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ter
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p
tab
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p
p
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)
[
1
]
is
an
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eq
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m
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2
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.
T
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t b
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Ho
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[
3
]
b
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g
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s
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s
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w
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W
an
g
[
4
]
co
n
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lled
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n
te
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r
ated
g
ate
-
co
m
m
u
tat
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th
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r
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s
to
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(
I
GC
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i
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v
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ter
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Saito
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&
S
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[
5
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in
c
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s
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u
tp
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t
p
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w
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at
t
h
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v
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b
y
u
s
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n
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t
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ac
tiv
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f
ilter
cir
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it.
R
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ch
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p
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w
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h
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-
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eq
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a
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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7
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[
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cr
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i
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Div
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[
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s
ed
f
o
r
all
d
ev
ice
s
i
s
elec
tr
ical
v
o
l
tag
e
w
i
t
h
s
in
u
s
o
id
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
O
n
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
a
s
er
ies
o
f
DC
i
n
to
A
C
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
a
UP
S
u
s
u
all
y
u
s
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
UP
S
ex
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
UP
S
h
ea
v
y
an
d
it
w
i
ll
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
w
it
h
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
UP
S.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
th
i
s
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
UP
S
w
it
h
m
o
d
if
ied
s
i
n
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
e,
s
o
t
h
a
t
th
e
UP
S
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
u
n
iv
er
s
a
ll
y
f
o
r
al
l
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
s
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
UP
S
u
n
it
is
s
w
itc
h
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
cir
cu
it a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
th
at
r
es
u
lt
s
in
c
h
e
ap
er
an
d
lig
h
ter
ex
p
ec
t U
P
S
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
i
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
n
g
en
er
al
o
v
er
v
ie
w
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
t
h
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
en
t
ir
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
er
e
ev
er
y
b
lo
c
k
h
a
s
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ea
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
UP
S
u
n
it
to
b
e
cr
ea
ted
is
a
UP
S
d
ir
ec
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
is
t
h
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
tr
an
s
f
er
p
au
s
e
f
r
o
m
e
lectr
icit
y
to
b
atter
y
o
r
v
ice
v
er
s
a
w
h
e
n
th
e
elec
tr
icit
y
g
o
es
o
u
t
an
d
b
ac
k
to
li
f
e.
P
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
b
o
th
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
s
u
p
p
ly
DC
1
2
to
3
2
5
Vo
lt DC s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
is
w
h
at
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
UP
S a
d
ir
ec
t s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Vo
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
f
r
o
m
D
C
1
2
to
DC
3
2
5
Vo
lt is
u
s
ed
as a
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
o
u
t
p
u
t.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
3
2
5
Vo
lt is
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
v
o
lta
g
e
wh
en
i
t h
as b
ee
n
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
AC
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
3
2
5
Vo
lt
w
ill
b
e
th
e
R
MS
v
o
ltag
e
t
h
at
i
s
eq
u
al
to
3
2
5
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
e
r
o
o
t o
f
2
,
o
r
3
2
5
:
1
.
4
1
4
=
2
2
9
Vo
l
ts
.
FET
B
r
id
g
e
w
ill
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
s
w
i
tch
f
lip
p
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
3
2
5
Vo
lt
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
is
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
in
e
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
u
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
FET
B
r
id
g
e
w
ill
b
e
AC
wav
e
w
i
th
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
in
e
f
o
r
m
.
B
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
d
et
ec
to
r
cir
cu
it
is
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
el.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
el
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
g
iv
e
n
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
led
li
g
h
t a
n
d
b
u
zz
er
s
o
u
n
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
is
b
elo
w
n
o
r
m
al
.
2
.
1
.
H
a
rdw
a
re
P
la
nn
ing
Har
d
w
ar
e
d
esig
n
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
s
ec
t
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
i
s
r
ea
liz
ed
w
i
th
a
s
er
ie
s
o
f
p
ictu
r
es a
n
d
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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C
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SS
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1163
2
.
1
.
1
.
Series o
f
P
o
w
er
Su
pp
ly
Sw
it
ching
1
2
Vo
lt
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
1
2
Vo
lt
is
UC
I
C
3
8
4
2
w
h
ich
i
s
I
C
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
Mo
d
e
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
b
y
Mo
to
r
o
la.
I
n
s
tab
ilizi
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
I
C
is
to
d
etec
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
in
g
in
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
il
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
ter
m
ed
iar
y
f
ee
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
FET
d
r
iv
er
.
