Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
201
6, p
p
. 2
096
~210
5
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
,
D
O
I
:
10.115
91
/ij
ece.v6
i
5.9
608
2
096
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Devel
o
p
m
ent of a M
e
asu
r
ing S
e
nsory Sys
t
em B
a
s
e
d on
LabVIE
W f
o
r Determini
n
g Elasti
c P
r
op
ri
eties of
Solid Materials
Z
a
karyae Ez
zouine
1
,
Ab
del
r
hani
Nakheli
2
1
L
a
b.
Spec
t
o
me
t
r
y
of Ma
te
ria
l
s & Arc
h
e
o
ma
te
ri
als (L
ASMAR),
Fa
c
u
lty
of Sc
i
e
nce
s
,
Moul
ay
Isma
i
l
Uni
v
e
r
si
ty
, Moroc
c
o
2
Departem
ent
of
El
ectr
i
c
a
l Engin
eering
,
ES
TM
, M
oula
y
Is
m
a
il Univers
i
t
y
,
M
o
rocco
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Dec 1, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 5
,
2
016
Accepte
d
J
u
l 18, 2016
This
artic
le dev
e
lops
als
o
a m
easure a
nd prototy
p
e to allow the acquisition of
real time data for display
,
an
aly
s
is,
control
and storage with
a pr
oposed test
program for determining the model para
m
e
ters.
The aim
is to be able t
o
m
eas
ure, and
a
ppl
y
m
o
m
e
nt t
o
a s
p
ecim
e
n
,
and col
l
ec
t da
t
a
from
the
resulting
deform
ation
in
the m
a
te
rial
. At
the
sam
e
tim
e,
th
e re
li
abi
lit
y of
th
is
test s
y
s
t
em has
been prov
ed b
y
precision
an
aly
s
is and d
a
ta pro
c
essing for
a
s
i
m
p
le tes
t
val
i
d
ation
(m
etal
wire).
Th
e for
ce-
deform
ation
cur
v
es
of s
o
lids
m
a
teria
l
s in th
is tensil
e t
e
st ar
e
m
easured ac
cura
tel
y
in re
al
tim
e
,
to ob
tai
n
the va
lues
of s
o
lid m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
m
echani
cal
propert
y p
a
ram
e
t
e
rs
, T
h
e m
i
nim
a
l
change
in leng
th
of the test Spe
c
i
m
e
n that c
a
n be
resolved b
y
this
s
y
stem
is
1µm
,
which
yiel
ds the sensitiv
it
y
com
p
rised bet
w
een 10-4µm
and 10-5 µm
.
Bas
e
d on the e
xperien
ce th
at
com
p
res
s
i
ve ten
s
ile tes
t
h
a
ve t
h
e s
m
alles
t
statisti
cal
sca
tte
r and th
at
the
y
are
sim
p
lest to
carr
y
out.
Th
e
m
easuring
devic
e
can im
pr
ove the m
eas
uri
ng effici
enc
y
an
d accur
a
c
y
dis
t
i
n
ctl
y
whil
e
has advan
t
ag
es o
f
simple
configu
r
a
tion
,
low
cost
and high
stabi
lit
y.
Keyword:
Elastic p
r
o
p
rieties
El
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
sens
o
r
Ex
peri
m
e
nt
al
set
u
p
Lab
V
IE
W s
o
ftware
Measurem
ent
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Zakaryae Ezzouine,
Lab
o
rato
ry
S
p
ectom
etry
of
M
a
teri
als and
Arc
h
e
o
m
a
teria
l
s (L
ASMAR
)
,
Facu
lty of Scien
ces, Mou
l
ay Ism
a
il Un
iv
ersity,
BP 40
10, Zitoun
e, Mekn
es, M
o
ro
cco
.
Em
a
il: ezzouine.zaka
r
yae@gmail.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
M
echani
cal
t
e
st
i
ng pl
ay
s a
n
im
port
a
nt
r
o
l
e
i
n
eval
uat
i
n
g f
u
n
d
am
ent
a
l
pr
ope
rt
i
e
s o
f
engi
neeri
n
g
materials as
well as
in
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
n
e
w m
a
t
e
rials an
d
in
co
n
t
ro
lling
th
e q
u
a
lity o
f
m
a
t
e
rials fo
r
u
s
e in
d
e
sign
and
co
nst
r
uct
i
on
[
1
]
-
[
2
]
,
a
n
d
can
hel
p
i
n
t
h
e sel
ect
i
on
of t
h
e m
o
st appropriate m
a
terial
for m
a
ny engi
neeri
ng
pr
o
j
ect
s an
d i
n
devel
opi
ng t
e
c
hni
que
s t
o
m
odi
fy
a m
a
t
e
ri
al’s p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s so
t
h
at
we can c
u
st
om
i
ze
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
ri
al
to
a sp
ecific
pu
rpo
s
e [3
].
If a m
a
terial is to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
p
a
rt o
f
an en
g
i
n
eerin
g
st
ru
ct
u
r
e th
at will b
e
su
bj
ected
t
o
a l
o
ad
, i
t
i
s
im
port
a
nt
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
ri
al
i
s
st
rong e
n
ou
g
h
an
d
ri
gi
d e
n
o
u
gh t
o
wi
t
h
st
a
nd t
h
e l
o
ads
th
at it will ex
perien
ce in
service. As a resu
lt
en
g
i
n
eers
h
a
ve d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ex
perim
e
n
t
al
tech
n
i
qu
es
for m
echanical testing
of engi
neeri
n
g m
a
teri
als sub
j
ected
t
o
tensile lo
ad
i
n
g
[4
]-[8
]
.
