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18
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2
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[
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ar
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c.
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25
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28
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29
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ted
QO
cir
cu
it
s
R
e
f
.
A
c
t
i
v
e
N
o
o
f
a
c
t
i
v
e
C
l
o
se
l
o
o
p
P
a
ssi
v
e
e
l
e
me
n
t
s
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
O
u
t
p
u
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
F
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
s
b
l
o
c
k
s
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
sc
h
e
me
C
+
R
t
u
n
i
n
g
T
y
p
e
I
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
p
a
s
si
v
e
C
o
mp
n
e
n
t
s
[
1
5
]
C
C
I
I
3
F
i
g
.
1
,
t
w
o
l
o
ss
y
a
n
d
3
+
5
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
o
n
e
l
o
ssl
e
ss i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
3
F
i
g
.
2
,
-
do
-
5
+
3
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
3
F
i
g
.
3
,
I
n
t
u
i
t
i
o
n
3
+
5
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
[
1
6
]
O
TA
3
F
i
g
.
7
,
t
w
o
l
o
ss
y
a
n
d
o
n
e
3
+
0
Y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
l
o
ssl
e
ss i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
4
F
i
g
.
9
,
-
do
-
3
+
1
Y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
[
1
8
]
C
D
T
A
3
-
do
-
3
+
0
Y
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
H
i
g
h
N
[
1
9
]
Op
-
a
m
p
3
-
do
-
3
+
5
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
w
Y
3
-
do
-
5
+
3
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
w
Y
[
2
0
]
C
C
I
I
2
A
se
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
l
o
w
p
a
ss
f
i
l
t
e
r
a
n
d
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
3
+
3
N
B
o
t
h
H
i
g
h
Y
[
2
1
]
C
C
C
I
I
4
-
do
-
3
+
0
Y
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
H
i
gh
N
[
2
2
]
C
C
C
I
I
3
o
n
e
l
o
ss
y
a
n
d
t
w
o
l
o
ssl
e
ss i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
s
3
+
0
Y
B
o
t
h
H
i
g
h
N
[
2
3
]
C
C
C
I
I
4
C
a
sc
a
d
e
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
L
P
F
s
w
i
t
h
g
a
i
n
e
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
3
+
1
Y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
[
2
4
]
D
V
C
C
4
A
se
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
L
P
F
a
n
d
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
3
+
3
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
Y
[
2
5
]
C
D
T
A
3
-
do
-
3
+
0
Y
B
o
t
h
H
i
g
h
N
[
2
6
]
O
T
R
A
2
-
do
-
3
+
4
Y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
w
R
1
+
C
[
2
7
]
C
C
C
C
T
A
2
-
do
-
3
+
0
Y
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
H
i
g
h
N
[
2
8
]
D
D
C
C
a
n
d
O
T
A
3
-
do
-
3
+
1
Y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
H
i
g
h
N
[
2
9
]
C
C
C
D
T
A
a
n
d
O
T
A
2
-
do
-
3
+
0
Y
B
o
t
h
H
i
g
h
N
[
3
0
]
C
C
C
C
T
A
a
n
d
O
T
A
2
-
do
-
3
+
0
Y
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
H
i
g
h
N
[
3
1
]
D
V
C
C
T
A
2
F
i
g
.
5
,
H
P
F
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
3
+
1
Y
B
o
t
h
H
i
g
h
N
2
F
i
g
.
6
,
-
do
-
3
+
2
Y
B
o
t
h
H
i
g
h
N
[
3
2
]
O
T
R
A
2
F
i
g
.
2
,
L
P
F
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
o
r
3
+
3
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
w
R
2
,
R
3
,
C
1
,
C
2
2
F
i
g
.
3
,
H
P
F
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
3
+
3
N
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
w
R
1
,
R
2
,
C
2
,
C
3
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
OT
RA
2
F
i
g
.
2
H
P
F
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
o
r
3
+
4
Y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
o
w
R
1
+
C
A
b
o
v
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
u
g
g
es
ts
t
h
at
OT
R
A
b
ased
QO
is
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
.
R
est
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
is
as
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
ll
o
w
s
:
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
is
d
escr
ib
ed
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
i
d
ea
lit
y
o
f
OT
R
A
i
s
d
ea
lt
i
n
s
ec
t
io
n
3
.