An
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
th
a
t o
cc
u
r
is
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
b
y
I
C
in
to
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
i
s
s
u
ed
to
th
e
Gate
f
ee
t o
f
th
e
FET
.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
n
o
t
to
ex
ce
ed
th
e
s
et,
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
is
p
air
ed
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
g
i
v
en
i
n
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
3
8
4
2
UC
I
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
s
h
o
w
a
s
c
h
e
m
a
tic
o
f
a
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
s
w
itc
h
in
g
cir
cu
it o
f
t
h
e
1
2
Vo
lt
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
w
i
tch
in
g
cir
c
u
it 1
2
Vo
lt
T
r
an
s
is
to
r
1
0
9
3
B
C
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
led
d
r
iv
er
in
th
e
o
p
to
-
co
u
p
ler
.
L
ed
in
th
e
o
p
to
co
u
p
ler
is
li
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ex
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
li
m
it.
T
h
is
led
f
l
ar
in
g
w
ill
cr
ea
te
p
h
o
to
tr
an
s
is
to
r
w
h
ic
h
d
eli
v
er
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
at
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
p
u
t
I
C
U
C
3
8
4
2
.
T
h
is
w
il
l
m
ak
e
I
C
U
C
3
8
4
2
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lev
el
o
f
P
W
M
f
ed
in
FET
d
r
iv
er
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
u
s
e
d
is
h
alf
w
av
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
h
i
g
h
,
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
l
s
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
th
e
g
r
ad
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
v
er
y
ti
g
h
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
t
o
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
ec
au
s
e
to
s
tab
ilize
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e,
ca
p
asit
o
r
w
it
h
s
m
al
l c
ap
ac
it
y
is
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t to
u
s
e.
2
.
1
.
2
.
P
o
w
er
Su
pp
ly
Sw
it
ching
circ
uit
3
2
5
Vo
lt
As
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
er
ies,
th
e
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
cir
c
u
i
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
3
2
5
v
o
lts
i
s
also
u
s
i
n
g
I
C
,
j
u
s
t
w
it
h
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
er
ies,
w
h
ich
i
s
T
L
4
9
4
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
th
e
cir
cu
it f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
er
ies
is
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
er
ies,
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
2
2
0
Vo
lt
AC
p
o
w
er
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
1
2
Vo
lt
s
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
is
a
s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
W
h
ile
i
n
th
e
c
ir
cu
it
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
a
s
tep
-
u
p
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
later
it
w
il
l b
e
co
n
v
er
t
ed
in
to
AC
3
p
h
ase
v
o
lta
g
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e
in
itial
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
in
i
tializatio
n
o
n
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
p
in
s
a
n
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
in
it
ializatio
n
o
f
ti
m
er
t
h
at
w
il
l
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
et
th
e
FET
b
r
id
g
e
in
itia
tio
n
ti
m
e.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
will
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
als
g
i
v
en
b
y
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
d
etec
to
r
cir
cu
it.
W
h
en
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
o
k
,
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
ill
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
t
h
e
i
g
n
itio
n
o
n
th
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
FET
b
r
id
g
e
an
d
ac
tiv
ate
i
n
d
icatio
n
lig
h
t o
f
s
ec
u
r
e
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
el.
W
h
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
le
v
el,
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
i
ll
s
to
p
co
n
tr
o
l
at
th
e
FET
b
r
id
g
e
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
li
g
h
t
in
g
L
ed
w
it
h
r
ed
in
d
icatio
n
an
d
s
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
b
u
zz
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
es
f
u
zz
y
alg
o
r
it
h
m
co
n
tr
o
l in
v
e
n
ted
b
y
za
d
eh
t
h
at
h
as b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
ath
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
[
1
3
-
1
5
]
an
d
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
q
u
ad
r
o
to
r
[
1
6
-
18]
.
B
elo
w
is
t
h
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
t
h
at
w
il
l b
e
lo
ad
ed
in
to
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
r
o
g
r
am
o
n
Mic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
UP
S
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
t
h
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
s
in
e
w
a
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t,
b
ef
o
r
e
ass
e
m
b
led
in
to
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
er
ie
s
,
f
i
r
s
tl
y
,
p
ar
t
b
y
p
ar
t
is
test
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
i
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
ell
o
r
n
o
t.
