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[
5
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6
].
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n
io
n
r
ad
io
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
ec
to
r
(
I
T
U
-
R
)
in
J
a
n
u
ar
y
2
0
1
2
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
t
h
e
d
r
a
m
atic
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ata
s
er
v
ices
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
w
ir
ele
s
s
I
n
ter
n
et
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ices
h
a
s
tr
i
g
g
er
ed
th
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
o
f
5
G
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
ter
r
estria
l
m
o
b
ile
te
leco
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
[
7
].
5
G
w
ir
eles
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
a
m
i
x
tu
r
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
ier
s
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
izes,
tr
an
s
m
i
t
p
o
w
e
r
s
,
b
ac
k
h
a
u
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ad
io
ac
ce
s
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es
(
R
A
T
s
)
t
h
at
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
an
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
te
d
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
m
ar
t
a
n
d
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
w
ir
eles
s
d
ev
ices
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itect
u
r
al
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
alo
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
h
y
s
ical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
c
h
as
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
er
s
p
atial
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
i
g
h
er
ag
g
r
e
g
ate
ca
p
a
cit
y
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
u
s
er
s
,
o
r
h
ig
h
er
le
v
el
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
,
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
4
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
9
].
2.
RADIO
P
RO
P
AG
AT
I
O
N
M
O
DE
L
A
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
i
s
an
e
m
p
ir
ical
m
at
h
e
m
at
ical
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
r
ad
io
w
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
o
th
er
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
A
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
el
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
f
o
r
ev
er
y
s
i
m
i
lar
lin
k
u
n
d
er
s
i
m
i
lar
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
ess
e
n
tial
a
i
m
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
i
s
to
f
o
r
m
al
ize
h
o
w
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
to
a
n
o
t
h
er
.
On
l
y
in
s
u
c
h
s
it
u
atio
n
ca
n
a
t
y
p
ica
l
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
a
n
ar
ea
co
v
er
ed
b
y
a
s
i
n
g
le
o
r
m
u
l
ti
tr
an
s
m
itter
(
s
)
[
10
]
.
I
n
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
ter
m
i
n
als
i
s
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
s
u
c
h
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
as scatter
i
n
g
,
d
if
f
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
[
1
1
].
T
h
e
r
ad
io
co
v
er
ag
e
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
r
ad
io
s
i
g
n
al
p
at
h
l
o
s
s
,
w
h
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
R
F
p
o
w
er
o
f
r
ad
io
s
ig
n
als
w
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
h
e
n
r
ad
io
s
i
g
n
als
h
a
v
e
tr
av
elled
o
v
er
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
d
is
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cie
s
w
i
ll
n
o
t
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
l
y
o
v
er
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
s
w
it
h
v
ar
ied
ter
r
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
12
]
.
Fo
r
clea
r
lin
e
o
f
s
ig
h
t
(
L
OS)
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
th
e
r
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
eq
u
atio
n
,
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
[
]
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
d
an
d
λ
ar
e
th
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
in
m
eter
s
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
.
I
n
No
n
-
L
i
n
e
-
of
-
S
ig
h
t
(
N
L
OS
)
ca
s
es,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
is
w
o
r
s
e
w
i
th
r
eliab
le
d
is
tan
ce
s
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
e
v
e
n
f
ast
er
.
Mo
s
t
p
ath
s
ar
e
o
b
s
tr
u
cte
d
b
y
o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
W
h
en
p
en
etr
ati
n
g
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
r
ad
io
w
av
e
s
ar
e
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
in
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e.
A
s
th
e
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
ill
u
s
tr
ate
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
h
a
v
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
a
tten
u
ati
o
n
o
n
p
en
etr
ati
n
g
o
b
s
tacl
es [
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Hig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
atten
u
atio
n
o
n
p
en
e
tr
atin
g
o
b
s
tacle
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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0
8
8
-
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I
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t J
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&
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8
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i
f
f
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t.
T
h
e
an
g
le
o
f
d
i
f
f
r
ac
tio
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i
s
h
i
g
h
er
as
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
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d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
W
h
e
n
a
r
ad
io
s
ig
n
al
is
r
ef
lecte
d
,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
R
F
p
o
w
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ab
s
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ed
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y
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e
o
b
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atten
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ati
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g
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
f
lecte
d
s
ig
n
al.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
h
i
g
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
lo
s
e
m
o
r
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
tr
en
g
th
o
n
r
ef
lectio
n
[
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
o
n
r
ef
lect
io
n
I
n
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
,
clea
r
an
d
u
n
o
b
s
tr
u
cted
li
n
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
h
t
(
L
O
S)
p
ath
i
s
a
v
ailab
le
a
n
d
th
e
f
ir
s
t
Fre
s
n
el
zo
n
e
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
b
e
t
w
ee
n
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
an
d
ter
m
i
n
al.
Fre
e
s
p
ac
e
p
at
h
lo
s
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic
v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
p
o
w
er
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
)
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
is
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
it
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
w
i
th
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
d
i
s
tan
ce
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
p
r
o
d
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ce
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i
m
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f
ec
t o
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th
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
.