The m
o
st
co
m
m
on t
y
pe of t
e
st
used t
o
m
e
asure t
h
e
m
ech
an
ical p
r
o
p
e
rties o
f
a m
a
terial
is th
e ten
s
ile
Test
. Thi
s
l
a
st
one
i
s
pe
rf
orm
e
d f
o
r se
veral
r
easo
n
s. T
h
e
resu
lts of ten
s
ile
tests are u
s
ed
i
n
selectin
g m
a
t
e
rials
fo
r en
gi
ne
eri
n
g ap
pl
i
cat
i
ons
.
Tensi
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s fre
qu
ent
l
y are included in m
a
teria
l
specifications to
ens
u
re
q
u
a
lity. Ten
s
ile prop
erties
often
are m
easu
r
ed
d
u
ring
d
e
velo
p
m
en
t o
f
new m
a
terials an
d pro
cesses,
so
t
h
at
di
ffe
re
nt
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
s and
p
r
oce
sses ca
n
be c
o
m
p
ared. Fi
nal
l
y
, t
e
nsi
l
e
p
r
op
ert
i
e
s o
f
t
e
n a
r
e use
d
t
o
pre
d
i
c
t
t
h
e
beha
vi
o
r
of a
m
a
t
e
ri
al
unde
r
t
h
e l
o
a
d
. T
h
e
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
at
i
on
o
f
t
h
e El
ast
i
c
p
r
ope
rt
i
e
s al
so m
a
y
be o
f
i
n
t
e
re
st
, b
u
t
special techniques m
u
st be
us
ed to m
easure t
h
ese
p
r
op
erties du
ri
n
g
ten
s
ile
testin
g
[9
]-[11
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Developme
nt
of a Me
as
uring
Sensory
Sy
stem B
a
se
d
on
LabVIEW for
Determini
n
g .... (Zakaryae
Ezz
oui
ne)
2
097
M
i
ni
at
ure t
e
ns
i
l
e
t
e
st
i
ng t
ech
ni
q
u
es t
o
obt
ai
n t
h
e
m
echanical properties
of
m
a
terials have
been an
in
ter
e
st of
m
a
n
y
r
e
sear
ch
er
s [1
2
]-[
16
].
Par
t
h
e
ep
an
et al proposed a s
i
m
p
le
m
i
niature
disc-type t
e
nsile
sp
ecim
e
n
an
d
fix
t
ures to
ho
ld
sp
ecim
en
s with
th
e h
e
lp
of
a rig
i
d
p
i
n
t
o
pred
ict th
e m
e
c
h
an
ical pro
p
e
rt
ies o
f
m
a
terials [12]. They veri
fied the
feasibility of the sam
p
le geom
etry
using fi
nite elem
ent
m
e
thod
(FEM)
analysis.
Thi
s
pap
e
r des
c
ri
bes
t
h
e
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on of
Lab
V
IE
W,
in
a ten
s
ile test ex
p
e
rim
e
n
t
in
th
e streng
th of
material
lab
o
r
ato
r
y to
allo
w th
e acqu
i
sitio
n
o
f
real ti
m
e
d
a
ta fo
r d
i
sp
lay, an
alysis, co
n
t
ro
l an
d
storag
e
[17
]
-
[18
]
. Th
e aim
is to
b
e
ab
le t
o
m
easu
r
e an
d ap
p
l
y lo
ad
to a sp
eci
m
e
n
,
an
d
co
llect d
a
ta fro
m
th
e resu
ltin
g
d
e
fo
rm
atio
n
in th
e m
a
terial. Th
e
Stress and strain
is
cal
cul
a
t
e
d u
s
i
n
g t
h
e
engi
neeri
n
g
eq
uat
i
o
n
[
1
9]
-[
20
]
,
an
d
u
s
ing
t
h
e
v
a
lu
es of stress an
d
strain
th
e tru
e
stress strai
n
cu
rv
e
was
p
l
o
tted.
The w
o
r
k
des
c
ri
be
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r pr
o
v
i
d
es
an
eas
y
,
fast
and low c
o
st
test m
easurement of the
proprieties m
e
chanical
of the m
a
te
ri
al
s. The
pa
per i
s
o
r
ga
ni
zed
as
f
o
l
l
o
ws:
Sec
t
i
on
1
desci
r
b
e
s t
h
e
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce of t
h
e el
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
sens
o
r
and t
h
e m
a
t
e
ri
als. Sect
i
on 2
gi
ves t
h
e p
r
oce
d
ure m
e
t
hod det
a
i
l
e
d
for th
e ten
s
ile t
e
st and
th
e calcu
latio
n
of th
e
p
r
op
erties
m
e
c
h
an
ic
of m
e
tal
b
y
th
e exp
e
rimen
t
al setup
.
Sectio
n
3
gi
ves
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
an
d
di
scu
s
si
on
w
h
i
l
e
co
n
c
l
u
si
o
n
s a
n
d
f
u
t
u
re
w
o
r
k
s a
r
e
dra
w
n i
n
sect
i
o
n
4.
2.
MATE
RIAL
S AND METHODS
2.
1.
Displaceme
nt Electrom
a
gne
t
ic
Sens
or
The proposed sensor is an electrom
a
gnetic sensor
of displacem
ents. Of suc
h
sensor c
onsis
t
s
essent
i
a
l
y
of t
w
o c
o
i
l
s
an
d C
a
l
i
b
rat
e
d S
p
ri
n
g
,
whi
c
h ca
n b
e
use
d
t
o
obt
ai
n de
f
o
rm
at
i
on m
easurem
ent
s
of t
h
e
specim
e
n testing (See Fi
gure
1).
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
Di
s
p
l
acem
e
nt
el
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
sens
or
.
