Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t2
02
0
, p
p.
3635
~
36
42
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp3635
-
36
42
3635
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Perform
ance ev
alu
atio
n
of MA
NE
T
routin
g proto
cols b
ased on
QoS
and ener
gy p
arameters
Sa
lm
a
S
. Mo
h
amed
, Abdel
-
Fatah I.
Abde
l
-
Fa
tah, M
oha
med A.
M
oha
med
Facul
t
y
of Engin
ee
ring
,
Mansour
a
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ma
nsoura,
Eg
y
p
t
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Nov 23
, 201
9
Re
vised
Jan
11
,
20
20
Accepte
d
Ja
n 2
9
, 2
020
Routi
ng
sel
ectio
n
and
support
in
g
Quali
t
y
of
Ser
vic
e
(QoS
)
are
f
undamenta
l
proble
m
s
in
Mobile
Ad
Hoc
Ne
twork
(MA
NET)
.
Man
y
dif
fer
e
nt
protoc
o
ls
have
be
en
prop
osed
in
the
l
iter
at
ure
and
som
e
per
form
anc
e
si
m
ula
ti
ons
are
m
ade
to
addr
ess
thi
s
ch
al
l
engi
ng
ta
sk.
T
his
p
ape
r
discusses
the
p
erf
orm
ance
eva
lu
at
ion
and
compari
son
o
f
two
t
y
pi
ca
l
routi
ng
proto
co
ls;
Ad
Hoc
On
-
Dem
and
Distance
Ve
ct
or
(A
OD
V)
and
Desti
nat
ion
-
Sequ
enc
e
d
Distance
-
Vec
tor
(DS
DV
)
base
d
on
m
ea
suring
the
power
co
nsum
pti
on
in
net
work
with
var
ing
of
th
e
Q
oS
par
ameters
.
In
thi
s
p
ape
r
,
w
e
hav
e
studie
d
a
nd
ana
l
y
z
ed
the
impac
t
of
var
iations
in
QoS
par
amete
r
co
m
bine
d
with
th
e
choice
o
f
routi
ng
protoc
o
l
,
on
net
work
p
erf
orm
anc
e
.
Th
e
net
work
per
f
orm
anc
e
is
m
ea
sured
in
te
r
m
s
of
aver
a
ge
thr
ough
pu
t,
pac
ket
delive
r
y
ra
ti
o
(PDR)
,
aver
a
ge
j
it
te
r
a
nd
e
nergy co
nsum
ption
.
The
si
m
ula
ti
ons a
re carrie
d
out
i
n
NS
-
3.
The
sim
ula
ti
on
r
esult
s
show
tha
t
DS
DV
and
AO
DV
routi
ng
protoc
ols
are
l
ess
ene
rg
y
eff
icient.
Th
e
m
ai
n
ai
m
of
th
is
pape
r
is
to
h
ighl
ight
the
dire
c
ti
ons
for
th
e
fut
ure
d
esign
of
routi
ng
proto
col
which
woul
d
be
bette
r
tha
n
the e
xist
ing
ones
in
t
erms
of
ene
rg
y
ut
il
i
za
t
io
n
and
d
eliver
y
ra
ti
o.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ad hoc
netw
or
ks
MANET
Netw
ork
sim
ulati
on
Perfo
rm
ance ev
al
uatio
n
QoS
Rou
ti
ng
Protoc
ols
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ute
of
Ad
v
ance
d
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sal
m
a Su
bh M
oh
am
m
ed,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Com
m
incat
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Ma
ns
our
a
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
E
gypt.
Em
a
il
:
salma
_s
ubh@y
ah
oo.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Since
1990,
MANET
has
been
a
po
pu
la
r
resea
rc
h
to
pi
c
and
M
ANE
Tsha
ve
al
so
be
en
us
ed
i
n
diff
e
re
nt
ap
pli
cat
ion
s.
S
uppo
rting
m
ob
il
it
y
of
no
des
i
n
M
AN
E
T
with
hund
red
s
of
no
des
has
bee
n
a
m
ai
n
chall
enge
in
this
kind
of
ne
twork
,
du
e
to
lim
it
ed
wireless
tra
ns
m
issio
n
ra
nge,
pac
ket
losse
s
bec
ause
of
transm
issi
on
error
s
,
m
ob
il
it
y
ind
uce
d
r
oute
changes,
a
nd
energy
co
ns
tra
ints
[1
]
.T
her
e
f
or
e
e
nergy
eff
i
ci
ency
is
i
m
po
rtant
m
et
ric
for
se
nd
i
ng
the
data
f
rom
so
ur
ce
to
de
sti
nation.
R
outi
ng
protoc
ol
is
us
e
d
f
or
m
axim
iz
ing
the
energy
ef
fici
ency
of
th
e
network
[2
,
3].
Ther
e
ar
e
a
nu
m
ber
of
r
outi
ng
protoc
ols
for
ad
-
hoc
netw
orks
[4
,
5],
they
are
cat
ego
rize
d
into
Pro
act
ive
Rou
ti
ng
and
Re
act
ive
r
ou
ti
ng.
