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m
e
n
tatio
n
w
i
th
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Desp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e,
s
till
m
o
r
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
in
t
h
e
f
air
n
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
T
C
P
tr
a
f
f
ic
an
d
m
o
b
ili
t
y
m
o
d
els.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
t
s
u
cc
i
n
ct
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
io
r
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
s
ix
T
C
P
Var
ian
ts
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
v
er
f
o
u
r
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
MA
NE
T
,
an
d
co
v
er
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
ar
t
in
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
s
i
m
u
la
tes
a
w
ir
el
ess
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
h
er
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
m
o
v
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
w
it
h
T
C
P
f
lo
w
s
o
n
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Di
f
f
icu
l
t
y
ex
is
t
s
to
an
al
y
ze
f
air
n
es
s
o
f
T
C
P
f
lo
w
s
u
s
i
n
g
T
C
P
v
ar
ian
ts
o
v
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
b
ased
o
n
l
y
o
n
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
ca
lc
u
la
tio
n
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
lo
t o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
h
elp
s
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
ies.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
o
f
th
e
M
A
NE
T
g
i
v
es
a
b
ette
r
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
u
s
to
r
ev
ea
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
th
e
M
A
NE
T
’
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Usi
n
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
m
a
th
e
m
atic
al
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
to
o
ls
as
G
NUP
L
OT
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
r
es
u
lt
s
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
i
l
y
an
al
y
ze
d
.
Af
ter
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
all
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
d
o
n
e.
T
h
ese
c
o
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
w
ill
h
elp
i
n
f
u
tu
r
e
to
d
esig
n
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
R
esear
ch
is
s
till
g
o
in
g
o
n
M
A
NE
T
s
w
h
ich
i
n
v
o
lv
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
a
ct
th
at
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
c
h
an
g
es
s
o
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
l
y
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
Fair
n
ess
i
s
s
u
es
o
f
T
C
P
V
ar
ian
ts
in
M
A
NE
T
in
clu
d
i
n
g
e
x
is
t
in
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l a
r
e
s
till
u
n
s
o
l
v
ed
.
I
n
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
v
o
l
v
es
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
t
h
at
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
p
r
o
-
ac
t
iv
e,
r
ea
ct
iv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
m
o
s
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
n
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
:
a)
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
b
)
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
c)
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
m
o
d
els.
An
al
y
tical
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
a
t
in
v
o
l
v
e
T
C
P
,
C
B
R
an
d
VB
R
(
Var
iab
le
B
it
R
ate)
tr
af
f
ic
m
o
d
el
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
w
ir
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
es
in
d
icate
c
o
n
g
es
tio
n
in
a
lin
k
,
b
u
t
an
al
y
s
is
h
as
r
ev
ea
led
th
a
t
in
t
h
e
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
T
C
P
tr
af
f
ic
m
o
d
el
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
d
ep
en
d
o
n
p
ac
k
et
l
o
s
s
es
b
u
t
al
s
o
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e
a
n
d
late
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
en
t
p
la
y
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
to
i
n
d
icate
co
lli
s
io
n
in
w
ir
eles
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
to
p
o
lo
g
y
c
h
an
g
es.
Ar
ch
itect
u
r
all
y
,
T
C
P
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
f
o
r
s
tat
ic
n
o
d
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
C
lar
if
icat
io
n
o
f
b
est
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
lo
s
s
an
d
l
in
k
f
ail
u
r
e
is
also
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
,
s
ti
ll
m
ai
n
ca
u
s
e
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
in
M
A
NE
T
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
.
An
e
x
ten
s
io
n
to
th
e
A
O
DV
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
A
d
-
h
o
c
O
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
Mu
ltip
at
h
Di
s
ta
n
ce
Vec
to
r
R
o
u
tin
g
(
A
O
MD
V)
[
4
]
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
lo
o
p
-
f
r
ee
an
d
lin
k
d
is
j
o
in
t p
ath
s
[
14
].
I
n
A
d
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
co
n
g
es
tio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
al
w
a
y
s
o
cc
u
r
f
o
r
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
B
u
t
s
e
v
er
al
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
lo
s
s
e
s
o
cc
u
r
in
a
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
elate
d
to
co
n
g
esti
o
n
[
1
5
]
,
b
u
t
also
f
o
r
it
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
atu
r
e.