The c
o
i
l
sens
or
ope
rat
e
on t
h
e
basi
c p
r
i
n
ci
pl
e t
h
at
p
h
en
om
eno
n
of i
n
fl
uenc
e wi
t
h
m
a
gnet
i
c
i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
bet
w
ee
n t
w
o fl
at
coi
l
s
of t
h
e
sam
e
di
am
et
er
(2cm
) and
havi
ng t
h
e sam
e
n
u
m
b
er of c
o
i
l
t
u
r
n
s (
3
0) m
a
de by
a
coppe
r
conduc
tor wi
re of a section 0, 06 mm
, placed in
parallel. The entire syste
m
formed (fixe
d flat
coil,
gui
de
rol
l
e
r,
s
p
ri
n
g
a
n
d
m
ovi
n
g
fl
at
coi
l
)
i
s
al
i
gne
d
on
t
h
e
sa
m
e
vert
i
cal
axi
s
.
The
fi
xe
d c
o
i
l
i
s
su
ppl
i
e
d by
a l
o
w
f
r
eq
ue
n
c
y
gene
rat
o
r
o
f
a f
r
e
que
ncy
F
0
=
16 kHz
whose phase
co
nd
itio
ns and a
m
p
lificatio
n
are satisfi
ed
; th
erefore, it is trav
ersed
b
y
a sin
u
s
o
i
d
a
l curren
t wh
ich
creates
a
si
nus
oi
dal
m
a
gnet
i
c
i
n
duct
i
on
vari
a
b
l
e
al
on
g i
t
s
axi
s
.
T
hi
s i
n
d
u
ct
i
o
n
pr
od
uces a v
a
ri
abl
e
fl
u
x
Φ
and a
v
a
riab
le ind
u
c
ed
electro
m
o
tiv
e fo
rce
(EMF)
o
n
th
e electrons of th
e o
t
h
e
r co
il (m
o
v
i
ng
coil) equ
a
l to
:
dt
d
e
,
(1)
Th
is EMF is
propo
rtion
a
l to
t
h
e app
lied
l
o
ad
,
wh
en
t
h
e app
lied
m
a
ss (lo
a
d
)
i
n
creases, t
h
e in
ter co
il
d
i
stan
ce
d
ecreases, is ind
e
ed
th
e Ou
t
v
o
l
tag
e
of se
ns
or
an
d t
h
e
EM
F i
n
cre
a
ses.
A m
echanical inve
rte
r
(calib
rated
sprin
g
) is u
s
ed
to
con
v
e
rt the ap
p
lied
l
o
ad
to
th
e
d
i
splace
m
e
n
t
. Mo
re d
e
tails abou
t th
e
el
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
sens
o
r
sy
st
e
m
can be f
o
un
d el
se
whe
r
e
[1
7]
-[
1
8
]
,
[
21]
-
[
2
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
16
:
209
6
–
21
05
2
098
2.
2.
The
Condi
tioning Circuit
As shown in
Figures 2,
3 and 4 the conditioning ci
rcuit of
out displacem
e
n
t sensor si
gna
l path has
th
ree stages [17
]
,[1
8
]
,[22
],[23
]
. Fo
r th
at
reason
, st
ab
ilizin
g
and
in
creasin
g
th
e
ou
t sen
s
or
v
o
ltag
e
req
u
i
res
several proces
s
e
s.
Th
e first step
is find
ing
th
e gain
o
f
t
h
e am
p
lifier an
d
m
u
lti
p
l
yin
g
th
is
g
a
in
with
th
e senso
r
vo
ltag
e
,
fi
n
d
i
n
g t
h
e
gai
n
of
an
am
pl
i
f
ier stage
can be
cum
b
ersom
e
.
Fi
gu
re 2 s
h
o
w
s a non
-I
n
v
ert
i
ng
gai
n
am
pl
i
f
i
e
r usi
n
g an o
p
am
p. It
present
s
hi
g
h
im
pedance t
o
t
h
e
sen
s
o
r
(at VSENSOR)
and
p
r
o
d
u
ces
a p
o
s
itiv
e g
a
in
fro
m
VSENSOR
t
o
V1
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
N
o
n-
i
nve
rt
i
n
g
Gai
n
Am
pl
i
f
i
e
r fo
r
Hi
g
h
-
I
m
p
ed
ance Sensors
with
Vo
ltag
e
Ou
t
p
u
t; L1
: Transmit
ter
coil; L2: Recei
ver coil
(Fi
g
ure
2
)
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
ap
pl
i
cat
i
on ca
n
be
seen
i
n
e
quat
i
o
ns
2
and
3
.
SENSOR
opAmp
V
R
R
V
1
2
1
,
(2)
sensor
opAmp
V
R
R
R
R
V
V
1
2
*
3
4
1
2
,
(3)
Th
e circu
it sho
w
n
in
Figure 3
is co
m
p
o
s
ed
of a
fu
ll-wav
e
rectifier circu
it, a lo
w-p
a
ss RC filter
fo
llowed
b
y
an op
eration
a
l am
p
l
ifier, th
e clo
s
ed
loop
g
a
in
is:
1
9
8
R
R
ACL
,
(4)
Fig
u
re
3
.
Fu
ll-wav
e
rectifier
circ
u
it and
Low Pass Bu
tterworth Filter
Th
e cond
itio
n
i
n
g
circu
it also
in
clu
d
e
s an
ad
ju
stab
le con
t
ro
l
p
o
t
en
tio
m
e
ter
resisto
r
u
s
ed
to ad
ju
st th
e
sen
s
itiv
ity o
f
sen
s
o
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Developme
nt
of a Me
as
uring
Sensory
Sy
stem B
a
se
d
on
LabVIEW for
Determini
n
g .... (Zakaryae
Ezz
oui
ne)
2
099
Figu
re
4.
P
o
ten
tio
m
e
ter fo
r a
d
ju
stm
e
nt
Th
e Am
p
lifiers u
s
ed
in
th
e C
o
nd
itio
n
i
n
g
circu
it
are LM324 which are power
su
pp
lied
fro
m
a
±
1
5V
symm
e
t
rical stabilized s
o
urce
[21].
2.
3.
