Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 4
,
A
ugu
st
2016
, pp
. 17
10
~
1
716
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
,
D
O
I
:
10.115
91
/ij
ece.v6
i
4.1
040
1
1
710
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Seasonal and Diurnal Variation on
Tropospheric Scintillation at
K
u
-band in Tropical Climate
Ibtih
a
l F.
El-S
hami
1,2
, Jafri Din
1
1
Wireless Com
m
unication
Center, Faculty
of
Electr
i
cal
Engineer
ing, 81310
UTM
Johor Bahru
,
Jo
hor, Malay
s
ia
2
College o
f
Electrical
and
Elec
tr
onics Technolog
y
-
Bengh
azi-Lib
y
a
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ma
r 6, 2016
Rev
i
sed
May 17
, 20
16
Accepted
May 30, 2016
Tropospheric scintillation is a rapid
fluctuation of the received signal
amplitude which can cause pr
opagation
im
pai
r
m
e
nts
that aff
ect s
a
t
e
l
lit
e
communication
s
y
stems operating above
10 GHz. Scintillatio
n data was
collected in Equ
a
torial Johor Bahr
u, Malay
s
ia, b
a
sed on a one-
y
ear K
u
-band
propagation measurement campaign, util
i
z
ing MEASAT-1 Satell
ite with
an
a
n
t
e
nna
el
e
v
a
t
i
o
n a
ngle
of 75.
6
1°.
T
h
i
s
work c
o
nc
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
s
on t
h
e
proba
bi
lity
density
functio
n (PDF) of diurnal var
i
a
tions of cl
ear sk
y
scintil
lat
i
on
varian
ce analy
z
ed on an hour
ly
basis.
Besid
e
s, seasonal variation o
f
scintillation amplitude has been presented
in th
is paper. From
the results, it is
conclud
e
d that
cle
a
r sk
y
scint
i
llat
i
on vari
anc
e
is likel
y
to o
ccur during
m
o
rning and aft
e
rnoon periods.
Moreover,
clear
sk
y
scint
ill
atio
n am
plitud
e
of the South-West monsoon
sho
w
s a rela
tiv
ely
h
i
gher comparing
with other
s
monsoon season
s. Hence, signal atte
nuation bas
e
d on seasonal
and diurnal
inform
ation is
of great in
ter
e
st
for
the s
y
stem designers to appropriately
design fad
e
mar
g
in.
Keyword:
Distribu
tio
n fun
c
tio
n
Di
u
r
nal
vari
at
i
ons
Eq
uat
o
ri
al
regi
on
Seasonal variat
ions
Tropo
sp
h
e
ric scin
tillatio
n
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Jafri Din
,
W
i
rel
e
ss C
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on C
e
nt
er,
Facu
lty of Electri
cal Engineering,
8
131
0 UTM Joh
o
r
Bah
r
u
,
Joho
r, Malaysia
, (Fax)
+(6)
07
-55
662
72
, Tel +(6
0
)0
7-
553
5306
Em
a
il: j
a
fri@ut
m
.
m
y
1.
INTRODUCTION
Satellite co
mmu
n
i
cation
system
s o
p
e
ratin
g
at lo
w
fad
e
m
a
rg
in
s
with
a
freq
u
e
n
c
y ab
ov
e
1
0
GHz are
ex
po
sed
to
the tu
rbu
l
en
t fl
u
c
tu
ation
s
of th
e refr
act
i
v
e
i
ndex
,
w
h
i
c
h
causes ra
nd
o
m
fadi
ng (
n
e
g
at
i
v
e
a
m
p
litu
d
e
) an
d en
h
a
n
cem
en
t (p
o
s
itiv
e am
p
lit
u
d
e
) of th
e
receiv
ed
sign
al.
In
fact, th
ese fl
u
c
tu
ation
s
are
main
ly
in
flu
e
n
c
ed
b
y
th
e p
e
cu
liarities of th
e lo
cal
cli
m
ato
l
o
g
y
an
d top
ograph
y
, ch
aracterized b
y
h
i
gh
h
u
m
i
d
ity
;
uni
fo
rm
tem
p
erature
an
d e
x
c
e
ssive rai
n
fall.
In
fact, s
u
c
h
c
h
aracteristics c
oul
d lead to
di
ffe
rent c
h
aract
eristics
of
ra
di
o
w
ave
pr
o
p
agat
i
o
n
[1
]
.