Hav
in
g
t
ested
,
th
e
p
ar
ts
ar
e
th
en
as
s
e
m
b
led
to
b
e
u
n
it
y
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ated
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
b
y
d
o
w
n
lo
ad
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
n
to
t
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
is
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
te
s
t
r
es
u
lt
s
a
s
p
ar
ts
o
r
as
a
w
h
o
le,
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
w
ill
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
an
d
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
i
n
t
h
is
c
h
ap
ter
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
ill b
e
s
tar
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
est o
n
s
u
b
s
er
ies p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
t
h
en
t
h
e
tes
t o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
to
o
ls
.
Fo
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
test
i
n
g
,
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
i
s
m
ad
e
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
e
-
d
esig
n
ed
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t o
r
n
o
t,
it c
a
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
to
o
l te
s
t,
i
n
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e
it
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
test
in
g
i
s
i
n
o
n
e
p
ar
t o
f
th
e
to
o
l te
s
t a
s
a
w
h
o
le.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
i
s
th
e
d
esc
r
ip
ti
o
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
test
r
es
u
lts
.
3
.
1
.
T
est
Res
ults o
f
P
o
w
er
S
up
ply
Sw
it
ching
1
2
Vo
lt
Circ
uit
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
w
itc
h
in
g
1
2
v
o
lt
i
s
1
4
.
2
Vo
lt.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
cir
cu
it
is
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
,
o
f
w
h
ic
h
th
i
s
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
atter
ies ch
ar
g
i
n
g
w
i
th
1
2
Vo
lt
w
o
r
k
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e.
3
.
2
.
T
est
Res
ults o
f
P
o
w
er
Su
pp
ly
Sw
it
ching
3
2
5
Vo
lt
Circ
uit
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
e
th
o
d
as
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
er
ies,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
r
es
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
o
n
th
i
s
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
3
2
7
Vo
lt.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
i
s
2
v
o
lts
ab
o
v
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
b
u
t
it
is
n
o
t
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3
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T
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Res
ults o
f
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lt
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g
e
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t
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t
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Var
iatio
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e
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o
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g
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le
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el
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etec
t
o
r
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it
ar
e
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o
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t
1
0
to
1
5
Vo
lt.
Fro
m
th
is
r
a
n
g
e,
t
h
ep
r
e
-
d
eter
m
in
ed
v
ar
iatio
n
s
v
o
lta
g
e
ar
e
s
et
at
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
2
,
1
3
,
1
4
an
d
1
5
V
o
lt.
C
ir
cu
it
e
x
p
er
s
i
o
n
i
s
g
iv
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
L
E
D
li
g
h
t
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fo
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t d
ata,
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
lu
e
s
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
en
th
e
L
E
D
o
n
o
r
o
f
f
ar
e
ad
d
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
is
th
e
test
tab
le
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
e
l
d
etec
to
r
cir
cu
it
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
es
t r
esu
lts
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
d
etec
to
r
cir
cu
it.
N
o
.
V
(
i
n
)
(
V
o
l
t
)
L
E
D
V
(
o
u
t
)
(
V
o
l
t
)
1
10
On
0
2
11
On
0
3
12
On
0
4
13
Off
4
,
9
5
14
Off
4
,
9
6
15
Off
4
,
9
L
E
D
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
d
itio
n
is
o
n
wh
en
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
at
1
0
,
1
1
an
d
1
2
V
o
lts
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
th
is
co
n
d
it
io
n
is
at
0
v
o
lt.
W
h
ile
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
D
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
o
f
f
w
h
e
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
at
t
h
e
lev
el
1
3
,
1
4
an
d
1
5
Vo
lts
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
v
al
u
e
in
t
h
i
s
s
tat
e
is
4
.
9
v
o
lts
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
test
i
s
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
d
etec
to
r
cir
cu
it
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
lo
w
lo
g
ic
(
0
)
to
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
en
t
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
is
at
o
r
u
n
d
er
1
2
Vo
lts
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
lo
g
ic
(
1
)
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
ab
o
v
e
1
2
v
o
lts
.
W
ith
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
b
i
n
ar
y
lo
g
ic,
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
r
ec
eiv
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
b
atter
ies
co
n
d
iti
o
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
s
tates t
h
at
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
e
l d
etec
to
r
cir
cu
it is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ab
le.
3
.
4
.