Proact
iv
e
routing
proto
cols
or
ta
ble
-
dr
i
ve
n
prot
oco
ls
f
ollow
a
n
appr
oac
h
si
m
il
ar
to
the
on
e
us
e
d
in
wire
d
routin
g
protoc
ols.
Eac
h
node
m
ai
ntains
r
ou
t
ing
ta
ble
wh
ic
h
c
onta
ins
i
nfor
m
at
ion
ab
ou
t
the
netw
ork
topolo
gy
e
ven
with
out
re
quirin
g
it
.
So
,
the
r
oute
in
the
netw
ork
is
pr
edeterm
i
ned
f
or
exam
ple
DS
DV
[
6
,
7].
Re
act
i
ve
ro
utin
g
or
on
-
dem
and
protoc
ols
does
no
t
at
te
m
pt
to
con
ti
nu
ously
determ
ine
the
netw
ork
c
onne
ct
ivit
y,
ro
ut
is
disco
ver
e
d
whenev
e
r
it
is n
eede
d. T
her
e
are va
rio
us react
ive
prot
oco
ls
su
c
h
a
s
AOD
V
[
8
,
9].
The
m
ajo
r
difference
betwee
n
A
O
DV
a
nd
DSDV
is
that
D
S
DV,
the
s
ource
a
nd
the
i
nterm
ediat
e
nodes
sto
re
the
neighb
or’s
no
de
inf
or
m
at
ion
accor
ding
to
e
ach
flo
w
f
or
da
ta
pack
et
trans
m
issi
on
.
It
ge
ne
rates
no
m
or
e
packet
s
for
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
The
connecti
on
set
up
delay
is
lo
wer
a
nd
it
consum
es
m
or
e
sh
are
of
the
band
width
in
a
ddit
ion
to
ta
king
m
or
e
t
i
m
e
to
buil
d
r
ou
te
s
.
In
te
rm
ediat
e
no
des
ca
n
le
a
d
to
inc
onsist
ent
routes.
DSDV
protoc
ols
a
r
e
not
ap
pro
pri
at
e
fo
r
la
rg
e
netw
ork
or
highly
dynam
ic
as
they
ne
ed
to
m
ai
ntainnode
entries
f
or
eac
h
an
d
eve
ry
node
this
le
ad
s
to
increase
d
c
on
t
ro
l
m
essage
ov
e
rh
ea
ds
w
hi
ch
can
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3
6
3
5
-
3
6
4
2
3636
degra
de
netw
ork
perform
ance
at
hig
h
loa
ds
[10].
Figure
1
and
Fi
gure
2
sh
ows
the
flo
wch
a
rt
of
A
O
DV
a
nd
DSDV
pro
t
ocol
s.
Figure
1. A
ODV
al
go
rithm
f
low cha
rt
Figure
2. D
SDV alg
ori
thm
f
low cha
rt
In
re
cent
w
ork
s,
there
a
re
a
lot
of
routin
g
prot
oco
l
ha
ve
be
en
pro
pose
d
in
MA
NET
w
hi
ch
witnes
sed
a
huge
interes
t
by
research
e
rs.
Th
e
stud
y
in
[
11]
has
pr
esented
a
com
par
is
on
betwe
en
DS
R,
AOD
V
an
d
DSDV
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ols
us
i
ng
ns2
sim
ulator
to
eval
uate
the
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce
of
t
hese
prot
oco
ls.
The
resu
lt
s
sh
owe
d
that
D
SDV
is
the
be
st
pr
ot
oc
ol
as
com
par
ed
to
A
ODV
an
d
D
S
R
pr
ot
oc
ols
in
te
rm
s
of
PD
R,
pack
et
loss
a
nd
e
nd
to
e
nd
delay
.In
[
12
]
,
the
aut
hors
ha
ve
eval
ua
te
d
the
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
of
DS
R
,
A
O
DV
a
nd
DSDV
routin
g
pro
toc
ols
us
in
g
N
S
2
sim
ulator
in
te
r
m
s
of
the
m
ob
il
i
ty
and
network
loa
d.
T
he
sim
ulatio
n
resu
lt
s
sh
owe
d
that
in
low
m
ob
il
it
y
and
lo
w
loa
d
s
cenari
os
,
al
l
three
prot
oco
ls
r
eact
in
a
si
m
ilar
way,
w
hile
wit
h
m
ob
il
i
ty
or
lo
ad
inc
reasin
g
DS
R
ou
t
perfor
m
s
AO
DV
an
d
DS
DV
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
oc
ols.T
his
stu
dy
[
13
]
study
i
m
pact
of
m
ob
il
ity
patte
rn
s
on
D
SR,
AOD
V
an
d
DSDV
i
n
te
rm
s
of
pa
c
ket
delive
ry
ra
ti
o,
En
d
to
En
d
Delay
and ave
ra
ge
R
ou
ti
ng
Loa
d. Re
su
lt
s s
hows
t
ha
t DSR is
pe
rfor
m
ed
the
best
resu
lt
s i
n
al
l t
erm
s.