Specimen Tes
t
ing
In Fi
gu
re
5 w
e
sho
w
a t
e
st
speci
m
e
n i
s
desi
gne
d
of a st
a
nda
r
d
sha
p
e a
nd
di
m
e
nsi
ons
, base
d o
n
a
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
s
t
anda
rd
t
e
nsi
l
e
speci
m
e
n. A
speci
m
e
n i
s
pr
epare
d
acc
o
r
di
ng
t
o
ex
peri
m
e
nt
al
set
u
p
st
anda
r
d
t
e
st
m
e
t
hod
f
o
r
t
e
nsi
l
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s el
ast
i
c
s of
m
e
t
a
l
s
;
it'
s sub
j
ect
ed t
o
a
n
a
x
i
a
l
l
o
ad.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Desi
gn
o
f
t
h
e Te
nsi
l
e Speci
m
e
n:
1
,
l
i
n
er
su
p
p
o
r
t
cy
l
i
nder;
2,
Wi
re sam
p
l
e
;
3, s
u
p
p
o
rt
p
o
st
n
u
t
;
4,
l
i
n
er s
u
p
p
o
rt
c
y
l
i
nder;
5, C
l
a
m
ps
The test piece
is
m
a
de of a metal wire,
whic
h is gr
ippe
d at
its ends
by two
cylinde
rs to
pre
v
e
n
t the
wi
re
fr
om
bei
n
g
rem
oved,
a
n
d i
t
’
s
cl
am
ped
i
n
t
h
e
t
w
o cy
l
i
nde
rs
by
cl
am
ps
fo
r
fi
xi
ng
t
h
e wi
re
a
n
d
t
o
e
n
su
re
th
e ap
p
licatio
n o
f
th
e tractio
n
force ov
er the
entire section of the wire. T
h
e
specim
e
n i
s
pul
l
e
d t
o
el
on
ga
t
e
at
a
d
e
term
in
ed
rat
e
to
its
b
r
eakp
oin
t
.
2.
4.
Experimental Setup
The e
x
perim
e
ntal set up is an
accurate
Tensil
e Test
System
measures
t
h
e
physi
cal propert
i
es of ve
ry
sm
a
ll objects, suc
h
as
m
e
tal
m
a
terials. The syste
m
m
easures sa
m
p
les between
5 cm
and 60 cm
with lo
ads
up
t
o
1
9
6
Ne
wt
o
n
.
The
m
easuri
n
g sy
st
em
show
s i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e 6
c
onsi
s
t
s
of
a co
m
put
er fo
r t
e
st
co
nt
rol
a
n
d di
spl
a
y
,
a sam
p
le test sp
ecim
e
n
with
a rig
i
d
su
ppo
rt
,
and a
hook to s
u
spend t
h
e a
p
plied load.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
16
:
209
6
–
21
05
2
100
Fi
gu
re
6.
Ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
al
set
up
In addition, t
h
e system
contain Electrom
a
gnetic fo
rce
-
displacem
ent sensor to m
easure deform
ation
of t
h
e s
a
m
p
l
e
. A dat
a
ac
qui
si
t
i
on car
d al
l
o
w
s
t
h
e vi
s
u
al
i
zat
i
on a
nd t
h
e m
oni
t
o
ri
ng
of t
h
e
appl
i
e
d l
o
ad as
wel
l
as t
h
e el
ongat
i
on
of sam
p
l
e
.
PC
-bas
ed o
n
L
a
bV
IE
W
s
o
ft
w
a
re i
n
t
h
e sy
st
em
col
l
ect
s and anal
y
zes a vari
et
y
of
en
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
rties su
ch
as Mo
du
lu
s of
Elasticity,
yiel
d
streng
th, u
ltimate stren
g
t
h
,
failu
re stren
g
t
h
,
and
elo
n
g
a
tio
n at failu
re.
2.
5.
Procedure of Tensile
Test
Tensile test is carried
out by
gri
ppi
ng t
h
e ends
of
a suitably prepa
r
ed sta
nda
rdized test piece in a
ten
s
ile testin
g
d
e
v
i
ce, and
t
h
en
ap
p
l
ying
a
co
n
tinu
a
lly in
creasing
u
n
i
-ax
i
al lo
ad
u
n
til su
ch ti
m
e
as failu
re
occurs. The
test piece m
u
st be standa
rdize
d
s
o
that
re
sult
s can
be
replic
ated and c
o
m
p
ared. Before t
h
e test,
t
h
e s
p
eci
m
e
n lengt
h
(Lo
)
,
an
d t
h
e
cr
oss
-
sec
t
i
onal
area
(
A
o) are
m
easured
to ena
b
le
cal
c
u
l
a
t
i
ons of st
rai
n
.
A test setup is shown i
n
Figure
5 a typical wire has a pl
aced in
the testing de
vice and a force F,
called
th
e lo
ad, is ap
p
lied
,
Th
erefore th
e inter co
il d
i
stance decreases and the out
vol
t
a
ge of se
ns
or i
n
crease
.A V
o
l
t
a
ge
-I
nt
er coi
l
di
st
anc
e
cur
v
e use
d
t
o
m
easure t
h
e am
ount
t
h
at
t
h
e speci
m
e
n st
ret
c
hes bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e
d
i
stan
ce in
ter co
il wh
en
th
e fo
rce is app
lied. Thu
s
, wh
at
is
m
easured is the cha
nge i
n
lengt
h of the specim
e
n
(
ᇞ
L
)
o
v
er a
pa
rt
i
c
ul
ar o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
l
e
ngt
h (
L
0
)
.
I
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on co
n
cerni
ng t
h
e st
r
e
ngt
h,
Yo
u
n
g
’
s
m
odul
us, a
n
d
st
ress
o
f
m
a
terial can
b
e
ob
tain
ed fro
m
su
ch
a ten
s
ile test.