S
ec
tio
n
4
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
MO
S
-
C
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
d
etail
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
i
s
v
er
i
f
ied
e
x
p
er
ietall
y
b
y
co
n
tr
u
ctin
g
OT
R
A
u
s
i
n
g
o
f
f
s
h
e
lf
I
C
’
s
AD8
4
4
[
3
4
]
,
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
S
e
n
s
i
ti
v
it
y
an
a
l
y
s
is
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
6
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
7
an
d
p
ap
er
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
8
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CIR
CUI
T
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
s
y
m
b
o
l o
f
OT
R
A
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
an
d
its
p
o
r
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
I
I
R
R
V
V
V
n
p
m
m
n
p
(
1
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
o
f
t
w
o
i
n
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
ts
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
tr
an
s
-
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
g
ai
n
(
R
m
)
.
I
d
ea
lly
t
h
e
tr
an
s
-
r
esis
ta
n
ce
g
a
in
R
m
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
f
i
n
it
y
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
OT
R
A
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
n
e
g
ati
v
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
QO
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
u
s
es
a
n
OT
R
A
b
ased
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
h
ig
h
p
a
s
s
f
ilter
[
3
2
]
(C
1
=C
3
)
an
d
a
n
i
n
v
er
tin
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiato
r
i
n
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
,
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lts
i
n
a
th
ir
d
o
r
d
er
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
E
q
u
at
io
n
g
iv
e
n
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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I
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N:
2
0
8
8
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u
a
d
r
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r
e
Oscill
a
to
r
u
s
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g
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(
Gu
r
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mu
r
th
y
K
o
ma
n
a
p
lli
)
1817
0
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
3
R
R
R
C
R
C
s
C
C
s
C
R
C
C
s
D
D
(
2
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
OT
R
A
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
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it
Ass
u
m
in
g
C
2
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1
t
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
o
s
cillat
io
n
(
C
O)
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
o
s
cil
latio
n
(
FO)
F.O:
D
D
C
R
R
R
C
R
R
f
2
1
3
2
1
2
(
3)
C
O:
D
D
C
R
C
R
R
2
2
1
)
(
(
4
)
T
h
e
FO c
an
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
to
d
es
ir
ed
v
alu
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
R
1,
R
2
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
esis
to
r
R
D
w
o
u
ld
s
atis
f
y
th
e
C
O.
3.
NO
NIDE
AL
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
d
ea
lly
th
e
tr
an
s
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
g
ai
n
R
m
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
f
i
n
it
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
p
r
ac
ticall
y
R
m
is
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t f
in
i
te
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
QO
m
a
y
d
ev
iate
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
-
id
ea
lit
y
o
f
OT
R
A
i
n
p
r
ac
tice.
C
o
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
p
o
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
-
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
g
a
in
,
R
m
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
o
o
m
s
R
s
R
1
)
(
(5
)
W
h
e
r
e
o
R
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
c
t
r
an
s
r
esis
tan
c
e
g
ain
.
F
o
r
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
ap
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
th
e
t
r
an
s
r
esis
tan
c
e
g
ain
)
(
s
m
R
r
e
d
u
ce
s
t
o
P
sC
s
m
R
1
)
(
,
w
h
er
e
O
O
P
R
C
1
(
6
)
T
ak
in
g
t
h
is
e
f
f
ec
t in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
E
q
u
atio
n
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
2
)
m
o
d
if
ies to
0
2
3
Z
Ys
Xs
Ws
(
7
)
W
h
er
e
th
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
W
,
X,
Y,
an
d
Z
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as
D
D
D
P
D
P
R
C
C
CR
C
R
C
CC
W
2
2
2
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:
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4
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A
u
g
u
s
t
2
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1
7
:
1
8
1
5
–
1
8
2
3
1818
1
2
1
2
2
2
R
R
C
C
R
R
C
C
R
R
CC
CC
CC
X
D
P
D
P
D
P
P
;
2
1
1
2
2
)
(
R
R
C
R
R
C
C
R
C
Y
P
D
P
;
2
1
1
R
R
Z
Du
e
t
o
p
ar
asit
ic
ef
f
ec
t
th
e
FO
an
d
C
O
als
o
ch
an
g
e
an
d
a
r
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
8
)
an
d
(
9
)
r
es
p
ec
t
iv
ely
FO:
)
(
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
P
D
D
D
P
P
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f
(8
)
C
O:
C
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}
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9
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A
s
th
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a
r
asi
tic
c
ap
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th
e
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e
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s
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ef
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icien
ts
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e
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im
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ie
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as
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u
b
s
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Z
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r
o
m
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0
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,
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1
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(
1
2
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in
(
7
)
th
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tic
E
q
u
ati
o
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an
d
h
en
c
e
th
e
FO
an
d
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ca
n
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e
o
b
ta
in
ed
w
h
ich
a
r
e
s
am
e
as
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
,
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
4.