In
[
14
]
,
the
pe
rf
or
m
ance
of
DSDV
,
DS
R,
AOD
V
an
d
O
LSR
are
m
eas
ur
e
d
by
cal
cul
at
ing
co
ntr
ol
ov
e
r
head,
PDR
,
end
-
to
-
en
d
delay
and
th
rough
pu
t
with
di
ff
ere
nt
num
ber
of
nodes
,
dif
fer
e
nt
sp
ee
d
(
pause
tim
e)
of
nodes
an
d
diff
e
re
nt
siz
e
of
net
wor
k.
T
he
stu
dy
fi
nd
that
F
or
hi
gh
m
ob
il
it
y
conditi
on
of
nodes
DS
R
giv
es
bette
r
pa
cket
deli
ver
y
r
at
io
than
ot
her
protoc
ols
m
aking
it
su
it
able
f
or
hi
gh
ly
m
ob
il
e
rand
om
networks.
OLS
R
protoc
ol
is
the
bette
r
so
luti
on
f
or
high
m
ob
il
it
y
conditi
on
i
n
la
rg
e
netw
ork
siz
e
with
P
D
R
and
thr
oughput
are
the
pr
im
e
criter
ia
.
Fi
nally
,
[15]
al
so
c
ompare
DSD
V,
D
SR,
A
O
DV
a
nd
O
LSR
in
te
r
m
s
of
thr
oughput,
pa
cket
loss
rati
o,
delay
s
with
va
ryi
ng
m
ob
il
ity,
sp
ee
d
a
nd
ne
twork
l
oa
d.
T
he
r
esult
s
how
s
DSR
sh
oul
d
be
the
f
irst
prefe
ren
ce
in
te
rm
s
of
sm
al
l
scal
e
netw
orks
with
an
y
m
ob
il
it
y
or
sp
ee
d.
A
ODV
or
O
LSR
sh
oul
d
be
co
nsi
der
e
d
wh
e
n
t
he
load
of
the
ne
twork
is
incr
e
ased.
Als
o
m
a
ny
of
relat
ed
works
[
16
-
19]
do
not
ta
ke
int
o
acc
ount
the
ene
r
gy
c
on
s
um
ption
i
nfl
uen
ce
on
t
he
protoc
ols,
this
pap
e
r
us
e
both
Q
oS
an
d
t
he
e
nerg
y
consi
m
up
ti
on
as
the
value
d
m
et
rics
in
the
s
i
m
ulati
on
of
M
AN
E
T
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ols.
W
e
can
co
nclu
de
the
aim
of our si
m
ulatio
n i
nto t
w
o
m
a
in points:
These
st
ud
ie
s
[20
-
24]
don’t
ta
ke
into
acc
ou
nt
the
ef
fect
on
the
protoc
ol
s
wh
e
n
the
m
ob
il
e
no
de’
s
pause
tim
e
is
var
ia
ble
or
the
siz
e
of
netw
or
k
cha
ngin
g
al
so
they
donot
m
easur
e
the
in
flue
nce
of
al
l
these
par
am
et
e
r on n
ode e
nergy co
nsum
ption
.
On
o
the
r
ha
nd,
this
paper
c
onsi
der
s
t
he
sim
u
la
ti
on
with
a dy
nam
ic
networ
k
siz
e
an
d
a
va
riable
pa
us
e
tim
e.
Hen
ce,
pe
rfor
m
ances
of
the
routin
g
pr
oto
c
ols
in
vestigat
e
unde
r
di
fferent
cat
eg
or
ie
s
and
unde
r
var
i
ou
s
n
et
wor
k
sce
nar
i
os
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce e
valu
ation of
M
ANET r
ou
ti
ng
pr
ot
oc
ols base
d on
…
(
Sa
l
ma
S.
Mo
hame
d
)
3637
T
he
r
est
of
pa
per
is
orga
nise
d
as
f
ollo
ws.
S
ect
ion
2
prese
n
ts
the
resea
rch
m
et
ho
ds
of
thi
s
pa
per
a
nd
the
sim
ulatio
n
env
i
ronm
ents
and
t
he
m
et
ric
s.
Sect
io
n
3
presents
the
resul
ts
of
sim
ulatio
n.
Finall
y,
se
ct
ion
4
pr
ese
nts
our
c
oncl
us
i
on
s
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
pap
e
r
e
m
ph
asi
zes
DSDVa
nd
AOD
V
r
outi
ng
pr
ot
oco
ls,
t
he
rea
s
ons
beh
i
nd
s
el
ect
ing
these
protoc
ols
is
th
at
these
are
t
he
m
os
t
widely
us
e
d
r
outi
ng
protoc
ols
f
r
om
each
of
t
he
c
at
egories
an
d
i
t
was
pro
ven
that
the
se
are
the
best
su
it
ed
f
or
A
d
Ho
c
Netw
orks.
So
,
a
com
par
ison
of
these
t
wo
protoc
ols
cl
arifies
the
gen
e
ral
di
sti
nction
am
on
g
oth
e
r
proto
c
ols
of
each
ca
te
gory.
AOD
V
an
d
DSDV
are
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
NS
-
3
[
25]
.
Th
e
m
ai
n
par
am
e
te
rs
of
the
sim
ulati
on
are
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1.