T
est
Res
ult
o
f
M
ini
m
u
m
circ
uit
M
icro
c
o
ntr
o
ller
Sy
s
t
e
m
AT
8
9
C2
0
5
1
Circ
uit
B
y
i
n
p
u
t
tin
g
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
t
h
at
c
an
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
I
/O
p
in
s
o
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
a
v
in
g
lo
g
ic
1
an
d
0
,
th
e
test
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
B
elo
w
i
s
t
h
e
tab
le
o
f
th
e
te
s
t
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
p
in
I
/O
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
e
n
g
iv
e
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
m
ak
e
al
l th
e
p
i
n
h
a
v
i
n
g
lo
g
ic
0
an
d
1
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
est r
esu
lts
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
at8
9
c2
0
5
1
s
y
s
te
m
cir
cu
it
.
N
o
.
P
i
n
P
r
o
g
r
a
m se
t
1
P
r
o
g
r
a
m se
t
0
P1
P3
P1
P3
0
4
,
9
V
o
l
t
4
,
9
V
o
l
t
0
V
o
l
t
0
V
o
l
t
1
4
,
9
V
o
l
t
4
,
9
V
o
l
t
0
V
o
l
t
0
V
o
l
t
2
4
,
9
V
o
l
t
4
,
9
V
o
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h
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th
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tr
ical
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y
s
te
m
b
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a
u
s
e
e
v
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
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lan
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th
e
p
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ase
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i
f
f
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en
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et
w
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h
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th
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o
t
al
w
a
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s
p
r
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eg
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h
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at
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t f
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h
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u
m
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3
an
d
n
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m
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4
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
test
w
h
eth
er
o
r
n
o
t
t
h
e
UP
S
s
y
s
te
m
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
.
W
h
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th
e
elec
tr
ici
t
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s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
as
d
is
co
n
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ec
ted
,
t
h
e
UP
S
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
o
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
ies
in
d
icate
d
b
y
ac
m
o
t
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
lo
ad
s
t
ill
o
n
.
I
n
a
f
e
w
m
o
m
e
n
t
s
(
ac
tio
n
n
u
m
b
er
4
)
,
p
o
w
er
b
atter
ies
w
a
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
es
u
lted
i
n
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies.
W
h
en
b
atte
r
y
v
o
lta
g
e
is
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
li
m
it,
ac
m
o
to
r
w
as o
f
f
,
th
e
r
ed
lig
h
t i
n
d
icato
r
o
n
an
d
th
e
b
u
zz
er
s
o
u
n
d
s
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
,
th
e
ac
tio
n
n
u
m
b
er
5
is
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
th
at
i
s
to
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
t
th
e
U
P
S
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
is
b
ac
k
to
ev
e
n
t
n
u
m
b
er
1
.
An
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
b
atter
ies
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
1
2
Vo
lt c
ir
cu
it.
Fro
m
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
o
v
er
all
te
s
t
to
o
ls
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
UP
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s
er
ies
o
f
to
o
ls
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
w
o
r
k
s
w
ell
a
n
d
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
w
it
h
w
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
la
n
n
ed
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
f
r
o
m
a
s
er
ies
o
f
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
c
ted
in
t
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Mo
d
i
f
ie
d
s
in
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
q
u
ar
e
w
a
v
e
g
en
er
atio
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s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
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t
h
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p
atter
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s
r
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s
e
m
b
le
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ap
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atter
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alter
n
ati
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v
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lt
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e
g
en
er
ato
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w
it
h
ch
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ac
ter
is
tic
s
r
ese
m
b
le
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
a
l
s
i
n
e
w
a
v
e.
Mo
d
el
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
cir
cu
i
t
u
s
ed
is
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
FET
d
r
iv
er
an
d
FET
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
an
d
w
ei
g
h
t
o
f
th
e
UP
S
u
n
i
t.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
FET
b
r
id
g
e
th
at
th
e
o
n
/o
f
f
t
i
m
i
n
g
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
D
C
to
AC
v
o
lt
ag
e
b
y
FET
b
r
id
g
e
cir
cu
it
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
a
b
ase
ti
m
e
i
n
th
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
m
icr
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-
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n
d
s
ca
n
s
et
t
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m
in
g
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n
d
th
e
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te
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ase
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[1
]
J.
Ho
lt
z
,
W
.
L
o
tzk
a
t,
a
n
d
K.
-
H.