T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
T
C
P
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
v
er
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
lo
t o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es
[
7
],
[
9
]
,
[
10
]
s
h
o
w
th
at
T
C
P
V
eg
as
[
8
]
ef
f
ec
tu
ate
b
ett
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
th
an
o
th
e
r
T
C
P
v
a
r
i
an
ts
b
o
th
in
w
ir
e
d
an
d
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
k
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
is
is
o
n
ly
tr
u
e
in
th
e
w
ir
ed
n
etw
o
r
k
th
at
f
u
lly
in
v
o
lv
es
T
C
P
V
e
g
as.
B
u
t
in
o
u
r
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
v
esti
g
at
e
th
e
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
etw
o
r
k
am
o
n
g
s
ix
Var
ian
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
T
C
P
V
eg
as
o
v
er
f
o
u
r
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
T
C
P
Veg
as
d
im
in
is
h
es
d
r
as
tic
ally
.
T
C
P
V
eg
as
f
aile
d
t
o
att
ain
f
air
b
an
d
w
id
th
al
l
o
tm
en
t
w
h
en
co
m
p
etin
g
w
ith
o
th
er
T
C
P
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
f
ai
r
n
ess
is
s
u
e
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
T
C
P
v
ar
ian
t
li
k
e
T
C
P
R
en
o
,
T
C
P
Ne
w
R
en
o
,
T
C
P
S
A
C
K,
T
C
P
Veg
as,
T
C
P
FAC
K
an
d
T
C
P
C
u
b
ic
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
w
h
e
n
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
o
v
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
lik
e
DSDV,
A
OD
V,
A
OM
D
V
an
d
DSR
u
s
i
n
g
n
s
-
2
[
16
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
an
al
y
s
is
,
a
m
o
n
g
T
C
P
v
ar
ian
t
s
T
C
P
R
en
o
ac
h
iev
e
s
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
w
it
h
o
th
er
v
ar
ia
n
ts
u
n
d
er
DSDV
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l in
all
asp
ec
ts
.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
class
if
ica
tio
n
i
n
M
A
NE
T
’
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
.
I
n
ter
n
et
d
is
ta
n
ce
–
v
ec
to
r
a
n
d
lin
k
-
s
tate
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
2
]
,
[
19
]
,
[
2
0
]
p
r
eser
v
e
r
o
u
tes
to
al
l
n
o
d
es.
T
h
ey
r
ea
ct
to
a
n
y
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
a
n
d
u
p
d
ated
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
to
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
i
n
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
Desti
n
atio
n
Seq
u
en
ce
d
Dis
ta
n
ce
Vec
to
r
(
DSD
V)
[
2
]
is
a
r
ep
r
esen
tati
v
e
a
m
o
n
g
p
o
p
u
lar
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
alter
n
at
iv
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
3
],
[
2
1
]
is
u
s
e
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
in
I
P
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
s
i
ze
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
li
n
k
,
co
n
n
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atter
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s
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A
ODV
[
3
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an
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DS
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[
2
2
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ar
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th
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m
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p
r
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A
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D
V
ar
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.
A
O
M
DV
[
4
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ex
ten
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p
r
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ce
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ODV
to
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MA
NE
T
w
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C
P
p
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l
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w
s
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T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
T
C
P
v
ar
ian
t
s
:
R
e
n
o
[
2
1
]
,
Ne
w
R
en
o
[
23
]
,
Veg
as
[
8
]
,
SAC
K
[
24
]
,
FA
C
K
[
2
5
]
an
d
C
UB
I
C
[
26
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
co
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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a
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a
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f TC
P
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2201
m
ec
h
a
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s
m
s
.
T
h
e
DSDV
p
r
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c
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l
[
2
]
is
a
p
r
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t
o
co
l
w
ith
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
m
ain
tain
a
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A
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
u
m
b
er
is
m
ain
tain
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
est
in
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o
n
is
u
s
e
d
t
o
av
er
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r
o
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g
l
o
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p
s
.