The
si
m
ulati
on
tim
e
is
30
0
-
s
econds
(Note
that
al
l
s
i
m
ulati
on
s
are
sta
rted
without
any
est
ablis
he
d
r
oute
s
in
our
si
m
ulati
on
it
s
ta
ke
10
0
sec
ond
to
create
routing
ta
ble).
The
ra
ndom
waypo
int
m
ob
il
it
y
m
od
el
was
adap
te
d,
and
the
no
de
s
m
ov
e
random
ly
in
the
de
plo
ym
ent
area.
Af
te
r
m
ov
i
ng
to
a
rand
om
ta
rg
et
po
sit
ion
,
there
is
a
pause
tim
e
befor
e
t
he
node
st
ar
ts
a
new m
ov
em
ent
.
Table
1.
NS
-
3
par
am
et
ers
set
ti
ng
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Netwo
rk Size
3
0
0
x 1
5
0
0
m
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Nod
es
5
0
,10
0
,1
5
0
,200,2
5
0
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
so
u
rces
2
0
% o
f
total n
u
m
b
er
o
f
no
d
es
Mov
e Speed
1
0
,20
,30
,4
0
,50
,60
,
7
0
,80
m
/s
Pau
se Ti
m
e
0
,
5
0
,
1
0
0
,
3
0
0
s
Initial Energ
y
1
0
0
J
Pack
et
t
y
p
e/Leng
t
h
CB
R (
6
4
,12
8
,25
6
,
5
1
2
,1024
)
bytes
The
pe
rfor
m
an
ce
of
tw
o
prot
oco
ls
te
ste
d
under
diff
e
ren
t
sc
enar
i
os
.
I
n
one
set
of
scena
rio
s,
the
value
of
default
pa
ra
m
et
ers
is
pau
s
e
tim
e
equ
al
to
0
sim
ulati
on
seconds
,
m
ov
em
ent
sp
eed
is
10
m
/s,
the
nu
m
ber
of
nodes
is
50
w
hile
the
num
ber
of
s
ources
equ
al
t
o
10
a
nd
pac
ket
siz
e
is
64
k
byte
s.
So,
if
we
e
xam
ine
the
im
pact
of
m
ov
e
m
ent
sp
e
ed
on
perform
ances
of
routing
protoc
ols,
we
var
y
the
m
axi
m
u
m
m
o
vem
ent
sp
ee
d,
wh
il
e
the
val
ue
of
oth
e
r
par
am
et
ers
was
ke
pt
unc
hange
d.
Th
ree
QoS
m
et
rics
are
use
d
i
n
the
sim
ulat
ion
,
to
c
om
par
e
r
outi
ng
pr
oto
c
ols
perf
or
m
ance
a
lso;
ene
rg
y
c
onsu
m
ption
an
d
syst
e
m
li
fetime
are
us
e
d
as
com
par
is
on
par
a
m
et
ers.
The
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
equ
at
io
ns
of
these
m
e
tri
cs
are
li
ste
d
belo
w
in the f
ollow
i
ng e
qu
at
io
ns.
Av
e
ra
ge
T
hro
ughp
ut =
(1)
En
d
to
End
Jit
te
r
=
∑
(
−
)
(2)
Packet
Deli
very
Rat
io =
(3)
Energy C
on
s
um
pt
ion
=
∗
(
)
–
(
)
(4)
Syst
e
m
Life Tim
e =It is w
hen 20%
of no
des
finish t
heir
ow
n batt
er
(5)
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
In
t
his
sect
ion,
the
com
par
iso
n
ha
s
bee
n
done
f
or
t
hr
ee
sc
enar
i
os
the
net
work
siz
e
(i.e
nu
m
ber
of
node/
s
ources)
to
te
st
scal
abili
ty
,
m
ob
il
it
y
p
at
te
rn
(i.e
.
sp
e
ed
an
d
pause
ti
m
e)
and
netw
ork
tra
ff
ic
(i.e.
pack
e
t
siz
e).
Ene
r
gy
is
a
ver
y
i
m
portant
facto
r
in
routing
proto
cols
for
MA
N
ET
beca
us
e
de
vices
m
a
y
not
hav
e
the
cha
nce
to
be
rech
a
r
ged
and
s
o
the
total
energy
co
ns
um
ption
s
hould
be
reduce
d
as
far
as
possible
,
for
the
tw
o
r
ou
ti
ng
al
gorithm
s
resu
lt
ing
va
r
yi
ng
one
of
the
f
our
sel
ect
ed
para
m
et
ers
i.e.
Av
e
ra
ge
Thro
ughputis
c
al
culat
ed
by
(
1
)
,
E
nd
to
E
nf
J
it
t
er
is
cal
culat
ed
by
(
2
)
,
Pac
ket
Deli
ve
ry
R
at
i
o
i
s
cal
culat
ed
by
(
3
)
E
nergy Co
nsum
ption
i
s cal
culat
ed by
(
4
)
and Syst
em
Life Tim
e is cal
culat
ed
by
(5).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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t J
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om
p
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g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
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6
3
5
-
3
6
4
2
3638
3.1.