M
O
S
-
C
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
OT
R
A
a
llo
w
s
t
h
e
r
es
is
to
r
s
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
ter
m
i
n
al
s
o
f
O
T
R
A
to
b
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
MO
S
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
w
it
h
co
m
p
lete
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
it
y
ca
n
ce
llat
io
n
[
3
3
]
.
E
ac
h
r
esi
s
to
r
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
t
w
o
m
atch
ed
N
MO
S tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
a
t
y
p
ical
MO
S
b
ased
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
r
esi
s
tan
ce
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
in
v
er
ti
n
g
te
r
m
in
a
l o
f
OT
R
A
w
h
er
e
n
o
d
es
X
a
n
d
Y
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
in
v
er
tin
g
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
ti
n
g
ter
m
in
als
o
f
t
h
e
OT
R
A
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
r
es
i
s
tan
ce
s
o
o
b
tain
ed
is
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
as
)
)(
/
(
1
b
a
ox
n
V
V
L
W
C
R
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e
μ
,
C
OX
an
d
W
/L
r
ep
r
es
en
t
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
an
d
V
a
an
d
V
b
ar
e
t
h
e
g
at
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
.
T
h
e
MO
S
b
ased
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
v
alu
e
m
a
y
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
b
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ch
o
ice
o
f
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
s
t
h
er
eb
y
m
a
k
in
g
o
s
cillato
r
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
elec
tr
o
n
icall
y
t
u
n
ab
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
ew
R
ea
liz
a
tio
n
o
f Q
u
a
d
r
a
tu
r
e
Oscill
a
to
r
u
s
in
g
OTRA
(
Gu
r
u
mu
r
th
y
K
o
ma
n
a
p
lli
)
1819
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
MO
S b
ased
r
esis
to
r
[
3
3
]
Fig
u
r
e
4.
T
h
e
MO
S b
ased
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
QO
C
ir
c
u
it
5.
P
H
ASE
NO
I
S
E
ANA
L
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
i
n
a
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
a
s
i
g
n
al
ca
n
b
e
tr
ea
ted
as
a
p
h
ase
n
o
is
e.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
s
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
e
n
o
is
e
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
is
ad
o
p
ted
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
lo
o
p
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
H(
s
)
of
th
e
o
s
cilla
to
r
cir
cu
it o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
)
1
)(
1
(
)
(
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
sC
R
sC
R
R
R
R
C
C
C
s
s
H
D
D
(
1
4
)
T
h
e
H(
s
)
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
1
4
)
ca
n
also
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
an
d
p
h
a
s
e
as
j
e
A
j
H
).
(
)
(
(
1
5
)
Fro
m
(
1
5
)
d
dH
d
d
d
dA
j
A
+
j
e
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
in
g
t
h
e
C
O
a
n
d
FO o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
s
cillato
r
in
(
1
4
)
th
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
A
(
ω
)
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as
2
2
2
1
2
2
)
(
1
1
)
(
R
R
C
R
C
A
o
D
D
o
(
1
6
)
Dete
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
d
dA
f
r
o
m
(
1
6
)
r
esu
lts
in
o
d
dA
2
;
2
2
1
2
1
)
(
1
1
)
(
o
o
D
D
R
R
C
R
C
T
an
H
(
1
7
)
Dete
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
d
d
f
r
o
m
(
1
7
)
r
esu
lts
in
D
D
o
R
C
d
d
2
2
(
1
8
)
Fro
m
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
1
8
)
it
i
s
cle
ar
th
at
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
s
tab
ili
t
y
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
o
s
cilla
to
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
o
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
7
:
1
8
1
5
–
1
8
2
3
1820
6.
S
E
NS
I
T
I
V
I
T
Y
A
NALY
SI
S
T
h
e
s
en
s
it
iv
i
t
y
i
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
cr
iter
io
n
o
f
a
n
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
FO
(
o
)
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
a
cir
cu
it p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
s
a
y
Y
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
as
o
o
Y
Y
Y
S
o
.