A
ODV,
a
r
ea
c
tiv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
DS
DV,
less
en
r
o
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tin
g
o
v
er
h
e
ad
b
y
c
r
ea
tin
g
r
o
u
t
es o
n
d
em
an
d
[
3
]
.
Th
e
r
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t
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r
e
q
u
est
th
at
in
iti
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d
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A
r
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t
o
f
A
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is
it
o
n
ly
w
o
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k
s
w
ith
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
l
in
k
s
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d
m
a
y
b
e
ch
al
l
en
g
in
g
to
s
atis
f
y
in
MA
NE
T
s
.
A
OM
DV
[
4
]
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
m
in
e
n
ce
o
f
A
OD
V,
r
ep
r
esen
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ti
m
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b
ased
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t
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ch
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b
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s
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DSR
[
5
]
is
a
lo
o
p
-
f
r
ee
,
s
o
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r
ce
b
ased
o
n
-
d
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m
a
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t
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AOD
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ll
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ti
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g
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ath
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ca
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tili
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b
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th
s
y
m
m
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ic
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d
as
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m
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k
w
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m
ai
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tai
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m
u
ltip
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te
s
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ca
ch
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n
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n
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h
i
ch
is
cr
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cia
l a
s
li
n
k
f
ail
u
r
e.
T
C
P
Var
ian
ts
[
8
],
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
3
]
-
[
26]
in
ter
t
w
i
n
ed
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
co
m
m
o
n
T
C
P
co
n
g
est
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
n
a
m
ed
Slo
w
s
ta
r
t,
C
o
n
g
e
s
tio
n
Av
o
id
an
ce
,
F
ast
R
etr
a
n
s
m
it
a
n
d
Fas
t
R
ec
o
v
er
y
.
Slo
w
S
tar
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m
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h
a
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s
m
in
cr
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h
e
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g
esti
o
n
w
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w
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c
w
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d
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ize
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e
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ch
ac
k
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w
led
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m
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o
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ate
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ize
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t
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e
(
R
T
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Fas
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s
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s
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t
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er
g
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f
,
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n
d
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an
s
m
it
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
i
f
a
tr
ip
le
d
u
p
licate
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
i
s
ac
h
iev
ed
.
I
n
t
h
e
Fa
s
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
h
ase,
a
f
ter
p
r
ev
ai
lin
g
d
u
p
lic
ate
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t,
o
n
e
p
ac
k
et
m
a
y
b
e
le
f
t,
it
’
ll
s
w
itc
h
to
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
a
v
o
id
an
c
e
p
h
ase,
b
u
t d
o
n
o
t j
u
m
p
d
o
w
n
to
s
lo
w
s
tar
t.
TC
P
R
en
o
[
2
1
]
im
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
a
ll
th
e
b
asic
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
o
f
T
C
P
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
a
n
ex
ten
d
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
T
C
P
.
I
t
u
s
es
d
u
p
licate
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
an
d
tr
ip
le
d
u
p
licate
ac
k
n
o
w
l
ed
g
m
e
n
t
to
id
en
ti
f
y
a
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
.
A
m
o
d
est i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
C
P
R
e
n
o
is
T
C
P
Ne
w
R
E
NO
[
23
]
.
Un
lik
e
R
e
n
o
,
it d
etec
ts
m
u
ltip
le
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
es
an
d
d
o
esn
’
t
ex
it
f
a
s
t
-
r
ec
o
v
er
y
u
n
til
all
th
e
o
u
ts
tan
d
i
n
g
d
ata
in
f
a
s
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
p
h
ase
i
s
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
,
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
f
r
e
s
h
AC
K
as i
n
R
en
o
.
T
C
P
Veg
as
[
8
]
is
a
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
a
v
o
id
an
ce
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ac
h
iev
es
4
0
%
-
7
0
%
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
th
an
R
en
o
o
n
l
y
if
r
o
u
ter
s
b
u
f
f
er
is
n
o
t
h
ea
v
il
y
u
tili
ze
d
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
w
i
th
R
en
o
,
i
t
i
s
les
s
a
g
g
r
ess
i
v
e
an
d
p
ath
r
er
o
u
tin
g
ch
an
g
es
th
e
b
ase
R
T
T
,
ca
u
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
lo
s
s
.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
o
b
lem
i
n
T
C
P
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
is
t
h
at
cu
m
u
lati
v
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t p
r
o
v
id
es
less
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Selecti
v
e
A
c
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t [
24
]
ad
d
s
a
b
it
m
as
k
o
f
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
iv
e
d
w
h
ic
h
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
as
a
T
C
P
o
p
tio
n
,
n
eg
o
tiated
d
u
r
i
n
g
h
an
d
s
h
a
k
e.