Scen
ario 1: i
mpa
c
t of n
etwork
siz
e o
n
perf
orm
an
ce
of ro
ut
in
g
pr
otoc
ols
In
this
sce
nar
i
o,
the
netw
ork
siz
e
var
ie
s
f
rom
50
to
250
node
s
with
20
%
of
netw
ork
nodes
as
a
data
so
urces
,
eac
h
so
urce
s
en
d
C
BR
64
K
bps
pa
cket
du
rin
g
t
he
sim
ulati
on
and
the
res
ults
can
be
c
oncl
uded
as
the foll
owin
g:
A
gla
nce
on
F
igure
3
s
hows
that
DSD
V
relat
ively
lowe
r
perform
a
nce
tha
n
AODV.
I
n
detai
l,
w
he
n
the
nu
m
ber
of
nodes
is
s
m
al
le
r
than
10
0
nodes
,
AODV
s
hows
th
e
bette
r
throu
ghput
and
e
ne
rgy
consum
ption
ne
xt
DSDV
.
With
the
networ
k
siz
e
big
ge
r
than
100
DSD
V
has
the
best
j
it
te
r
and
PDR
nex
t
A
ODV.
Fi
gure
3.a
sho
ws
that
DSD
V
has
a
lowe
r
th
rou
ghput
and
t
his
is
caused
by
pack
et
s
that
are
sent
(a
nd
l
os
t)
befor
e
routes
ha
ve
co
nver
ged
init
ia
ll
y
in
the
netw
ork
an
d
due
to
la
rg
e
am
ount
of
r
ou
ti
ng
pack
et
to
crea
te
the
r
outi
ng
ta
bl
e
at
eac
h
node
in
the
net
wor
k,
an
d
al
ong
wit
h
t
he
inc
reasi
ng
num
ber
of
node
s,
A
ODV
a
lso
disp
la
ys t
he
b
e
tt
er th
r
oughput
ch
a
racteri
sti
c.
Figure
3.b
s
ho
ws
that
no
des
us
in
g
A
O
DV
protoc
ol
achie
ve
ave
rag
e
j
it
te
r
highe
r
than
DS
D
V,
beca
use
AOD
V
is
a
routing
protoc
ol
that
has
no
a
va
il
able
route
when
nee
de
d
it
use
s
the
route
di
sco
ver
y
proce
s
s.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
DSD
V
pr
oto
c
ol
proacti
ve
ly
ho
lds
r
oute
s
to
al
l
destinat
ion
s
in
it
s
ta
ble
and
this
cau
s
e
high P
DR as
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
3
.c
, rega
rd
le
ss
of the
d
e
ns
it
y of n
odes c
hang
es.
We
can o
bse
r
ve
in
F
igure
3.d th
e
total
energ
y
con
s
um
ption
with
va
ryi
ng
i
n
net
work
siz
e,
the
perform
ance
of
A
ODV
achi
eve
lo
west
e
ne
rg
y
c
onsu
m
ption
du
rin
g
al
l
s
cenari
o.
Netw
ork
siz
e
great
er
tha
n
100
no
de
s
consum
e
app
r
oxim
a
te
ly
85
%
of
total
ene
rg
y
avail
able;
on
t
he
ot
her
ha
nd,
with
net
work
s
iz
e
cl
os
e
to
250
nodes
the
node
cons
um
es the w
hole
batte
ry
at
the end o
f
th
e sim
ulatio
n.
Syst
e
m
li
fetime
in
case
of
usi
ng
AOD
V
is
appr
ox
im
at
ely
40%
of
total
operati
on
ti
m
e
of
t
he
net
wor
k,
it
m
eans
that
20
%
of
nodes
fi
ni
sh
ed
it
s
batte
r
y;
oth
erw
ise
D
SDV
has
lo
ng
syst
e
m
l
ifet
i
m
e
since
the
20
%
lost
it
s
power
at
56
%
of
t
otal
tim
e.
In
al
l
scenario
s
,
AOD
V
co
nsu
m
es
energy
le
ss
than
D
SDV
as
the r
es
ults s
how.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
3. Net
w
ork
Size
im
pac
t on p
e
rfo
rm
ance of ro
uting
prot
oco
ls
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce e
valu
ation of
M
ANET r
ou
ti
ng
pr
ot
oc
ols base
d on
…
(
Sa
l
ma
S.
Mo
hame
d
)
3639
3.2.
Scen
ario 2: i
mpa
c
t of
mob
il
ity
on pe
rfo
rm
an
ce
of
routi
ng pr
oto
cols
Stud
yi
ng
the
i
nf
l
uen
ce
of
m
ob
il
it
y
on
routin
g
prot
oco
l
ca
n
be
achie
ved
t
hro
ugh
a
pp
ly
in
g
two
m
od
es
of
no
de
m
otion
(stat
ic
an
d
m
ob
il
e).