Usi
n
g
t
h
is
d
e
f
in
itio
n
,
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
o
f
F
O
(
o
)
f
o
r
th
e
cir
cu
it
w
.
r
.
t
R
1
,
R
2
,
C
ar
e
g
i
v
en
a
s
2
1
o
o
D
C
C
S
S
;
)
(
2
2
1
2
1
R
R
R
S
o
R
;
o
R
S
2
=
)
(
2
2
1
1
R
R
R
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
E
q
u
atio
n
s
i
t
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
all
p
as
s
iv
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
ities
f
o
r
b
o
th
t
h
e
cir
c
u
its
a
r
e
lo
w
er
t
h
an
u
n
it
y
in
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e.
I
t e
n
s
u
r
es th
a
t t
h
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
g
o
o
d
.
7.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
E
XP
E
RIM
E
NT
AL
R
E
S
UL
T
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
QO
is
v
er
i
f
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
MO
S
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
OT
R
A
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
SP
I
C
E
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
0
.
1
8
µ
m
C
MO
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
MO
SIS
(
A
GI
L
E
NT
)
.
Su
p
p
l
y
v
o
lta
g
es
tak
e
n
ar
e
±
1
.
5
V.
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
v
al
u
es
ar
e
c
h
o
s
en
as
C
1
=C
2
=C
3
=C
D
=1
0
0
p
F
an
d
R
1
=R
2
=5
KΩ
,
R
D
=1
0
KΩ
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
FO
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
3
2
0
KHz
as
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
c
alcu
lated
v
al
u
e
o
f
3
1
8
.
4
7
KHz
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a)
an
d
5
(
b
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
(
a)
T
r
an
s
ien
t
O
u
tp
u
t
(
b
)
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
QO
cir
cu
it.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e.
6.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
T
u
n
in
g
with
(
a)
R
esi
s
ta
n
ce
(
b
)
w
it
h
C
ap
ac
itan
ce
f
o
r
cir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
N
ew
R
ea
liz
a
tio
n
o
f Q
u
a
d
r
a
tu
r
e
Oscill
a
to
r
u
s
in
g
OTRA
(
Gu
r
u
mu
r
th
y
K
o
ma
n
a
p
lli
)
1821
T
h
e
FO
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
QO
ca
n
b
e
tu
n
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
R
o
r
C
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
(
3
)
.
T
h
e
FO
tu
n
in
g
w
it
h
R
(
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
3
k
Ω
to
6
k
Ω
)
w
h
ile
k
ee
p
i
n
g
C
f
i
x
ed
(
1
0
0
p
F)
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
w
h
er
ea
s
tu
n
in
g
w
it
h
C
(
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
6
0
p
F
to
1
4
0
p
F)
w
it
h
R
f
i
x
ed
at
5
k
Ω
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
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[1
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D.
Bio
lek
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S
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n
i,
V
.
Bio
lk
o
v
a
,
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Ko
lk
a
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“
A
c
ti
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e
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ti
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v
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w
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7
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[2
]
K.
N.
S
a
lam
a
,
A
.
M
.
S
o
li
m
a
n
,
“
CM
OS
Op
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T
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p
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,
v
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l.
3
0
,
p
p
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2
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–
24
5,
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[3
]
A
.
S
.
S
e
d
ra
,
K.
C.
S
m
it
h
,
M
icr
o
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s (
Ox
f
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rd
Un
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e
rsity
P
re
ss
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
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)
[4
]
R.
Ho
lze
l
,
“
A
S
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d
sin
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Qu
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sc
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lat
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IEE
E
T
ra
n
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ti
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me
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t
,
4
2
(1
9
9
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),
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p
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7
5
8
-
7
6
0
.
[5
]
M
.
T
A
h
m
e
d
,
I.
A
.
Kh
a
n
,
N.
M
i
n
h
a
j,
“
On
T
ra
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o
n
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u
c
tan
c
e
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C
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n
a
ti
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a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
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tro
n
ics
,
v
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l.
83
,
p
p
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2
0
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2
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7
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1
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9
7
.
[6
]
M
.
T
.
A
b
u
e
lm
a
’
a
tt
i,
H.
A
.
A
lz
a
h
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“
Co
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ter
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o
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ics
,
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l.