Hen
ce, t
h
e
im
pact
of t
h
e
be
havi
ou
r
or
feat
u
r
es
of
t
hos
e p
a
ram
e
t
e
rs
o
n
scin
tillatio
n
is of
k
e
y im
p
o
r
tan
ce,
p
a
rticu
l
arly in
t
h
e
equ
a
torial reg
i
on th
at is
o
f
ten
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
lo
cal
cli
m
at
ic p
ecu
liarities.
Scin
tillatio
n
ch
aracteristics i
n
So
u
t
h
east Asia d
e
p
e
nd
on th
e m
o
n
s
oo
n
season
th
at is
cau
sed
b
y
a
season
al sh
ift in
wind
d
i
rection
.
In
Malaysia, wind
flow
pat
t
erns
ca
n be
c
a
t
egorized
i
n
to
fou
r
yearly seaso
n
s,
nam
e
ly
pre-
N
o
rt
heast (p
re-
N
E)
, N
o
rt
heas
t (NE)
, p
r
e-S
out
hwe
s
t (p
re-
S
W) an
d So
u
t
hwest (S
W)
.
These
corres
pond to
October-Nove
m
b
er, D
ecem
ber-Marc
h
, April-May and J
u
ne-Se
p
tem
b
er [2],[3].
A few
previ
o
us
research
ers stud
ied
t
h
e effect
o
f
seaso
n
a
l
v
a
riatio
n
on
clear
sk
y scin
tillatio
n
in Asian
m
o
nso
o
n
reg
i
on
[4
]
,
[5
].
In
add
itio
n
t
o
th
e seaso
n
a
l
v
a
riation
,
d
i
urn
a
l v
a
riatio
n
p
l
ays a sign
ifi
can
t ro
le in
i
n
design
ing
mech
an
ism
s
to
en
su
re th
e
h
i
g
h
p
e
rform
a
n
ce of satellite
syste
m
s. Variou
s st
u
d
i
es h
a
d b
e
en
carried
o
u
t
t
o
p
r
ed
ict th
e clear sk
y tropo
sph
e
ric scin
tillati
o
n
, u
s
i
n
g, in
particu
l
ar,
d
i
urnal b
e
h
a
v
i
ou
r related
to
th
e ho
ur
of
th
e d
a
y [6
]-
[12
]
.
Si
m
ilar stu
d
i
es th
at fo
cu
s o
n
th
is asp
ect
in
h
e
av
y rain
reg
i
o
n
s
are still v
e
ry rare, wi
th
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
e
asona
l and
D
i
u
r
n
a
l
Varia
t
io
n
on
Tropo
sph
e
ric
S
c
in
tilla
tio
n
a
t
K
u
-b
and .... (Ib
tih
a
l
F.
El Sh
am
i)
1
711
except
i
o
n
of
[
13]
,
[
1
4
]
.
He
nc
e, i
t
i
s
wort
hw
hi
l
e
t
o
f
u
rt
he
r
i
nvest
i
g
at
e t
h
e
seaso
n
al
an
d
di
u
r
nal
vari
at
i
ons
o
f
scin
tillatio
n
in
th
is h
e
av
y rai
n
reg
i
o
n
.
2.
E
X
PERI
MEN
T
AL
SETUP
AN
D D
A
TA P
R
O
C
ESSI
NG
Th
e ex
p
e
rim
e
n
t
al statio
n
in
stalled
in
th
e pre
m
ises
o
f
Un
iv
ersiti Tekno
lo
g
i
Malaysia, Jo
hor Bahru.
Th
e ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al setu
p
w
a
s co
llected
fo
r
one year
(f
ro
m
Mar
c
h
20
01
to Febr
u
a
r
y
2002
), situ
ated
at
1
0
3
.
64
˚
E and
1.
55
˚
N consist of one
direct broa
dca
s
t receiving an
tenna
with a dia
m
eter of 60
c
m
, pointe
d
toward
MEASAT-1
, bro
a
d
casting
sat
e
llite at th
e ele
v
atio
n ang
l
e
o
f
75
.6
1°. Th
e
b
r
o
a
d
c
astin
g sign
al at 11
.07
5
GHz i
s
m
onitored and recorde
d
through spe
c
tr
um
analyzer and data logge
r. The e
xpe
rim
e
ntal setup is illustrated in
Fig
u
r
e
1
a
nd
th
e d
e
tails o
f
exper
i
m
e
n
t
al setu
p
can b
e
fo
und in
[1
3
]
.