O
n
sim
ulati
on
,
pa
us
e
ti
m
e
is
la
rg
e
r
th
an
200
sec
onds
co
ns
ide
rin
g
a
s
sta
ti
c
m
od
e
of
node
,
on
ot
her
ha
nd,
with
0
pa
us
e
ti
m
e
node
m
ov
e
with
ou
t
a
ny
pa
us
es
with
s
pe
ed
e
qu
al
to
10
m
/s
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
4.
a
,d
al
s
o,
stud
yi
ng
the
im
pact
of
va
riat
ion
of
node
s
peed
on
routin
g
prot
oco
l
ha
s
been
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 4
.
b,
c
(n
ote dur
i
ng this sim
ulati
on
w
e
sit
p
a
us
e ti
m
e o
f
no
de
e
qu
al
t
o 0).
In
Fig
ur
e
4.a,c
,
A
ODV
ac
hie
ves
bette
r
th
rough
pu
t
a
nd
P
D
R
at
high
m
ob
il
it
y
with
var
yi
ng
of
node
s
pe
e
d
up
t
o
80
m
/s
or
for
sm
al
l
pause
tim
e
l
ess
than
150
seco
nd
s
.
Wh
il
e
DSDV
has
appr
ox
im
at
ely
on
the contra
ry at
this scena
rio
.
Since
DSD
V
prot
oco
l
us
e
s
a
ta
ble
-
d
rive
n
ap
proac
h
of
m
ain
ta
inin
g
r
ou
ti
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
it
is
no
t
adap
ti
ve
to
the
r
oute
ch
ang
e
s
that
occ
ur
un
der
hi
gh
m
ob
il
i
ty
.
As
a
resu
lt
,
DSD
V
achieves
the
hi
gh
e
st
j
it
te
r
i
n
m
os
t
of h
i
gh m
ob
il
ity scenari
os
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 4
.
b, beca
us
e
it
is slow.
DSDV
c
o
nsum
es less energ
y t
han
AOD
V
in stat
ic
m
od
e o
f
m
ob
il
i
ty
as sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gure 4
.
d.
in
the m
ob
il
e
m
od
e
of
m
ob
ilit
y,
du
e
to
high
cha
ng
i
ng
in
t
opology
an
d
in
creasin
g
in
los
ses.
The
no
de
in
sta
ti
c
scenario
consum
es
80
%
of
total
ener
gy
avail
able,
wh
il
e
it
con
su
m
es
100
%
of
it
s
batte
ry
at
hig
h
sp
ee
d
an
d
sm
al
l
pausi
ng
tim
e.
It
is
cl
ear
that
DSDV
m
or
e
su
it
able
for
the
sta
ti
c
ad
-
hoc
ne
twork
with
a
few
c
hanges
in
it
s
topolo
gy and it
s stat
e.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
4. Mo
bili
ty
i
m
pact o
n per
form
ance o
f
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ols
3.3.
Scen
ario 3:
im
pa
c
t of p
acke
t
siz
e o
n
perf
ormance
of ro
ut
in
g
pr
otoc
ols
Traffic
ef
fect c
an be m
easur
e
d by va
ryi
ng th
e p
ac
ket size
in
each sc
ena
rio
,
pac
ket size
va
ryi
ng fro
m
64 b
yt
es t
o 102
4 byt
es CB
R d
at
a app
li
cat
io
n. The
res
ults
s
how
in
F
ig
ur
e
5
and
co
nclu
de a
s
f
ollow
s:
Gen
e
rall
y,
thr
oughput
dec
re
ased
f
or
bo
t
h
AOD
V
an
d
D
SDV
with
inc
r
eased
siz
e
of
pack
et
as
s
hows
in
F
igure
5
(
a
)
due
t
o
the
natur
e
of
M
ANE
T
cha
nnel
,
l
osse
s
with
la
r
ge
pac
ket
it
’s
beco
m
e
harde
r
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3
6
3
5
-
3
6
4
2
3640
retransm
i
t
and
lose
bec
om
e
p
ai
nful,
but
we
ob
s
er
ve
that
A
ODV
can
deal
with
losses
due
to
it
s
adap
ti
vely
for
c
hangin
g
a
nd achie
ve
la
r
ge
st PDR t
han
DSDV
as s
ho
ws
in
F
i
gure
5
(
c
)
.
AOD
V
ac
hiev
es h
i
gh j
it
te
r d
ue
to
on
-
dem
and r
outi
ng pro
t
oco
l c
ha
racteri
sti
cs, as
s
how
n i
n
F
i
gure
5
(
b
)
The
c
on
s
um
ption
i
n
ene
r
gy
at
the
relat
ively
sm
a
ll
siz
e
of
a
pack
et
is
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
ly
con
sta
nt
an
d
the
no
de
consum
es
in
aver
a
ge
85%
of
it
s
batte
ry
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gure
5
(
d
)
.
T
he
c
on
s
um
ption
in
creases
with
la
rge
pack
et
siz
e unt
il
r
each
90%
of total
en
e
rg
y.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
5. Mo
bili
ty
i
m
pact o
n
perform
ance o
f
rou
ti
ng
protoc
ols
T
he
res
ults
ob
ta
ined
f
ro
m
the
si
m
ulati
on
s
and
s
umm
ariz
ed
in
Ta
ble
2
al
low
us
t
o
con
cl
ud
e
t
o
the
fo
ll
owin
g.