85
,
p
p
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1
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.
[7
]
C
Ca
k
ir,
U.
Ca
m
,
O.
Cice
k
o
g
lu
,
“
No
v
e
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ll
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ss
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in
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le
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A
,
”
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E
T
ra
n
sa
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s
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Circ
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S
y
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l.
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p
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2
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[8
]
S
.
S
.
G
u
p
ta,
R.
S
e
n
a
n
i,
“
G
ro
u
n
d
e
d
C
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
S
RCOs
u
sin
g
d
if
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e
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n
ti
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l
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n
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Co
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le
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tar
y
c
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t
f
e
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d
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c
k
A
m
p
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ier,
”
IEE
Pro
c
.
Circ
u
it
s D
e
v
ice
s S
y
st
,
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l.
1
5
2
,
p
p
.
38
-
4
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[9
]
H.
M
o
sta
f
a
,
A
.
M
.
S
o
li
m
a
n
,
“
A
m
o
d
if
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R
e
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
OT
RA
,
”
F
re
q
u
e
n
z
6
0
(
2
0
0
6
)
7
0
-
7
6
.
[1
0
]
W
.
T
a
n
g
srira
t,
S
.
P
isit
c
h
a
lerm
p
o
n
g
,
“
CDBA
-
b
a
se
d
Qu
a
d
ra
tu
re
S
in
u
so
i
d
a
l
O
sc
il
lato
r,
”
Fre
q
u
e
n
z,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
0
4
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
1
]
M
.
Ku
m
n
g
e
rn
,
P
.
L
a
m
u
n
,
“
Al
l
p
a
ss
S
e
c
ti
o
n
-
Ba
se
d
M
ixe
d
-
M
o
d
e
Qu
a
d
r
a
tu
re
S
in
u
so
i
d
a
l
Os
c
il
la
t
o
r,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
S
y
ste
m,”
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
(
P
e
n
a
n
g
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
2
0
1
3
)
,
p
p
.
2
2
6
-
2
2
9
.
[1
2
]
J.
Ba
jer,
J.
V
a
v
ra
,
D.
Bio
lek
,
“
Vo
lt
age
-
M
o
d
e
Qu
a
d
ra
t
u
re
Os
c
il
la
t
o
r
u
si
n
g
VD
-
DIBA
Active
E
lem
e
n
ts,
”
A
sia
P
a
c
i
f
ic Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Circu
i
ts
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s (
A
P
CCA
S
)
IEE
E,
(Ish
i
g
a
k
i
2
0
1
4
),
p
p
.
1
9
7
–
2
0
0
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Ku
m
n
g
e
rn
,
A
.
A
u
tt
a
p
u
t,
K.
De
jh
a
n
,
“
DD
CCT
A
-
b
a
se
d
Qu
a
d
r
a
tu
re
Os
c
il
la
t
o
r,”
El
e
v
e
n
th
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
ICT
a
n
d
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
(Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
2
0
1
3
),
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
4
]
H.
P
.
Ch
e
n
,
M
.
Y.
Hs
ieh
,
C.
C.
L
in
,
W
.
Y.
Hu
a
n
g
,
“
CF
O
A
-
b
a
s
e
d
Qu
a
d
ra
tu
re
Os
c
il
lato
r
Em
p
lo
y
in
g
G
ro
u
n
d
e
d
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
rs,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IS
EE
E)
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
0
–
4
7
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
J.
W
.
Ho
rn
g
,
C.
L
.
Ho
u
,
C.
M
.
Ch
a
n
g
,
W
.
Y
.
Ch
u
n
g
,
H.
W
.
Tan
g
,
Y.
H,
“
Wein
Qu
a
d
ra
tu
re
O
sc
il
lato
rs
u
sin
g
CCIIs,
”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
Co
mm
u
n
,
v
o
l.
9
2
,
p
p
.
21
–
31,
2
0
0
5
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[1
6
]
P
.
P
ro
m
m
e
,
K.
De
jh
a
n
,
“
A
n
In
teg
ra
b
le
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
S
in
u
so
id
a
l
O
sc
il
lato
r
u
sin
g
CM
O
S
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
T
ra
n
sc
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
A
m
p
li
f
ier,
”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tro
n
,
v
o
l.
8
9
,
p
p
.
3
6
5
–
3
7
9
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
7
]
T
.