Th
e ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al d
a
ta set w
a
s pro
c
essed
and
sepa
rat
e
d i
n
t
o
rai
n
peri
od
s an
d cl
ear s
k
y
peri
ods
base
d
on
dat
a
f
r
o
m
a t
i
ppi
n
g
buc
ket
rai
n
gau
g
e l
o
c
a
t
e
d
near t
h
e
receiver ante
nna [15]. After t
h
e se
parated
be
twee
n two phe
nom
ena, m
onthly c
u
m
u
la
tive distri
bution
fun
c
tion
s
(CDF) of scin
tillatio
n
am
p
litu
d
e
were d
i
scu
s
sed
in
n
e
x
t
sectio
n
.
Th
us, the p
r
o
b
a
b
ility
d
e
nsity
fun
c
tion
(PDF) of scin
tillati
o
n
v
a
rian
ce
fo
r all clear sk
y p
e
riod
s were inv
e
stig
ated
with
i
n
fou
r
n
on-
ove
rl
ap
pi
n
g
t
i
m
es of day
i
n
t
e
rval
s:
0
0
:
0
0-
06:
00
, 0
6
:
0
0-
1
2
:
0
0,
12:
00
-1
8
:
00 a
nd
1
8
:
0
0
-
2
4
:
0
0.
In a
d
d
i
t
i
on,
season
al v
a
riat
io
n
s
o
f
clear sk
y scin
tillatio
n
a
m
p
litu
d
e
w
e
re d
e
term
in
ed
in
p
a
rticu
l
ar Malaysian
m
o
n
s
oon
clim
ate.
Figure 1.
Bloc
k diagram
of
MEASAT sate
llite receiving
syste
m
3.
AN
ALY
S
IS
O
F
SC
INTILL
ATIO
N
AM
P
L
ITUDE
Th
e cu
m
u
lativ
e d
i
stribu
tion
fun
c
tion
s
(C
DF)
o
f
sci
n
tillat
i
o
n
am
p
litu
d
e
statistic is p
r
o
cessed
fo
r
clear-sk
y
ev
en
t
s
. Th
e resu
lts presen
t m
o
n
t
h
l
y scin
tillat
i
o
n
data in
b
o
t
h
fade an
d
enh
a
n
c
emen
t scin
tilla
ti
o
n
s
in
th
e equ
a
torial reg
i
o
n
. Figure
2
(
a) an
d
(b
) sh
ows t
h
at
CDF of fad
e
sci
n
t
illatio
n
is h
i
gher th
an
en
h
a
n
c
e
m
en
t
scin
tillatio
n
for all
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
Mo
reo
v
e
r, t
h
e
sig
n
a
l fad
e
and
enh
a
n
cem
en
t are h
i
g
h
e
st in Janu
ary an
d
Augu
st,
wh
ich
ex
ceed
e
d
abo
u
t
0
.
01
% o
f
ti
m
e
ran
g
e
fro
m
1
.
6
d
B
to
1
d
B
, resp
ecti
v
ely. It is ev
id
en
t th
at scin
till
atio
n
fade a
nd e
n
ha
ncem
ent
at
0.01
% o
f
t
i
m
e
vari
e
d
i
n
a ra
nge
bet
w
ee
n
0.
5 t
o
1
.
6
dB
al
l
t
h
e
m
ont
hs. As a
co
nsequ
e
n
ce, t
r
opo
sph
e
ric scin
tillatio
n
at K
u
-ba
n
d sy
st
em
f
o
r
hi
g
h
el
e
v
at
i
o
n
an
gl
e l
i
n
ks
i
s
si
gni
fi
ca
nt
f
o
r l
o
w
fade
m
a
rgin sy
ste
m
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
10
–
1
716
1
712
(a)
(b
)
Fig
u
re
2
.
Mon
t
h
l
y cu
m
u
lativ
e d
i
stribu
tion
fun
c
tio
n (C
DF
) fo
r on
e year m
e
asu
r
em
en
t; (a)
scin
tillatio
n
fad
e
,
b)
scin
tillatio
n
enh
a
n
cem
en
t
4.