W
e
rn
e
r,
“
A
Hig
h
-
P
o
w
e
r
M
u
lt
it
ra
n
sisto
r
-
In
v
e
rter
Un
in
terr
u
p
tab
l
e
P
o
w
e
r
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u
p
p
ly
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,
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E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
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r E
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3
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3
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p
p
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2
7
8
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8
5
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Ju
l.
1
9
8
8
.
[2
]
L
.
H
a
m
p
so
n
,
W
.
Eb
b
in
g
e
,
“
PW
M
Un
in
ter
ru
p
ta
b
le
Po
we
r
S
u
p
p
li
e
s,”
i
n
INT
E
L
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4
-
In
tern
a
ti
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le
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m
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En
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rg
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e
,
1
9
8
4
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p
p
.
3
0
4
–
3
1
1
.
[3
]
J.
Ho
lt
z
,
W
.
L
o
tzk
a
t,
K.
-
H.
W
e
rn
e
r,
“
A
Hig
h
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Po
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M
u
lt
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T
ra
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sisto
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-
In
v
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rte
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Un
in
ter
ru
p
ta
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le
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u
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ste
m,”
in
1
9
8
6
1
7
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
IE
EE
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
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ics
S
p
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c
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Co
n
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c
e
,
1
9
8
6
,
p
p
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3
1
1
–
3
2
0
.
[4
]
F
.
W
a
n
g
,
“C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
IGCT
b
a
s
e
d
PW
M
Vo
lt
a
g
e
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
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r
Hig
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P
o
we
r
Hig
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Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
S
y
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c
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ro
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M
o
to
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D
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[5
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N
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wit
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IS
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2
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P
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ter
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4
3
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,
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6
7
–
72.
[6
]
J.
Ji,
X
.
Hu
,
Z.
Hu
a
,
G
.
Ze
n
g
,
L
.
G
u
o
,
“
Res
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rc
h
o
f
S
o
ft
S
wit
c
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g
a
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ld
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n
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Po
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u
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ly
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th
Hig
h
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Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
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n
d
Hig
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-
P
o
we
r,”
in
2
0
1
4
I
n
tern
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ti
o
n
a
l
P
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r
El
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tro
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ics
a
n
d
A
p
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n
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
9
2
4
–
9
2
9
.
[7
]
J.
L
iu
,
H.
Zen
g
,
W
.
Tan
g
,
Y.
Zh
o
u
,
H.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
K.
X
i
o
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
o
n
S
e
c
u
rity
a
n
d
S
t
a
b
il
i
ty
o
f
PW
M
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Hi
g
h
-
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Hi
g
h
-
P
o
we
r
th
re
e
-
L
e
v
e
l
NPC
I
n
v
e
rte
r,”
in
2
0
1
5
5
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
Util
it
y
De
re
g
u
latio
n
a
n
d
Re
stru
c
tu
ri
n
g
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(DR
P
T
),
2
0
1
5
,
n
o
.
5
1
2
0
7
1
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
2
7
6
–
2
2
8
0
.
[8
]
B.
P
.
S
c
h
m
it
t,
R.
S
o
m
m
e
r,
“
Retr
o
fi
t
o
f
Fi
x
e
d
S
p
e
e
d
I
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
t
o
rs
wit
h
M
e
d
iu
m V
o
lt
a
g
e
Dr
ive
Co
n
v
e
rte
rs
u
sin
g
NPC
th
re
e
-
L
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rte
r
Hig
h
-
Vo
l
ta
g
e
IGBT
b
a
se
d
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
in
IS
I
E
2
0
0
1
.
2
0
0
1
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
In
d
u
strial
E
lec
tro
n
ics
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s (Ca
t.
No
.
0
1
T
H8
5
7
0
),
2
0
0
1
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
7
4
6
–
7
5
1
.
[9
]
A
.
Am
ir,
S
.
T
a
ib
,
S
.
Iq
b
a
l,
“
Vo
lt
a
g
e
M
u
lt
ip
li
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
C
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
L
CCL
S
e
rie
s
Res
o
n
a
n
t
In
v
e
rte
r
fed
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
DC
-
DC
C
o
n
v
e
rte
r,”
in
2
0
1
3
IEE
E
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
In
d
u
str
ial
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
105
–
1
1
0
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Div
y
a
,
V
.
P
ra
b
h
u
,
“
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Imp
ro
v
e
d
T
ra
n
s
-
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
I
n
v
e
rte
r,”
in
2
0
1
4
IEE
E
2
n
d
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s (ICE
ES
),
2
0
1
4
,
v
o
l.
