
3
0
1
9
3012
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e,
a
s
c
h
e
m
a
tics
o
f
C
MO
S
in
v
er
ter
w
it
h
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e
cir
cu
it
w
as c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ate
s
an
i
n
v
er
ter
d
esi
g
n
w
it
h
tech
n
iq
u
e.
B
ased
o
n
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
an
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
l
y
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
ea
c
h
MO
SF
E
T
.
Sin
ce
r
aisi
n
g
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
o
ltag
e
w
ill
af
f
ec
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
body
to
b
e
a
p
p
lied
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
s
o
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ia
s
is
s
m
all,
w
h
ile
i
n
s
tan
d
b
y
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
b
ia
s
is
s
t
r
o
n
g
er
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
-
th
r
es
h
o
ld
le
ak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
ta
tic
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
i
p
atio
n
[
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
An
in
v
er
ter
w
it
h
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e
3.
VB
B
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
I
N
1
-
B
I
T
F
UL
L
ADD
E
R
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
w
as
d
esi
g
n
ed
in
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
ias
a
n
d
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
an
d
an
al
y
ze
in
ter
m
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
e
l
a
y
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
d
esig
n
ed
in
1
-
b
it
f
u
l
l
ad
d
er
.
A
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
is
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
al
cir
cu
it
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lt
s
in
ar
it
h
m
eti
c
s
u
m
o
f
t
w
o
b
its
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
a
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
h
a
s
t
h
r
ee
i
n
p
u
t
ter
m
i
n
als
an
d
t
w
o
o
u
tp
u
t
ter
m
i
n
al.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
d
en
o
ted
b
y
,
an
d
a
ca
r
r
y
i
n
p
u
t,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
tw
o
o
u
tp
u
t
n
a
m
el
y
a
s
s
u
m
m
atio
n
,
SUM
an
d
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t,
.
T
h
e
tr
u
th
tab
le
o
f
a
f
u
ll a
d
d
er
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
r
u
th
tab
le
o
f
a
1
-
b
it f
u
ll a
d
d
er
Fro
m
th
e
tr
u
th
tab
le
o
f
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
,
th
e
B
o
o
lean
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
SUM
an
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
b
y
s
o
lv
in
g
w
it
h
Kar
n
au
g
h
m
ap
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
ll a
d
d
er
is
s
h
o
w
n
as
b
elo
w
:
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
(
)
(
4
)
(
)
(
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
)
(
̅
̅
̅
)
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
(
̅
̅
)
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
̅
(
5
)
p
M
O
S
n
M
O
S
I
N
P
U
T
DC
,
V
p
>
0
DC
,
V
n
<
0
V
D
D
G
N
D
O
U
T
P
U
T
S
T
A
N
D
B
Y
S
T
A
N
D
B
Y
ON
ON
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
V
a
r
ia
b
le
B
o
d
y
B
ia
s
in
g
(
V
B
B
)
b
a
s
ed
V
LS
I
Desig
n
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
R
ed
u
ce
S
ta
tic
P
o
w
er …
.
(
Wo
o
W
ei
K
a
i
)
3013
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
h
ad
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
a
s
y
s
te
m
.
C
o
n
v
en
tio
n
all
y
,
th
e
s
tatic
C
MO
S
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
d
esig
n
at
w
h
ich
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
MO
S
p
u
ll
-
u
p
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
UN)
an
d
n
MO
S
p
u
ll
-
d
o
w
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
DN)
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t.
B
ased
o
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
4
)
an
d
E
q
u
a
tio
n
(
5
)
,
t
h
e
s
tatic
C
MO
S
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
ca
n
b
e
d
esi
g
n
i
n
2
8
T
(
T
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
a
tio
n
w
h
ich
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
r
ea
r
r
an
g
in
g
t
h
e
S
UM
eq
u
atio
n
a
n
d
f
ac
to
r
in
g
S
UM
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
eu
s
e
th
e
ter
m
as b
elo
w
:
(
)
(
6
)
R
ath
er
t
h
a
n
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
p
le
m
en
t
s
r
u
le,
t
h
e
p
MO
S P
UN
in
t
h
e
ad
d
er
cir
cu
it
is
id
en
tical
to
th
e
n
MO
S
n
et
w
o
r
k
ac
co
r
d
in
g
E
q
u
atio
n
(
6
)
.