STATISTI
CA
L
DIST
RIBU
TION OF DI
URNAL SCINTILLATI
O
N
VA
RI
AN
C
E
Karasa
wa a
nd
t
h
e IT
U-R
m
odel
s
ass
u
m
e
a
Gam
m
a
PDF d
i
st
ri
but
i
o
n f
o
r
, Ort
g
i
e
s m
odel
pr
o
pos
e
s
a l
o
g-
no
rm
al
PDF
f
o
r
and
others
use t
h
e Ri
ce-Na
ga
kam
i
for
.The
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
as
sh
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
3,
a
s
well as d
i
stribu
tio
ns fo
r each
d
i
fferen
t time in
terv
als
of
th
e d
a
y,
h
a
d b
een
co
m
p
ared to the l
o
gnorm
a
l
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
.
The i
n
p
u
t
para
m
e
t
e
rs fo
r t
h
e
s
e m
odel
di
st
ri
but
i
o
ns
we
re t
h
e m
ean an
d
s
t
anda
rd
de
vi
at
i
o
n
o
f
for th
e log
n
o
r
mal d
i
strib
u
tion
,
wh
ich
were
all calcu
lated
fro
m
th
e m
easu
r
ed
d
i
stribu
tion
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
an
alysis as sh
own in
Figu
re
3, we can co
n
c
l
u
d
e
th
at th
e b
e
st-fittin
g
l
o
ng
-t
erm
p
d
f
o
f
is lognorm
al on y
ear
ti
m
e
p
e
rio
d
analyzed
in
h
o
u
r
l
y
b
a
sis. As well as, th
e resu
lts clearly sh
o
w
ed
th
at h
i
gh
er
scin
tillatio
n
v
a
rian
ce
are m
o
re l
i
k
el
y
t
o
occ
u
r
d
u
r
i
n
g t
h
e m
o
r
n
i
ng a
n
d aft
e
rn
oo
n
peri
od
s.
The l
o
g
n
o
r
m
a
l di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n c
a
n
be
exp
r
esse
d as
(
1
) [
1
6]
,[
17]
:
22
2
12
2
2
12
12
(lo
g
)
1
()
e
x
p
2
ln
1
0
2
x
x
x
m
p
(1)
whe
r
e
= the
mean of
;
=
t
h
e st
anda
rd de
vi
at
i
on of
. Where
= the m
ean
v
a
lu
e of
log
;
= t
h
e st
an
dar
d
de
vi
at
i
on
o
f
l
o
g
(with
in
d
B
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
e
asona
l and
D
i
u
r
n
a
l
Varia
t
io
n
on
Tropo
sph
e
ric
S
c
in
tilla
tio
n
a
t
K
u
-b
and .... (Ib
tih
a
l
F.
El Sh
am
i)
1
713
0.
018
0.
0
1
9
0.
0
2
0.
02
1
0.
022
0.
02
3
0.
024
0.
0
2
5
0.
026
0
10
0
20
0
30
0
40
0
50
0
60
0
S
c
i
n
t
i
l
l
at
i
on v
a
r
i
anc
e
(
d
B
)
P
r
o
b
a
b
il
it
y D
e
n
s
it
y (
1
/
d
B
2
)
V
a
ri
an
c
e
(0
a
m
:
6
a
m
)
Log
nor
m
al
(a)
(b
)
(c)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
10
–
1
716
1
714
(d
)
Fig
u
re 3
.
Measu
r
ed
p
r
ob
ab
ility
d
i
stribu
tio
ns o
f
scin
tillatio
n
v
a
rian
ce
at 1
1
.0
75
GHz, fo
r
t
h
e who
l
e
year o
f
2
001
, and
logno
r
m
al d
i
str
i
b
u
t
io
n
s
w
ith th
e i
n
pu
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
ter
s
tak
e
n
fro
m
th
e m
easu
r
e
m
en
ts
5.