0
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
–
2
6
0
.
[1
1
]
A
.
N.
N.
Ch
a
m
i
m
,
D.
A
h
m
a
d
i,
Isw
a
n
to
,
“
A
t
m
e
g
a
1
6
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
s
In
d
ica
to
rs
Of
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
S
p
e
e
d
,
”
In
t
.
J
.
Ap
p
l
.
E
n
g
.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
8
4
3
2
–
8
4
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
T
.
P
.
T
u
n
g
g
a
l,
A
.
L
a
ti
f
,
Is
w
a
n
to
,
“
L
o
w
-
C
o
st
P
o
rta
b
le
He
a
rt
R
a
te
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
Ph
o
to
p
leth
y
sm
o
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
De
c
isio
n
T
re
e
,
”
in
A
DV
A
NCES
OF
S
CIENCE
A
ND
T
ECHNO
L
O
G
Y
F
OR
S
OCIE
T
Y:
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
1
st
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
2
0
1
5
(IC
S
T
-
2
0
1
5
),
2
0
1
6
,
p
.
0
9
0
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
T
.
P
.
T
u
n
g
g
a
l,
A
.
S
u
p
r
iy
a
n
to
,
N.
M
.
Z.
R,
I.
F
a
ish
a
l,
I
.
P
a
m
b
u
d
i
,
I
sw
a
n
to
,
“
P
u
r
su
it
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
Ro
b
o
t
T
ra
sh
c
a
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
F
u
z
z
y
-
Ce
ll
De
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
,
”
I
n
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
Co
m
p
u
t
.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
8
6
3
–
2
8
6
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
I.
Isw
a
n
to
,
O.
W
a
h
y
u
n
g
g
o
ro
,
A
.
I.
C
a
h
y
a
d
i,
“
Qu
a
d
ro
to
r
P
a
t
h
P
lan
n
i
n
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
o
d
if
ie
d
F
u
z
z
y
Ce
ll
De
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
5
–
6
6
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
R.
M
u
b
a
ro
k
,
D.
V
.
F
irm
a
n
s
y
a
h
,
D.
Ha
r
y
a
n
to
,
N.
P
.
A
p
riy
a
n
to
,
U
.
M
a
h
m
u
d
a
h
,
I
.
Isw
a
n
to
,
“
M
o
t
o
r
c
y
c
le
-
S
e
c
u
rit
y
u
sin
g
P
o
sit
io
n
S
e
a
rc
h
in
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
B
a
se
d
o
n
Hy
b
rid
F
u
z
z
y
-
Dij
k
str
a
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
s.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
En
g
.
Co
m
p
u
t.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
8
–
4
7
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
Isw
a
n
to
,
O.
W
a
h
y
u
n
g
g
o
ro
,
A
.
I.
Ca
h
y
a
d
i,
“Tr
a
jec
to
ry
a
n
d
Al
ti
t
u
d
e
Co
n
tro
ls
f
o
r A
u
to
n
o
mo
u
s Ho
v
e
r o
f
a
Q
u
a
d
ro
t
o
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
F
u
zz
y
Al
g
o
ri
th
m,”
in
2
0
1
6
8
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(IC
IT
EE
),
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
4
–
9.
[1
7
]
N.
M
.
Ra
h
a
r
ja,
Isw
a
n
to
,
O.
W
a
h
y
u
n
g
g
o
ro
,
A
.
I.
Ca
h
y
a
d
i,
“
A
lt
it
u
d
e
Co
n
tro
l
fo
r
Q
u
a
d
ro
t
o
r
wit
h
M
a
md
a
n
i
F
u
zz
y
M
o
d
e
l,
”
i
n
2
0
1
5
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
in
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(ICS
IT
e
c
h
),
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
–
3
1
4
.
[1
8
]
I.
Isw
a
n
to
,
O.
W
a
h
y
u
n
g
g
o
ro
,
A
.
I.
Ca
h
y
a
d
i,
“
Ho
v
e
r
P
o
siti
o
n
o
f
Qu
a
d
ro
to
r
Ba
se
d
o
n
P
D
-
li
k
e
F
u
z
z
y
L
in
e
a
r
P
r
o
g
ra
m
m
in
g
,
”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
C
o
mp
u
t.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
1
–
2
2
6
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
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