T
h
e
a
r
ea
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
l
a
y
o
u
t
s
d
u
e
to
th
i
s
s
i
m
p
li
f
icat
io
n
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
C
M
OS
d
esi
g
n
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
s
tatic
C
MO
S
2
8
T
1
-
b
it f
u
ll a
d
d
er
w
as b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
m
o
s
t c
o
m
m
o
n
f
u
l
l a
d
d
er
in
I
C
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tatic
C
MO
S
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll a
d
d
er
u
s
i
n
g
2
8
T
[
7
]
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
8
4
`
M
2
M
3
M
4
M
5
M
6
M
7
M
8
M
9
M
10
M
14
M
15
M
11
M
12
M
13
M
16
M
17
M
18
M
19
M
20
M
21
M
22
M
23
M
24
C
i
n
A
B
B
A
B
C
B
A
C
i
n
C
i
n
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
B
C
i
n
C
o
u
t
!
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
6
6
6
M
25
M
26
C
o
u
t
M
27
M
28
SUM
S
U
M
!
C
o
u
t
!
2
1
2
1
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
s
ta
tic
C
MO
S
1
-
b
it
f
u
l
l a
d
d
er
w
ith
2
8
T
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
i
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
t
h
e
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
s
ize
w
as
i
n
te
r
m
o
f
(
)
r
atio
w
er
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
g
ical
e
f
f
o
r
t
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
l
o
g
ical
ef
f
o
r
t
o
f
a
g
ate
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
g
ate
to
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
o
f
a
n
i
n
v
er
ter
th
at
ca
n
d
eli
v
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t.
E
q
u
i
v
alen
tl
y
lo
g
ical
e
f
f
o
r
t
in
d
icate
s
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
w
o
r
s
e
a
g
ate
is
a
t
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
an
in
v
er
ter
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
lo
g
ic
al
ef
f
o
r
t
o
f
b
asic
co
m
m
o
n
g
at
e
th
at
w
il
l
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
esig
n
1
-
b
it f
u
ll
ad
d
er
[
6
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
L
o
g
ical
ef
f
o
r
t o
f
b
asi
c
co
m
m
o
n
g
ate
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
(
)
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄
(
)
⁄
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
f
u
ll
ad
d
e
r
o
f
2
8
T
,
th
e
p
MO
S
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
d
n
MO
S
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
latc
h
-
u
p
i
n
C
MO
S
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
-
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
b
o
d
y
-
d
r
ai
n
d
i
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
b
iased
.
I
n
th
e
s
tat
ic
2
8
T
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
d
esig
n
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
lo
g
ica
l
ef
f
o
r
t
w
as
b
ein
g
ca
lcu
late
i
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
s
izin
g
i
n
(
)
r
atio
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
er
e
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
r
ed
co
lo
r
n
u
m
b
er
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
0
1
0
–
3
0
1
9
3014
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
tatic
C
MO
S
2
8
T
f
u
ll
ad
d
er
d
esig
n
,
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
p
MO
S a
n
d
n
MO
S
w
il
l b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
ex
ter
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
p
p
l
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i
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y
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to
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ed
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ce
th
e
s
u
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-
t
h
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es
h
o
ld
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
o
f
C
M
OS
2
8
T
f
u
ll a
d
d
er
w
it
h
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e.
`
M
2
M
3
M
4
M
5
M
6
M
7
M
8
M
9
M
10
M
14
M
15
M
11
M
12
M
13
M
16
M
17
M
18
M
19
M
20
M
21
M
22
M
23
M
24
C
i
n
A
B
B
A
B
C
B
A
C
i
n
C
i
n
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
B
C
i
n
C
o
u
t
!
S
U
M
!
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
6
6
6
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
M
25
M
26
C
o
u
t
M
27
M
28
SU
M
2
1
2
1
+
V
BB
+
V
BB
-
V
BB
-
V
BB
C
o
u
t
!
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
2
8
T
s
tatic
C
MO
S
1
-
b
it f
u
ll a
d
d
er
w
it
h
VB
B
tech
n
iq
u
e
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
h
ad
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ier
o
u
t
to
an
aly
ze
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
ar
am
e
ter
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
d
elay
a
n
d
P
o
w
er
Dela
y
P
r
o
d
u
ct
(
P
DP)
.