SEASO
N
AL VA
RI
ATIO
N
S
Season
al v
a
riatio
n
s
o
f
clear sk
y scin
tillat
i
o
n
were
i
n
v
e
stig
ated
b
y
co
n
s
i
d
eri
n
g
t
h
ree d
i
fferent
seasons: i) North-East (NE) (Decem
be
r to March), ii) South-
W
e
st (SW)
(June to Sept
e
m
ber) and iii) Inter-
m
onsoo
n (
A
p
r
i
l
t
o
M
a
y
and Oct
o
ber t
o
No
vem
b
er). Fi
gu
r
e
4(a
)
an
d (
b
)
sho
w
s t
h
e c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
on o
f
an
nu
al and
seaso
n
al scin
tillati
o
n
am
p
litu
d
e
. Th
e resu
lts d
e
m
o
n
s
trate th
at
th
e Sou
t
h
-
West
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
appeared
as th
e seaso
n
with
h
i
gh
er scin
tillatio
n
fad
e
an
d
scin
tillatio
n
enh
a
n
cem
en
t co
m
p
ared
to
th
e In
ter-m
o
n
s
oo
n
an
d
North-East seaso
n
s. Fo
r in
stan
ce, SW
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
ap
p
e
ared
with
th
e
h
i
gh
est scin
tillatio
n
o
f
0
.
74
d
B
at
0
.
0
1
%
o
f
th
e tim
e fo
r sci
n
tillatio
n
fad
e
an
d
0
.
72
5
d
B
at
0
.
01
% of th
e time fo
r scin
tillatio
n
enh
a
n
c
emen
t.
Mean
wh
ile, in
t
e
r-m
o
n
s
o
o
n
exh
i
b
ited
t
h
e lowest scin
tillatio
n
o
f
0
.
65
d
B
at 0
.
0
1
% of th
e ti
m
e
fo
r sci
n
till
atio
n
fad
e
and
0
.
62
5 d
B
at
0
.
01
%
o
f
th
e tim
e fo
r
scin
tillatio
n
enh
a
n
cem
en
t.
(a)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
S
e
asona
l and
D
i
u
r
n
a
l
Varia
t
io
n
on
Tropo
sph
e
ric
S
c
in
tilla
tio
n
a
t
K
u
-b
and .... (Ib
tih
a
l
F.
El Sh
am
i)
1
715
(b
)
Fig
u
re
4
.
Ann
u
al an
d seaso
n
a
l
cu
m
u
lativ
e d
i
strib
u
tion
s
of scin
tillatio
n
am
p
l
itu
d
e
ex
tracted fro
m
th
e
MEASAT-1
b
r
o
a
d
c
astin
g satellite sig
n
a
l; a) scin
tillatio
n
fade, b) sci
n
tillati
o
n
enh
a
n
cem
e
n
t
6.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N.
Th
is stud
y w
a
s
m
a
in
ly b
a
sed o
n
on
e year
of
d
a
ta
c
o
llected from
a
m
eas
urem
ent ca
m
p
aign ca
rried
o
u
t
in
UTM,
Jo
hor Bah
r
u
.
Th
e statistics
o
f
d
i
u
r
n
a
l v
a
riatio
n
s
o
f
clear sk
y scin
tillat
i
o
n
is p
r
esen
t
e
d
in
Equ
a
to
rial Joho
r, Malaysia (
a
h
eav
y rain
reg
i
on
), b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
ob
ab
ility
d
e
nsity fu
n
c
tion
(PDF) o
f
clear sk
y
scin
tillatio
n
varian
ce.
It was foun
d
t
h
at th
e log
n
o
r
m
a
l
d
i
stribu
tio
ns
were symm
e
t
ric to
th
e d
a
ta d
u
ring
d
i
fferen
t
ti
m
e
i
n
terv
als of th
e d
a
y. Fu
rt
h
e
rm
o
r
e, th
e
h
i
gh
est v
a
lu
e
o
f
th
e scin
tillatio
n
v
a
rian
ce was
ob
serv
ed
at
m
i
d
d
a
y, wh
i
l
e th
e lo
west valu
e o
f
sci
n
till
atio
n
v
a
rian
ce
d
e
fi
n
e
d
at m
i
d
n
igh
t
. Th
is co
nsequ
e
n
ce sho
w
s th
at
h
i
gh
tem
p
eratu
r
es and
l
o
w relativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity are th
e
main
factors
o
f
scin
tillatio
n. Besid
e
s, clear sk
y
scin
tillatio
n
am
p
l
itu
d
e
of t
h
e Sou
t
h
-
West
m
o
n
s
oon
sho
w
s a relatively h
i
g
h
e
r scin
tillatio
n
fade and
scin
tillatio
n
enh
a
n
cem
en
t com
p
ared
to
th
e In
ter-m
o
n
s
oon
and
No
rt
h
-
East seaso
n
s
. Th
is ou
tco
m
e a
p
p
e
ars
scin
tillatio
n
stren
g
t
h
in th
e dry season
wh
ich
p
r
ov
id
es th
e h
i
gh
est tem
p
eratu
r
e an
d lowest rain atten
u
atio
n
.