T
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
n
u
m
b
er
is
s
t
i
ll c
u
m
u
lati
v
e.
Fo
r
w
ar
d
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
(
F
AC
K)
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
T
C
P
SA
C
K
o
p
tio
n
w
ith
o
u
t
i
n
cu
r
r
i
n
g
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
t
i
m
eo
u
t
[
2
5
].
T
C
P
C
UB
I
C
[
26
]
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
wo
s
tates,
n
a
m
ed
th
e
Stead
y
s
t
ate,
w
h
er
e
w
in
d
o
w
g
r
o
w
s
f
aster
f
o
r
a
w
i
n
d
o
w
r
ed
u
ctio
n
to
m
ax
i
m
u
m
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
ize
,
it
s
lo
w
s
d
o
w
n
it
s
g
r
o
w
t
h
an
d
a
P
r
o
b
in
g
s
tate,
w
h
er
e
w
i
n
d
o
w
g
r
o
w
s
s
lo
w
l
y
ar
o
u
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
iz
e
en
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
[
27
]
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
h
a
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
p
en
is
s
u
es
o
f
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
m
iti
g
ate
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
u
s
i
n
g
S
w
ar
m
I
n
tel
lig
e
n
ce
.
I
n
[
2
8
]
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
h
as
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
o
v
el
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
is
co
m
p
a
tib
le
w
it
h
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
M
A
NE
T
an
d
s
h
o
w
s
b
et
ter
o
u
tco
m
e
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
A
O
DV
an
d
D
SDV.
A
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
I
n
tr
a
an
d
I
n
ter
-
g
r
o
u
p
M
ANE
T
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
29
]
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ar
y
i
n
g
o
f
n
o
d
es
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
al
u
atio
n
m
atr
ic.
2.
M
ANET
SI
M
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3
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A
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4
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4.
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N
T
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p
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s
s
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ies
[
7
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,
[
9
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[
10
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s
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t
T
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s
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8
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s
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.
RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Z
J.
Ha
a
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
W
irele
ss
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
En
c
y
c
lo
p
e
d
ia o
f
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
C.
E.
P
e
rk
i
n
s
a
n
d
P
.
Bh
a
g
w
a
t
,
“
Hig
h
ly
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
e
stin
a
ti
o
n
-
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
d
d
istan
c
e
-
v
e
c
to
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
(DSDV
)
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
p
u
ters
,”
ACM
S
IGCO
M
M
c
o
mp
u
ter
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
re
v
iew
,
v
ol
.
24
,
n
o
.
4
,
1
9
9
4
.
[3
]
C.
P
e
rk
in
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
istan
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
(A
OD
V
)
ro
u
ti
n
g
,”
No
.
RF
C
3
5
6
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
[4
]
M
.
K.
M
a
rin
a
a
n
d
S
.
R.
Da
s
,
“
On
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
m
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lt
ip
a
th
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istan
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e
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e
c
to
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
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two
rk
Pro
to
c
o
ls,
2
0
0
1
.
Ni
n
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
I
EE
E,
2
0
0
1
.
[5
]
A
.
A
h
u
ja,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
T
CP
o
v
e
r
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
Veh
icu
la
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s,
2
0
0
0
.
VT
C
2
0
0
0
-
S
p
ri
n
g
T
o
k
y
o
.
2
0
0
0
IEE
E
5
1
st
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
2
0
0
0
.
[6
]
J.
P
o
ste
l
,
“
T
ra
n
sm
iss
i
o
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
Da
r
p
a
I
n
te
r
n
e
t
P
r
o
g
ra
m
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
S
p
e
c
if
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Re
q
u
e
s
t
o
f
Co
m
m
e
n
t
7
9
3
,
In
ter
n
e
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
a
sk
F
o
rc
e
,
1
9
8
1
.