In a ten
s
ile test
, th
e eng
i
n
e
erin
g stress,
o
r
nomin
al stress,
σ
i
s
defi
ned
as:
0
A
F
,
(5)
Wh
ere F is th
e ten
s
ile force an
d Ao
is th
e cro
ss-sec
tio
n
a
l area. Th
e en
g
i
neering
strain,
or no
m
i
n
a
l strain
,
ɛ
is
defi
ned
as:
0
L
L
,
(6)
Wh
ere Lo
is the in
itial g
a
g
e
len
g
t
h
an
d
ᇞ
L is th
e ch
an
g
e
in len
g
t
h
(L- Lo
).
sectio
n of
the
w
i
r
e
. Th
e elong
ation
is m
easu
r
ed
b
y
th
e Fo
llowing
eq
u
a
tion
:
1
2
d
d
L
,
(7)
Wh
ere
d1
is the in
itial in
ter C
o
il d
i
stan
ce, and
d
2
is th
e in
ter co
il d
i
stan
ce
at: Lo
ad P=1
2
.2
625
N.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
Developme
nt
of a Me
as
uring
Sensory
Sy
stem B
a
se
d
on LabVIEW for
Determini
n
g .... (Zakaryae
Ezz
oui
ne)
2
101
2.
6.
Da
ta
Ac
quisiti
on
Th
e d
a
ta ex
p
e
rim
e
n
t
al
is in
t
e
rfaced
to
th
e co
m
puter connected through
th
e Natio
n
a
l
In
st
ru
m
e
n
t
s
m
u
ltifunctiona
l
NI USB
-
6281 data
acqui
sition m
odule ca
rd
whic
h ca
n s
u
pport
16 a
n
alog inputs and
2
analog
out
puts
cha
n
ne
ls with a
voltage
ranging
bet
w
een ±12
Vo
lt
s. T
h
e sam
p
ling
rate of the
ac
quisition card
m
odule
is 6
2
5
Ks/S wit
h
18
b
it reso
l
u
tio
n
.
Th
e g
r
aph
i
cal p
r
o
g
ram
written
in
LabVIEW is th
en
lin
k
e
d
to
th
e set u
p
th
ro
ugh
th
e acq
u
i
sition
m
o
d
u
le.
The
phy
si
cal
a
nd el
ect
ri
cal
c
o
nnect
i
o
n
bet
w
e
e
n E
xpe
ri
m
e
ntal
sy
st
em
, con
d
i
t
i
oni
n
g
ca
rd
and
D
A
Q
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
5.
A
n
al
o
g
u
e i
n
p
u
t
s
c
h
a
nnel
s
are c
o
nfigured for
diff
ere
n
tial m
easure
m
ents.
A graphical software
pac
k
age such a
s
the
LabV
IE
W®
f
o
r
W
i
n
d
o
w
s
,
f
r
om
National Inst
rum
e
nts,
Aust
i
n
, Texas
was use
d
t
o
pr
ovi
de
t
h
e user
i
n
t
e
rface
.
La
b
V
IE
W®
pr
ovi
des
t
ool
s
f
o
r i
n
st
rum
e
nt
cont
r
o
l
,
dat
a
acq
u
i
sition
,
d
a
ta
an
alysis. With
th
e graph
i
cal
p
r
og
ra
mm
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
, t
h
e u
s
er
wires blo
c
k d
i
ag
ram
s
in
a
logical sequence to create what are ca
l
l
e
d vi
rt
ual
i
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
s (VIs
). Eac
h
VI can
be pr
o
g
r
am
m
e
d t
o
run
al
one
or
be em
bedde
d into a si
ngle hierarc
h
ical VI. This m
odula
r
approach t
o
program
m
ing is extrem
ely versatile
an
d allo
ws
g
r
eater co
m
p
lex
ity an
d so
ph
isticatio
n
,
wit
hout
creating a large and ind
eci
pherable as
sem
b
lage
of
wires a
n
d ic
ons. For each spe
c
ific control, a
c
quisition,
a
nd analysis function provi
ded by
the c
o
ntroller
card,
a library
of
VIs
can
be a
ssem
b
led. T
h
ese
VIs
can the
n
be
use
d
togethe
r
t
o
c
r
eate specific te
sting
proce
d
ures.
3.
RESULTS AND VALIDATION
3.
1.
Sy
stem Ca
libra
ti
o
n
In orde
r t
o
measure
elastic property of m
e
tal,
th
e sen
s
or was
p
r
elim
i
n
ary calibrated
,
t
h
e lin
ear
rel
a
t
i
on bet
w
ee
n out
put
V
o
l
t
a
ges
a
n
d
a
ppl
i
e
d fo
rces was
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d.
Th
e calib
ration
of th
e lo
ad
was cond
u
c
ted b
y
co
llectin
g d
a
ta o
f
d
i
fferen
t
k
nown
app
lied
lo
ad
s
(wei
ght
s
)
an
d
m
easuri
n
g i
t
s
cor
r
es
po
n
d
i
n
g
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
. C
a
l
i
b
rat
i
o
n
m
easurem
ent
s
were
co
n
duct
e
d
by
st
eps o
v
er a ra
nge
of 0 t
o
19
6
N wi
t
h
an el
apse
d-t
i
m
e of 1 m
i
n bet
w
een e
ach cal
i
b
rat
e
d l
o
ad i
n
or
der t
o
avoi
d
h
y
steretic effects, th
e vo
ltag
e
return
s t
o
Zero
v
a
l
u
e af
ter rem
o
v
i
n
g
th
e l
o
ad
.
A series of calib
rated
l
o
ad
s were
appl
i
e
d i
n
i
n
c
r
easi
ng
or
de
r.
The o
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
age of t
h
e l
o
a
d
was ca
pt
u
r
e
d
t
h
r
o
ug
h a
hi
gh
-re
sol
u
t
i
on
pr
o
g
ram
devel
ope
d i
n
L
a
bV
IE
W.