Th
e resu
lts can
prov
id
e significan
t in
fo
rmatio
n
on
th
e
f
l
uct
u
at
i
o
ns o
f
seaso
n
al
and
di
u
r
nal
t
r
op
os
phe
ri
c
scin
tillatio
n
at K
u
-band ea
rth
space link i
n
tropical
regi
ons.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
In pre
p
aring this pa
per, the
fi
rst a
u
thor was
in
c
ontact
with m
a
ny people,
academ
icians, researc
h
ers
an
d
p
r
actition
e
rs who
con
t
ribu
ted
immen
s
ely to
ward
s h
e
r
u
n
d
e
rstand
ing
an
d
t
h
oug
h
t
s.
Th
is wo
rk
h
a
s b
een
fu
n
d
ed
by
M
i
ni
st
ry
of
Ed
ucat
i
o
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
and
UTM
un
de
r “R
ese
a
rch
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
Gra
n
t
”
V
o
t
.
N
o
.
Q
.
J.13
000
0.252
3.07H
50
an
d
“FRG
S” Vo
t. No
.
R
.
J.1
300
00
.7
823
.4
F3
20
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
A. I. Yussuff and N. H. Khamis, “
R
ain Attenu
ation Model
ling
and Mitigat
ion
in The Tropi
cs: Brief Rev
i
ew,
”
International Jo
urnal of
Electr
ical and Computer Engin
eering
, vo
l/issue: 2
(
6), pp.
748, 2012
.
[2]
S. L. Jong,
et al.
, “The relationsh
i
p between ground wi
nd directio
n and seasonal v
a
riati
on of rain attenu
ation
at Ku
band satellite br
oadcas
ting services,”
in
General
Assembly and S
c
ien
tifi
c Sympos
ium (
U
RSI GAS
S
)
,
2014 XXXIt
h
URSI,
2014
.
[3]
A.
I.
Yussuff and N.
H.
H
.
Khamis,
“Seasonal and Diurnal Va
ri
abili
t
y
of
Rain
Heights a
t
An E
quatori
al St
ation
,
”
International Jo
urnal of
Electr
ical and Computer Engin
eering
, vo
l/issue: 5
(
5), 201
5.
[4]
H.
Dao,
et al.
,
“
S
cintilla
tion m
easurem
ent on
Ku-band satell
it
e path in tropi
c
a
l cl
im
ate
,
” in
RF and Microw
ave
Conference (
R
FM)
,
2013 IEEE I
n
ternational
, 20
13.
[5]
J
.
M
a
ndeep
and
M
.
Is
lam
,
“
E
ffect
of s
eas
on
al
varia
tion
on
tro
pospheric scintillation
at Ku-band in
equator
i
al
clim
at
e,
”
Indian
Journal of Ph
ysics
, vol/issue: 88(
6), pp
. 541-545
,
2014.
[6]
A.
V.
Vorst,
et al.
, “Fluctuation
s on OTS-earth
copolar
link
ag
ainst diurnal and
s
easonal var
i
atio
ns,”
El
ec
tr
onics
Letters
, vo
l/issu
e: 18(21)
, pp
. 91
5-917, 1982
.
[7]
G. Ortgies
and
F
.
Rücker, “
D
iu
rnal and s
eas
on
a
l
variations of OTS am
plitude sc
intil
lat
i
ons,”
Ele
c
tronics Lett
ers
,
vol/issue: 21(4), pp.
143-145
,
19
85.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
10
–
1
716
1
716
[8]
O.
P.
B
a
n
j
o a
n
d E
.
Vil
a
r,
“Me
a
su
r
e
ment and modeling of
amplitude scinti
lla
tio
ns on low-elev
a
tion e
a
rth-spa
c
e
paths and impact on co
mmunication s
y
stems,”
C
o
mmunications,
IEEE T
r
ansactio
ns on
, vol/issue: 34(8), pp. 774-
780, 1986
.
[9]
Y.
Karasawa,
et al.