G
ene
rall
y,
ther
e
is
no
sin
gle
prot
oco
l
pe
rfo
r
m
ing
well
unde
r
al
l
the
per
f
orm
ance
m
et
ric
s.
As
in
the
si
m
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
un
der
the
diff
e
re
nt
scenari
os
,
th
e
DS
D
V
e
xh
i
bits
at
tract
ive
perform
ance
wh
e
n
the
netw
ork
lo
ad
an
d
m
ob
il
ity
is
m
od
erate,
wh
il
e,
if
he
av
y
traff
ic
an
d
m
ob
il
i
ty
,
AODV
ou
t
perf
orm
DS
DV
and b
ec
om
es a g
oo
d
ca
nd
i
date
to be
us
e
d.
Table
2
.
Su
m
m
ary o
f
sim
ulatio
n res
ults
Scen
arios
Thro
u
g
h
p
u
t
Jitter
PDR
Energy
co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
Netwo
rk size
S
m
all
AODV
AODV
AODV
AODV
large
AODV
AODV
DSDV
DSDV
Mob
ility
static
DSDV
DSDV
DSDV
AODV
m
o
b
ile
AODV
AODV
AODV
AODV
Pack
et Size
S
m
all
AODV
AODV
AODV
AODV
large
AODV
AODV
AODV
DSDV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Perf
orma
nce e
valu
ation of
M
ANET r
ou
ti
ng
pr
ot
oc
ols base
d on
…
(
Sa
l
ma
S.
Mo
hame
d
)
3641
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
two
m
ai
n
MANET
routin
g
protoc
ols
ha
ve
been
eval
uated;
A
ODV
a
nd
DSDV
,
by
var
yi
ng
the
se
le
ct
ed
QoS
pa
ram
et
ers,
i.e.
j
it
te
r,
PD
R
an
d
ave
rag
e
t
hro
ughput
wit
h
energy
co
ns
um
ption.
We
ge
ne
rated
and
sim
ulate
d
three
sce
nar
i
os
base
d
on
m
obil
ity,
netw
ork
siz
e
and
tr
af
fic
siz
e.
W
e
c
on
c
lud
e
d
that
the
pe
rform
ance
of
t
wo
prot
oco
ls
is
m
or
e
aff
ect
e
d
w
hile
sub
j
ect
to
c
ha
ng
e
in
m
ob
il
it
y
patter
n
as
com
par
ed
to
c
hange
in
the
num
ber
of
node
s.
The
netw
ork
load
af
fects
di
rectl
y
the
per
f
or
m
ance
of
protoc
ols
and inc
r
eases t
he
e
nergy c
on
s
um
ption
on n
ode
netw
ork.
In
th
e
f
uture,
t
her
e
is
a
need
to
fin
d
an
al
t
ern
at
ive
for
optim
a
l
util
iz
ation
of
po
wer
-
aw
are/ener
gy
-
eff
ic
ie
nt
routi
ng
in
ad
diti
on
to
a
sel
ect
io
n
of
ap
pro
pr
i
at
e
energy
m
od
el
.
We
will
us
e
this
a
nal
ysi
s
for
enh
a
nc
in
g
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
AOD
V
t
o
decr
ea
se
e
ne
rg
y
c
onsu
m
pt
i
on
a
nd
inc
r
ease
the
li
feti
m
e
of
the
net
wor
k.
A
lso,
the
re
is
a
need
to
plan
to
inv
est
i
gate
th
e
i
m
pact
of
ot
her
a
ppli
cat
ions’
tra
ff
ic
(e.
g.
HTTP
,
FTP)
an
d
t
ran
s
m
issi
on
pr
oto
c
ol
(e
.g.
TCP
an
d
UDP)
on r
ou
ti
ng
p
r
oto
c
ols’ per
form
ance
and
ex
pa
nd
ou
r
study
towa
rd
s
h
y
br
i
d r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ols,
c
onside
rin
g
m
or
e m
et
rics
and m
or
e c
omplex
scena
rios.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
C
.
W
.
Ch
en,
et
al.
,
"Int
roduc
t
ion
to
the
sp
ec
i
al
i
ss
ue
on
wire
l
ess
comm
unic
at
ion
,
"
IEE
E
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ansact
ions
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it
s
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ms
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Proac
tive
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ng
Protocol
s
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ren
t
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c
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c
,
"
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merging
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roa
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as,
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On
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Distan
ce
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ct
or
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DV
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Routi
ng
,
”
IETF
Dr
aft
,
200
0
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F.
Mohammed,
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ah
“
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par
at
ive
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y
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ng
Pro
toc
ols
in
MA
N
ET
,
”
Inte
rnat
ion
al
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renc
e
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ex
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aj
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d
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obil
i
t
y
base
d
Perform
a
nce
Anal
y
sis
o
f
MA
NET
Routi
ng
Protoco
ls
,
"
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rnational
Jo
urnal
of
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,
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B.
Rao,
SK
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Sharie
f,
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K.
Ganga
dhar
Rao.
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pac
t
of
Mobili
t
y
on
Routi
ng
Protocol
s
in
MA
NET
using
NS
2.
"
Int
.