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
f
is
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
,
d
is
d
is
ta
n
ce
r
esp
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Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
at
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
ab
o
v
e
6
GHz
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t r
an
g
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fre
e
s
p
ac
e
p
ath
lo
s
s
at
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies ab
o
v
e
6
GHz
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t r
a
n
g
e
s
3.
P
RO
P
AG
A
T
I
O
N
P
A
T
H
L
O
SS
M
E
ASURE
M
E
NT
S
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
icu
l
ties
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
b
an
d
s
f
o
r
o
u
ts
id
e
g
et
to
c
an
'
t
a
v
o
id
b
ein
g
to
b
ea
t
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
tr
o
u
b
les
in
s
p
r
ea
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
clea
r
o
b
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
w
il
l
b
e
th
e
h
ig
h
er
w
a
y
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
v
er
6
GHz
i
n
r
esp
ec
t
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
ce
ll
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
].
Utilizin
g
a
f
r
ee
-
s
p
ac
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
f
3
m
e
ter
s
,
test
s
in
u
r
b
an
m
icr
o
ce
ll o
u
td
o
o
r
-
to
-
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
w
it
h
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
an
te
n
n
a
h
ei
g
h
ts
b
elo
w
r
o
o
f
to
p
,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ath
lo
s
s
ex
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
o
r
1
0
GHz
,
2
8
GHz
,
3
8
GHz
,
an
d
6
0
G
H
z
in
b
o
th
L
O
S
an
d
NL
O
S si
t
u
atio
n
s
i
n
d
is
ta
n
ce
2
0
0
m
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
ab
r
id
g
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
b
elo
w
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ath
L
o
s
s
E
x
p
o
n
en
ts
Me
asu
r
ed
i
n
Se
v
er
al
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
ies
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
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I
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N:
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8708
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u
r
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.
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asu
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tio
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p
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h
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atin
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s
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Fig
u
r
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6
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P
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70
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7
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
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&
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p
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2258
4.
RM
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SPR
E
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d
ed
f
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l
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g
ai
n
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ten
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v
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m
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t
h
e
m
o
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ten
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i
v
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ile
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iv
ale
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t
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ai
n
to
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e
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o
r
esig
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t
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in
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h
is
esp
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ial
l
y
ap
p
li
es
to
u
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er
eq
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ip
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e
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w
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ize
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is
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d
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t
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ter
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ay
s
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n
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h
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v
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a
m
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n
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d
ir
ec
tio
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atter
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as
s
h
o
w
n
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
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h
en
ag
ain
,
R
M
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d
ela
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s
p
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ea
d
is
d
im
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s
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ain
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n
d
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elate
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alle
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w
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.
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h
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tr
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it
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r
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m
th
e
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tatio
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estricts
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r
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ted
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ch
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n
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it
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o
f
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ce
p
tu
aliza
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n
,
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
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h
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e
s
s
e
n
ti
al
p
o
in
t
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s
th
at
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ela
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s
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ea
d
is
m
o
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ated
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y
th
e
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ea
m
f
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r
m
in
g
m
o
d
el.
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h
e
an
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y
s
i
s
led
at
m
illi
m
etr
ic
wav
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
i
n
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
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n
m
e
n
t
s
.
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h
is
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
i
n
clu
d
ed
N
L
OS
s
c
en
ar
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o
v
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an
as
s
o
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
f
e
w
f
r
eq
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en
c
ies.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
d
en
s
ed
i
n
T
ab
l
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Scatter
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ef
f
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t
s
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ab
le
3
.
Ou
tlin
e
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f
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h
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n
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d
3
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7
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s
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.
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n
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s
h
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r
t
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m
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icatio
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te
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a
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p
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m
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d
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ates
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u
a
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eq
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b
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d
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ig
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ata
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ate
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er
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ices
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td
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r
an
d
in
d
o
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u
s
er
s
.
An
d
w
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a
v
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n
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e
s
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if
f
er
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t
m
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w
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f
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m
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b
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co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
G
.
A
n
d
re
w
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
h
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t
W
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l
5
G
Be
?
”
IEE
E
J
.
S
e
l.
Are
a
s C
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n
.
,
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,
p
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1
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5
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,
2
0
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4
.
[2
]
M
.
Cu
d
a
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
v
in
g
t
o
w
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rd
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m
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b
a
s
e
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Be
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n
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4
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(B
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,
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in
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Veh
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T
e
c
h
n
o
l
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g
y
C
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n
fer
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e
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
T
.
S
.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
“
T
h
e
m
a
ss
iv
e
l
y
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
f
u
tu
re
,
”
S
p
e
c
tru
m
2
0
/
2
0
c
o
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f
e
re
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
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&
C
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g
,
Vo
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8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
8
:
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2
5
4
–
2
2
6
0
2260
[4
]
S.
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
J
.
Zh
a
o
,
“
T
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e
re
q
u
irem
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n
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(
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