I
n
o
r
d
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t
o
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r
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ce
th
e
s
tat
ic
p
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n
s
u
m
p
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,
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
n
u
m
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er
o
f
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s
i
s
to
r
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e
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B
y
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ip
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e
B
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o
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,
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n
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m
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o
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an
s
is
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to
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e
s
ig
n
a
1
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f
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ll
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er
ca
n
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e
r
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u
cin
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y
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C
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p
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P
ass
L
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tr
a
n
s
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(
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P
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)
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d
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ate
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g
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ize
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m
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n
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d
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g
n
i
n
2
0
T
[
8
]
,
1
6
T
[
9
]
,
1
4
T
[
1
0
]
,
1
1
T
[
1
1
]
an
d
1
0
T
[
1
1
]
in
co
n
v
e
n
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n
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l
b
ias
m
o
d
e
a
n
d
VB
B
tech
n
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e
to
a
n
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r
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.
Fig
u
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5
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s
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ate
s
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e
2
0
T
1
-
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it
f
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ll
a
d
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ate.
Fi
g
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6
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s
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ate
s
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h
1
6
T
d
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e
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ic
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ate.
Fig
u
r
e
7
1
4
T
1
-
b
it
f
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ll
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s
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C
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ate.
C
ir
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in
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g
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r
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8
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d
Fig
u
r
e
9
u
s
ed
1
1
T
an
d
1
0
T
1
-
b
it
f
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ll
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n
w
it
h
C
P
L
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an
s
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to
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o
w
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ter
m
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n
o
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e
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ig
n
.
T
h
e
ea
ch
1
-
b
it
f
u
ll a
d
d
er
lo
g
i
c
s
t
y
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ca
n
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e
u
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ed
d
ep
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n
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d
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ir
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e
n
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n
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n
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ain
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o
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n
s
.
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n
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
th
e
h
ig
h
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
tr
an
s
is
to
r
was
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
d
o
p
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
MO
S
an
d
n
MO
S.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
u
s
ed
o
f
h
ig
h
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
tr
an
s
is
to
r
w
ill
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
ela
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
e
w
it
h
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
MO
SF
E
T
.
Sin
ce
th
is
p
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r
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tech
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ted
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f
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i
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VL
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n
.
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er
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.
RE
F
E
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E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
a
n
a
p
a
la,
Kish
o
re
a
n
d
S
a
k
th
iv
e
l.
R,
“
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o
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li
z
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ti
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e
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d
ia
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J
o
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rn
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l
o
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S
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e
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n
d
T
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y
,
2
0
1
6
,
Vo
l
9
(5
),
p
p
.
1
–
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[2
]
R.
Ga
tk
a
l
a
n
d
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.
G
.
M
a
li
,
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o
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r
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OS
in
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me
ter
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h
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tern
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p
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9
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8
6
.
[3
]
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,
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e
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a
n
d
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e
n
,
Ch
i
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g
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r,
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e
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k
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si
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tec
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e
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p
re
ss
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6
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l.
1
3
(
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),
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p
.
1
–
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[4
]
A
.
S
.
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a
d
h
a
rsh
in
i
a
n
d
A
.
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e
ra
lak
sh
m
i,
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sto
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le
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e
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n
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g
v
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le
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o
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s
”
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2
n
d
In
tern
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ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
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n
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e
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n
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e
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t
ro
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ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
(ICECS
),
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
7
7
7
–
7
8
1
.
[5
]
A
b
h
ish
e
k
Ku
m
a
r
,
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ff
e
c
t
o
f
B
o
d
y
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in
g
O
v
e
r
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v
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rter,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
ECT
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2
0
1
3
,
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l
4
,
p
p
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9
-
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7
1
.
[6
]
P
a
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ra
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u
tze
n
a
n
d
Re
n
a
to
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e
re
z
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a
s,
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k
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g
e
Cu
rre
n
t
in
S
u
b
-
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icro
m
e
ter
CM
OS
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a
te
s”
,
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iv
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a
d
e
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e
d
e
ra
l
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o
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o
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ra
n
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o
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l,
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leg
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z
il
,
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0
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,
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p
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-
3
0
.
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]
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v
it
a
Kh
a
re
a
n
d
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n
a
Da
y
a
l
S
h
u
k
la,
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sig
n
A
1
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L
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w
P
o
w
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r
F
u
ll
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d
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Us
in
g
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d
e
n
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l
”
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M
ANIT
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c
tro
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&
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m
mu
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
B
h
o
p
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l
,
In
d
ia,
2
0
10
,
p
p
.