[7
]
L
.
S
.
Bra
k
m
o
a
n
d
L
.
L
.
P
e
ters
on
,
“
T
CP
V
e
g
a
s:
En
d
to
e
n
d
c
o
n
g
e
stio
n
a
v
o
id
a
n
c
e
o
n
a
g
lo
b
a
l
In
tern
e
t
,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
se
lec
ted
Are
a
s i
n
c
o
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
13
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
5
-
1
4
8
0
,
1
9
9
5
.
[8
]
L
.
S
.
B
ra
k
m
o
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
C
P
V
e
g
a
s:
Ne
w
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
g
e
s
ti
o
n
d
e
tec
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
v
o
i
d
a
n
c
e
,
”
i
n
S
I
GCO
M
M
9
4
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
UK
,
1994.
[9
]
I.
K.
T
a
b
a
sh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
so
m
e
T
CP
v
a
rian
ts
f
o
r
ro
u
ti
n
g
o
v
e
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
vol
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
M
.
M
.
M
o
rsh
e
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
T
CP
v
a
rian
ts
o
v
e
r
A
OD
V
,
DSD
V
,
DSR
,
OL
S
R
in
NS
-
2
,”
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
&
Vi
sio
n
(
ICIEV
),
2
0
1
2
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
IEE
E,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
C.
E.
P
e
rk
in
s,
“
A
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
,”
A
d
d
iso
n
-
W
e
sle
y
P
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
S.
Ra
jag
o
p
a
lan
a
n
d
C
.
C
.
S
h
e
n
,
“
W
h
a
t
d
o
e
s
u
sin
g
T
CP
a
s
a
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
t
o
o
l
re
v
e
a
l
a
b
o
u
t
M
A
NE
T
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
?
”
,
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
t
h
e
2
0
0
6
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
.
A
CM
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
3
]
D.
T
rian
ta
fy
ll
id
o
u
a
n
d
K
.
A
.
Ag
h
a
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
T
CP
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
in
M
A
NE
T
s
u
sin
g
a
n
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
sc
a
lab
l
e
sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l
,”
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
An
a
lys
is,
a
n
d
S
imu
la
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
a
n
d
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
7
.
M
AS
COTS
'
0
7
.
1
5
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
.
I
EE
E,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
4
]
H.
D.
T
ru
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
d
if
fe
re
n
t
a
d
h
o
c
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
,”
Co
mp
u
ter
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
30
,
n
o
.
11
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
8
-
2
4
9
6
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
5
]
F.
A
h
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
T
CP
o
v
e
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,”
a
rXiv
p
re
p
rin
t
a
rXiv:
1
0
0
2
.
2
1
8
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
Ns
-
2
sim
u
la
to
r
,
h
tt
p
:/
/w
w
w
.
isi.
e
d
u
/
n
s
n
a
m
/n
s
.
[1
7
]
X
.
Ho
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
c
a
lab
le
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
n
e
two
rk
,
v
o
l
.
16
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
11
-
21
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
8
]
E.
M
.
R
o
y
e
r
a
n
d
C
.
K
.
T
o
h
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
ro
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ti
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g
p
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
a
d
h
o
c
m
o
b
il
e
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
p
e
rs
o
n
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
46
-
55
,
1
9
9
9
.
[1
9
]
C.
C.
C
h
ian
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ro
u
ti
n
g
in
c
lu
ste
re
d
m
u
lt
ih
o
p
,
m
o
b
il
e
w
irel
e
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
w
it
h
f
a
d
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
,”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
S
ICON
,
v
ol
.
97
,
1
9
9
7
.
[2
0
]
S.
S
u
n
g
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Hie
ra
rc
h
ica
l
c
l
u
ste
rin
g
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
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e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Its
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
Be
rli
n
He
id
e
lb
e
rg
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
1
]
W
.
S
tev
e
n
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
R
F
C
2
5
8
1
:
T
CP
Co
n
g
e
stio
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,”
C
o
n
su
lt
a
n
t
,
1
9
9
9
.
[2
2
]
D.