Fi
gu
re 7 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e obt
ai
ne
d
pol
y
n
o
m
i
al behavi
or
bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e ap
pl
i
e
d
l
o
ads (m
) and t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge
(
V
) as
obt
ai
ne
d
f
r
om
t
h
e l
o
a
d
.
Whe
r
e t
h
e a
p
pl
i
e
d l
o
ad
s (m
) i
s
gi
v
e
n i
n
gram
s an
d t
h
e
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
V in m
u
ltiv
o
lts.
Figu
re
7.
Calibration
cu
rve
m
=
f (
V
)
The el
ect
r
o
m
a
gnet
i
c
se
ns
or
i
s
com
p
ri
sed
of a
c
onv
erter (a calibrated spring
) t
h
at
allo
ws t
h
e
Conversion of
the
m
a
sses in
displacem
ents (see Figure
8). The curve of
Determ
ina
tion of the
displace
ment
d
=
f (v) ob
tain
ed
b
y
con
v
e
rsion
th
e m
a
s
s
es in
d
i
sp
lace
m
e
n
t
wh
ile u
s
ing
th
e characteristic fo
r sp
ri
ng
(K=
9
.
8
1
N
/m
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
16
:
209
6
–
21
05
2
102
Fi
gu
re 8.
C
a
l
i
b
rat
i
o
n
cu
rve
s
h
owi
n
g
t
h
e rel
a
t
i
on bet
w
ee
n
i
n
t
e
r-coi
l
di
st
anc
e
an
d out
v
o
l
t
a
ge of
Se
nso
r
d
=
f (V
)
Th
e fit p
o
l
yno
m
i
a
l
to
th
e
cu
rv
e show
n
i
n
Figu
r
e
8
is o
f
or
de
r 2, c
h
aracterize
d
by a standard
devi
at
i
o
n c
o
nsi
s
t
e
nt
wi
t
h
t
h
e e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
accuracy
of
t
h
e
s
e
ns
or
(
Δ
V=
±
0
.0
1 m
V
), a
p
pe
ars s
u
i
t
a
bl
e:
2
0
*
)
(
j
j
i
j
i
v
B
mm
d
,
(8)
The coefficients of the
poly
n
om
ia
l fit are:
B
0
= 3
.
169
13
;
B
1
= -
0
.
0017
5
;
B2
=
3
.
335
85
.E
-7
. The
equat
i
o
n
descr
i
bi
ng t
h
i
s
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
bet
w
e
e
n t
h
e I
n
t
e
r c
o
i
l
di
st
ance a
n
d t
h
e
out
vol
t
a
ge o
f
se
nso
r
can b
e
exp
r
esse
d by
:
169
.
3
10
*
5
.
17
10
*
335
.
3
)
(
4
2
7
V
V
mm
d
,
(9)
After the calibration
of the Sens
ory syste
m
Devi
ce we re
place the spri
ng calibrated
by the fixing
syste
m
and the
test sam
p
le.
3.
2.
Validati
o
n
of
the E
x
perime
ntal
setup by
Meas
urement
the Elastic pr
oper
ties of c
o
pper Wire
In
or
de
r t
o
un
derst
a
nd t
h
e e
ffect
s
of t
h
e t
e
nsi
l
e
t
e
st
i
ng
on m
echani
cal
pr
o
p
ert
i
e
s, a
com
m
e
rci
a
l
co
pp
er
w
i
r
e
of 1
6
mm len
g
t
h
,
0
.
025
mm
in
t
h
ickn
ess and
4.90
625
*E
-08
mm
2
i
n
Area was pr
ovi
ded t
o
a
c
qui
r
e
th
e op
ti
m
a
l co
n
d
ition
with
resp
ect to
Ex
p
e
ri
men
t
al setu
p
.
Also
t
h
is sam
p
le test u
s
ed
to
v
a
lid
th
e m
easu
r
em
en
t
syste
m
. The re
sults of e
x
peri
m
e
ntal
test are
summ
arized in Table
1.
Tabl
e
1.
Sum
m
a
ry
o
f
t
e
n
s
i
l
e
t
e
st
res
u
l
t
s
fr
o
m
copper
wi
re
W
i
t
h
:
m
,
M
a
ss;
P, L
o
a
d
;
V
,
T
e
nsi
o
n;
d,
Di
sp
l
acem
e
nt
and
ᇞ
L, El
o
ngat
i
o
n.
M (
K
g)
P(N)
V(
m
v
)
d(
mm
)
ᇞ
L (
m
m
)
0 0
300
2.
6741
0
1.
25
12.
262
5
312.
1
2.
6554
0.
0187
2.
5 24.
525
328.
4
2.
6304
0.
0250
3.
75
36.
787
5
348.
2
2.
6002
0.
0301
5 49.
05
372
2.
5642
0.
0359
6.
25
61.
312
5
399
2.
5239
0.
0403
7.
5 73.
575
429.
7
2.
4787
0.
0452
8.
75
85.
837
5
464.
5
2.
4282
0.
0505
10
98.
1
503.
1
2.
3731
0.
0550
11.
25
110.
36
25
546
2.
3130
0.
0600
12.
5
122.
62
5
593.
5
2.
2480
0.
0650
13.
75
134.
88
75
646
2.
1778
0.
0701
15
147.
15
703.
8
2.
1027
0.
0751
16.
25
159.
41
25
768.
1
2.
0217
0.
0809
17.
5
171.
67
5
838.
2
1.
9366
0.
0851
18.
75
183.
93
75
920
1.
8414
0.
0951
20
196.
2
1028.
7
1.
7219
0.