Ha
jd
e
r,
“
Hig
h
e
r
Ord
e
r
L
o
o
p
s
Im
p
ro
v
e
P
h
a
se
No
ise
o
f
F
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
Os
c
il
lato
rs,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
M
icr
o
wa
v
e
a
n
d
W
ire
les
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
-
3
0
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
8
]
J.
W
.
Ho
rn
g
,
“
Cu
rre
n
t
-
M
o
d
e
th
ird
-
Ord
e
r
Q
ua
d
ra
tu
re
O
sc
il
lato
r
u
sin
g
CDTA
s,
”
Active
a
n
d
Pa
s
siv
e
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
Co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
0
9
A
rti
c
le ID
7
8
9
1
7
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
9
]
J.
W
.
Ho
rn
g
,
“
Qu
a
d
ra
tu
re
O
s
c
il
lato
r
s
u
sin
g
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e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
A
m
p
li
f
ie
rs,”
Active
a
n
d
Pa
ss
ive
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
Co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
,
v
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l.
2
0
1
1
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le ID
3
2
0
3
6
7
,
p
p
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1
-
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
0
]
J.
W
.
Ho
rn
g
,
“
Cu
rre
n
t/
V
o
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a
g
e
M
o
d
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th
ir
d
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e
r
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d
ra
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re
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il
lato
r
Em
p
lo
y
in
g
t
w
o
M
u
lt
ip
le
O
u
tp
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t
s
CCIIs
a
n
d
G
ro
u
n
d
e
d
C
a
p
a
c
it
o
r,
”
In
d
i
a
n
J
.
Pu
re
Ap
p
l.
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l
.
4
9
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p
p
.
4
9
4
–
9
8
8
,
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0
1
1
[2
1
]
S
.
M
a
h
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sh
w
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ri,
I.
A
.
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a
n
,
“
Cu
rr
e
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t
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o
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ird
Or
d
e
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a
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ra
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re
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il
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IEE
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r
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c
.
,
Circu
it
s
De
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1
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.
[2
2
]
S
.
M
a
h
e
sh
w
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ri,
I.
A
.
Kh
a
n
,
“
Cu
rre
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t
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
th
ir
d
Ord
e
r
Qu
a
d
ra
tu
re
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sc
il
lato
r
,”
IET
Circ
u
i
ts
De
v
ice
s
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
–
9
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
3
]
S
.
M
a
h
e
sh
w
a
ri,
R.
V
e
rm
a
,
“
El
e
c
t
ro
n
ica
ll
y
T
u
n
a
b
le
S
in
u
so
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d
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l
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c
il
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ircu
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P
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tro
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2
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6
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0
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2
.
[2
4
]
S
.
M
a
h
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sh
w
a
ri,
“
A
n
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lo
g
u
e
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ig
n
a
l
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ro
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ss
in
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p
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ti
o
n
s
u
sin
g
a
n
e
w
Circu
it
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o
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o
lo
g
y
,
”
IET
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s
De
v
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s
S
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l.
3
p
p
.
1
0
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–
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1
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J.
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,
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7
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ip
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p
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1
–
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[2
8
]
A
.
K
w
a
ws
ib
sa
m
,
B.
S
re
e
w
iro
te,
W
.
Ja
ik
la
,
“
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h
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tru
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si
n
g
DD
CC
a
n
d
OTA
s,”
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
o
n
Circu
it
s
,
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
,
v
o
l.
7
,
(
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
2
0
1
1
),
p
p
.
3
1
7
–
3
2
1
.
[2
9
]
M
.
Ku
m
n
g
e
rn
,
S
.
Ju
n
n
a
p
iy
a
,
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C
u
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M
o
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a
d
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la
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g
M
in
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m
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lem
e
n
ts,
”
In
t
.
Co
n
f
.
o
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tri
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o
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ti
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2
0
1
1
),
p
p
.
1
–
4.
[3
0
]
D.
Du
a
n
g
m
a
lai,
W
.
Ja
i
k
la,
“
Re
a
l
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
Cu
rre
n
t
-
M
o
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e
Qu
a
d
ra
t
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re
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s
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lato
r
b
a
se
d
o
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ir
d
o
rd
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
ACE
EE
In
t.
J
.
El
e
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tr.