Journal
of
Scientifi
c
R
ese
arch
in
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ute
r Sc
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om
par
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M
AN
ET
Routi
ng
P
r
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ols
in
Diffe
ren
t
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aff
i
c
and
Mobili
t
y
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od
el
s
,
"
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pp.
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-
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l.,
“
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anc
e
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y
sis
of
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NET
Routi
ng
Pr
otoc
ols
b
y
Var
ying
Mobili
t
y
,
Sp
ee
d
and
Networ
k
L
oad
,
”
i
n
9th
Int
ernati
onal
Confer
enc
e
I
EEE
Sign
al
Proc
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d
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unic
ati
o
n
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Su
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y
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ng
Protocol
s
in
Mobile
Ad
-
Hoc
N
et
works
,”
Int
ern
ati
onal
Journal
of
Innov
ati
on
,
Man
ageme
nt
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chnol
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vo
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th
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m
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Ev
al
ua
ti
o
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Ad
Hoc
Networks
using AOD
V
Pr
otoc
ol
,
”
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
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y
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ce
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”
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AL
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ET
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ng
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col
s
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SR
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ec
t
ive
,
"
M
ATEC
We
b
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ere
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e
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DV
,
DS
R,
OLSR
an
d
DS
DV
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ng
P
rotoc
ols
usin
g
NS
2
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ula
tor
,
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[22]
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Atri,
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.
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y
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m
par
at
ive
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l
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NET
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ng
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ocol
s
Over
TC
P
,
”
IEEE
Control,
Instrum
ent
at
ion, Communicat
ion
and
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io
nal
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logi
e
s,
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rnat
ional
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renc
e,
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-
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2015
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[23]
A.
Sharm
a,
and
R.
Kum
ar,
“
Pe
rform
anc
e
Com
par
is
on
and
De
t
ai
l
ed
Stud
y
of
AO
DV
,
DSDV,
DS
R,
TORA
and
OLSR
Routi
ng
Protocol
s
in
Ad
Hoc
Networks
,
”
Fourth
Int
ern
ational
Conf
ere
n
c
e,
Par
al
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el,
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ibut
ed
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puti
ng
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-
736,
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.
[24]
M.
Rat
h,
B
.
K.
P
at
t
anay
ak
,
and
B
.
Pati.
"A
Contem
pora
r
y
Surve
y
and
Anal
y
sis
of
Delay
and
Pow
e
r
Based
Routi
ng
Protocol
s
in
MA
NET
,
"
A
RPN J
ou
r
nal
of Engi
neerin
g a
nd A
pp
li
ed
S
ci
e
nce
s
,
vol
.
11
,
no
.
1,
pp
536
-
540,
201
6
.
[25]
ns
-
3, a
discrete
-
eve
nt
netw
ork
sim
ulator
for
i
nter
net syst
em
s [htt
ps
:/
/ww
w
.
nsnam
.o
rg
/]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3
6
3
5
-
3
6
4
2
3642
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Salma
S.
Mohame
d
obta
in
ed
the
B
.
Sc.
d
eg
ree
from
the
E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Com
m
unic
at
ions
Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment
in
2011.
Henc
e
fini
s
hed
the
M.sc.
degr
ee
in
2015
from
Mansour
a
Univer
sit
y
and
c
urre
ntly
p
rep
ar
i
ng
for
Ph.D.
fro
m
Mansoura
Univer
sit
y
.
She
is
now
an
assistan
t
le
c
ture
at Mansoura
high
insti
tute
of
Eng
ineeri
ng
and
t
ec
hnolog
y
.
Mohame
d
A.
Mohame
d
rec
e
ive
d
the
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s
and
Com
m
unic
at
ions
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Facult
y
o
f
Engi
ne
eri
ng
-
M
ansoura
Univer
s
ity
-
Eg
y
pt
b
y
20
06.
Now
he
is
a
profe
ss
or
and
dea
n
of
Facu
lty
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
in
Mansoura
Univer
sit
y
sinc
e
2
018.
He
has
15
0
publi
c
at
ions
in
v
ari
ous i
n
te
rna
ti
o
nal
journa
ls
and confe
ren
ce
s.
Ab
del
-
Fatah
I.
Abdel
-
Fatah
was
born
in
E
g
y
pt
,
in,
19
41.
He
rec
ei
ved
t
he
B.
S
degr
e
e
.
from
Cai
ro
Uni
ver
sit
y
in
1963
,
the
M.S.
fr
om
As
suit
Univer
sit
y
,
and
th
e
Ph.D
de
gre
e
,
from
the
Te
chn
i
ca
l
Univ
ersity
o
f
Brno,
Czechoslova
ki
a
in
1974.
All
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
.
Curre
ntly
h
e
is
an
emeri
tus
p
rofe
ss
or
at
the
depa
r
tment
of
elec
tron
ic
s
an
d
co
m
m
unic
at
io
n
engi
ne
eri
ng
Ma
nsoura
Univer
sit
y
,
His
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
include;
Acti
ve
ci
r
cui
ts
,
Microe
l
ec
tron
ic
s
and
Nano
-
el
e
ct
r
onic
s
.
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