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
so
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rc
e
ro
u
ti
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g
p
r
o
t
o
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o
l
(DSR)
f
o
r
m
o
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il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
I
P
v
4
,”
No
.
RF
C
4
7
2
8
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
3
]
S.
F
l
o
y
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Ne
w
Re
n
o
m
o
d
if
ic
a
ti
o
n
t
o
T
CP
'
s f
a
st r
e
c
o
v
e
ry
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,”
2004
.
[2
4
]
M.
M
a
th
is,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
C
P
se
lec
ti
v
e
a
c
k
n
o
w
led
g
m
e
n
t
o
p
ti
o
n
s
,”
N
o
.
R
F
C
2
0
1
8
,
1
9
9
6
.
[2
5
]
M.
M
a
th
is
a
n
d
J
.
M
a
h
d
a
v
i
,
“
F
o
rw
a
rd
a
c
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
e
n
t:
Re
f
in
in
g
T
CP
c
o
n
g
e
stio
n
c
o
n
tro
l
,”
ACM
S
IGCO
M
M
Co
mp
u
ter
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Rev
ie
w
,
v
ol
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
1
9
9
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2206
[2
6
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S.
Ha
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
CUBIC:
a
n
e
w
TCP
-
f
rien
d
ly
h
ig
h
-
sp
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e
d
T
CP
v
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rian
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,”
ACM
S
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PS
Op
e
ra
ti
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g
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y
ste
ms
Rev
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e
w
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v
o
l
.
42
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
64
-
74
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
7
]
P
.
K.
Krish
n
a
p
p
a
a
n
d
B
.
R
.
P
.
Ba
b
u
,
“
I
n
v
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stig
a
ti
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g
Op
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Iss
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e
s
in
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w
a
r
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In
telli
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e
f
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r
M
it
i
g
a
ti
n
g
S
e
c
u
rit
y
T
h
re
a
ts
in
M
A
NET
,”
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
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a
n
d
Co
m
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u
ter
E
n
g
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rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
R.
Ha
v
in
a
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
EA
S
R:
G
r
a
p
h
-
b
a
se
d
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ra
m
e
w
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rk
f
o
r
En
e
rg
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ff
icie
n
t
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m
a
rt
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u
ti
n
g
in
M
A
NE
T
u
sin
g
Av
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
Zo
n
e
s
,”
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
9
]
D.
S
.
S
iso
d
ia,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
In
tra
a
n
d
In
ter
-
G
ro
u
p
M
A
NET
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
u
n
d
e
r
V
a
ry
in
g
S
p
e
e
d
o
f
No
d
e
s
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
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o
mp
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te
r E
n
g
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n
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g
,
v
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l
.
7
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
0
]
M.
Je
h
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
V
e
g
a
s:
Be
tt
e
r
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
th
a
n
o
th
e
r
T
CP
c
o
n
g
e
stio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
o
n
M
a
n
e
ts
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
c
o
mp
u
ter
n
e
two
rk
s (
IJ
CN)
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
-
1
5
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
1
]
P
.
K.
M
e
h
e
r
a
n
d
P
.
J.
Ku
lk
a
rn
i
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
TCP
-
V
e
g
a
s
i
n
M
A
NET
,”
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
CS
NT
),
2
0
1
1
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
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EE
E,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
2
]
N.
Ka
u
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
b
a
se
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
T
CP
V
a
rian
ts
o
v
e
r
M
A
N
E
T
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
s
u
sin
g
NS2
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s (
0
9
7
5
–
8
8
8
7
),
2
0
1
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Na
h
i
d
a
Nig
a
r
re
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v
e
d
h
e
r
B.
S
c
.
En
g
.
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
En
g
in
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rin
g
f
r
o
m
Un
iv
e
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y
o
f
Ch
it
tag
o
n
g
,
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n
g
lad
e
sh
in
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
2
0
1
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
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h
e
is
n
o
w
Lec
tu
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De
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rtm
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ter
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c
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t
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rn
Un
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n
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.
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tere
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m
m
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rti
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In
telli
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.
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u
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a
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rtme
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f
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r
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it
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s
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e
c
u
re
S
o
f
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a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.