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7
3
-
3
7
6
.
[8
]
Ak
a
n
sh
a
M
a
h
e
sh
w
a
ri
a
n
d
S
u
rb
h
it
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u
th
ra
,
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L
o
w
P
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w
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r
F
u
ll
A
d
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r
Circu
it
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p
lem
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n
tatio
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sin
g
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ra
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m
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ss
io
n
G
a
t
e
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
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a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
C
o
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
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ti
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En
g
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n
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,
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u
ly
2
0
1
5
,
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o
l
.
4
,
Iss
u
e
7
,
p
p
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1
8
3
-
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8
5
.
[9
]
Eb
ra
h
im
P
a
k
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t,
S
e
y
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d
R
e
z
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n
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n
d
M
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lalian
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b
b
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si
M
o
ra
d
,
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De
sig
n
o
f
Hig
h
p
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rfo
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n
c
e
a
n
d
L
o
w
Po
we
r
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6
T
Fu
ll
A
d
d
e
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ll
fo
r
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u
b
-
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sh
o
l
d
T
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c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
”
,
S
e
c
o
n
d
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
g
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o
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h
n
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lo
g
y
,
Co
m
m
u
n
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ti
o
n
a
n
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
(
ICT
CK),
No
v
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
7
9
-
8
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
V
a
r
ia
b
le
B
o
d
y
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s
in
g
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V
B
B
)
b
a
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V
LS
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Desig
n
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p
p
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ce
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tic
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o
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.
(
Wo
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a
i
)
3019
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0
]
Ra
jes
h
P
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rih
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r,
Ni
d
h
i
T
iw
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ri,
Ad
it
y
a
M
a
n
d
lo
i
a
n
d
Dr.
Bi
n
o
d
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m
a
r,
“
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in
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tl
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term
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m
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h
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p
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rit
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m
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tri
c
lo
g
ic
u
n
it
sy
ste
m
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m
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m
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s
y
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m
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v
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b
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y
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d
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sig
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e
d
s
y
ste
m
in
f
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ll
c
u
sto
m
m
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th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
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w
a
s
f
a
m
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in
d
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sig
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in
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ircu
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w
it
h
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n
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sy
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to
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ls
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t
sc
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e
m
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ti
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d
p
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le
v
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o
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a
s
y
ste
m
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b
i
h
a
h
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n
a
b
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a
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t
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h
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d
h
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h
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n
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e
c
tr
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n
g
in
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g
f
ro
m
M
a
ss
e
y
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e
rsit
y
,
Ne
w
Zea
l
a
n
d
in
2
0
1
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.
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h
e
is
a
se
n
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tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
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c
tro
n
ic
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g
in
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rin
g
,
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a
c
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lt
y
o
f
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tri
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a
l
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n
d
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c
tr
o
n
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n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(U
T
HM).
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h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
w
it
h
Ho
n
o
u
rs
f
ro
m
Un
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e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ic)
f
ro
m
Ko
lej
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
H
u
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
2
0
0
5
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
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h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
Dig
it
a
l,
A
n
a
lo
g
In
teg
ra
ted
Circu
i
r
De
sig
n
a
n
d
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
IC
d
e
sig
n
,
lo
w
p
o
w
e
r
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
d
e
sig
n
,
c
ry
p
to
g
ra
p
h
y
c
o
-
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r,
S
o
C,
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
d
ig
it
a
l
s
y
ste
m
a
n
d
A
S
IC/F
P
G
A
d
e
sig
n
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
Bo
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
(BEM
),
IEE
E,
IEE
E
Yo
u
n
g
P
r
o
f
e
sio
n
a
ls
a
n
d
IEE
E
Circu
it
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
H
a
ir
o
l
J
a
b
b
a
r
h
o
ld
s
a
P
h
D
i
n
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
G
r
e
n
o
b
le,
F
ra
n
c
e
in
2
0
1
3
.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs i
n
t
h
e
p
a
st f
e
w
y
e
a
r
s.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
le
c
tu
re
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
a
n
y
c
o
re
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
n
e
tw
o
rk
o
n
c
h
ip
,
3
D
IC,
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
a
n
d
ASIC/
F
P
G
A
d
e
sig
n
.
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