1195
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
Developme
nt
of a Me
as
uring
Sensory
Sy
stem B
a
se
d
on LabVIEW for
Determini
n
g .... (Zakaryae
Ezz
oui
ne)
2
103
A Nat
i
o
nal
I
n
s
t
rum
e
nt
s USB
-
62
8
1
dat
a
acq
u
i
si
t
i
on card
i
s
use
d
t
o
acq
ui
re
t
h
e anal
o
gue s
i
gnal
s
f
r
om
th
e ou
t
Vo
ltage of sen
s
o
r
as
fu
n
c
tion of th
e
ap
p
lied lo
ad
s
as well as th
e
Elo
n
g
a
tio
n. Th
e
ap
p
lication
so
ftware
o
f
th
e system is written
in LabVIEW 10
, a grap
h
i
cal
prog
ramm
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
ov
id
ed
b
y
Nati
o
n
a
l
Inst
rum
e
nt
s. Fi
gu
re
9 sh
o
w
s t
h
e f
r
o
n
t
a
l
pa
ne
l
of t
h
e i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d p
r
o
g
r
a
m
and t
h
e
di
f
f
e
rent
param
e
t
e
rs u
s
ed
to
ob
tain
t
h
e st
ress-st
rain
curve.
Figure 9.
The
user
interface written
i
n
La
bVIEW. The int
e
rface i
n
cludes a r
eal-tim
e plot of the a
p
plied load
agai
nst
di
spl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
. Al
s
o
i
n
cl
ude
d a
r
e
para
m
e
t
e
rs fo
r t
h
e
sam
p
l
e
set
up
The
gra
p
hical user i
n
terface (GUI)
provides
the user
with
com
p
lete control and m
onitoring
over al
l
asp
ects of th
e
ten
s
ile testin
g
syste
m
. Geo
m
etrical d
e
tails
su
ch
as th
e len
g
t
h
,
area and th
ick
n
e
ss of th
e test
specim
e
n are s
u
pplied t
o
t
h
e s
o
ft
ware.
The force
-
dis
p
lace
m
e
nt
and stress-st
rain
curv
es are p
l
o
tted
in real
ti
m
e
d
u
ring
testing
.
Usi
n
g th
is
program
,
para
meters as data
acquisition time, displacem
en
t, and applied
force ca
n be c
a
ptured a
n
d sa
ved i
n
real
t
i
m
e
for subs
eq
ue
nt
anal
y
s
i
s
. Al
l
dat
a
gat
h
ere
d
t
h
r
o
ug
ho
ut
t
h
e ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
s can be e
x
p
o
r
t
e
d t
o
a t
e
xt
fi
l
e
fo
r fu
rt
he
r pr
o
cessi
ng
usi
n
g a sprea
d
sheet
t
ool
. Fi
gu
re 1
0
sho
w
s a pl
ot
of t
h
e ap
pl
i
e
d
Loa
d
as fu
nct
i
on
of
Elongation (load-displacem
ent
curve)
obtained from
the e
xpe
rim
e
nt.
Figu
re 1
0
. Fo
r
ce-Elo
ngati
on
cur
v
e fo
r
C
o
p
p
e
r W
i
re
The e
ngi
neeri
n
g st
ress
vs. e
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g st
rai
n
cu
rve
fr
om
the t
e
nsi
l
e
t
e
st
i
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
11
. T
h
e
cu
rv
e clearly ex
h
i
b
its a lin
ear-elastic reg
i
me (d
o
tted
line in Figure
11). T
h
e consist
e
ncy of t
h
e measure
d
stress-strain
v
a
lu
es is ev
id
en
t
fro
m
th
e g
ood
reprodu
cib
ility of th
e lin
ear-elastic reg
i
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
JECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
16
:
209
6
–
21
05
2
104
Fig
u
r
e
11
. Th
e eng
i
n
e
er
ing
st
r
e
ss-
st
r
a
in
cur
v
e of
th
e copp
er w
i
r
e
allo
y at var
i
ou
s ap
p
lied
Lo
ad
On
ce th
e ten
s
ile stress-strai
n
cu
rv
e is
p
l
otted
,
th
e
Yo
un
g’s m
o
du
lu
s, E,
o
f
th
e cop
p
e
r
wire i
s
d
e
term
in
ed
from
th
e slo
p
e
of
th
e in
itial lin
ear reg
i
on
.
In
th
e figu
re abo
v
e
a tan
g
e
n
t
draw
o
n
th
e cu
rv
e is sho
w
at a str
e
ss
of
19
9.94*
10
6
Pa.
The sl
ope
of t
h
is line (i.e.
,
Δσ
/
Δε
), t
h
e t
a
n
g
e
n
t
m
odul
u
s
, i
s
com
put
ed as
f
o
l
l
o
ws:
GPa
3
.
83
0031
.
0
0034
.
0
10
*
95
.
174
10
*
94
.
199
6
6
Th
e p
e
r
cen
tage er
r
o
r
of
lin
ear
Y
oun
g
Modulu
s
f
r
o
m
th
is e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
co
mp
ar
ed
to
th
at o
f
liter
a
tu
r
e
is
35
.9 % o
f
C
o
ppe
r wi
re [
2
4]
-[
25]
. It
has a
pret
t
y
goo
d p
r
eci
si
on
. Fr
om
t
h
e resul
t
s
, t
h
ey
i
ndi
cat
e t
h
at
t
h
i
s
tech
n
i
qu
e is si
m
p
le fo
r m
easu
r
i
n
g th
e Elasti
c prop
rieties
o
f
m
e
tals u
s
in
g read
ily av
ailab
l
e m
a
terials.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Thi
s
art
i
c
l
e
descri
be
d a
m
e
t
hod t
o
eval
uat
e
m
a
t
e
ri
al
prope
rt
i
e
s usi
ng a si
m
p
l
e
t
e
nsi
l
e
t
e
st
i
ng sy
st
em
wi
t
h
a m
i
ni
ature s
p
eci
m
e
n t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a si
m
p
l
e
experi
m
e
nt
al
set
u
p
.
T
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
m
e
t
hod i
s
ba
sed
on
Electrom
a
gnetic
Displacem
ent
Sens
or with accurate 10
-3
µm/
m
v
.