, “
T
ropospheric scin
til
lat
i
on i
n
the 14/11-GH
z bands on E
a
rt
h-space pa
ths with low e
l
eva
tio
n
angles,”
Antenn
as and Propagation, I
E
EE Transactions on
, vo
l/issue: 36(4), pp.
563-569, 1988
.
[10]
E. Johnston,
et al.
, “Results of
low elevation
angle 11
GHz
sa
tellite beacon
m
easurements
at Goonhilly
,” in
Antennas and
Pr
opagation, 1991.
ICAP 91., S
e
ven
t
h Interna
tional
Conference on
(
I
EE)
, 1991.
[11]
W. Vogel,
et al.
, “
S
cintill
ation f
a
ding on a low elev
ation
angle
sate
ll
it
e path: A
ssessing the Austin exper
i
m
e
nt a
t
11.2 GHz,”
in
Antennas and
Propagation, 1993.,
Eighth
International Conference on
, 1993.
[12]
I. Otung,
et al.
, “
R
adiowave a
m
plitude scint
ill
ation int
e
nsit
y:
Ol
y
m
pus
s
a
tell
i
t
e m
eas
urem
ent
s
and em
pirical
model,”
El
ectr
o
nics
L
e
t
t
er
s
, vo
l/issue: 31(21), pp
. 1873-1875
, 19
95.
[13]
I. F. El-Shami,
et al.
, “Clear
Sky
Diurn
a
l
Behavior of Tr
opos
pheric Sci
n
till
ation
at K
u
-Band Satel
l
i
t
e
Com
m
unication
in Equ
a
tori
al
Ma
la
y
s
ia
,”
Jurnal T
eknolog
i
, vol/issue: 77(10)
, 2015
.
[14]
J. S. Mandeep
and Y. Y.
Ng, “Satellite beacon
exper
i
ment for
stud
y
i
ng
atmospheric d
y
namics,”
Journal of
Infrared, Mi
llim
eter, and Terahertz Waves
, vol/issue: 31(8), pp
. 9
88-994, 2010
.
[15]
P. Garcia-d
el-Pino,
et a
l
.
, “Tropospheric scin
tillation with con
c
urrent
r
a
in
attenuation
at 50 G
H
z in Madrid,”
Antennas and
Pr
opagation, IEEE Transactions on
, vol/issue: 60(3)
, pp
. 1578-1583
, 2012.
[16]
G. Ortgies, “
P
robabili
t
y
density
function of
am
pl
itude sc
inti
lla
tio
ns,”
El
ec
tronics Letters
, vol/issue: 21(4), pp. 141
-
142, 1985
.
[17]
T. J. Moulsl
e
y
and E.
Vilar
,
“
E
xperim
e
nt
al
an
d theore
tic
al st
a
tistics of m
i
cro
w
ave am
plitud
e
scintil
la
tions o
n
satellite down-links,”
An
tennas a
nd Propagation
,
IEEE Transactio
ns on
, vol/issue:
30(6), pp
. 1099-
1106, 1982
.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Ibtihal
El-Shami is lecturer
at Co
lleg
e
of Elec
trical and
Electron
ics Technolog
y
-
B
e
nghazi-Lib
y
a
.
She is Ph.D. student at UTM
university
.
She
obt
ain
e
d her B
ache
l
or
's
degree
of elec
tri
cal
engineering fro
m Benghazi University
at Lib
y
a
in
2006. She joined UTHM univ
e
rsity
as master
student and ob
tained her M
.
Sc. d
e
gree
in electrical
eng
i
neer
ing in
2011. Her research interests is
in the f
i
eld of r
a
diowave p
r
opagation with res
p
ect
to sat
e
ll
ite
com
m
unication
and t
e
rrestri
al
telecommunication link
.
Assoc.Prof. Dr. Jafri Din obtain
e
d his BSc. in El
ec
tric
al Engin
e
e
r
ing from
Tri-S
t
ate Univers
i
t
y
,
U.S.A in 1988,
and PhD in Electri
cal
Engineerin
g from University
of Techno
log
y
Malay
s
ia in
1997. His resear
ch interests is
in the f
i
eld
of r
a
diowave prop
ag
ation
with r
e
spect
to satellite
communication, terrestr
i
al
te
leco
mmunication lin
k
and h
i
gh
al
titu
de platfo
rm station.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.