Po
we
r E
n
g
,
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o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
4
6
–
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9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
1
]
N.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
R.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
“
A
p
p
ro
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h
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o
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ir
d
Ord
e
r
Qu
a
d
ra
t
u
re
Os
c
il
lato
r
R
e
a
li
sa
ti
o
n
,
”
IE
T
Circ
u
it
s
De
v
ice
s
S
y
st
,
v
o
l
.
9
(
3
)
,
p
p
.
161
–
1
7
1
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
5
.
[3
2
]
B.
Na
g
a
r,
S
.
P
a
u
l,
“
V
o
lt
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
th
ir
d
Or
d
e
r
Q
ua
d
ra
tu
re
O
sc
il
l
a
to
rs
u
si
n
g
OT
R
A
s,”
An
a
lo
g
I
n
t
e
g
ra
ted
Circ
u
it
s
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n
d
S
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g
n
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l
Pr
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e
ss
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,
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8
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3
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p
.
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0
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1
6
.
[3
3
]
A
.
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e
n
,
S
.
Kılı
n
ç
,
U.
Ça
m
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
Ord
e
r
A
n
a
lo
g
F
il
ter De
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g
n
Us
in
g
a
S
in
g
le O
T
R
A su
it
a
b
le fo
r
in
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ra
ti
o
n
,
”
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
C
o
mm
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n
ica
ti
o
n
s A
p
p
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a
ti
o
n
s IE
E
E
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
4
]
M. B
o
th
ra
,
R.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
N.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
S
.
K.
P
a
u
l
,
“
Op
e
ra
ti
o
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T
ra
n
sRe
sista
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e
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p
li
f
ier B
a
se
d
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b
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W
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c
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F
il
ter,
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n
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,
v
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l.
2
2
,
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p
.
1
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-
166
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
5
]
B.
Ra
z
a
v
i,
“
An
a
lys
is,
M
o
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n
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n
d
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imu
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se
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e
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n
tro
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e
d
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la
t
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rs
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”
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E
Cu
st
o
m
In
teg
ra
ted
Circu
it
s
Co
n
f
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e
,
p
p
.
3
2
3
–
3
2
6
.
1
9
9
5
.
[3
6
]
B.
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z
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,
“
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h
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se
n
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sc
il
lat
o
rs,”
IEE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
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S
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ta
te
Circ
u
it
s
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l.
3
1
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.
3
p
p
.
2
0
1
4
–
2
0
2
1
.
1
9
9
6
.
[3
7
]
M
.
Ha
m
ian
e
,
“
A
CM
OS
-
b
a
se
d
A
n
a
lo
g
F
u
n
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ti
o
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G
e
n
e
ra
to
r:
H
S
P
ICE
M
o
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e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
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ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
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El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
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t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
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)
,
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l.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
3
2
-
5
3
8
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
4
.
[3
8
]
P
.
Nu
g
ro
h
o
,
Ra
m
e
sh
K.
P
o
k
h
a
r
e
l,
H.Ka
n
a
y
a
a
n
d
K.Yo
sh
i
d
a
“
A
5
.
9
G
Hz
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o
w
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
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W
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e
T
u
n
in
g
Ra
n
g
e
CM
OS
Cu
rre
n
t
-
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
Rin
g
Os
c
il
lato
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l
2
,
No
3
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
2
.
BI
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
G
u
r
u
m
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r
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y
K
o
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a
n
a
p
a
ll
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re
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e
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e
d
h
is
B.
T
e
c
h
.
(El
e
c
tro
n
ics
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a
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sity
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tral
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n
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se
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il
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n
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In
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T
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c
h
n
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y
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lh
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riy
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d
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rsh
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m
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ra
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in
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n
t,
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lh
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.
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li
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b
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r
o
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a
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E,
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ter
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ti
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it
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.
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r
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h
.
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)
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stit
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e
o
f
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p
p
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s,
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ll
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h
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b
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r
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.
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(El
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c
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d
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l)
f
ro
m
BIT
S
,
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th
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in
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2
.
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h
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s
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,
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ERF
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d
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rsh
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ter
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id
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.
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rre
n
tl
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,
sh
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is
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ss
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p
ro
f
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s
so
r
in
De
p
a
rtme
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t
o
f
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c
tro
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&
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
De
lh
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T
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c
h
n
o
lo
g
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c
a
l
Un
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rsit
y
,
De
lh
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He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
a
n
a
lo
g
in
teg
ra
ted
c
ircu
it
s an
d
m
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
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