A
m
easu
r
em
en
t ten
s
ile testin
g
system was
desi
g
n
e
d
an
d
devel
ope
d.
Th
e newl
y
desi
g
n
ed s
p
eci
m
e
n i
s
sm
al
l
i
n
si
ze and easy
t
o
pre
p
are
.
Fi
nal
l
y
,
t
h
e
devel
ope
d t
e
st
i
ng
sy
st
em
can be u
s
ed a
s
a T
echni
cal
desi
g
n
o
f
di
dact
i
cal
t
ool
s i
n
st
ruct
i
o
nal
t
o
assi
st
st
ude
nt
s
in
th
eir efforts
to
und
erstan
d th
e
b
a
si
c m
echanical proper
ties of m
a
terials.
In t
h
i
s
ex
peri
m
e
nt
, Pro
g
ram
has been cre
a
t
e
d us
ing LabVIE
W use
d
to investigate the
m
echanical
p
r
op
erties of
metals
materia
l
s su
bj
ected
t
o
th
e ten
s
ile
load.T
he use
of virt
ual instrum
e
nts created with
LabVIEW allows th
e u
s
er to
q
u
i
ck
ly in
v
e
stig
ate an
d
g
a
t
h
e
r
dat
a
. The e
x
peri
m
e
nt
al
sy
st
em
confo
r
m
s
t
o
t
h
e
speci
fi
cat
i
o
ns
of
st
an
dar
d
t
e
st
m
e
t
hod
. T
h
e Y
o
u
n
g
’s
m
o
d
u
l
u
s a
n
d
t
e
nsi
l
e
st
re
ngt
h
of
co
p
p
er
w
i
re, as
d
e
term
in
ed
from
th
e ten
s
ile tests agrees
with
th
e
prev
iou
s
ly
repo
rted
v
a
lu
es.
Successful achievem
e
nt of this work
will all
o
w
us,
as future work, we thi
nk to m
a
ke
m
e
asurem
ents
i
n
ot
her
s
o
l
i
d
m
a
t
e
ri
al
s and
det
e
rm
i
n
i
ng t
h
ei
r p
r
ope
rt
y
mechanical
by this sim
p
le
experim
e
ntal
m
easurem
ent
syste
m
, an
d
also
to
in
creases th
e p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce an
d
t
h
e se
nsib
ility o
f
th
e syste
m
, th
en
we n
eed
t
o
rep
l
ace th
e
p
r
esen
t calib
rated
spring
o
f
t
h
e electro
m
a
gn
etic sen
s
o
r
by an
o
t
h
e
r m
o
re su
scep
tib
le in
th
e
fu
t
u
re,
wh
ich
g
r
eatly leng
th
en
s t
h
e
p
r
ecision
of the m
easurem
ent syste
m
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
G. E
.
Dieter
, “Mechan
ical m
e
t
a
ll
urg
y
,” SI
m
e
tri
c
edition
,
Boston
,
McGraw-Hill, 1
988.
[2]
N. E. Dowling
,
“
M
echanical Beh
a
vior of
Ma
terials,” second, ed.,
Prentice-Hall,
1
999.
[3]
M. Carr
, “Tensile testi
ng: a simple in
troduction,”
Phys. Educ
., vol. 41, pp. 57-62, 2
006.
[4]
ASTM, “E 646 Standard
Test
Method
for Tensile
Str
a
in-Har
dening Exponen
t
s (n-Values) o
f
Metallic Sheet
Ma
te
ria
l
s,
”
Ann
ual Boo
k
or
ASTM Standards,
Americ
an, So
ciety for Testing
and
Materials
, vol. 3
.
[5]
ISO/TR 29381,
“Metallic mater
i
als - Meas
urement of mechan
ical properties b
y
an instrumented
indentation test -
Indentation tensile
prop
erties,”
T
C
164 Mechanical testing o
f
metals/SC3
, pp
. 29
,
2008.
[6]
ASTM, “Standar
d
Test Methods f
o
r Tens
ion
Testing of Metallic Mater
i
als,”
D
.
o. Defense.
, 2013.
[7]
“Japanese Industrial Standards
(JIS),”
J.S
.
A.
, 200
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Developme
nt
of a Me
as
uring
Sensory
Sy
stem B
a
se
d
on
LabVIEW for
Determini
n
g .... (Zakaryae
Ezz
oui
ne)
2
105
[8]
M. S. Lov
e
day
,
et a
l
.
, “
T
ensi
le
testing
of m
e
t
a
lli
c m
a
t
e
ri
als:
A review,
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htm
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Z. Ezzouin
e
was born on February
02, 1989 in
M
e
knes, Morocco
. He received Master degree
in
Microelectron
i
cs
from Ibn Tofail University
, Kenitr
a, in July
2012
. He is currently
pursuing Ph
D
degree in
sensor and
instrumen
t
ation
at LASMAR
laborator
y
,
Faculty
of Science, University
Moulay
Isma
il, Me
kne
s,
Moroc
c
o
. His ma
in
area of r
e
search
includes
Design and
implementation of
an inductive
d
i
splacement sens
or to measure
v
a
rious ph
y
s
ical p
a
rameters
A. Nakheli was born on January
23, 1964 in Fes, Morocco. H
e
received his PhD degree in
Materials Science, 1992
at INSA, Ly
on
, Fran
ce.
He
receiv
ed his
Diploma of State of Doctor
in
Ph
y
s
ics from
Moula
y
Ism
a
il
Universit
y
Mek
n
es
, M
o
rocco.
Currentl
y
, h
e
is
a profes
s
o
r at
Electrical
Engineering Dep
a
rtment, High Sc
hool of Techn
o
log
y
(
E
STM), Moulay
Ismail
Unive
r
sity
of
Me
kne
s,
Mo
rocco. He is work
ing in
sensors concep
tion and
electromagnetic
applications.
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